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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Weizmann Institute of Science</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Weizmann Institute of Science"
</description>

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</rdf:Seq>
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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
<prism:issn/>

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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacytelase (NuRD) complex is a co-repressive complex involved in many pathological and physiological processes in the cell. Previous studies have identified one of its components, Mbd3, as a potent inhibitor for reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Following OSKM induction, early and partial depletion of Mbd3 protein followed by applying naive ground-state pluripotency conditions, results in a highly efficient and near-deterministic generation of mouse iPS cells. Increasing evidence indicates that the NuRD complex assumes multiple mutually exclusive protein complexes, and it remains unclear whether the deterministic iPSC phenotype is the result of a specific NuRD sub complex. Since complete ablation of Mbd3 blocks somatic cell proliferation, here we aimed to identify alternative ways to block Mbd3-dependent NuRD activity by identifying additional functionally relevant components of the Mbd3/NuRD complex during early stages of reprogramming. We identified Gatad2a (also known as P66), a relatively uncharacterized NuRD-specific subunit, whose complete deletion does not impact somatic cell proliferation, yet specifically disrupts Mbd3/NuRD repressive activity on the pluripotency circuit during both stem cell differentiation and reprogramming to pluripotency. Complete ablation of Gatad2a in somatic cells, but not Gatad2b, results in a deterministic naive iPSC reprogramming where up to 100% of donor somatic cells successfully complete the process within 8 days. Genetic and biochemical analysis established a distinct sub-complex within the NuRD complex (Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3) as the functional and biochemical axis blocking reestablishment of murine naive pluripotency. Disassembly of this axis by depletion of Gatad2a, results in resistance to conditions promoting exit of naive pluripotency and delays differentiation. We further highlight context- and posttranslational dependent modifications of the NuRD complex affecting its interactions and assembly in different cell states. Collectively, our work unveils the distinct functionality, composition and interactions of Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3/NuRD subcomplex during the resolution and establishment of mouse naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gafni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masika, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacytelase (NuRD) complex is a co-repressive complex involved in many pathological and physiological processes in the cell. Previous studies have identified one of its components, Mbd3, as a potent inhibitor for reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Following OSKM induction, early and partial depletion of Mbd3 protein followed by applying naive ground-state pluripotency conditions, results in a highly efficient and near-deterministic generation of mouse iPS cells. Increasing evidence indicates that the NuRD complex assumes multiple mutually exclusive protein complexes, and it remains unclear whether the deterministic iPSC phenotype is the result of a specific NuRD sub complex. Since complete ablation of Mbd3 blocks somatic cell proliferation, here we aimed to identify alternative ways to block Mbd3-dependent NuRD activity by identifying additional functionally relevant components of the Mbd3/NuRD complex during early stages of reprogramming. We identified Gatad2a (also known as P66), a relatively uncharacterized NuRD-specific subunit, whose complete deletion does not impact somatic cell proliferation, yet specifically disrupts Mbd3/NuRD repressive activity on the pluripotency circuit during both stem cell differentiation and reprogramming to pluripotency. Complete ablation of Gatad2a in somatic cells, but not Gatad2b, results in a deterministic naive iPSC reprogramming where up to 100% of donor somatic cells successfully complete the process within 8 days. Genetic and biochemical analysis established a distinct sub-complex within the NuRD complex (Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3) as the functional and biochemical axis blocking reestablishment of murine naive pluripotency. Disassembly of this axis by depletion of Gatad2a, results in resistance to conditions promoting exit of naive pluripotency and delays differentiation. We further highlight context- and posttranslational dependent modifications of the NuRD complex affecting its interactions and assembly in different cell states. Collectively, our work unveils the distinct functionality, composition and interactions of Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3/NuRD subcomplex during the resolution and establishment of mouse naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gafni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masika, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacytelase (NuRD) complex is a co-repressive complex involved in many pathological and physiological processes in the cell. Previous studies have identified one of its components, Mbd3, as a potent inhibitor for reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Following OSKM induction, early and partial depletion of Mbd3 protein followed by applying naive ground-state pluripotency conditions, results in a highly efficient and near-deterministic generation of mouse iPS cells. Increasing evidence indicates that the NuRD complex assumes multiple mutually exclusive protein complexes, and it remains unclear whether the deterministic iPSC phenotype is the result of a specific NuRD sub complex. Since complete ablation of Mbd3 blocks somatic cell proliferation, here we aimed to identify alternative ways to block Mbd3-dependent NuRD activity by identifying additional functionally relevant components of the Mbd3/NuRD complex during early stages of reprogramming. We identified Gatad2a (also known as P66), a relatively uncharacterized NuRD-specific subunit, whose complete deletion does not impact somatic cell proliferation, yet specifically disrupts Mbd3/NuRD repressive activity on the pluripotency circuit during both stem cell differentiation and reprogramming to pluripotency. Complete ablation of Gatad2a in somatic cells, but not Gatad2b, results in a deterministic naive iPSC reprogramming where up to 100% of donor somatic cells successfully complete the process within 8 days. Genetic and biochemical analysis established a distinct sub-complex within the NuRD complex (Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3) as the functional and biochemical axis blocking reestablishment of murine naive pluripotency. Disassembly of this axis by depletion of Gatad2a, results in resistance to conditions promoting exit of naive pluripotency and delays differentiation. We further highlight context- and posttranslational dependent modifications of the NuRD complex affecting its interactions and assembly in different cell states. Collectively, our work unveils the distinct functionality, composition and interactions of Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3/NuRD subcomplex during the resolution and establishment of mouse naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gafni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masika, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3 Axis within the NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic inflammation partially recapitulates the gene expression signature of aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanism of rejuvenation is central to aging research. No study has compared the effects of the four major rejuvenation strategies: senolytics, caloric restriction, in vivo partial cellular reprogramming and young/old blood factor exchange, which operate via different modalities. We use mice transcriptional data to compare them to each other and to normal aging. We find a shared gene expression program common to all rejuvenation strategies, in which inflammation declines and metabolism, especially of fatty acids, increases. An inverse signature occurs in normal aging. To test whether inflammation is upstream of the metabolic signature, we studied chronic inflammation in three different organs in young mice. Chronic inflammation was associated with a similar decline in metabolism, suggesting that inflammation is upstream of the metabolic signature. We find that inflammation may also underlie human transcriptional age calculator. We conclude that a core mechanism of rejuvenation acts through reduction of inflammation with downstream effects that enhance metabolism, attenuating the most robust age-related changes. This supports a notion of directly targeting genes associated with these pathways to mitigate age-related deterioration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landsberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic inflammation partially recapitulates the gene expression signature of aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic plasticity of T-cell therapies: multi-omic profiling of interacting human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor adoptive cell therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable antitumor responses even in heavily pretreated patients. However, only a subset of patients responds to ACT; efforts to identify correlates of response have focused on profiling the tumor or the TIL but rarely in an interactive environment. Interactive profiling can provide unique insights into the clinical performance of TILs since the fate, function, and metabolism of TILs are influenced by autologous tumor-derived factors. Here, we performed a suite of cell-sparing assays dubbed holistic analysis of the bioactivity of interacting T cells and autologous tumor cells (HABITAT). HABITAT profiling of TILs used for human ACT and their autologous tumor cells included function-based single-cell profiling by timelapse imaging microscopy in nanowell grids (TIMING); multi-omics using RNA-sequencing and proteomics; metabolite inference using genome-scale metabolic modeling, and pulse-chase assays based on confocal microscopy to profile the uptake and fate of fatty acids (FA). Phenotypically, the ACT TILs from both responders (Rs) and nonresponders (NRs) were comprised of predominantly effector memory T cells (TEM cells) and did not express a high frequency of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and showed no differences in TCR diversity. Our results demonstrate that while tumor cells from both Rs and NRs are efficient at uptaking FAs, R TILs are significantly more efficient at utilizing FA through fatty acid oxidation (FAO) than NR TILs under nutrient starvation conditions. While it is likely that lipid and FA uptake is an inherent adaptation of TIL populations to lipid-rich environments, performing FAO sustains the survival of TILs and allows them to sustain antitumor cytolytic activity. We propose that metabolic plasticity enabling FAO is a desirable attribute of human TILs for ACT leading to clinical responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Paniagua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haymaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolacion, J. R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amritkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaria, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic plasticity of T-cell therapies: multi-omic profiling of interacting human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor adoptive cell therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of chromatin microphase separation by adsorbed protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show evidence of the association of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP) with chromatin in a core-shell organization, reminiscent of microphase separation where the cores comprise dense chromatin and the shell, RNAP and chromatin with low density. These observations motivate our physical model for the regulation of core-shell chromatin organization. Here, we model chromatin as a multiblock copolymer, comprising active and inactive regions (blocks) that are both in poor solvent and tend to be condensed in the absence of binding proteins. However, we show that the solvent quality for the active regions of chromatin can be regulated by the binding of protein complexes (e.g. RNAP). Using the theory of polymer brushes, we find that such binding leads to swelling of the active chromatin regions which in turn, modifies the spatial organization of the inactive regions. In addition, we use simulations to study spherical chromatin micelles, whose cores comprise inactive regions and shells comprise active regions and bound protein complexes. In spherical micelles the swelling increases the number of inactive cores and controls their size. Thus, genetic modifications affecting the binding strength of chromatin-binding protein complexes may modulate the solvent quality experienced by chromatin and regulate the physical organization of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adame-Arana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of chromatin microphase separation by adsorbed protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenic plate-like guanine crystals form via templated nucleation of thin crystal leaflets on amyloid scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling the morphology of crystalline materials is challenging, as crystals have a strong tendency towards thermodynamically stable structures. Yet, organisms form crystals with distinct morphologies, such as the plate-like guanine crystals produced by many terrestrial and aquatic species for light manipulation. Regulation of crystal morphogenesis was hypothesized to entail physical growth restriction by the surrounding membrane, combined with fine-tuned interactions between organic molecules and the growing crystal. Using cryo electron tomography of developing zebrafish larvae, we found that guanine crystals form via templated nucleation of thin leaflets on preassembled scaffolds made of 20-nm-thick amyloid fibers. These leaflets then merge and coalesce into a single plate-like crystal. Our findings provide new insights into how organisms control the morphology and, thereby, the optical properties of crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houben, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenic plate-like guanine crystals form via templated nucleation of thin crystal leaflets on amyloid scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is replaced every few days1. Enterocytes are shed into the gut lumen predominantly from the tips of villi3,4, and are believed to rapidly die upon their dissociation from the tissue. However, technical limitations prohibited studying the cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells. Here, we used bulk and single cell RNA sequencing of mouse intestinal fecal washes to demonstrate that shed epithelial cells remain viable and up-regulate distinct anti-microbial programs upon shedding. We further identify abundant shedding of immune cells, a process that is elevated in DSS-induced colitis. We find that fecal host transcriptomics mirrors changes in the intestinal tissue following perturbations. Our study suggests potential functions of shed cells in the intestinal lumen and demonstrates that host cell transcriptomes in intestinal washes can be used to probe tissue states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTCH2 cooperates with MFN2 and lysophosphatidic acid synthesis to sustain mitochondrial fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dynamics is critical to sustain normal mitochondrial function and is linked to the response of cells to stressful conditions. Fusion of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is regulated by mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and 2 (MFN2), yet the differential contribution of each of these proteins to this process is less understood. Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2) was shown to compensate for MFN2s loss, however its exact function in mitochondrial fusion remains poorly understood. Here we determined the mitochondrial fusion-interplay between MFN1, MFN2 and MTCH2 and demonstrate that MFN2 and MTCH2 play separate, but redundant, roles required for mitochondrial fusion. Loss of either MFN2 or MTCH2 elicits mitochondrial fragmentation that retains mitochondrial plasticity, while loss of both proteins completely impairs mitochondrial fusion. We also show that expression of an MFN2 mutant targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is sufficient to restore mitochondrial elongation in MTCH2 KO cells and that this restoration depends on the synthesis of the pro-mitochondrial fusion lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Moreover, silencing of MFN2 or inhibition of de novo LPA synthesis, revealed the requirement of MTCH2 to sustain mitochondrial plasticity in response to stress. Thus, we unmask two cooperative mechanisms that sustain mitochondrial fusion: one in the OMM, dependent on MTCH2 and MFN1, and independent of MFN2; and a second mechanism in the ER that relies on MFN2 and LPA synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullokandov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaltsman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTCH2 cooperates with MFN2 and lysophosphatidic acid synthesis to sustain mitochondrial fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UV irradiation remodels the specificity landscape of transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations are highly enriched at transcription factor (TF) binding sites, with the strongest trend being observed for ultraviolet light (UV)-induced mutations in melanomas. One of the main mechanisms proposed for this hyper-mutation pattern is the inefficient repair of UV lesions within TF-binding sites, caused by competition between TFs bound to these lesions and the DNA repair proteins that must recognize the lesions to initiate repair. However, TF binding to UV-irradiated DNA is poorly characterized, and it is unclear whether TFs maintain specificity for their DNA sites after UV exposure. We developed UV-Bind, a high-throughput approach to investigate the impact of UV irradiation on protein-DNA binding specificity. We applied UV-Bind to ten TFs from eight structural families, and found that UV lesions significantly altered the DNA-binding preferences of all TFs tested. The main effect was a decrease in binding specificity, but the precise effects and their magnitude differ across factors. Importantly, we found that despite the overall reduction in DNA-binding specificity in the presence of UV lesions, TFs can still compete with repair proteins for lesion recognition, in a manner consistent with their specificity for UV-irradiated DNA. In addition, for a subset of TFs we identified a surprising but reproducible effect at certain non-consensus DNA sequences, where UV irradiation leads to a high increase in the level of TF binding. These changes in DNA-binding specificity after UV irradiation, at both consensus and non-consensus sites, have important implications for the regulatory and mutagenic roles of TFs in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mielko, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Houten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UV irradiation remodels the specificity landscape of transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed active-site library reveals thousands of functional GFP variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in a protein active site can lead to dramatic and useful changes in protein activity. The active site, however, is extremely sensitive to mutations due to a high density of molecular interactions, drastically reducing the likelihood of obtaining functional multipoint mutants. We introduce an atomistic and machine-learning-based approach, called htFuncLib, to design a sequence space in which mutations form low-energy combinations that mitigate the risk of incompatible interactions. We applied htFuncLib to the GFP chromophore-binding pocket, and, using fluorescence readout, recovered >16,000 unique designs encoding as many as eight active-site mutations. Many designs exhibit substantial and useful diversity in functional thermostability (up to 96 {degrees}C), fluorescence lifetime, and quantum yield. By eliminating incompatible active-site mutations, htFuncLib generates a large diversity of functional sequences. We envision that htFuncLib will be useful for one-shot optimization of activity in enzymes, binders, and other proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldaravi, C. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsh-Sokolik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebermann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovich-Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCandlish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed active-site library reveals thousands of functional GFP variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily turnover of active giant virus infection during algal blooms revealed by single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are the most abundant biological entity in the ocean and play a significant role in shaping the marine ecosystem. The past two decades have revealed an outstanding diversity of giant viruses infecting protists across the tree of life and, in particular, algae that form massive blooms in the ocean. Virus-induced bloom demise significantly impacts marine ecology and biogeochemistry, as well as the associated microbial community. Nevertheless, little is known about the infection dynamics of these giant viruses in the natural environment and their role in regulating algal blooms. Here, we provide evidence for a daily life cycle of giant viral infection in algal blooms by processing the transcriptome of over 12,000 single algal cells during different phases of interaction with their giant viruses. We revealed that viral infection occurs already at the exponential phase of the bloom and that the timing of infection can determine the magnitude of the bloom but not the fraction of infected cells. We further revealed that the same proportion of infected cells are in the early phase of the viral replication program (13.5%) throughout several consecutive days of the bloom, suggesting that a daily turnover of infection is at play during the bloom and demise phases of the algal population. This may imply that a continuous source of virocell-associated metabolites diffuses throughout the bloom succession and could fuel the microbial food webs. Finally, we link single cell infection state to host physiology and show that infected cells remained calcified even in the late stage of infection, contradicting common observation of bulk population in which viral infection is directly linked with decalcification. Together, these results highlight the importance of studying host-virus dynamics in natural populations at a single-cell resolution, which can provide a fresh view of the dynamics and propagation of viral infection. This approach will enable quantification of the impact of marine viruses on microbial food webs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hevroni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheyn, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily turnover of active giant virus infection during algal blooms revealed by single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disparate patterns of genetic divergence in three widespread corals across a pan-Pacific environmental gradient highlights species-specific adaptation trajectories. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tropical coral reefs are among the worst affected ecosystems by climate change with predictions ranging between a 70-90% loss of reefs in the coming decades. Effective conservation strategies that maximize ecosystem resilience, and potential for recovery, must be informed by the accurate characterization of extant genetic diversity and population structure together with an understanding of the adaptive potential of keystone species. Here, we analyzed samples from the Tara Pacific Expedition (2016 to 2018) that completed an 18,000 km longitudinal transect of the Pacific Ocean sampling three widespread corals - Pocillopora meandrina, Porites lobata, and Millepora cf. platyphylla - across 33 sites from 11 islands. Using deep metagenomic sequencing of 269 colonies in conjunction with morphological analyses and climate variability data we can show that the sampled transect encompasses multiple morphologically cryptic species that exhibit disparate biogeographic patterns, and most importantly, distinct evolutionary patterns, despite exposure to identical environmental regimes. Our findings demonstrate on a basin-scale that evolutionary trajectories are species-specific and complex, and can only in part be predicted from the environment. This highlights that conservation strategies must integrate multi-species investigations to consider the distinct genomic footprints shaped by selection as well as the genetic potential for adaptive change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hume, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voolstra, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitushasi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boissin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carradec, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz-Garcia, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoccola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwankow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaigs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinichi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouble, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega Thurber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcioli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disparate patterns of genetic divergence in three widespread corals across a pan-Pacific environmental gradient highlights species-specific adaptation trajectories.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Damage dynamics in single E. coli and the role of chance in the timing of cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically identical cells in the same stressful condition die at different times. The origin of this stochasticity is unclear; it may arise from different initial conditions that affect the time of demise, or from a stochastic damage accumulation mechanism that erases the initial conditions and instead amplifies noise to generate different lifespans. To address this requires measuring damage dynamics in individual cells over the lifespan, but this has rarely been achieved. Here, we used a microfluidic device to measure membrane damage in 648 carbon-starved E. coli cells at high temporal resolution. We find that initial conditions of damage, size or cell-cycle phase do not explain most of the lifespan variation. Instead, the data points to a stochastic mechanism in which noise is amplified by a rising production of damage that saturates its own removal. Surprisingly, the relative variation in damage drops with age: cells become more similar to each other in terms of relative damage, indicating increasing determinism with age. Thus, chance erases initial conditions and then gives way to increasingly deterministic dynamics that dominate the lifespan distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Damage dynamics in single E. coli and the role of chance in the timing of cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From genome wide SNPs to genomic islands of differentiation: the quest for species diagnostic markers in two scleractinian corals, Pocillopora and Porites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs are of paramount importance in marine ecosystems, where they provide support for a large part of the biodiversity. Being quite sensitive to global changes, they are therefore the prime targets for biodiversity conservation policies. However, such conservation goals require accurate species identification, which are notoriously difficult to get in these highly morphologically variable organisms, rich in cryptic species. There is an acute need for easy-to-use and resolutive species diagnostic molecular markers. The present study builds on the huge sequencing effort developed during the TARA Pacific expedition to develop a genotyping strategy to assign coral samples to the correct species within two coral genera (Porites and Pocillopora). For this purpose, we developed a technique that we called "Divergent Fragment" based on the sequencing of a less than 2kb long diagnostic genomic fragment determined from the metagenomic data of a subset of the corals collected. This method has proven to be rapid, resolvable and cost-effective. Sequencing of PCR fragments nested along the species diagnostic fragment allowed us to assign 232 individuals of the genus Pocillopora and 247 individuals of the genus Porites to previously identified independent genetic lineages (i.e. species). This genotyping method will allow to fully analyze the coral samples collected across the Pacific during the Tara Pacific expedition and opens technological perspectives in the field of population genomics-guided conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshuraud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottaviani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepretre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beluche, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahieu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebled, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boissin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwankow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaigs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boss, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouble, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurber, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voolstra, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoccola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcioli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From genome wide SNPs to genomic islands of differentiation: the quest for species diagnostic markers in two scleractinian corals, Pocillopora and Porites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of innate control of viral infections, but also drive recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of infection, a key feature of severe COVID-19. Here, and for the first time, IFN-I signaling was modulated in rhesus macaques (RMs) prior to and during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mutated IFN2 (IFN-modulator; IFNmod), which has previously been shown to reduce the binding and signaling of endogenous IFN-I. In SARS-CoV-2-infected RMs, IFNmod reduced both antiviral and inflammatory ISGs. Notably, IFNmod treatment resulted in a potent reduction in (i) SARS-CoV-2 viral load in Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), upper airways, lung, and hilar lymph nodes; (ii) inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD163+MRC1-inflammatory macrophages in BAL; and (iii) expression of Siglec-1, which enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection and predicts disease severity, on circulating monocytes. In the lung, IFNmod also reduced pathogenesis and attenuated pathways of inflammasome activation and stress response during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study, using an intervention targeting both IFN- and IFN-{beta} pathways, shows that excessive inflammation driven by type 1 IFN critically contributes to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in RMs, and demonstrates the potential of IFNmod to limit viral replication, SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, and COVID-19 severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viox, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strongin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nchioua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddapati, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisoncik-Go, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunakaran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirejczyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor-Stroud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderford, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busman-Sahay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrer, K. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosinger, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiardini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of drought and inter-plant competition on the ectomycorrhizal interaction between fungi and Aleppo pine seedlings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAn increase in tree mortality is currently evident in forests around the world. Such mortality could be counterbalanced by the native regeneration of seedlings. Seedling establishment under natural conditions is often limited by inter-plant competition and drought conditions. Many forest ecosystems rely on ectomycorrhizal relationships which could be affected by competition and drought, altering forest resilience.
C_LIO_LIWe carried out an experiment testing the combined effects of drought, herbaceous competition, and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) on the growth and shape of Aleppo pine seedlings and the EMF community composition.
C_LIO_LIPines that germinated in the presence of the EMF spores were taller, had greater biomass, and more side branches. However, under conditions of either competition or drought, the effect of EMF on seedling biomass and height was greatly reduced, while the effect on shoot branching was maintained. Under a combination of drought and competition, EMF had no influence on plant growth and shape. The EMF community was strongly dominated by Geopora species, and its structure was not affected by the treatments. Plants experiencing competition were nitrogen poor but presented the highest levels of EMF sequence abundance.
C_LIO_LIStressful conditions seem to alter the relationship between EMF and seedling growth. Specifically, under drought, both colonization and seedling response to EMF was small. However, under competition, colonization was maintained while no growth enhancement was evident. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of the benefits provided to seedlings by EMF under ecologically relevant conditions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herol, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne- Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of drought and inter-plant competition on the ectomycorrhizal interaction between fungi and Aleppo pine seedlings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tell me who your neighbors are: The role of spatial location and tree species identity in determining the ectomycorrhizal community composition of saplings and mature trees in a mixed conifer forest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe mutualistic interaction between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can have a major effect on forest dynamics and specifically in seedling establishment. Both intrinsic (i.e., identity of the sapling) and extrinsic (i.e., the identity of mature trees in the vicinity of the sapling) factors can affect the EMF community composition of young saplings.
C_LIO_LIHere, we compared the EMF community composition associated with the roots of young saplings and mature trees of two co-habiting Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis and Cedrus deodara growing together in a planted forest plot, using fungal ITS metabarcoding.
C_LIO_LIWe found that the differences between the two sapling groups were mostly attributed to changes in the relative abundance of specific fungal species. Moreover, we found that physical proximity to a specific host species had a significant effect on the community composition of young saplings. However, while no significant differences in sapling size were apparent, the sapling shoot structure was affected by the identity of the nearest mature tree and its unique EMF community composition.
C_LIO_LISynthesis: These results suggest that the dynamics of the EMF community are greatly determined by extrinsic factors such as the small-scale distribution of mature trees in the forest, with possible cascading effects on the development of young trees.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne- Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herol, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rog, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tell me who your neighbors are: The role of spatial location and tree species identity in determining the ectomycorrhizal community composition of saplings and mature trees in a mixed conifer forest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How do Vampires Suck Blood? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lampreys are blood-sucking vampires in the marine. From a survival perspective, it is expected that lamprey buccal gland exhibits a repository of pharmacologically active components to modulate the hosts homeostasis, inflammatory and immune responses. Several proteins have been found to function as anticoagulants, ion channel blockers, and immune suppressors in lampreys, while small metabolites have never been explored in detail. In this study, by analyzing the metabolic profiles of 14 different lamprey tissues, we have identified two groups of blood-sucking-associated metabolites, i.e., kynurenine pathway metabolites and prostaglandins, in the buccal gland and they can be injected into the host fish to ensure a steady and sustained blood flow to the feeding site. These findings demonstrate the complex nature of lamprey buccal gland and highlight the diversity in the mechanisms utilized for blood-sucking in lampreys. In addition, a lamprey spatial metabolomics database (https://www.lampreydb.com) was constructed to assist studies using lampreys as model animal. The database contains detailed qualitative, quantitative, and spatial distribution information of each detected metabolite, and users can easily query and check their metabolites of interest, and/or identify unknown peaks using the database.

Significance StatementLampreys are one of the two surviving jawless vertebrate groups that hold the key to our understanding of the early vertebrate evolution, adaptive immune origin, and developmental neurobiology. Here, we applied a spatial metabolomics approach to study the lamprey-host interaction. Two groups of metabolites, i.e., kynurenine pathway metabolites and prostaglandins, were found in the lamprey buccal gland, which modulate the hosts homeostasis, inflammatory and immune responses. The establishment of the first tissue-wide spatial lamprey metabolomics database in this study facilitate future studies in biochemistry, clinical chemistry, natural product discovery, medicine, and metabolomics using lampreys as a model animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How do Vampires Suck Blood?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular principles governing HCMV infection outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection with Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can result in either productive or non-productive infection, the latter potentially leading to establishment of latency, but the molecular factors that dictate these different infection outcomes are elusive. Macrophages are known targets of HCMV and considered to be permissive for productive infection, while monocytes, their precursors, are latently infected. Here we reveal that infection of macrophages is more complex than previously appreciated and can result in either productive or non-productive infection. By analyzing the progression of HCMV infection in monocytes and macrophages using single cell transcriptomics, we uncover that the level of viral gene expression, and specifically the expression of the major immediate early proteins, IE1 and IE2, is the principal barrier for establishing productive infection. On the cellular side, we reveal that the cell intrinsic levels of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), but not their induction, is a main determinant of infection outcome and that intrinsic ISG levels are downregulated with monocyte differentiation, partially explaining why macrophages are more susceptible to productive HCMV infection. We further show that, compared to monocytes, non-productive macrophages maintain higher levels of viral transcripts and are able to reactivate, raising the possibility that they may serve as latency reservoirs. Overall, by harnessing the tractable system of monocyte differentiation we decipher underlying principles that control HCMV infection outcome, and propose macrophages as a potential HCMV reservoir in tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shnayder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi Samia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuint, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsabari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular principles governing HCMV infection outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
e-cone and d-cone singularities drive submucosal collagen fiber remodeling in intestinal anastomotic surgery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following resection of a diseased segment of intestine, a reconnection (anastomotic) geometry is chosen to reduce postoperative stress and optimize outcomes. As proper healing of an intestinal anastomosis is strongly affected by its mechanobiology, much attention has been devoted to the conical structures formed along the suture lines, where stress-focusing is expected. However, geometric considerations reveal that in addition to the obvious loci of stress-focusing, additional remote locations of stress-focusing may form. We identify conical structures that inevitably form within regions of otherwise uninterrupted tissue. In this work we use geometric analysis, finite element modeling (FEM), and in-vivo experiments to investigate these emergent stress-focusing structures, their mechanical stresses, and the resulting submucosal collagen fiber re-orientation, as these naturally arise in the side-to-side small bowel anastomosis (SBA), the most common configuration performed in patients. FEM predicts the appearance of remote high-stress regions. Allowing for tissue remodeling, our simulations also predict an increased dispersion of submucosal collagen fibers in these regions. In-vivo experiments performed on ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice assigned the creation of side-to-side SBA or sham-laparotomy corroborate this result. Anastomoses were analyzed at sacrifice on post-operative day (POD) 14 and 88 with histologic-sectioning, staining, high magnification imaging, and submucosal collagen fiber orientation ({kappa}) mapping. The mean and variance of{kappa} , a measure of collagen fiber dispersion, at POD-14 far from the anastomosis show similar values to those obtained for sham-operated mice, while the FEM-predicted loci of stress-focusing display statistically significant higher values. The values at POD-88 at all loci show no statistically-significant difference, and agree with those of the sham-operated mice at POD-14.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsamis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efrati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alverdy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pocivavsek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[e-cone and d-cone singularities drive submucosal collagen fiber remodeling in intestinal anastomotic surgery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSighter - A neural network to classify cells in highly multiplexed images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed imaging enables measurement of multiple proteins in situ, offering an unprecedented opportunity to chart various cell types and states in tissues. However, cell classification, the task of identifying the type of individual cells, remains challenging, labor-intensive, and limiting to throughput. Here, we present CellSighter, a deep-learning based pipeline to accelerate cell classification in multiplexed images. Given a small training set of expert-labeled images, CellSighter outputs the label probabilities for all cells in new images. CellSighter achieves over 80% accuracy for major cell types across imaging platforms, which approaches inter-observer concordance. Ablation studies and simulations show that CellSighter is able to generalize its training data and learn features of protein expression levels, as well as spatial features such as subcellular expression patterns. CellSighters design reduces overfitting, and it can be trained with only thousands or even hundreds of labeled examples. CellSighter also outputs a prediction confidence, allowing downstream experts control over the results. Altogether, CellSighter drastically reduces hands-on time for cell classification in multiplexed images, while improving accuracy and consistency across datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amitay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSighter - A neural network to classify cells in highly multiplexed images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large clones of pre-existing T cells drive early immunity against SARS-COV-2 and LCMV infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyzed the dynamics of the earliest T cell response to SARS-COV-2. A wave of TCRs strongly but transiently expand during infection, frequently peaking the same week as the first positive PCR test. These expanding TCR CDR3s were enriched for sequences functionally annotated as SARS-COV-2 specific. Most epitopes recognized by the expanding TCRs were highly conserved between SARS-COV-2 strains, but not with circulating human coronaviruses. Many expanding CDR3s were also present at high precursor frequency in pre-pandemic TCR repertoires. A similar set of early response TCRs specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitopes were also found at high frequency in the pre-infection naive repertoire. High frequency naive precursors may allow the T cell response to respond rapidly during the crucial early phases of acute viral infection.

One-Sentence SummaryHigh frequency naive precursors underly the rapid T cell response during the crucial early phases of acute viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milighetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nageswaran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felce, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentzer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balloux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmann, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maini, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manisty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treibel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COVIDsortium Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noursadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large clones of pre-existing T cells drive early immunity against SARS-COV-2 and LCMV infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex vivo intestinal permeability assay (X-IPA) for tracking barrier function dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelial barrier facilitates homeostatic host-microbiota interactions and immunological tolerance. However, mechanistic dissections of barrier dynamics following luminal stimulation pose a substantial challenge. Here, we describe an ex-vivo intestinal permeability assay, X-IPA, for quantitative analysis of gut permeability dynamics at the whole-tissue level. We demonstrate that specific gut microbes and metabolites induce rapid, dose-dependent increases to gut permeability, thus providing a powerful approach for precise investigation of barrier functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bootz-Maoz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Mare-Roumani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amidror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yissachar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex vivo intestinal permeability assay (X-IPA) for tracking barrier function dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silc1 long noncoding RNA is an immediate-early gene promoting efficient memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in many brain circuits and neuronal types, but their significance to normal brain functions has remained largely unknown. Here, we study the functions in the central nervous system of Silc1, a lncRNA we previously showed to be important for neuroregeneration in the peripheral nervous system. We found that Silc1 is rapidly and strongly induced upon stimulation in the hippocampus and is required for efficient spatial learning. Silc1 production is important for the induction of Sox11 (its cis-regulated target gene) throughout the CA1-CA3 regions and the proper expression of key Sox11 target genes. Consistent with its newly found role in neuronal plasticity, we find that during aging and in models of Alzheimers disease Silc1 levels decline. Overall, we uncover a novel plasticity pathway, in which Silc1 acts as an immediate-early gene to activate Sox11 to induce a neuronal growth-associated transcriptional program important for memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tov Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolmasov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silc1 long noncoding RNA is an immediate-early gene promoting efficient memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motion-Induced Blindness as a Noisy Excitable System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual disappearance of a salient target induced by a moving texture mask (MIB: Motion Induced Blindness) is a striking effect, currently poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the mechanisms underlying MIB qualify as an excitable system. Excitable systems exhibit fast switches from one state to another (e.g., visible/invisible) induced by an above-threshold perturbation and stimulus-independent dynamics, followed by a refractory period. In the experiments, disappearance was induced by masks consisting of slowly rotating radial bars with a gap at the target location, leading to periodic perturbation of the visual field around the target (a bright parafoveal spot). When passed around the target location, masks frequently induced an abrupt target disappearance, pointing to locality. As expected from excitable systems, the disappearance time was not affected by additional bars crossing the target during invisibility, and there was little dependence on the mask configuration. After the target reappeared, it stayed for at least 0.5-2 seconds (the refractory period). Therefore, the mechanisms governing MIB represent an example of an excitable system, where the transition to the invisible state is induced by the mask, with the dynamics that follow determined mostly by the internal network properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>katkov, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooperman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meital-Kfir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motion-Induced Blindness as a Noisy Excitable System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forgetting Dynamics For Items of Different Categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHow the dynamic evolution of forgetting changes for different materials is unexplored. By using a common experimental paradigm with stimuli of different types, we were able to directly cross-examine the emerging dynamics and we found that even though the presentation sets differ minimally by design, the obtained curves appear to fall on a discrete spectrum. Furthermore, we have previously proposed a model of forgetting based on the notion of retrograde interference with a single integer parameter. All measured curves were compatible with the model with different values of the parameter, hinting to a potential common underlying mechanism of forgetting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>katkov, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forgetting Dynamics For Items of Different Categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Aligned Hourglass Gastrulation Models in Rabbit and Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hourglass model describes the convergence of species within the same phylum to a similar body plan during development, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in mammals remain poorly described. Here, we compare rabbit and mouse time-resolved differentiation trajectories to revisit this model at single cell resolution. We modeled gastrulation dynamics using hundreds of embryos sampled between gestation days 6.0-8.5, and compare the species using a new framework for time-resolved single-cell differentiation-flows analysis. We find convergence toward similar cell state compositions at E7.5, underlied by quantitatively conserved expression of 76 transcription factors, despite divergence in surrounding trophoblast and hypoblast signaling. However, we observed noticeable changes in specification timing of some lineages, and divergence of primordial germ cells programs, which in the rabbit do not activate mesoderm genes. Comparative analysis of temporal differentiation models provides a new basis for studying the evolution of gastrulation dynamics across mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayshar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reines, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittnenzweig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Kiki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Aligned Hourglass Gastrulation Models in Rabbit and Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone exchange sensors reveal variant specific dynamics in mouse embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eviction of histones from nucleosomes and their exchange with newly synthesized or alternative variants is a central epigenetic determinant. Here, we define the genome-wide incorporation and exchange pattern of canonical and non-canonical histone variants in mouse embryonic stem cells by implementing a recently established, genetically encoded exchange sensor. While exchange of all measured variants scales with transcription, we describe variant-specific associations with transcription elongation and Polycomb binding. We found considerable exchange of H3.1 and H2B variants in heterochromatin and repeat elements, contrasting the stable incorporation and little exchange of H3.3 in these regions. This unexpected association between H3.3 incorporation and exchange of canonical variants is also evident in active promoters and enhancers, and further validated by reduced H3.1 dynamics following depletion of the HIRA H3.3-specific chaperone. The sensor system provides a powerful tool for studying regulation of histone dynamics toward understanding its role in shaping the epigenetic landscape in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunjic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayshar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone exchange sensors reveal variant specific dynamics in mouse embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell circuit approach to dissect fibroblast-macrophage interactions in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of various nonmalignant cell types that interact with each other and with cancer cells, impacting all aspects of cancer biology. The TME is complex and heterogeneous, and thus simplifying systems and concepts are needed. Here we provide a tractable experimental system and powerful mathematical circuit concepts to identify the main molecular interactions that govern the composition of the TME. We focus on two major components of the TME - cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), define their interactions and verify our predictions in mouse and human breast cancer. We measure the population dynamics starting from many initial conditions of co-cultures of macrophages and organ-derived fibroblasts from mammary, lung, and fat, and explore the effects of cancer-conditioned medium on the circuits. We define the circuits and their inferred parameters from the data using a mathematical approach, and quantitatively compare the cell circuits in each condition. We find that while the homeostatic steady-states are similar between the organs, the cancer-conditioned medium profoundly changes the circuit. Fibroblasts in all contexts depend on autocrine secretion of growth factors whereas macrophages are more dependent on external cues, including paracrine growth factors secreted from fibroblasts and cancer cells. Transcriptional profiling reveals the molecular underpinnings of the cell circuit interactions and the primacy of the fibroblast autocrine loop. The same fibroblast growth factors are shared by the co-cultures and mouse and human breast cancer. The cell circuit approach thus provides a quantitative account of cell interactions in the cancer microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner-Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell circuit approach to dissect fibroblast-macrophage interactions in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.513312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily conserved waves of tooth replacement in the gecko are dependent on local signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.513312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fossil record contains dinosaur jaws with rows of unerupted successional teeth that are arranged in a variety of elegant patterns. The remnants of these patterns are visible in modern dentate reptiles but the mechanism for generating and maintaining these rows of teeth is unknown. The biology underlying the tooth replacement pattern was hypothesized to either be stimuli transmitted across tooth families in the jaws (Edmund) or secretion of local inhibitory molecules that would stagger development of adjacent tooth families (Osborn). To test these hypotheses and generate new ones, we completed a study on 6 treated adult geckos in which one side of the jaw had teeth removed. Wax bites were used to record the maxillary teeth 2 times a week. Tooth presence or absence was recorded and transformed mathematically. The time between eruption at each tooth position was measured as was the relative phase compared to the immediate adjacent teeth over successive bites. The period between eruption events at each tooth position was approximately 30 days with some lengthening over time. The average relative phase showed there was a tilt in the data that fit the observation that alternating teeth were being shed. This tilt was opposite on the left and right sides of the jaw. The asymmetry of the right and left sides was consistent across the dentition. After plucking, the pattern recovers after 3 periods fitting with the consistent finding that there are 3 teeth in each tooth family. Ablated areas did not recover tooth formation even after 14 months. The plucked animals showed evidence of fixed, local signaling that restores the pattern. Two models based on Osborns concept of a "zone of inhibition" deviate from the observed data. The ablated animals show no change in patterns of tooth eruption anterior and posterior to the gap. Thus there is no support for the Wave stimulus theory of Edmund. Finally, we propose a new Phase Inhibition Model. This model assumes fixed initiation sites at which teeth are initiated at some phase within a month-long cycle and that, as a tooth is initiated, the cycles of nearby initiation sites are inhibited in their progress. This inhibition causes nearest neighbours to erupt in anti-synchrony. This model best maintained the tilt, spacing timing of the real biological data. Mathematical modeling was sensitive enough to measure the normal developmental instability and the resilience of the gecko to restore homeostasis after tooth removal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brink, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cytrynbaum, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieco, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhitnitsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.513312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily conserved waves of tooth replacement in the gecko are dependent on local signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging the light-electron resolution gap with correlative cryo-SRRF and dual-axis cryo-STEM tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is the prime method for cell biological studies in three dimensions (3D) at high resolution. We have introduced cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET), which can access larger 3D volumes, on the scale of 1 micron, making it ideal to study organelles and their interactions in situ. Here we introduce two relevant advances: a) we demonstrate the utility of multi-color super-resolution radial fluctuation light microscopy under cryogenic conditions (cryo-SRRF), and b) we extend the use of deconvolution processing for dual-axis CSTET data. We show that cryo-SRRF nanoscopy is able to reach resolutions in the range of 100 nm, using commonly available fluorophores and a conventional widefield microscope for cryo-correlative light-electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM). Such resolution aids in precisely identifying regions of interest before tomographic acquisition and enhances precision in localizing features of interest within the 3D reconstruction. Dual-axis CSTET tilt series data and application of entropy regularized deconvolution during post-processing results in close-to isotropic resolution in the reconstruction without averaging. We show individual protein densities in a mitochondrion-ER contact in a cell region 850 nm thick. The integration of cryo-SRRF with deconvolved dual-axis CSTET provides a versatile workflow for studying unique objects in a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirchweger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawin, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.19.517200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging the light-electron resolution gap with correlative cryo-SRRF and dual-axis cryo-STEM tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.516878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-site assessment of reproducibility in high-content live cell imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.516878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-content image-based cell phenotyping provides fundamental insights in a broad variety of life science areas. Striving for accurate conclusions and meaningful impact demands high reproducibility standards, even more importantly with the advent of data sharing initiatives. However, the sources and degree of biological and technical variability, and thus the reproducibility and usefulness of meta-analysis of results from live-cell microscopy have not been systematically investigated. Here, using high content data describing features of cell migration and morphology, we determine the sources of variability across different scales, including between laboratories, persons, experiments, technical repeats, cells and time points. Significant technical variability occurred between laboratories, providing low value to direct meta-analysis on the data from different laboratories. However, batch effect removal markedly improved the possibility to combine image-based datasets of perturbation experiments. Thus, reproducible quantitative high-content cell image data and meta-analysis depend on standardized procedures and batch correction applied to studies of perturbation effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Picamal, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troys, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-katz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ege, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosheva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polansky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamme, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erp, M. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vullings, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowbaj, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stromblad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.516878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-site assessment of reproducibility in high-content live cell imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric communication between ligand binding domains modulates substrate inhibition in adenylate kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymes play a vital role in life processes; they control chemical reactions and allow functional cycles to be synchronized. Many enzymes harness large-scale motions of their domains to achieve tremendous catalytic prowess and high selectivity for specific substrates. One outstanding example is provided by the three-domain enzyme adenylate kinase (AK), which catalyzes phosphotransfer between ATP to AMP. Here we study the phenomenon of substrate inhibition by AMP and its correlation with domain motions. Using single-molecule FRET spectroscopy, we show that AMP does not block access to the ATP binding site, neither by competitive binding to the ATP cognate site nor by directly closing the LID domain. Instead, inhibitory concentrations of AMP lead to a faster and more cooperative domain closure by ATP, leading in turn to an increased population of the closed state. The effect of AMP binding can be modulated through mutations throughout the structure of the enzyme, as shown by the screening of an extensive AK mutant library. Mutation of multiple conserved residues leads to increased substrate inhibition, suggesting a positive selection during evolution. Combining these insights, we developed a model that explains the complex activity of AK, particularly substrate inhibition, based on the experimentally observed opening and closing rates. Notably, the model indicates that the catalytic power is affected by the microsecond balance between the open and closed states of the enzyme. Our findings highlight the crucial role of protein motions in enzymatic activity.

Significance StatementHow conformational dynamics affect the catalytic activity of enzymes remains a topic of active debate. We focus here on the domain closure dynamics of adenylate kinase (AK) and how they are affected by substrate inhibition. By screening an extensive mutant library, we show that this feature of the enzyme is well conserved in evolution. Importantly, domain closure is required in order to bring AKs substrates close together for their chemical reaction; single-molecule FRET studies directly measure the populations of the open and closed states. We find that overpopulation of the closed state can be detrimental to activity. The results allow us to develop a kinetic model that properly accounts for AK kinetics by combining conformational dynamics and biochemical steps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheerer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkar, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iljina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric communication between ligand binding domains modulates substrate inhibition in adenylate kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting a promiscuous GPCR: iterative discovery of bitter taste receptor ligands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human GPCR family comprises circa 800 members, activated by hundreds of thousands of compounds. Bitter taste receptors, TAS2Rs, constitute a large and distinct subfamily, expressed orally and extra-orally and involved in physiological and pathological conditions. TAS2R14 is the most promiscuous member, with over 150 agonists and 3 antagonists known prior to this study. Due to the scarcity of inhibitors and to the importance of chemical probes for exploring TAS2R14 functions, we aimed to discover new ligands for this receptor, with emphasis on antagonists. To cope with the lack of experimental structure of the receptor, we used a mixed experimental/computational methodology which iteratively improved the performance of the predicted structure. The increasing number of active compounds, obtained here through experimental screening of FDA-approved drug library, and of chemically synthesized flufenamic acid derivatives, enabled the refinement of the binding pocket, which in turn improved the structure-based virtual screening reliability. This mixed approach led to the identification of 10 new antagonists and 200 new agonists of TAS2R14, illustrating the untapped potential of rigorous medicinal chemistry for TAS2Rs. The iterative framework suggested residues involved in the activation process, is suitable for expanding bitter and bitter-masking chemical space, and is applicable to other promiscuous GPCRs lacking experimental structures.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fierro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabor-Schkade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterloo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingjan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gmeiner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niv, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting a promiscuous GPCR: iterative discovery of bitter taste receptor ligands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Possible Unitary Mechanism for General Anesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of high importance, among others because of its role in cellular respiration and in the operation of fuel cells. Recently, a possible relation between respiration and general anesthesia has been found. This work aims to explore whether anesthesia related gases affect the ORR. In ORR, oxygen which is in its triplet ground state is reduced to form products that are all in the singlet state. While this process is "in principle" forbidden because of spin conservation, it is known that if the electrons transferred in the ORR are spin polarized, the reaction occurs efficiently. Here we show, in electrochemical experiments, that the efficiency of the oxygen reduction is reduced by the presence of general anesthetics in solution. We suggest that a spin-orbit coupling to the anesthetics depolarizes the spins. This causes both a reduction in reaction efficiency and a change in the reaction products. The findings may point to a possible relation between ORR efficiency and anesthetic action.

TOC

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanesi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Possible Unitary Mechanism for General Anesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metacell projection for interpretable and quantitative use of transcriptional atlases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe MCProj - an algorithm for analyzing query scRNA-seq data by projections over reference single cell atlases. We represent the reference as a manifold consisting of annotated metacell gene expression distributions. We then infer query metacells as mixtures of atlas distributions while correcting for technology-specific gene biases. This approach distinguishes and tags query cells that are consistent with existing atlas states from novel or artifactual behaviors that are not observed in the atlas. It also identifies significant expression differences observed in query states that are mapped coherently onto the atlas. We showcase MCProj functionality by analyzing blood gene expression from multiple sources and technologies, suggesting it as a method of choice for scRNA-seq analysis following extensive cell atlas projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Kiki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metacell projection for interpretable and quantitative use of transcriptional atlases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants leading to the emergence of BQ.1.1 variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In late 2022, although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have highly diversified, some lineages have convergently acquired amino acid substitutions at five critical residues in the spike protein. Here, we illuminated the evolutionary rules underlying the convergent evolution of Omicron subvariants and the properties of one of the latest lineages of concern, BQ.1.1. Our phylogenetic and epidemic dynamics analyses suggest that Omicron subvariants independently increased their viral fitness by acquiring the convergent substitutions. Particularly, BQ.1.1, which harbors all five convergent substitutions, shows the highest fitness among the viruses investigated. Neutralization assays show that BQ.1.1 is more resistant to breakthrough BA.2/5 infection sera than BA.5. The BQ.1.1 spike exhibits enhanced binding affinity to human ACE2 receptor and greater fusogenicity than the BA.5 spike. However, the pathogenicity of BQ.1.1 in hamsters is comparable to or even lower than that of BA.5. Our multiscale investigations provide insights into the evolutionary trajectory of Omicron subvariants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kida, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants leading to the emergence of BQ.1.1 variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory heterogeneity of Vegf- and Wnt7-dependent angiogenesis drives phenotypic diversity of brain vasculature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fenestrated and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-forming endothelial cells constitute major brain capillaries, and this vascular heterogeneity is crucial for region-specific neural function and brain homeostasis. How these capillary types emerge in a brain region-specific manner and subsequently establish intrabrain vascular heterogeneity remains unclear. Here, we show a core angiogenic mechanism critical for fenestrated brain capillary development via a comparative analysis of the zebrafish choroid plexuses (CPs) and circumventricular organs (CVOs), demonstrating capillary-type-selective vascularization mechanisms. We found that zebrafish deficient for Gpr124, Reck, or Wnt7aa exhibit severely-impaired BBB angiogenesis without any apparent defect in fenestrated capillary formation in the CPs and CVOs. Conversely, simultaneous genetic loss of various Vegf combinations revealed remarkable heterogeneity of endothelial requirements for Vegfs-dependent angiogenesis within and across these organs, identifying unexpected interplay of Vegfc/d and Vegfa in fenestrated brain capillary formation. Expression analysis and paracrine activity-deficient vegfc mutant characterization suggest that endothelial cells and non-neuronal specialized cell types present in the CPs and CVOs are major sources of Vegfs responsible for regionally-restricted angiogenic interplay. Thus, local presentations and interplay of Vegfc/d and Vegfa control brain region-specific emergence of fenestrated capillaries, providing insight into fenestrated capillary formation in other organs and also how intra-organ vascular heterogeneity arises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horrigan, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhollebeke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory heterogeneity of Vegf- and Wnt7-dependent angiogenesis drives phenotypic diversity of brain vasculature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actomyosin remodeling regulates biomineral formation, growth and morphology during eukaryote skeletogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomineralization had apparently evolved independently in different phyla, using distinct minerals, organic scaffolds and gene regulatory networks (GRNs). However, diverse eukaryotes from unicellular organisms, through echinoderms to vertebrates, use the actomyosin network during biomineralization. Specifically, the actomyosin remodeling protein, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) regulates cell differentiation and gene expression in vertebrates biomineralizing cells, yet, little is known on ROCKs role in invertebrates biomineralization. Here we reveal that ROCK controls the formation, growth and morphology of the calcite spicules in the sea urchin larva. ROCK expression is elevated in the sea urchin skeletogenic cells downstream of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling. ROCK inhibition leads to skeletal loss and disrupts skeletogenic gene expression. ROCK inhibition after spicule formation reduces spicule elongation rate and induces ectopic spicule branching. Similar skeletogenic phenotypes are observed when ROCK is inhibited in a skeletogenic cell culture, indicating that these phenotypes are due to ROCK activity specifically in the skeletogenic cells. Reduced skeletal growth and enhanced branching are also observed under direct perturbations of the actomyosin network. We propose that ROCK and the actomyosin machinery were employed independently, downstream of distinct GRNs, to regulate biomineral growth and morphology in Eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hijaze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gildor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layous, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-Leon, S. B.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actomyosin remodeling regulates biomineral formation, growth and morphology during eukaryote skeletogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early excitatory and inhibitory modifications in the motor cortex following skill learning support motor memory consolidation and cortical plasticity overnight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The learning of new motor skills constitutes an inseparable part of our lives. Motor consolidation refers to the offline processing of motor memories following the acquisition of new motor skills. The animal literature suggests that the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a key role in motor memory consolidation, and structural and functional plasticity in M1 following motor consolidation have been demonstrated. However, the mechanisms supporting motor memory consolidation and plasticity in the human M1 are not well understood. Initial human neuroimaging studies show that the initial stages of motor learning in humans are accompanied by short-term temporal dynamics of the brains main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters - Glutamate (Glu) and GABA - in M1, but it remains unclear how these relate to the question of motor memory consolidation.

Here, we show that early Glu and GABA modifications in M1 following motor skill learning may play vital roles in supporting motor memory consolidation and neural plasticity that take place over longer time scales. Using a multimodal magnetic resonance approach implemented on ultra-high field 7T scanner in healthy young adults (n=36), we found increased Glu and decreased GABA in M1 during the initial offline period following learning to support consolidation-related local and inter-regional functions of M1, such as motor memory reactivation and increased functional connectivity with the striatum. These neurochemical changes also correlated with overnight structural and functional plasticity expressed as increased M1 grey matter volume and functional connectivity, while Glu modifications also correlated with adaptive behavior, as reflected by improvements in skill performance.

Our results provide intriguing microscale mechanistic evidence to the potential distinctive roles of Glu and GABA in promoting motor memory consolidation and plasticity in the human M1. They also highlight a role for early neurochemical modifications to memory consolidation and plasticity in the human brain and may hold important clinical implications in rehabilitative settings such as in stroke and brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.521981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early excitatory and inhibitory modifications in the motor cortex following skill learning support motor memory consolidation and cortical plasticity overnight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant derived from recombination of two Omicron subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In late 2022, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have highly diversified, and XBB is spreading rapidly around the world. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that XBB emerged by recombination of two co-circulating BA.2 lineages, BJ.1 and BM.1.1.1 (a progeny of BA.2.75), during the summer of 2022 around India. In vitro experiments revealed that XBB is the most profoundly resistant variant to BA.2/5 breakthrough infection sera ever and is more fusogenic than BA.2.75. Notably, the recombination breakpoint is located in the receptor-binding domain of spike, and each region of recombined spike conferred immune evasion and augmented fusogenicity to the XBB spike. Finally, the intrinsic pathogenicity of XBB in hamsters is comparable to or even lower than that of BA.2.75. Our multiscale investigation provided evidence suggesting that XBB is the first documented SARS-CoV-2 variant increasing its fitness through recombination rather than single mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kida, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.521986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant derived from recombination of two Omicron subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One-shot design elevates functional expression levels of a voltage-gated potassium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane proteins play critical physiological roles as receptors, channels, pumps, and transporters. Despite their importance, however, low expression levels often hamper the experimental characterization of membrane proteins. We present an automated and web-accessible design algorithm called mPROSS (https://mPROSS.weizmann.ac.il), which uses phylogenetic analysis and an atomistic potential, including an empirical lipophilicity scale, to improve native-state energy. As a stringent test, we apply mPROSS to the Kv1.2-Kv2.1 paddle chimera voltage-gated potassium channel. Four designs, encoding 9-26 mutations relative to the parental channel, were functional and maintained potassium-selective permeation and voltage dependence in Xenopus oocytes with up to 14-fold increase in whole-cell current densities. Additionally, single-channel recordings reveal no significant change in the channel-opening probability nor in unitary conductance, indicating that functional expression levels increase without impacting the activity profile of individual channels. Our results suggest that the expression levels of other dynamical channels and receptors may be enhanced through one-shot design calculations.

Significance statementHeterologous expression levels of membrane proteins are often low, limiting research and applications. We combine homologous-sequence analysis with Rosetta atomistic calculations to enable one-shot design of dozens of mutations that improve native-state energy. Applied to a voltage-gated potassium channel, designs exhibited up to 14-fold improved functional expression levels in oocytes with almost no change in the single-channel activity profile. This design approach may accelerate research of many challenging membrane proteins, including receptors, channels, and transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saikia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenzweig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One-shot design elevates functional expression levels of a voltage-gated potassium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human TRMT2A methylates different components of the translation machinery and contributes to translation fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-5-uridine (m5U) is one of the most abundant RNA modifications found in cytosolic tRNA. tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (hTRMT2A) is the dedicated mammalian enzyme of m5U formation at tRNA position 54. However, its RNA binding specificity and functional role in the cell are not well understood. Here we dissected structural and sequence requirements for binding and methylation of its RNA targets. Specificity of tRNA modification by TRMT2A is achieved by a combination of modest binding preference and presence of a uridine in position 54 of tRNAs. Mutational analysis together with crosslinking experiments identified a large hTRMT2A-tRNA binding surface. Furthermore, complementing hTRMT2A interactome studies revealed that TRMT2A interacts with proteins involved in RNA biogenesis. Finally, we addressed the question of the importance of TRMT2A function by showing that its knockdown reduces translation fidelity. These findings extend the role of hTRMT2A beyond tRNA modification towards a role in translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witzenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burczyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welp, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urlaub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niessing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human TRMT2A methylates different components of the translation machinery and contributes to translation fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit to target approach defines an autocrine myofibroblast loop that drives cardiac fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a broad pathology of excessive scarring with substantial medical implications. The fibrotic scar is produced by myofibroblasts that interact with macrophages. Fibrosis is a complex process involving thousands of factors, therefore, to better understand fibrosis and develop new therapeutic approaches, it is necessary to simplify and clarify the underlying concepts. Recently, we described a mathematical model for a macrophage-myofibroblast cell circuit, predicting two types of fibrosis - hot fibrosis with abundant macrophages and myofibroblasts, and cold fibrosis dominated by myofibroblasts alone. To test these concepts and intervention strategies in a medically relevant system, we use a widely studied in-vivo injury model for fibrosis, myocardial infarction (MI). We show that cold fibrosis is the final outcome of MI in both mice and pigs and demonstrate that fibrosis can shift toward healing in regenerative settings. MI begind with an increase of myofibroblasts and macrophages, followed by macrophage decline leading to persistent cold fibrosis (only myofibroblasts). During this process, fibroblasts, unlike macrophages, acquire distinct fate changes. Using mathematical modeling we predict that targeting of the autocrine signal for myofibroblast division could block cold fibrosis. We identify TIMP1 as an autocrine cardiac myofibroblast growth factor in-vitro. Treatment of adult mice after MI with anti-TIMP1 antibodies reduces fibrosis in-vivo. This study shows the utility of the concepts of hot and cold fibrosis and the feasibility of our circuit-to-target approach to reduce fibrosis after acute cardiac injury by inhibiting the myofibroblast autocrine loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divinsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzelinakh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendengolts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershovits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupatt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.01.522422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit to target approach defines an autocrine myofibroblast loop that drives cardiac fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic rewiring of the probiotic bacterium Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG contributes to cell wall remodeling and antimicrobials production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a Gram-positive beneficial bacterium that resides in the human intestinal tract and belongs to the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This bacterium is a widely used probiotic and was suggested to provide numerous benefits for human health. However, as in most LAB strains, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the competitiveness of probiotics under different diets remain unknown. Fermentation is a fundamental process in LAB, allowing the oxidation of simple carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose) for energy production under conditions of oxygen limitation, as in the human gut. Our results indicate that fermentation reshapes the metabolome, volatilome, and proteome architecture in LGG. Furthermore, fermentation alters cell envelope remodeling and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which leads to altered cell wall thickness, aggregation properties, and cell wall composition. In addition, fermentable sugars induced secretion of known and novel metabolites and proteins targeting the enteric pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella Enterica serovar Typhimurium. Overall, our results link the common metabolic regulation of cell wall remodeling, aggregation to host tissues, biofilm formation in probiotic strains, and connect the production of antimicrobial effectors with metabolome reprogramming. These findings provide novel insights into the role of nutrition in the establishment of LGG in the gastrointestinal tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suissa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turjeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic rewiring of the probiotic bacterium Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG contributes to cell wall remodeling and antimicrobials production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comment on 'Connexins evolved after early chordates lost innexin diversity' 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap junctional (GJ) intercellular channels are an important way of intercellular communication. Currently, two unrelated families of GJ proteins, innexins/pannexins, and connexins, are known, either or both of which are present in most multicellular animals. A striking exception is the echinoderms which have functional GJs but until recently were believed to be lacking both innexins and connexins, which suggests the presence of the third, yet the unknown family of GJ proteins. In the recent work Welzel and Schuster (Welzel and Schuster, 2022) have reported several putative innexins and one connexin from echinoderms, therefore undermining such a hypothesis. Here we provide evidence showing that all reported connexin and innexin sequences from echinoderms are cross-species contaminations, indicating that a search for a third GJ protein family is still a subject of immediate scientific research interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelmanson, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slivko-Koltchik, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchin, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comment on 'Connexins evolved after early chordates lost innexin diversity']]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA G-quadruplex is a transcriptional control device that regulates memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conformational state of DNA fine-tunes the transcriptional rate and abundance of RNA. Here we report that DNA G-quadruplex (G4-DNA) accumulates in neurons in an experience-dependent manner, and that this is required for the transient silencing and activation of genes that are critically involved in learning and memory. In addition, site-specific resolution of G4-DNA by dCas9-mediated deposition of the helicase DHX36 impairs fear extinction memory. Dynamic DNA structure states therefore represent a key molecular mechanism underlying memory consolidation.

One-Sentence SummaryG4-DNA is a molecular switch that enables the temporal regulation of the gene expression underlying the formation of fear extinction memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyakaruppiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajaczkowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugalle, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musgrove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarczyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA G-quadruplex is a transcriptional control device that regulates memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the Dynamics of Precise Repair at CRISPR/Cas9-induced Double-Strand Breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing relies on error-prone repair of targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Understanding CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DSB induction and subsequent repair dynamics requires measuring the rate of cutting and that of precise repair, a hidden-variable of the repair machinery. Here, we present a molecular and computational toolkit for multiplexed quantification of DSB intermediates and repairproducts by single-molecule sequencing. Using this approach, we characterized the dynamics of DSB induction, processing and repair at endogenous loci along a 72-hour time-course in tomato protoplasts. Combining this data with kinetic modeling reveals that indel accumulation is not an accurate reflection of DSB induction efficiency due to prominent precise re-ligation, accounting for 40-70% of all repair events. Altogether, this system exposes previously unseen flux in the DSB repair process, decoupling induction and repair dynamics, and suggesting an essential role of high-fidelity repair in limiting CRISPR editing efficiency in somatic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessudo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the Dynamics of Precise Repair at CRISPR/Cas9-induced Double-Strand Breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced transmissibility, infectivity and immune resistance of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2022, we have elucidated the characteristics of a variety of newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. At the end of 2022, the XBB.1.5 variant, an descendant of XBB.1 that acquired the S:F486P substitution, emerged and is rapidly spreading in the USA and is the latest variant of concern. Although the features of XBB.1.5 was already reported by another group as a preprint, we think multiple and independent evaluations important, and these reports are crucial for sustained global health. In this study, our epidemic dynamics analysis revealed that the relative effective reproduction number (Re) of XBB.1.5 is more than 1.2-fold greater than that of the parental XBB.1, and XBB.1.5 is outcompeting BQ.1.1, the predominant lineage in the USA as of December 2022. Our data suggest that XBB.1.5 will rapidly spread worldwide in the near future. Yeast surface display assay and pseudovirus assay respectively showed that the ACE2 binding affinity and infectivity of XBB.1.5 is 4.3-fold and 3.3-fold higher than those of XBB.1, respectively. Moreover, neutralization assay revealed that XBB.1.5 is robustly resistant to BA.2 breakthrough infection sera (41-fold versus B.1.1, 20-fold versus BA.2) and BA.5 breakthrough infection sera (32-fold versus B.1.1, 9.5-fold versus BA.5), respectively. Because the immune resistance of XBB.1.5 is comparable to that of XBB.1, our results suggest that XBB.1.5 is the most successful XBB lineage as of January 2023 by acquiring the S:F486P substitution to augment ACE2 binding affinity without losing remarkable immune resistance, which leads to greater transmissibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced transmissibility, infectivity and immune resistance of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the basis for differential substrate specificity of ADAR1 and ADAR2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millions of adenosines are deaminated throughout the transcriptome by ADAR1 and ADAR2, modulating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) immunogenicity and recoding mRNA. The high variability in the susceptibility of different adenosines to editing begs the question of what are the determinants of substrate specificity. Here, we systematically monitor how secondary structure modulates ADAR2 vs ADAR1 substrate selectivity, on the basis of systematic probing of thousands of synthetic sequences transfected into ADAR1-deleted cell lines exogenously expressing either ADAR2 or ADAR1. In both cases, structural disruptions gave rise to symmetric, strand-specific induced editing at a fixed offset, but of varying length: -26 nt for ADAR2, and -35 nt for ADAR1. We dissect the basis for the differences in offset between ADAR1 and ADAR2 via diverse mutants, domain-swaps, and ADAR evolutionary homologs, and reveal that it is encoded by the differential RNA binding domain architecture. We demonstrate that this offset-enhanced editing can allow an improved design of ADAR2-recruiting therapeutics, with proof-of-concept experiments suggestive of increased on-target and potentially decreased off-target editing. Our findings provide novel insight into the determinants guiding ADAR2 substrate selectivity and into the roles of the RNA binding domains of ADAR1 and ADAR2 in mediating differential targeting, and should facilitate the design of improved ADAR-recruiting therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zambrano-Mila, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witzenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzonyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Aroya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the basis for differential substrate specificity of ADAR1 and ADAR2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.522856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FcyRIIB is a novel immune checkpoint in the tumor microenvironment limiting activity of Treg-targeting antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.522856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite pre-clinical murine data supporting T regulatory (Treg) cell depletion as a major mechanism by which anti-CTLA-4 antibodies function in vivo, the two main antibodies tested in patients (ipilimumab and tremelimumab) have failed to demonstrate similar effects. We report analogous findings in an immunocompetent murine model humanized for CTLA-4 and Fcy receptors (hCTLA-4/hFcyR mice), where both ipilimumab and tremelimumab fail to show appreciable Treg depletion. Immune profiling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in both mice and human samples revealed upregulation of the inhibitory Fcy receptor, FcyRIIB, which limits the ability of the antibody Fc fragment of human anti-CTLA-4 antibodies to induce effective antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicty/phagocytosis (ADCC/ADCP). Blocking FcyRIIB in humanized mice rescues Treg depleting capacity and anti-tumor activity of ipilimumab. For another target, CC motif chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), which is selectively expressed on tumor infiltrating Tregs, we show that Fc engineering to enhance binding to activating Fc receptors, while limiting binding to the inhibitory Fc receptor, leads to consistent Treg depletion and single-agent activity across multiple tumor models, including B16, MC38 and MB49. These data reveal the importance of reducing engagement to the inhibitory Fc receptor to optimize Treg depletion by TME targeting antibodies. Our results define the inhibitory FcyRIIB receptor as a novel immune checkpoint limiting antibody-mediated Treg depletion in tumors, and demonstrate Fc variant engineering as a means to overcome this limitation and augment efficacy for a repertoire of antibodies currently in use or under clinical evaluation in oncology.

Highlights- Fully human anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are limited in their capacity to deplete T regulatory cells and drive durable anti-tumor immunity in humanized FcyR/hCTLA-4 mice
- The inhibitory Fcy receptor, FcyRIIB, is upregulated in the tumor microenvironment in patients and in humanized FcyR/hCTLA-4 mice
- Blocking FcyRIIB leads to rescue of Treg depletion in humanized murine models
- Fc engineering can improve the depleting capacity and in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-CTLA and anti-CCR8 antibodies targeting tumor infiltrating Tregs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knorr, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros-Merino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifulco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piening, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravetch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.522856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FcyRIIB is a novel immune checkpoint in the tumor microenvironment limiting activity of Treg-targeting antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of spatially opposing cues by a single interneuron guides decision making in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity of animals to integrate and respond to multiple hazardous stimuli in the surroundings is crucial for their survival. In mammals, complex evaluations of the environment require large numbers and different subtypes of neurons. The nematode C. elegans avoid hazardous chemicals they encounter by reversing their direction of movement. How does the worms compact nervous system processes the spatial information and directs the change of motion? We show here that a single interneuron, AVA, receives glutamatergic excitatory signals from head sensory neurons and glutamatergic inhibitory signals from the tail sensory neurons. AVA integrates the spatially distinct and opposing cues, whose output instructs the animals behavioral decision. We further find that the differential activation of AVA from the head and tail stems from distinct anatomical localization of inhibitory and excitatory glutamate-gated receptors along the AVA process, and from different threshold sensitivities of the sensory neurons to aversive stimuli. Our results thus uncover a cellular mechanism that mediates spatial computation of nociceptive cues for efficient decision-making in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peedikayil-Kurien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubliner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of spatially opposing cues by a single interneuron guides decision making in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved family of immune effectors cleaves cellular ATP upon viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During viral infection, cells can deploy immune strategies that deprive viruses of molecules essential for their replication. In this study, we report a family of immune effectors in bacteria which, in response to phage infection, degrade cellular ATP and dATP by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond between the adenine and sugar moieties. These ATP nucleosidase effectors are widely distributed within multiple bacterial defense systems including CBASS, prokaryotic argonautes and NLR-like proteins, and we show that degradation of (d)ATP during infection halts phage propagation and aborts infection. By analyzing homologs of the immune ATP nucleosidase domain, we discover and characterize Detocs, a new family of bacterial defense systems with a two-component phosphotransfer signaling architecture. The immune ATP nucleosidase domain is also encoded within a diverse set of eukaryotic proteins that have immune-like architectures, and we show biochemically that these eukaryotic homologs preserve the ATP nucleosidase activity. Our findings suggest that ATP and dATP degradation is a cell-autonomous innate immune strategy conserved across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved family of immune effectors cleaves cellular ATP upon viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degradation of carotenoids in food crops during post-harvest storage results in major economic and nutritional losses. In this study, a pepper (Capsicum annuum) panel for post-harvest carotenoid retention was studied to elucidate underlying mechanisms associated with this commercial trait of interest. Quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments and concurrent cellular analysis indicated that those pepper fruit with thicker lipid exocarp layers and smooth surfaces, following post-harvest drying and storage, possessed increased carotenoid retention. Total cutin monomer content increased in high carotenoid retention fruits and sub-epidermal cutin deposits were responsible for the difference in exocarp thickness. Cutin biosynthesis and cuticle precursor transport genes were differentially expressed between high and low carotenoid retention genotypes, and this supports the finding that fruit cuticle biosynthesis is associated with carotenoid retention. Carotenoids were located within cells embedded within the sub-epidermal cutin layer, and these carotenoids were protected from degradation due to the lack of permeability of the fruit surface to reactive oxygen species, and their precursors. The identification of a novel role for the pepper fruit surface in protecting against carotenoid degradation serves as an important discovery for the function of the fruit cuticle and provides an exploitable resource to enhance fruit quality.

Highlight statementCarotenoid pigments in Chilli pepper confer post-harvest colour and nutritional quality. Analysis of diverse commercial genotypes indicates the involvement of the fruit surface in carotenoid retention
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holden, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickett, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical model of membrane protrusions driven by curved active proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells intrinsically change their shape, by changing the composition of their membrane and by restructuring their underlying cytoskeleton. We present here further studies and extensions of a minimal physical model, describing a closed vesicle with mobile curved membrane protein complexes. The cytoskeletal forces describe the protrusive force due to actin polymerization which is recruited to the membrane by the curved protein complexes. We characterize the phase diagrams of this model, as function of the magnitude of the active forces, nearest-neighbor protein interactions and the proteins spontaneous curvature. It was previously shown that this model can explain the formation of lamellipodia-like flat protrusions, and here we explore the regimes where the model can also give rise to filopodia-like tubular protrusions. We extend the simulation with curved components of both convex and concave species, where we find the formation of complex ruffled clusters, as well as internalized invaginations that resemble the process of endocytosis and macropinocytosis. We alter the force model representing the cytoskeleton to simulate the effects of bundled instead of branched structure, resulting in shapes which resemble filopodia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimori-Kiyosue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suetsugu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical model of membrane protrusions driven by curved active proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial context is known to influence the behavioral sensitivity (d) and the decision criterion (c) for detection of low-contrast targets. Of interest here is the effect on the decision criterion. Polat and Sagi (2007) demonstrated that for a Gabor target positioned between two similar co-aligned high contrast flankers, observers reports of seeing the target (Hit and False-Alarm) decreased with increasing target-flankers distance. This effect was more pronounced when distance was randomized within testing blocks compared to when it was fixed. According to Signal-Detection-Theory (SDT), the latter result suggests that the decision-criterion is adjusted to a specific, distance-dependent combination of signal (S) and Noise (N) when the S and N statistics are fixed, but not when they vary across trials. However, SDT cannot differentiate between changes in the decision-bias (criterion-shift) and changes introduced by variations in S and N (signal-shift). To circumvent this limitation of SDT, we analyze reaction-time data (RT) within the framework of the Drift-Diffusion-Model (DDM). We performed an RT analysis of target-flanker interactions using data from Polat & Sagi (2007) and Zomet et al. (2008; 2016). The analysis revealed a stronger dependence on flankers for faster RTs and a weaker dependence for slower RTs. The results are explained by DDM, where an evidence accumulation process depends on the flankers via a change in the rate of the evidence (signal-shift), and on observers prior via a change in the starting point (criterion-shift), leading to RT-independent and RT-dependent effects, respectively. The RT-independent distance-dependent response-bias is attributed to the observers inability to learn multiple internal distributions required to accommodate the distance-dependent effects of the flankers on both the Signal and Noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zomet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule FRET probes the allosteric effect of ATP on the protein-translocating pore loops of a AAA+ machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AAA+ proteins (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) comprise a family of powerful ring-shaped ATP-dependent translocases that carry out numerous vital substrate-remodeling functions. ClpB is a AAA+ protein disaggregation machine that forms a two-tiered hexameric ring, with flexible pore loops protruding into its center and binding to substrate-proteins. It remains unknown whether these pore loops contribute only passively to substrate-protein threading or have a more active role. Recently, we have applied single-molecule FRET (smFRET) spectroscopy to directly measure the dynamics of substrate-binding pore loops in ClpB. We have reported that the three pore loops of ClpB (PL1-3) undergo large-scale fluctuations on the microsecond timescale that are likely to be mechanistically important for disaggregation. Here, using smFRET, we study the allosteric coupling between the pore loops and the two nucleotide binding domains of ClpB (NBD1-2). By mutating the conserved Walker B motifs within the NBDs to abolish ATP hydrolysis, we demonstrate how the nucleotide state of each NBD tunes pore loop dynamics. This effect is surprisingly long-ranged; in particular, PL2 and PL3 respond differentially to a Walker B mutation in either NBD1 or NBD2, as well as to mutations in both. We characterize the conformational dynamics of pore loops and the allosteric paths connecting NBDs to pore loops by molecular dynamics simulations and find that both principal motions and allosteric paths can be altered by changing the ATPase state of ClpB. Remarkably, PL3, which is highly conserved in AAA+ machines, is found to favor an upward conformation when only NBD1 undergoes ATP hydrolysis, but a downward conformation when NBD2 is active. These results explicitly demonstrate a significant long-range allosteric effect of ATP hydrolysis sites on pore-loop dynamics. Pore loops are therefore established as active participants that undergo ATP-dependent conformational changes to translocate substrate proteins through the central pores of AAA+ machines.

Statement of SignificanceMolecular machines function by coupling the energy of ATP hydrolysis to mechanical motion. How this coupling occurs and what timescales are involved remains an open question. In this study, we use a powerful single-molecule FRET technique to measure the real-time dynamics of pore loops, which are essential protein-translocating elements of the ATP-dependent disaggregation machine ClpB. Using a series of mutations of the ATP-hydrolysis motifs of ClpB, we find that, although the motions of these pore loops take place on the microsecond time scale, they are markedly affected by the much slower changes in the nucleotide state of the machine. Generally, this study shows that protein machines, such as ClpB, are wired to harness ATP binding and hydrolysis to allosterically affect distal events, such as the function-related mechanics of pore-loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iljina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayananda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule FRET probes the allosteric effect of ATP on the protein-translocating pore loops of a AAA+ machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple cognitive model explains movement decisions during schooling in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While moving, animals must frequently make decisions about their future travel direction, whether they are alone or in a group. Here we investigate this process for zebrafish (Danio rerio), which naturally move in cohesive groups. Employing state-of-the-art virtual reality, we study how real fish follow one or several moving, virtual conspecifics. These data are used to inform, and test, a model of social response that includes a process of explicit decision-making, whereby the fish can decide which of the virtual conspecifics to follow, or to follow some average direction. This approach is in contrast with previous models where the direction of motion was based on a continuous computation, such as directional averaging. Building upon a simplified version of this model [Sridhar et al., 2021], which has been shown to exhibit a spontaneous symmetry-breaking transition from moving along a "compromise" (average) direction, to deciding on following one of the virtual fish. This previously published simplified version was limited to a one-dimensional projection of the fish motion, while here we present a model that describes the motion of the real fish as it swims freely in two-dimensions. Here, we extend our proposed Ising-like model, which inherently describes a spontaneous symmetry-breaking transition from moving along a "compromise" (average) direction, to deciding on following one of the virtual fish. Motivated by experimental observations, the swim speed of the fish in this model uses a burst-and-coast swimming pattern, with the burst frequency being dependent on the distance of the fish from the followed conspecific(s). We demonstrate that this model is able to explain the observed spatial distribution of the real fish behind the virtual conspecifics in the experiments, as a function of their average speed and number. In particular, the model naturally explains the observed critical bifurcations for a freely swimming fish, which appear in the spatial distributions whenever the fish makes a decision to follow only one of the virtual conspecifics, instead of following them as an averaged group. This model can provide the foundation for modeling a cohesive shoal of swimming fish, while explicitly describing their directional decision-making process at the individual level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oscar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbonos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couzin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple cognitive model explains movement decisions during schooling in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotype switching of the mutation rate facilitates adaptive evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mutation rate plays an important role in adaptive evolution. It can be modified by mutator and anti-mutator alleles. Recent empirical evidence hints that the mutation rate may vary among genetically identical individuals: empirical evidence from bacteria suggests that the mutation rate can be affected by translation errors and expression noise in various proteins. Importantly, this non-genetic variation may be heritable via a transgenerational epigenetic mode of inheritance, giving rise to a mutator phenotype that is independent from mutator alleles. Here we investigate mathematically how the rate of adaptive evolution is affected by the rate of mutation rate phenotype switching. We model an asexual population with two mutation rate phenotypes, non-mutator and mutator. An offspring may switch from its parental phenotype to the other phenotype. We find that switching rates that correspond to so-far empirically described non-genetic systems of inheritance of the mutation rate lead to higher rates of adaptation on various fitness landscapes. These switching rates can maintain within the same individuals both a mutator phenotype and pre-existing mutations, a combination that facilitates adaptation. Moreover, non-genetic inheritance increases the proportion of mutators in the population, which in turn increases the probability of hitchhiking of the mutator phenotype with adaptive mutations. This in turns facilitates the acquisition of additional adaptive mutations. Our results rationalize recently observed noise in the expression of proteins that affect the mutation rate and suggest that non-genetic inheritance of this phenotype may facilitate evolutionary adaptive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobinska, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotype switching of the mutation rate facilitates adaptive evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoupling cell size homeostasis in diatoms from the geometrical constraints of the silica cell-wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIUnicellular organisms are known to exert tight control over their cell size. In the case of diatoms, abundant eukaryotic microalgae, the layout of the rigid silica cell wall imposes geometrical restrictions on cell size. A generally accepted theory states that the need to fit any new silica element into a previously formed structure causes a reduction in size with each vegetative division cycle, until cell size restoration is achieved by a switch to another life-cycle stage. Nevertheless, several reported exceptions cast doubt on the generality of this theory.
C_LIO_LIHere, we monitored clonal cultures of the diatom Stephanopyxis turris for up to two years, recording the sizes of thousands of cells, in order to follow the distribution of cell sizes in the population.
C_LIO_LIOur results show that all S. turris cultures above a certain size threshold undergo a gradual size reduction, in accordance with the postulated geometrical driving force. However, once the cell size reaches a lower threshold, a constant size range is maintained by different cellular strategies.
C_LIO_LIThese observations suggest two distinct mechanisms to regulate the cell size of diatoms, reduction and homeostasis. The interplay between these mechanisms can explain the behavior of different diatoms species in various environments.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Haan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoupling cell size homeostasis in diatoms from the geometrical constraints of the silica cell-wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRAF3 Suppression Encourages B Cell Recruitment and Prolongs Survival of Microbiome-Intact Mice with Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOvarian cancer (OC) has proven to be the most deadly of all gynecologic cancers. Clinical trials involving the use of immunotherapies in OC patients have produced disappointing outcomes, underscoring the necessity of identifying new immunomodulatory targets for the treatment of this cancer.

MethodsWe conducted an in-vivo CRISPR screen of immunodeficient (NSG) and immune-intact wild type (WT) C57/BL6 mice to identify tumor-derived immune-escape mechanisms in a BRAC1- and TP53-deficient murine ID8 OC cell line (designated ITB1). To confirm gene expression and signaling pathway activation in ITB1 cells, we employed western blot, qPCR, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also used to identify immune cell populations in the peritoneum of ITB1-bearing mice. To determine the presence of IgA-coated bacteria in the peritoneum of ITB1 -bearing mice and the ascites of OC patients, we employed 16S sequencing. Testing for differences was done by using Deseq2 test and two-way ANOVA test. Sequence variants (ASVs) were produced in Qiime2 and analyzed by microeco and phyloseq R packages.

ResultsWe identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) as a tumor-derived immune suppressive mediator in ITB1 cells. Knockout of TRAF3 (TRAF3KO) activated the type-I interferon pathway and increased MHC-I expression. TRAF3KO tumors exhibited a growth delay in WT mice vs. NSG mice, which was correlated with increased B cell infiltration and activation compared to ITB1 tumors. B cells were found to be involved in the progression of TRAF3KO tumors, and B-cell surface-bound and secreted IgA levels were significantly higher in the ascites of TRAF3KO tumors compared to ITB1. The presence of commensal microbiota was necessary for B-cell activation and for delaying the progression of TRAF3KO tumors in WT mice. Lastly, we observed unique profiles of IgA-coated bacteria in the ascites of OC-bearing mice or the ascites of OC patients.

ConclusionsTRAF3 is a tumor-derived immune-suppressive modulator that influences B-cell infiltration and activation, making it a potential target for enhancing anti-tumor B-cell responses in OC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zorea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motro, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran-Gilad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkabets, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRAF3 Suppression Encourages B Cell Recruitment and Prolongs Survival of Microbiome-Intact Mice with Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoresistome Mapping in Individual Breast Cancer Patients Unravels Diversity in Dynamic Transcriptional Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence reinforce the role of non-genetic adaptive resistance to chemotherapy, that involves rewiring of transcriptional programs in surviving tumors. We combined longitudinal transcriptomics with temporal pattern analysis to dissect patient-specific emergence of resistance in breast cancer. Matched triplets of tumor biopsies (pre-treatment, post-treatment and adjacent normal) were collected from breast cancer patients who received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Full transcriptome was analyzed by longitudinal pattern classification to follow patient-specific expression modulations. We found that dynamics of gene expression dictates resistance-related modulations. The results unraveled important principles in emergence of adaptive resistance: 1. Genes with resistance patterns are already dysregulated in the primary tumor, supporting a primed drug-tolerant state. 2. In each patient, multiple resistance-related genes are rewired but converge into few dysregulated modules. 3. Rewiring of diverse genes and pathway dysregulation vary among individuals who receive the same treatments. Patient-specific chemoresistome maps disclosed tumors acquired resistance and exposed their vulnerabilities.

Mapping the complexity of dysregulated pathways in individual patients revealed important insights on adaptive resistance mechanisms. To survive the toxic drug effect, tumor cells either sustain a drug-tolerant state or intensify it, specifically bypassing the drugs interference. Depicting an individual road map to resistance can offer personalized therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balint-Lahat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morzaev-Sulzbach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Yam, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoresistome Mapping in Individual Breast Cancer Patients Unravels Diversity in Dynamic Transcriptional Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The yeast RNA methylation complex consists of conserved yet reconfigured components with m6A-dependent and independent roles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant mRNA modification, is deposited in mammals/insects/plants by m6A methyltransferase complexes (MTC) comprising a catalytic subunit and at least five additional proteins. The yeast MTC is critical for meiosis and was known to comprise three proteins, of which two were conserved. We uncover three novel MTC components (Kar4/Ygl036w-Vir1/Dyn2). All MTC subunits, except for Dyn2, are essential for m6A deposition and have corresponding mammalian MTC orthologs. Unlike the mammalian bipartite MTC, the yeast MTC is unipartite, yet multifunctional. The mRNA interacting module, comprising Ime4, Mum2, Vir1, and Kar4, exerts the MTCs m6A-independent function, while Slz1 enables the MTC catalytic function in m6A deposition. Both functions are critical for meiotic progression. Kar4 also has a mechanistically separate role from the MTC during mating. The yeast MTC constituents play distinguishable m6A-dependent, MTC-dependent and MTC-independent functions, highlighting their complexity and paving the path towards dissecting multi-layered MTC functions in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ensinck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albihlal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassandro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sideri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushkin, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skehel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Werven, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The yeast RNA methylation complex consists of conserved yet reconfigured components with m6A-dependent and independent roles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab7 dependent regulation of goblet cell protein CLCA1 modulates gastrointestinal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation in ulcerative colitis is typically restricted to the mucosal layer of distal gut. Disrupted mucus barrier coupled with microbial dysbiosis has been reported to occur prior to the onset of inflammation. Here, we show the involvement of vesicular trafficking protein Rab7 in regulating the colonic mucus system. We identified a lowered Rab7 expression in goblet cells of colon during human and murine colitis. In vivo Rab7 knocked down mice (Rab7KD) displayed a compromised mucus layer, increased microbial permeability and depleted gut microbiota with enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium-sulfate induced colitis. These abnormalities emerged owing to altered mucus composition, as revealed by mucus proteomics, with increased expression of mucin protease Chloride channel accessory 1 (CLCA1). Mechanistically, Rab7 maintained optimal CLCA1 levels by controlling its lysosomal degradation, a process that was dysregulated during colitis. Overall, our work establishes a role for Rab7 dependent control of CLCA1 secretion required for maintaining mucosal homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markandey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoskovitz, V.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab7 dependent regulation of goblet cell protein CLCA1 modulates gastrointestinal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative study of low-pH tolerance and chitinase activity between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholera toxin, encoded by the ctx gene, is a key virulence factor in toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (ctx+) strains. However, some non-toxigenic V. cholerae (ctx-) strains are also pathogenic to humans and the mechanism involved in low-pH tolerance and pathogenicity in these strains remains unclear. To address this, we profiled the growth and chitinase activity in different pH of two clinical isolates of V. cholerae: VC20, a ctx+ strain, and WO5, a ctx- strain. We also compared the expression level of key genes involved in pathogenesis between the strains. WO5, the non-toxigenic strain had robust growth and greater chitinase activity across a wide pH range, in comparison to VC20. Additionally, WO5 expressed higher levels of transcripts from genes implicated in host cell adhesion and virulence, namely ompK and toxT, respectively. Notably, we propose that lower hapR levels in WO5 contrary to VC20 is key to its low-pH tolerance. To systematically identify genes involved in low pH tolerance, we used a sequence-based homology search and found a widespread presence of low-pH adaptation modules, lysine-cadaverine, and ornithine-putrescine in multiple representative species of the Vibrio phylum. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the loss of a gene encoding nitrite reductase that confers low pH tolerance is specific to V. cholerae and V. mimicus. Together, these findings reveal that the low-pH tolerance enhances the chitinase activity of the non-toxigenic strain that could help V. cholerae to survive the acidic environment of the stomach and readily colonize the intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perinbam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakheja, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadakkepat, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative study of low-pH tolerance and chitinase activity between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal coherence of circadian clocks and gating of differentiation in Anabaena filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clock arrays in multicellular filaments of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 display remarkable spatio-temporal coherence under nitrogen-replete conditions. To shed light on the interplay between circadian clocks and the formation of developmental patterns, we followed the expression of a clock-controlled gene under nitrogen deprivation, at the level of individual cells. Our experiments showed that differentiation into heterocysts took place preferentially within a limited interval of the circadian clock cycle; that gene expression in different vegetative intervals along a developed filament was discoordinated; and that the circadian clock was active in individual heterocysts. Furthermore, Anabaena mutants lacking the kaiABC genes encoding the circadian clock core components produced heterocysts but failed in diazotrophy. Therefore, genes related to some aspect of nitrogen fixation, rather than early or mid-heterocyst differentiation genes, are likely affected by the absence of the clock. A bioinformatics analysis supports the notion that RpaA may play a role as master regulator of clock outputs in Anabaena, the gating of differentiation by the circadian clock and the involvement of the clock in proper diazotrophic growth. Together, these results suggest that under nitrogen deficient conditions, the functional unit in Anabaena is reduced from a full filament under nitrogen-rich conditions, to the vegetative cell interval between heterocysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arbel-Goren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhitnitsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal coherence of circadian clocks and gating of differentiation in Anabaena filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation-dependent coupling between G6PD activity and apoptotic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine acetylation has been discovered in thousands of non-histone human proteins, including most metabolic enzymes. Deciphering the functions of acetylation is key to understanding how metabolic cues mediate metabolic enzyme regulation and cellular signaling. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, is acetylated on multiple lysine residues. Using site-specifically acetylated G6PD, we show that acetylation can activate (AcK89) and inhibit (AcK403) G6PD. Acetylation-dependent inactivation is explained by structural studies showing distortion of the dimeric structure and active site of G6PD. We provide evidence for acetylation-dependent K95/97 ubiquitylation of G6PD and Y503 phosphorylation, as well as interaction with p53 and induction of early apoptotic events. Notably, we found that the acetylation of a single lysine residue coordinates diverse acetylation-dependent processes. Our data provide an example of the complex roles of acetylation as a posttranslational modification that orchestrates the regulation of enzymatic activity, posttranslational modifications, and apoptotic signaling
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvilansky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation-dependent coupling between G6PD activity and apoptotic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning inference of continuous single-cell state transitions during myoblast differentiation and fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells modifying their internal organization during continuous state-transitions, supporting functions from cell division to differentiation. However, tools to measure dynamic physiological states of individual transitioning cells are lacking. We combined live-cell imaging and machine learning to monitor ERK1/2-inhibited primary murine skeletal muscle precursor cells, that transition rapidly and robustly from proliferating myoblasts to post-mitotic myocytes and then fuse, forming multinucleated myotubes. Our model, trained using motility and actin intensity features from single cell tracking data, effectively tracked real-time continuous differentiation, revealing that differentiation occurs 7.5-14.5 hours post-induction, followed by fusion [~]3 hours later. Co-inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 led to differentiation without fusion. Our model inferred co-inhibition leads to terminal differentiation, indicating that p38 is specifically required for transitioning from terminal differentiation to fusion. Our model also predicted that co-inhibition leads to changes in actin dynamics. Mass spectrometry supported these in silico predictions and suggested novel fusion and maturation regulators downstream of differentiation. Collectively, this approach can be adapted to various biological processes to uncover novel links between dynamic single-cell states and their functional outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakarchy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarfati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mealem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning inference of continuous single-cell state transitions during myoblast differentiation and fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Arm Redundancy - A New Approach for the Inverse Kinematics Problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inverse kinematics problem deals with the question of how the nervous system coordinates movement to resolve redundancy, such as in the case of arm reaching movements where more degrees of freedom are available at the joint versus hand level. In particular, this work focuses on determining which coordinate frames can best represent human movements, allowing the motor system to solve the inverse kinematics problem in the presence of kinematic redundancies. In particular, in this work we used a multi-dimensional sparse source separation method called FADA to derive sets of basis functions (here called sources) for both the task and joint spaces, with joint space being represented in terms of either the absolute or anatomical joint angles. We assessed the similarities between the joint and task sources in each of these joint representations. We found that the time-dependent profiles of the absolute reference frames sources show greater similarity to those of the corresponding sources in the task space. This result was found to be statistically significant. Hence, our analysis suggests that the nervous system represents multi-joint arm movements using a limited number of basis functions, to allow for simple transformations between task and joint spaces. Importantly, joint space seems to be represented in terms of an absolute reference frame to achieve successful performance and simplify inverse kinematics transformations in the face of the existing kinematic redundancies. Further studies will be needed to determine the generalizability of this finding and its implications for neural control of movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barliya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krausz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiovetto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.528995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Arm Redundancy - A New Approach for the Inverse Kinematics Problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased cortical inhibition immediately following brief motor memory reactivation supports reconsolidation and overnight offline learning gains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Practicing motor skills stabilizes and strengthens motor memories by repeatedly reactivating and reconsolidating them. The conventional view, by which a repetitive practice is required for substantially improving skill performance, has been recently challenged by behavioral experiments, in which even brief reactivations of the motor memory have led to significant improvements in skill performance. However, the mechanisms which facilitate brief reactivation-induce skill improvements remain elusive. While initial memory consolidation has been repeatedly associated with increased neural excitation and dis-inhibition, reconsolidation has been shown to involve a poorly-understood mixture of both excitatory and inhibitory alterations.

Here, we followed a three-day reactivation-reconsolidation framework, to examine whether the excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms which underlie brief reactivation and repetitive practice differ. Healthy volunteers practiced a motor sequence learning task using either brief reactivation or repetitive practice and were assessed using ultra-high field (7T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy at the primary motor cortex (M1). We found that increased inhibition (GABA concentrations) and decreased excitation/inhibition (glutamate/GABA ratios) immediately following the brief reactivation were associated with overnight offline performance gains. These gains were on-par with those exhibited following repetitive practice, where no correlations with inhibitory or excitatory changes were observed. Our findings suggest that brief reactivation and repetitive practice depend on fundamentally different neural mechanisms, and that early inhibition - and not excitation - is particularly important in supporting the learning gains exhibited by brief reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased cortical inhibition immediately following brief motor memory reactivation supports reconsolidation and overnight offline learning gains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of proximity to criticality enhances slow activity fluctuations during free recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultra-slow fluctuations are a hallmark of spontaneous cortical activity. We examine the hypothesis that these unique dynamics arise from recurrent neuronal networks operating near a phase transition, a state characterized by  critical slowing down. A further prediction of such dynamics is that a small modulation towards the critical transition should lead to specific amplification of slow fluctuations. Here, we relate this phenomenon to experimental findings using a simulation of a simple random recurrent network. Importantly, the model aligns with direct intracranial electroencephalography recordings from human visual cortex during both rest and visual free-recall, specifically replicating the observed enhancement of slow fluctuations during free recall. These simulations illuminate a simple and powerful mechanism underlying slow spontaneous fluctuations, while enabling the rapid transition between different spontaneous states. They propose that modulation towards criticality might be a universal strategy employed by cortical networks to engage in a spontaneous generative mode.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yellin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of proximity to criticality enhances slow activity fluctuations during free recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EnCPdock: a web-interface for direct conjoint comparative analyses of complementarity and binding energetics in inter-protein associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextProtein-protein interaction (PPI) is a key component linked to virtually all cellular processes. Be it an enzyme catalysis ( classic type functions of proteins) or a signal transduction ( non-classic), proteins generally function involving stable or quasi-stable multi-protein associations. The physical basis for such associations is inherent in the combined effect of shape and electrostatic complementarities (Sc, EC) of the interacting protein partners at their interface, which provides indirect probabilistic estimates of the stability and affinity of the interaction. While Sc is a necessary criterion for inter-protein associations, EC can be favorable as well as disfavored (e.g., in transient interactions). Estimating equilibrium thermodynamic parameters ({Delta}Gbinding, Kd) by experimental means is costly and time consuming, thereby opening windows for computational structural interventions. Attempts to empirically probe {Delta}Gbinding from coarse-grain structural descriptors (primarily, surface area based terms) have lately been overtaken by physics-based, knowledge-based and their hybrid approaches (MM/PBSA, FoldX etc.) that directly compute {Delta}Gbinding without involving intermediate structural descriptors.

MethodsHere we present EnCPdock (www.scinetmol.in/EnCPdock/), a user-friendly web-interface for the direct conjoint comparative analyses of complementarity and binding energetics in proteins. EnCPdock returns an AI-predicted {Delta}Gbinding computed by combining complementarity (Sc, EC) and other high-level structural descriptors (input feature vectors), and, renders a prediction accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art. EnCPdock further locates a PPI complex in terms of its {Sc, EC} values (taken as an ordered pair) in the two-dimensional Complementarity Plot (CP). In addition, it also generates mobile molecular graphics of the interfacial atomic contact network for further analyses. EnCPdock also furnishes individual feature trends along with the relative probability estimates (Prfmax) of the obtained feature-scores with respect to the events of their highest observed frequencies. Together, these functionalities are of real practical use for structural tinkering and intervention as might be relevant in the design of targeted protein-interfaces. Combining all its features and applications, EnCPdock presents a unique online tool that should be beneficial to structural biologists and researchers across related fraternities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EnCPdock: a web-interface for direct conjoint comparative analyses of complementarity and binding energetics in inter-protein associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Respiration-Triggered Olfactory Stimulation ReducesObstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms Severity: A Prospective Pilot Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-disordered breathing condition characterized by repetitive reduction in breathing during sleep. Current care standard for OSA is continuous positive air pressure devices, often suffering from low tolerance due to limited adherence. Capitalizing on the unique neurocircuitry of olfactory perception and its retained function during sleep, we conducted a pilot study to test transient, respiration-based olfactory stimulation as a treatment for OSA markers. Thirty-two OSA patients (Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)[&ge;]15 events/hour) underwent two polysomnography sessions,  Odor and  Control, in random order. In  Odor nights, patients were presented with transient respiratory-based olfactory stimulation delivered via a computer-controlled commercial olfactometer (Scentific). The olfactometer, equipped with a wireless monitoring, analyzed respiratory patterns and presented odor upon detection of respiratory events. No odors were presented in  Control nights. Following exclusions, 17 patients entered analysis (4 women, 47.4 (10.5) years, BMI: 33.8 (7.8)). We observed that olfactory stimulation during sleep reduced AHI ( Odor:17.2 (20.9),  Control: 28.2 (18.6), z=- 3.337, p=0.000846, BF10=57.9), reflecting an average decrease of 31.3% in event number. Relatedly, stimulation reduced the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) by 26.9% ( Odor: 12.5 (15.8),  Control: 25.7 (25.9), z=-3.337, p=0.000846, BF10=9.522. This effect was not linked to baseline OSA markers severity ({rho}=-0.042, p=0.87). Olfactory stimulation did not arouse from sleep or affect sleep structure, measured as time per sleep stage (F(1,16)=0.088, p=0.77). In conclusion, olfactory stimulation during sleep was effective in reducing OSA markers severity without inducing arousals and may provide a novel treatment for OSA, prompting continued research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perl, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcos, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Respiration-Triggered Olfactory Stimulation ReducesObstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms Severity: A Prospective Pilot Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological stress drives the emergence of a Salmonella subpopulation through ribosomal RNA regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria undergo cycles of growth and starvation, to which they must adapt swiftly. One important strategy for adjusting growth rates relies on ribosomal levels. While high ribosomal levels are required for fast growth, their dynamics during starvation remain unclear. Here, we analyzed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) content of individual Salmonella cells using Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (rRNA-FISH). During the transition from exponential to stationary phase we measured a dramatic decrease in rRNA numbers only in a subpopulation, resulting in a bimodal distribution of cells with high and low rRNA content. We showed that the two subpopulations are phenotypically distinct when subjected to nutritional upshifts. Using a transposon screen coupled with rRNA-FISH, we identified two mutants acting on rRNA transcription shutdown and degradation, that abolished the formation of the subpopulation with low rRNA content. Our work suggests that Salmonella employs a bet-hedging strategy in regulating ribosomal levels that may be beneficial for survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciolli Mattioli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golding, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological stress drives the emergence of a Salmonella subpopulation through ribosomal RNA regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastroenteritis causing pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) during its infection in host cells thrives in a vacuolated compartment, Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV), which sequentially acquires host endosomal and lysosomal markers. Long tubular structures, called as Salmonella induced filaments (SIFs), are known to be required for SCVs nutrient acquisition, membrane maintenance and stability. A tightly coordinated interactions involving prominent effector SifA and various host adapters PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2 and Rab GTPases govern SCV integrity and SIF formation. Here, we report for the first time, the functional regulation of SifA is modulated by its SUMOylation at lysine 11. S. Tm expressing lysine 11 mutant SifA (SifAK11R) is defective in intracellular proliferation due to compromised SIF formation and enhanced lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, murine competitive index experiments reveal defective in vivo proliferation and weakened virulence of SifAK11R mutant. Concisely, our results demonstrate that SUMO deficient SifA mutant nearly behaves like a SifA knockout strain which impacts PLEKHM2-M6PR mediated lysosomal acidification pathway. Thus, our results bring forth a novel S. Tm-host crosstalk mechanism involving host mediated effector SUMOylation critical for pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon initial segment (AIS) cell surface proteins mediate key biological processes in neurons including action potential initiation and axo-axonic synapse formation. However, few AIS cell surface proteins have been identified. Here, we used antibody-directed proximity biotinylation to define the cell surface proteins in close proximity to the AIS cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin. To determine the distributions of the identified proteins, we used CRISPR-mediated genome editing for insertion of epitope tags in the endogenous proteins. We found Contactin-1 (Cntn1) among the previously unknown AIS proteins we identified. Cntn1 is enriched at the AIS through interactions with Neurofascin and NrCAM. We further show that Cntn1 contributes to assembly of the AIS-extracellular matrix, and is required for AIS axo-axonic innervation by inhibitory basket cells in the cerebellum and inhibitory chandelier cells in the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed-Eisenbach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Aelst, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Ambidexterity of an Ancient Nucleic Acid-Binding Domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homochirality of biopolymers emerged early in the history of life on Earth, nearly 4 billion years ago. Whether the establishment of homochirality was the result of abiotic physical and chemical processes, or biological selection, remains unknown. However, given that significant events in protein evolution predate the last universal common ancestor, the history of homochirality may have been written into some of the oldest protein folds. To test this hypothesis, the evolutionary trajectory of the ancient and ubiquitous helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) protein family was analyzed for functional robustness to total chiral inversion of just one binding partner. Against expectations, functional  ambidexterity was observed across the entire trajectory, from phase separation of HhH peptides with RNA to dsDNA binding of the duplicated (HhH)2-Fold. Moreover, dissociation kinetics, mutational analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed significant overlap between the binding modes of a natural and a mirror-image protein to natural dsDNA. These data suggest that the veil between worlds with alternative chiral preferences may not be as impenetrable as is often assumed, and that the HhH protein family is an intriguing exception to the dogma of reciprocal chiral substrate specificity proposed by Milton and Kent (Milton et al. Science 1992).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weil-Ktorza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridmann-Sirkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveh-Tassa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Ambidexterity of an Ancient Nucleic Acid-Binding Domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering predicted structures at the scale of the known protein universe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are key to all cellular processes and their structure is important in understanding their function and evolution. Sequence-based predictions of protein structures have increased in accuracy with over 214 million predicted structures available in the AlphaFold database (AFDB). However, studying protein structures at this scale requires highly efficient methods. Here, we developed a structural-alignment based clustering algorithm - Foldseek cluster - that can cluster hundreds of millions of structures. Using this method we have clustered all structures in AFDB, identifying 2.27M non-singleton structural clusters, of which 31% lack annotations representing likely novel structures. Clusters without annotation tend to have few representatives covering only 4% of all proteins in the AFDB. Evolutionary analysis suggests that most clusters are ancient in origin but 4% seem species specific, representing lower quality predictions or examples of de-novo gene birth. Additionally, we show how structural comparisons can be used to predict domain families and their relationships, identifying examples of remote homology. Based on these analyses we identify several examples of human immune related proteins with remote homology in prokaryotic species which illustrates the value of this resource for studying protein function and evolution across the tree of life.

AvailabilityMethods and data are available at cluster.foldseek.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrio-Hernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jänes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering predicted structures at the scale of the known protein universe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule acceptor rise time (smART) FRET for nanoscale distance sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure, dynamics, and binding of individual biomolecules have been extensively investigated using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) as a  spectroscopic ruler. The FRET efficiency between a fluorophore pair is used to measure distances in the several nanometer range. Existing approaches to detect closer distances come at the expense of sensitivity to longer distances. Here, we introduce single-molecule acceptor rise-time (smART) FRET that spans closer and longer distances. The acceptor rise time encodes the FRET rate, which scales polynomially with distance and thus has a steep dependence that expands the working range by 50%. High precision and accuracy is achieved through the spectroscopic separation between the rise time and the photophysical fluctuations that obfuscate other FRET readouts. Using the nanoscale sensitivity, we resolved the architectures of DNA bound to the single-stranded binding protein from E. coli, demonstrating the ability of smART FRET to elucidate the complex behaviors of biomolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlau-Cohen, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule acceptor rise time (smART) FRET for nanoscale distance sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical modeling and analysis of multiplexed imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development of multiplexed imaging technologies has enabled the spatial cartography of various healthy and tumor tissues. However, the lack of adequate statistical models has hampered the use of multiplexed imaging to efficiently compare tissue composition across sample groups, for instance between healthy and tumor tissue samples. Here, we developed two statistical models that accurately describe the distribution of cell counts observed in a given field of view in an imaging experiment. The parameters of these distributions are directly linked to the field of view size and also to properties of the studied cell type such as cellular density and spatial aggregation. Using these models, we identified statistical tests that have improved statistical power for differential abundance testing of tissue composition compared to the commonly used rank-based test. Our analysis revealed that spatial aggregation is the main determinant of statistical power and that to have sufficient power to detect differences in cell counts when cells are highly aggregated may require sampling of hundreds of fields of view. To overcome this challenge, we provide a new stratified sampling strategy that might significantly reduce the number of required samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bost, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical modeling and analysis of multiplexed imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2-dependent senescent microglia conserved in aging and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dementia in general, and Alzheimers disease (AD) in particular, are age-related diseases1,2. AD is associated with multiple causative factors3,4, among which local brain inflammation plays a significant role5. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells6,7, are activated along the disease course7. Yet, their contribution to the disease progression is still controversial. Here, using high-throughput mass cytometry for microglial immuno-phenotyping, we identified accumulation of senescent microglia in several pathologies associated with cognitive decline. These senescent microglia have a unique profile conserved across the multiple conditions investigated, including aging, mouse models of amyloidosis, and tauopathy. Moreover, we found that the expression of markers of senescence correlates with levels of TREM2, whose polymorphism was identified by GWAS as an AD risk factor8,9. A TREM2-null AD mouse model showed lower levels of senescent microglia, relative to TREM2-intact AD mice. Senolysis using the drug ABT-73710,11 in an AD mouse model reduced the abundance of TREM2-senescent microglia without affecting levels of TREM2-dependent activated microglia, ameliorated cognitive deficits, and reduced brain inflammation. These results reveal the unexpected contribution of TREM2 to accumulation of senescent microglia in AD pathology, an effect that must be considered when targeting TREM2 as a therapeutic approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachmian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherqui, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edilbi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta Ramos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahalon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2-dependent senescent microglia conserved in aging and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal networks are adaptive active elastic filamentous materials that design their own shape in response to system geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living systems adopt a diversity of curved and highly dynamic shapes. These diverse morphologies appear on many length-scales, from cells to tissues and organismal scales. The common driving force for these dynamic shape changes are contractile stresses generated by myosin motors in the cell cytoskeleton, an intrinsically active filamentous material, while converting chemical energy into mechanical work. A good understanding of how contractile stresses in the cytoskeleton arise into different 3D shapes and what are the selection rules that determine their final configurations still lacks. Aiming to identify the selection rules governing the shapes formed by contractile forces in living systems, we recreate the actomyosin cytoskeleton in-vitro, with precisely controlled composition and initial geometry. A set of actomyosin gel discs, intrinsically identical but of variable initial geometry, spontaneously self-organize into a family of 3D shapes. This process occurs through robust distinct dynamical pathways, without specific pre-programming and additional regulation. Shape selection is encoded in the initial disc radius to thickness aspect ratio, and thus scale-free. This may indicate a universal process of shape selection, that works across scales, from cells to tissues and organelles. Finally, our results suggest that, while the dynamical pathways may depend on the detailed interactions of the different microscopic components within the gel, the final selected shapes obey the general theory of elastic deformations of thin sheets. Altogether, these results provide novel insights on the mechanically induced spontaneous shape transitions in active contractile matter and uncover new mechanisms that drive shape selections in living systems across scales.

Significance statementLiving systems adopt a diversity of curved and highly dynamic shapes. These diverse morphologies appear on many length-scales, from cells to organismal scales, and are commonly driven by contractile stresses generated by myosin motors in the cell cytoskeleton. By recreating the actomyosin cytoskeleton in-vitro, with precisely controlled composition and initial geometry, we identify the shape selection rules that determine the final adopted configuration. Specifically, we find that shape selection is scale-free, which may indicate a universal process of shape selection, that works across scales, from cells to tissues and organelles. Altogether, our results provide novel insights on the mechanically induced spontaneous shape transitions in contractile active matter and uncover new mechanisms that drive shape selections in living systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim-Groswasser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoskeletal networks are adaptive active elastic filamentous materials that design their own shape in response to system geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Microstates to Macrostates in the Conformational Dynamics of GroEL: a Single-Molecule FRET Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chaperonin GroEL is a multi-subunit molecular machine that assists in protein folding in the E. coli cytosol. Past studies have shown that GroEL undergoes large allosteric conformational changes during its reaction cycle. However, a measurement of subunit dynamics and their relation to the allosteric cycle of GroEL has been missing. Here, we report single-molecule FRET measurements that directly probe the conformational transitions of one subunit within GroEL and its single-ring variant under equilibrium conditions. We find that four microstates span the conformational manifold of the protein and interconvert on the submillisecond time scale. A unique set of relative populations of these microstates, termed a macrostate, is obtained by varying solution conditions, e.g., adding different nucleotides or the co-chaperone GroES. Strikingly, ATP titration studies demonstrate that the partition between the apo and ATP-liganded conformational macrostates traces a sigmoidal response with a Hill coefficient similar to that obtained in bulk experiments of ATP hydrolysis, confirming the essential role of the observed dynamics in the function of GroEL.

Significance StatementGroEL is a large protein-folding machine whose activity is accompanied by considerable conformational motions. Here, we use single-molecule FRET spectroscopy in combination with photon-by-photon statistical analysis to characterize the motions of a single GroEL subunit in real time and in the presence of ADP, ATP, and the co-chaperone GroES. Our results reveal transitions between four conformations on a timescale much faster than the functional cycle. We show that the motions of an individual subunit are directly coupled to the concerted allosteric mechanism of GroEL. This work, therefore, further demonstrates the impact of fast conformational dynamics on the biochemical function of molecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebermann, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungwirth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horovitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Microstates to Macrostates in the Conformational Dynamics of GroEL: a Single-Molecule FRET Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling how curved active proteins and shear flow pattern cellular shape and motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell spreading and motility on an adhesive substrate are driven by the active physical forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton. We have recently shown that coupling curved membrane complexes to protrusive forces, exerted by the actin polymerization that they recruit, provides a mechanism that can give rise to spontaneous membrane shapes and patterns. In the presence of an adhesive substrate, this model was shown to give rise to an emergent motile phenotype, resembling a motile cell. Here, we utilize this "minimal-cell" model to explore the impact of external shear flow on the cell shape and migration on a uniform adhesive flat substrate. We find that in the presence of shear the motile cell reorients such that its leading edge, where the curved active proteins aggregate, faces the shear flow. The flow-facing configuration is found to minimize the adhesion energy by allowing the cell to spread more efficiently over the substrate. For the non-motile vesicle shapes, we find that they mostly slide and roll with the shear flow. We compare these theoretical results with experimental observations, and suggest that the tendency of many cell types to move against the flow may arise from the very general, and non-cell-type-specific mechanism predicted by our model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhukhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling how curved active proteins and shear flow pattern cellular shape and motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable mammalian serum albumins designed for bacterial expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood serum of mammals and has essential carrier and physiological roles. Albumins are also used in a wide variety of molecular and cellular experiments and in the cultivated meat industry. Despite their importance, however, albumins are challenging for heterologous expression in microbial hosts, likely due to 17 conserved intramolecular disulfide bonds. Therefore, albumins used in research and biotechnological applications either derive from animal serum, despite severe ethical and reproducibility concerns, or from recombinant expression in yeast or rice. We use the PROSS algorithm to stabilize human and bovine serum albumins, finding that all are highly expressed in E. coli. Design accuracy is verified by crystallographic analysis of a human albumin variant with 16 mutations. This albumin variant exhibits ligand binding properties similar to those of the wild type. Remarkably, a design with 73 mutations relative to human albumin exhibits over 40{degrees}C improved stability and is stable beyond the boiling point of water. Our results suggest that proteins with many disulfide bridges have the potential to exhibit extreme stability when subjected to design. The designed albumins may be used to make economical, reproducible, and animal-free reagents for molecular and cell biology. They also open the way to high-throughput screening to study and enhance albumin carrier properties.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/534334v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@71ef93org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27a975org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e657fforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b3de3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights- Computational design stabilized human and bovine serum albumins
- Designs express solubly in E. coli and exhibit up to 40 {degrees}C increased thermostability
- Some designs exhibit identical ligand binding properties
- Crystal structure confirms design accuracy
- Designs can be used in cell culture and in vitro applications
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khersonsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaretsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer-Rogotner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable mammalian serum albumins designed for bacterial expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-eating while being eaten: Elucidating the relationship between aphid feeding and the plant autophagy machinery in Arabidopsis leaves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy, an intracellular process that facilitates the degradation of cytoplasmic materials, plays a dominant role in plant fitness and immunity. While autophagy was shown to be involved in plant response to fungi, bacteria, and viruses, its role in response to insect herbivory is as yet unknown. In this study, we demonstrate a role of autophagy in plant defense against herbivory using Arabidopsis thaliana and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Following six hours of aphid infestation of wildtype plants, we observed high expression of the autophagy-related genes ATG8a and ATG8f, as well as NBR1 (Next to BRCA1 gene 1), a selective autophagy receptor. Moreover, the number of autophagosomes detected by the overexpression of GFP-fused ATG8f in Arabidopsis increased upon aphid infestation. Following this, atg5.1 and atg7.2 mutants were used to study the effect of autophagy on aphid reproduction and feeding behavior. While aphid reproduction on both mutants was lower than on wildtype, feeding behavior was only affected by atg7.2 mutants. Moreover, upon aphid feeding, the Phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) defense gene was upregulated in wildtype plants but not affected in the mutants. By contrast, the hydrogen peroxide content was much higher in the mutants relative to wildtype, which might have disturbed aphid reproduction and interfered with their feeding. Additionally, an analysis of the phloem sap metabolite profile revealed that atg7.2 mutant plants have lower levels of amino acids and sugars. These findings, together with the high hydrogen peroxide levels, suggest that aphids might exploit the plant autophagy mechanism for their survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled-Zehavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-eating while being eaten: Elucidating the relationship between aphid feeding and the plant autophagy machinery in Arabidopsis leaves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonergic psychedelics are emerging therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, yet their underlying mechanisms of action in the brain remain largely elusive. Zebrafish have evolutionarily conserved serotonergic circuits and subcortical targets such as the brainstem regions and the cerebellum, providing a promising model for studying the subcortical effects of serotonergic drugs. Here, we developed a wide-field behavioral tracking system for larval zebrafish and investigated the effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic serotonin receptor agonist. Machine learning analyses of precise body kinematics identified latent behavioral states reflecting spontaneous exploration, visually-driven rapid swimming, and irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Using this method, we identified two main behavioral effects of acute psilocybin treatment: [i] increased rapid swimming in the absence of visual stimuli and [ii] prevention of irregular swim patterns following stress exposure. Together, these effects indicate that psilocybin induces a brain state that is both stimulatory and anxiolytic. These findings pave the way for using larval zebrafish to elucidate subcortical mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of serotonergic psychedelics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haruvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malamud, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution tracking of unconfined zebrafish behavior reveals stimulatory and anxiolytic effects of psilocybin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversing protonation of weakly basic drugs greatly enhances intracellular diffusion and decreases lysosomal sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For drugs to be active they have to reach their targets. Within cells this requires crossing the cell membrane, and then free diffusion, distribution, and availability. Here, we explored the in-cell diffusion rates and distribution of a series of small molecular fluorescent drugs, in comparison to proteins, by microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). While all proteins diffused freely, we found a strong correlation between pKa and the intracellular diffusion and distribution of small molecule drugs. Weakly basic, small-molecule drugs displayed lower fractional recovery after photobleaching and 10-to-20-fold slower diffusion rates in cells than in aqueous solutions. As, more than half of pharmaceutical drugs are weakly basic, they, are protonated in the cell cytoplasm. Protonation, facilitates the formation of membrane impermeable ionic form of the weak base small molecules. This results in ion trapping, further reducing diffusion rates of weakly basic small molecule drugs under macromolecular crowding conditions where other nonspecific interactions become more relevant and dominant. Our imaging studies showed that acidic organelles, particularly the lysosome, captured these molecules. Surprisingly, blocking lysosomal import only slightly increased diffusion rates and fractional recovery. Conversely, blocking protonation by N-acetylated analogues, greatly enhanced their diffusion and fractional recovery after FRAP. Based on these results, N-acetylation of small molecule drugs may improve the intracellular availability and distribution of weakly basic, small molecule drugs within cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DEY, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poryvai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groborz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wohlrabova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slanina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversing protonation of weakly basic drugs greatly enhances intracellular diffusion and decreases lysosomal sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energetic driving force for LHCII clustering in plant membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants protect themselves against photodamage from excess energy using a process known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). A significant fraction of NPQ is induced by a {Delta}pH across the membrane, which changes the conformation, composition, and organization of the antenna complexes. In particular, clustering of the major light-harvesting complex (LHCII) has been observed, yet the thermodynamic driving force behind this reorganization has not been determined, largely because measurements of membrane protein interaction energies have not been possible. Here, we introduce a method to quantify membrane protein interaction energies and its application to the thermodynamics of LHCII clusters. By combining single-molecule measurements of LHCII-proteoliposomes at different protein densities and a rigorous analysis of LHCII clusters and photophysics, we quantified the LHCII-LHCII interaction energy to be approximately -5 kBT at neutral pH and at least -7 kBT at acidic pH. From these values, we found the thermodynamic driving force for LHCII clustering was dominated by these enthalpic contributions. Collectively, this work captures the membrane protein-protein interactions responsible for LHCII clustering from the perspective of equilibrium statistical thermodynamics, which has a long and rich tradition in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlau-Cohen, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energetic driving force for LHCII clustering in plant membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal physical model for curvotaxis driven by curved protein complexes at the cell's leading edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells often migrate on curved surfaces inside the body, such as curved tissues, blood vessels or highly curved protrusions of other cells. Recent in-vitro experiments provide clear evidence that motile cells are affected by the curvature of the substrate on which they migrate, preferring certain curvatures to others, termed "curvotaxis". The origin and underlying mechanism that gives rise to this curvature sensitivity are not well understood. Here, we employ a "minimal cell" model which is composed of a vesicle that contains curved membrane protein complexes, that exert protrusive forces on the membrane (representing the pressure due to actin polymerization). This minimal-cell model gives rise to spontaneous emergence of a motile phenotype, driven by a lamellipodia-like leading edge. By systematically screening the behaviour of this model on different types of curved substrates (sinusoidal, cylinder and tube), we show that minimal ingredients and energy terms capture the experimental data. The model recovers the observed migration on the sinusoidal substrate, where cells move along the grooves (minima), while avoiding motion along the ridges. In addition, the model predicts the tendency of cells to migrate circumferentially on convex substrates and axially on concave ones. Both of these predictions are verified experimentally, on several cell types. Altogether, our results identify the minimization of membrane-substrate adhesion energy and binding energy between the membrane protein complexes as key players of curvotaxis in cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarantola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbock, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenschatz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladoux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GABRIELE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal physical model for curvotaxis driven by curved protein complexes at the cell's leading edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical D1-D2 rearrangements are bimodal and represent a conservative hidden stage of VDJ recombination in TCR beta locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity is generated by VDJ recombination. The classical course of TCR beta (TRB) chain production starts with D and J segment recombination and finishes with subsequent recombination between the resulting DJ junction and V segment. In this study, we performed deep sequencing of poorly explored incomplete TRBD1 to TRBD2 rearrangements in T-cell genomic DNA. We reconstructed full repertoires of human incomplete TRB DD rearrangements and validated its authenticity by detecting excision circles with RSS (recombination signal sequence) junctions for the first time. The identified rearrangements generated in compliance with the classical 12/23 rule are common for humans, rats, and mice and contain typical VDJ recombination footprints. Detected bimodal distribution of DD junctions indicates two active recombination sites producing long and short DD rearrangements. Unlike long DD rearrangements, the short ones have unusual origin resulting from non-canonical intrachromosomal RSSs junctions formation. Identified DD rearrangements lead to deleting J1 and C1 segments and creating diverse hybrid D segments, which recombine further with J2 and V segments. Resulting functional TRB VDDJ rearrangements are present in the memory T-cells subset proving its participation in antigen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smirnova, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miroshnichenkova, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belyaeva, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelmanson, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedev, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamedov, I. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudakov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komkov, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical D1-D2 rearrangements are bimodal and represent a conservative hidden stage of VDJ recombination in TCR beta locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitable dynamics of flares and relapses in autoimmune diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many autoimmune diseases show flares in which symptoms erupt and then decline. A prominent example is multiple sclerosis (MS) in its relapsing-remitting phase. Mathematical models attempting to capture the flares in multiple sclerosis have often been oscillatory in nature, assuming a regular pattern of symptom flare-ups and remissions. However, this fails to account for the non-periodic nature of flares, which can appear at seemingly random intervals. Here we propose that flares resemble excitable dynamics triggered by stochastic events and show that a minimal mathematical model of autoimmune cells and inhibitory regulatory cells can provide such excitability. In our model, autoimmune response releases antigens that cause autoimmune cells to expand in a positive feedback loop, while regulatory cells inhibit the autoimmune cells in a negative feedback loop. The model can quantitatively explain the decline of MS relapses during pregnancy and their postpartum surge based on lymphocyte dynamics, as well as the decline in MS relapses with age. The model also points to potential therapeutic targets and predicts that even small modulation of regulatory T cell production, removal or activity can have a large effect on relapse rate. Excitable dynamics may underlie flares and relapses found across autoimmune diseases, thus providing an understanding that may help improve treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lebel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitable dynamics of flares and relapses in autoimmune diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) promotes bioenergetics via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Three tightly bound CLs are evolutionarily conserved in the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC in yeast; adenine nucleotide translocator, ANT in mammals) which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane and exchanges ADP and ATP to enable OXPHOS. Here, we investigated the role of these buried CLs in the carrier using yeast Aac2 as a model. We introduced negatively charged mutations into each CL-binding site of Aac2 to disrupt the CL interactions via electrostatic repulsion. While all mutations disturbing the CL-protein interaction destabilized Aac2 monomeric structure, transport activity was impaired in a pocket-specific manner. Finally, we determined that a disease-associated missense mutation in one CL-binding site in ANT1 compromised its structure and transport activity, resulting in OXPHOS defects. Our findings highlight the conserved significance of CL in AAC/ANT structure and function, directly tied to specific lipid-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senoo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinthapalli, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baile, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golla, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunbona, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munteanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whited, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the impact of somatic hypermutation on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and viral escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) drives affinity maturation and continues over months in SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Yet, several potent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies carry no or only few mutations, leaving the question of how ongoing SHM affects neutralization. Here, we reverted variable region mutations of 92 antibodies and tested their impact on SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralization. Reverting higher numbers of mutations correlated with decreasing antibody functionality. However, some antibodies, including the public clonotype VH1-58, remained unaffected for Wu01 activity. Moreover, while mutations were dispensable for Wu01-induced VH1-58 antibodies to neutralize Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, they were critical to neutralize Omicron BA.1/BA.2. Notably, we exploited this knowledge to convert the clinical antibody tixagevimab into a BA.1/BA.2-neutralizer. These findings substantially broaden our understanding of SHM as a mechanism that not only improves antibody responses during affinity maturation, but also counteracts antigenic imprinting through antibody diversification and thus increases the chances of neutralizing viral escape variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korenkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottege, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janicki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanshylla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the impact of somatic hypermutation on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and viral escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pregnancy and postpartum dynamics revealed by an atlas of millions of lab tests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnancy and delivery involve dynamic alterations in many physiological systems. However, the physiological dynamics during pregnancy and after delivery have not been systematically analyzed at high temporal resolution in a large human population. Here we present the dynamics of 76 lab tests based on a cross-sectional analysis of roughly 41 million measurements from over 300,000 pregnancies. We analyzed each test at weekly intervals from 20 weeks preconception to 80 weeks postpartum, providing detailed temporal profiles. About half of the tests take three months to a year to return to baseline during postpartum, highlighting the physiological load of childbirth. The precision of the data revealed effects of preconception supplements, overshoots after delivery and intricate temporal responses to changes in blood volume and renal filtration rate. Pregnancy complications - gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage - showed distinct dynamical changes. These results provide a comprehensive dynamic portrait of the systems physiology of pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pregnancy and postpartum dynamics revealed by an atlas of millions of lab tests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allochthonous groundwater microorganisms affect coastal seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a globally important process supplying nutrients and trace elements to the coastal environment, thus playing a pivotal role in sustaining marine primary productivity. Along with nutrients, groundwater also contains allochthonous microbes that are discharged from the terrestrial subsurface into the sea. Currently, little is known about the interactions between groundwater-borne and coastal seawater microbial populations, and their role upon introduction to coastal seawater populations. Here, we investigated seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity in a site strongly influenced by SGD (in-situ observations), and through laboratory-controlled bottle incubations mimicking different mixing scenarios between SGD (either ambient or filtered through 0.1 {micro}m/0.22 {micro}m) and seawater. Our results demonstrate that the addition of <0.1 {micro}m SGD stimulated heterotrophic activity and increased microbial abundance compared to control, whereas <0.22 {micro}m filtration treatments induced primary productivity rates and Synechococcus growth. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed a strong shift from a SAR11-rich community in the reference SGD-unaffected coastal samples to a Rhodobacteraceae-dominated one in the <0.1 {micro}m treatment, in agreement with their in-situ enrichment in the SGD field site. These results suggest that despite the significant nutrient input, microbes delivered by SGD may affect the abundance, activity and diversity of intrinsic microbes in coastal seawater. Our results highlight the cryptic interplay between groundwater and seawater microbes in coastal environments, which has important implications for carbon cycling and climate.

Key PointsO_LIGroundwater discharge into the coastal zone delivers both nutrients and allochthonous microbes.
C_LIO_LIGroundwater microbes interact with seawater populations, by which affecting the delicate autotroph-heterotroph balance.
C_LIO_LISubterranean microbial processes are key drivers of food webs, potentially affecting biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean and climate.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanuka-Golub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayyani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin-Blum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiro, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allochthonous groundwater microorganisms affect coastal seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking global changes induced in the CD4 T cell receptor repertoire by immunization with a complex antigen using short stretches of CDR3 protein sequence. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clonal theory of adaptive immunity proposes that immunological responses are encoded by increases in the frequency of lymphocytes carrying antigen-specific receptors. In this study, we measure the frequency of different TcRs in CD4+ T cell populations of mice immunized with a complex antigen, killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using high throughput parallel sequencing of the TcR beta chain. In order to track the changes induced by immunisation within this very heterogeneous repertoire, the sequence data were classified by counting the frequency of different clusters of short (3 or 4) continuous stretches of amino acids within the CDR3 repertoire of different mice. Both unsupervised (hierarchical clustering) and supervised (support vector machine) analysis of these different distributions of sequence clusters differentiated between immunised and unimmunised mice with 100% efficiency. The CD4+ T cell receptor repertoires of mice 5 and 14 days post immunisation were clearly different from that of unimmunised mice, but were not distinguishable from each other. However, the repertoires of mice 60 days post immunisation were distinct both from unimmunised mice, and the day 5/14 animals. Our results reinforce the remarkable diversity of the T cell receptor repertoire, resulting in many diverse private TcRs contributing to the T cell response even in genetically identical mice responding to the same antigen. Finally, specific motifs defined by short sequences of amino acids within the CDR3 region may have a major effect on TcR specificity. The results of this study provide new insights into the properties of the CD4+ adaptive T cell response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niclas Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharine Best</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattia Cinelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomit Reich-Zeliger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hila Gal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Shifrut</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asaf Madi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Friedman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Shawe-Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benny Chain</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking global changes induced in the CD4 T cell receptor repertoire by immunization with a complex antigen using short stretches of CDR3 protein sequence.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequent and Transient Acquisition of Pluripotency During Somatic Cell Trans-differentiation with iPSC Reprogramming Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent reports have proposed a new paradigm for obtaining mature somatic cell types from fibroblasts without going through a pluripotent state, by briefly expressing canonical iPSC reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc (abbreviated as OSKM) in cells expanded in lineage differentiation promoting conditions. Here we apply genetic lineage tracing for endogenous Nanog locus and X chromosome reactivation during OSKM induced trans-differentiation, as these molecular events mark final stages for acquisition of induced pluripotency. Remarkably, the majority of reprogrammed cardiomyocytes or neural stem cells derived from mouse fibroblasts via OSKM mediated trans-differentiation ([~]>90%), are attained after transient acquisition of pluripotency, and followed by rapid differentiation. Our findings underscore a molecular and functional coupling between inducing pluripotency and obtaining "trans-differentiated" somatic cells via OSKM induction, and have implications on defining molecular trajectories assumed during different cell reprogramming methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itay Maza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbal Casoi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Viukov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoach Rais</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asaf Zviran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay Geula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vladislav Krupalnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirie Zerbib</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rada Massarwa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noa Novershtern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequent and Transient Acquisition of Pluripotency During Somatic Cell Trans-differentiation with iPSC Reprogramming Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mbd3/NuRD is a Key Inhibitory Module During the Induction and Maintenance of Naïve Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our group has published a study on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming (Rais et al. Nature 20131) that reached the following conclusions: a) Mbd3/NuRD is a repressor of inducing naive pluripotency from mouse Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), primordial germ cells (PGCs), murine somatic cells and human secondary fibroblasts; b) Up to 100% iPSC formation efficiency can be achieved via optimized Mbd3/NuRD depletion, in concert with optimized OKSM delivery and naive pluripotency conditions (2i supplement applied only after 48 hours, human LIF, hypoxia and Vitamin C containing Knockout serum replacement)1. This represented the first proof for deterministic/near-deterministic iPSC reprogramming, and highlighted a previously unappreciated role for Mbd3/NuRD in hampering the re-establishment of pluripotency. Recent reports have seemingly provided contradictory results and attempted to dispute our iPSC efficiency quantifications and/or the role of Mbd3/NuRD in blocking reprogramming2,3. Here we provide a detailed response to these reports based on extended discussions and providing new data. The synthesis presented herein disagrees with claims made by Silva, Hendrich, Bertone and colleagues2,3, and reconfirms that Mbd3/NuRD is a major pathway that inhibits the maintenance and induction of pluripotency1. Further, we foresee that its controlled manipulation is likely to become an integral pathway for inducing and maintaining naive pluripotency in a variety of species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaf Zviran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoach Rais</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nofar Mor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noa Novershtern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob H Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mbd3/NuRD is a Key Inhibitory Module During the Induction and Maintenance of Naïve Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimalistic resource allocation model to explain ubiquitous increase in protein expression with growth rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most proteins show changes in level across growth conditions. Many of these changes seem to be coordinated with the specific growth rate rather than the growth environment or the protein function. Although cellular growth rates, gene expression levels and gene regulation have been at the center of biological research for decades, there are only a few models giving a base line prediction of the dependence of the proteome fraction occupied by a gene with the specific growth rate.nnWe present a simple model that predicts a widely coordinated increase in the fraction of many proteins out of the proteome, proportionally with the growth rate. The model reveals how passive redistribution of resources, due to active regulation of only a few proteins, can have proteome wide effects that are quantitatively predictable. Our model provides a potential explanation for why and how such a coordinated response of a large fraction of the proteome to the specific growth rate arises under different environmental conditions. The simplicity of our model can also be useful by serving as a baseline null hypothesis in the search for active regulation. We exemplify the usage of the model by analyzing the relationship between growth rate and proteome composition for the model microorganism E.coli as reflected in two recent proteomics data sets spanning various growth conditions. We find that the fraction out of the proteome of a large number of proteins, and from different cellular processes, increases proportionally with the growth rate. Notably, ribosomal proteins, which have been previously reported to increase in fraction with growth rate, are only a small part of this group of proteins. We suggest that, although the fractions of many proteins change with the growth rate, such changes could be part of a global effect, not requiring specific cellular control mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uri Barenholz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeat Keren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Segal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Milo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimalistic resource allocation model to explain ubiquitous increase in protein expression with growth rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel APC-like properties of human NK cells directly regulate T cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Initiation of the adaptive immune response is dependent on the priming of naive T cells by APCs. Proteomic analysis of unactivated and activated human NK cell membrane-enriched fractions demonstrated that activated NK cells can efficiently stimulate T cells, since they upregulate MHC class II molecules and multiple ligands for TCR costimulatory molecules. Furthermore, by manipulating antigen administration, we show that NK cells possess multiple independent unique pathways for antigen uptake. These results highlight NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and specific ligand recognition by cell surface-activating receptors on NK cells as unique mechanisms for antigen capturing and presentation. In addition, we analyzed the T cell-activating potential of human NK cells derived from different clinical conditions, such as inflamed tonsils and noninfected and CMV-infected uterine decidual samples, and from transporter-associated processing antigen 2-deficient patients. This in vivo analysis revealed that proinflammatory, but not immune-suppressive, microenvironmental requirements can selectively dictate upregulation of T cell-activating molecules on NK cells. Taken together, these observations offer new and unexpected insights into the direct interactions between NK and T cells and suggest novel APC-like activating functions for human NK cells.nnNonstandard abbreviations used
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer Mandelboim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel APC-like properties of human NK cells directly regulate T cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for distinguishing between protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs and the elusive biological purpose of translation of long noncoding RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a diverse class of RNAs with increasingly appreciated functions in vertebrates, yet much of their biology remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear to what extent the current catalog of over 10,000 distinct annotated lncRNAs is indeed devoid of genes coding for proteins. Here we review the available computational and experimental schemes for distinguishing between coding and noncoding transcripts and assess the conclusions from their recent genome-wide applications. We conclude that the model most consistent with available data is that a large number of mammalian lncRNAs undergo translation, but only a very small minority of such translation events result in stable and functional peptides. The outcome of the majority of the translation events and their potential biological purposes remain an intriguing topic for future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gali Housman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Ulitsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for distinguishing between protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs and the elusive biological purpose of translation of long noncoding RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic stem cell states: naive to primed pluripotency in rodents and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PrefaceThe molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the in vitro preservation of distinct pluripotent stem cell configurations, and their induction in somatic cells via direct reprogramming approaches, continue to constitute a highly exciting area of research. In this review, we provide an integrative synthesis on recent discoveries related to isolating unique naive and primed pluripotent stem cell states with altered functional and molecular characteristics, and from different species. We overview pathways underlying pluripotent state transitions and interconversion in vitro and in vivo. We conclude by highlighting unresolved key questions, future directions and potential novel applications of such dynamic pluripotent cell states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leehee Weinberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muneef Ayyash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noa Novershtern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob H. Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic stem cell states: naive to primed pluripotency in rodents and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary analysis across mammals reveals distinct classes of long noncoding RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDRecent advances in transcriptome sequencing have enabled the discovery of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) across multitudes of species. Though several lncRNAs have been shown to play important roles in diverse biological processes, the functions and mechanisms of most lncRNAs remain unknown. Two significant obstacles lie between transcriptome sequencing and functional characterization of lncRNAs: 1) identifying truly noncoding genes from de novo reconstructed transcriptomes, and 2) prioritizing hundreds of resulting putative lncRNAs from each sample for downstream experimental interrogation.nnRESULTSWe present slnckv, a computational lncRNA discovery tool that produces a high-quality set of lncRNAs from RNA-Sequencing data and further prioritizes lncRNAs by characterizing selective constraint as a proxy for function. Our filtering pipeline is comparable to manual curation efforts and more sensitive than previously published approaches. Further, we develop, for the first time, a sensitive alignment pipeline for aligning lncRNA loci and propose new evolutionary metrics relevant for both sequence and transcript evolution. Our analysis reveals that selection acts in several distinct patterns, and uncovers two notable classes of lncRNAs: one showing strong purifying selection at RNA sequence and another where constraint is restricted to the regulation but not the sequence of the transcript.nnCONCLUSIONOur novel comparative methods for lncRNAs reveals 233 constrained lncRNAs out of tens of thousands of currently annotated transcripts, which we believe should be prioritized for further interrogation. To aid in their analysis we provide the slncky Evolution Browser as a resource for experimentalists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenny Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander A. Shishkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaopeng Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabah Kadri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itay Maza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob H Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv Regev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel Garber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary analysis across mammals reveals distinct classes of long noncoding RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved abundant cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA modulates repression by Pumilio proteins in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes are encoded in the human genome, and hundreds of them are evolutionary conserved, but their functions and modes of action remain largely obscure. Particularly enigmatic lncRNAs are those that are exported to the cytoplasm, including NORAD - an abundant and highly conserved cytoplasmic lncRNA. Most of the sequence of NORAD is comprised of repetitive units that together contain at least 17 functional binding sites for the two Pumilio homologs in mammals. Through binding to PUM1 and PUM2, NORAD modulates the mRNA levels of their targets, which are enriched for genes involved in chromosome segregation during cell division. Our results suggest that some cytoplasmic lncRNAs function by modulating the activities of RNA binding proteins, an activity which positions them at key junctions of cellular signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ailone Tichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noa Gil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Lubelsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Havkin Solomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron Lemze</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev Itzkovitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noam Stern-Ginossar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Ulitsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved abundant cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA modulates repression by Pumilio proteins in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene body H2B monoubiquitylation regulates gene-selective RNA Polymerase II pause release and is not rate limiting for transcription elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone H2B monoubiquitylation (H2Bub1) is localized preferentially to transcribed regions of genes and spreads concomitantly with the progression of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). In mammalian cells, H2Bub1 levels are highly correlated with transcription elongation rates, consistent with the general belief that H2Bub1 facilitates the elongation process. Yet, a causative role of H2Bub1 in regulating elongation rates within live cells remains to be proven. Using our recently developed 4sUDRB-seq method, we examined the impact of H2Bub1 downregulation, through silencing of its cognate E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF20, on genomewide transcription elongation rates. Surprisingly, H2Bub1 downregulation had no measurable effect on global elongation rates. Instead, it led to upregulation of over 1,000 genes by altering their Pol II pause release times; notably, those genes are characterized by the presence of H2Bub1 in relatively close proximity to the paused Pol II. Conversely, another set of genes was downregulated upon partial H2Bub1 depletion, and in those genes H2Bub1 appeared to be required for efficient recruitment of Pol II to the promoter region. Overall, our data shed new light on the molecular mechanisms by which H2Bub1 regulates gene expression and imply that the role of H2Bub1 in transcription elongation should be reconsidered.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYTranscription elongation is an important component of the gene expression process. Numerous factors and chromatin modifications, including some that are misregulated in various human diseases, have been suggested to regulate transcription elongation. New methods to measure genomewide transcription elongation rates now enable, for the first time, to determine how a specific factor affects transcription elongation and what is the outcome of its misregulation. Using such method, we examined the role of one specific chromatin modification, histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1), in regulating transcription. Strikingly, although H2Bub1 is widely believed to serve as a regulator of transcription elongation, its downregulation did not affect genomewide elongation rates. Instead, we found that H2Bub1 regulates the expression of distinct subsets of genes by either promoting recruitment of the transcription machinery or, conversely, favoring the pausing of this machinery shortly after initiation of transcription. Our findings demonstrate that the use of genomewide elongation rate measurements can redefine the true roles of putative transcription elongation factors. Furthermore, they provide a new understanding of the functions of H2Bub1 and its impact on gene expression patterns, which is of particular interest because H2Bub1 is often downregulated in human cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilad Fuchs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Rosenthal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debora-Rosa Bublik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommy Kaplan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe Oren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene body H2B monoubiquitylation regulates gene-selective RNA Polymerase II pause release and is not rate limiting for transcription elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We critically revisit the "common knowledge" that bacteria outnumber human cells by a ratio of at least 10:1 in the human body. We found the total number of bacteria in the "reference man" to be 3.9{middle dot}1013, with an uncertainty (SEM) of 25%, and a variation over the population (CV) of 52%. For human cells we identify the dominant role of the hematopoietic lineage to the total count of body cells ({approx}90%), and revise past estimates to reach a total of 3.0{middle dot}1013 human cells in the 70 kg "reference man" with 2% uncertainty and 14% CV. Our analysis updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in our bodies is actually of the same order as the number of human cells. Indeed, the numbers are similar enough that each defecation event may flip the ratio to favor human cells over bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ron Sender</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai Fuchs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Milo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic comparison of monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies for mapping histone modifications by ChIP-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe robustness of ChIP-seq datasets is highly dependent upon the antibodies used. Currently, polyclonal antibodies are the standard despite several limitations: they are non-renewable, vary in performance between lots, and need to be validated with each new lot. In contrast, monoclonal antibody lots are renewable and provide consistent performance. To increase ChIP-seq standardization, we investigated whether monoclonal antibodies could replace polyclonal antibodies. We compared monoclonal antibodies that target five key histone modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3) to their polyclonal counterparts in both human and mouse cells.nnResultsOverall performance was highly similar for four monoclonal/polyclonal pairs, including when we used two distinct lots of the same monoclonal antibody. In contrast, the binding patterns for H3K27ac differed substantially between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. However, this was most likely due to the distinct immunogen used rather than the clonality of the antibody.nnConclusionsAltogether, we found that monoclonal antibodies as a class perform as well as polyclonal antibodies for the detection of histone post-translational modifications in both human and mouse. Accordingly, we recommend the use of monoclonal antibodies in ChIP-seq experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michele Busby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine Xue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yossi Farjoun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Gienger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ido Yofe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrianne Gladden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chad Nusbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon Goren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic comparison of monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies for mapping histone modifications by ChIP-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local and thalamic origins of ongoing and sensory evoked cortical correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thalamic inputs of layer 4 (L4) cells in sensory cortices are outnumbered by local connections. Thus, it was suggested that robust sensory response in L4 emerges due to synchronized thalamic activity. In order to investigate the role of both inputs in generation of cortical synchronization, we isolated the thalamic excitatory inputs of cortical cells by optogenetically silencing cortical firing. In anesthetized mice, we measured the correlation between isolated thalamic synaptic inputs of simultaneously patched nearby L4 cells of the barrel cortex. In contrast to correlated activity of excitatory synaptic inputs in the intact cortex, isolated thalamic inputs exhibit lower variability and asynchronous spontaneous and sensory evoked inputs. These results were further supported in awake mice when we recorded the excitatory inputs of individual cortical cells simultaneously with the local field potential (LFP) in a nearby site. Our results therefore indicate that cortical synchronization emerges by intracortical coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katayun Cohen-Kashi Malina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boaz Mohar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiva N Rappaport</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Lampl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local and thalamic origins of ongoing and sensory evoked cortical correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short Tandem Repeat stutter model inferred from direct measurement of in vitro stutter noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are polymorphic genomic loci valuable for various applications such as research, diagnostics and forensics. However, their polymorphic nature also introduces noise during in vitro amplification, making them difficult to analyze. Although it is possible to overcome stutter noise by using amplification-free library preparation, such protocols are presently incompatible with single cell analysis and with targeted-enrichment protocols. To address this challenge, we have designed a method for direct measurement of in vitro noise. Using a synthetic STR sequencing library, we have calibrated a Markov model for the prediction of stutter patterns at any amplification cycle. By employing this model, we have managed to genotype accurately cases of severe amplification bias, and biallelic STR signals, and validated our model for several high-fidelity PCR enzymes. Finally, we compared this model in the context of a naive STR genotyping strategy against the state-of-the-art on a benchmark of single cells, demonstrating superior accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofir Raz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir Biezuner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Spiro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiran Amir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilach Milo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon Titelman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos Onn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriel Feige</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehud Shapiro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short Tandem Repeat stutter model inferred from direct measurement of in vitro stutter noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of autocatalytic cycles constrain enzyme kinetics and force over-expression at flux branch points 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A set of chemical reactions that require a metabolite to synthesize more of that metabolite is an autocatalytic cycle. Here we show that most of the reactions in the core of central carbon metabolism are part of compact autocatalytic cycles. Such metabolic designs must meet specific conditions to support stable fluxes, hence avoiding depletion of intermediate metabolites. As such, they are subjected to constraints that may seem counter-intuitive: the enzymes of branch reactions out of the cycle must be overexpressed and the affinity of these enzymes to their substrates must be relatively weak. We use recent quantitative proteomics and fluxomics measurements to show that the above conditions hold for functioning cycles in central carbon metabolism of E.coli. This work demonstrates that the topology of a metabolic network can shape kinetic parameters of enzymes and lead to seemingly wasteful enzyme usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uri Barenholz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Davidi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ed Reznik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yinon Bar-On</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niv Antonovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad Noor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Milo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of autocatalytic cycles constrain enzyme kinetics and force over-expression at flux branch points]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The PhytoClust Tool for Metabolic Gene Clusters Discovery in Plant Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The existence of Metabolic Gene Clusters (MGCs) in plant genomes has recently raised increased interest. Thus far, MGCs were commonly identified for pathways of specialized metabolism, mostly those associated with terpene type products. For efficient identification of novel MGCs computational approaches are essential. Here we present PhytoClust; a tool for the detection of candidate MGCs in plant genomes. The algorithm employs a collection of enzyme families related to plant specialized metabolism, translated into hidden Markov models, to mine given genome sequences for physically co-localized metabolic enzymes. Our tool accurately identifies previously characterized plant MBCs. An exhaustive search of 31 plant genomes detected 1232 and 5531 putative gene cluster types and candidates, respectively. Clustering analysis of putative MGCs types by species reflected plant taxonomy. Furthermore, enrichment analysis revealed taxa- and species-specific enrichment of certain enzyme families in MGCs. When operating through our web-interface, PhytoClust users can mine a genome either based on a list of known cluster types or by defining new cluster rules. Moreover, for selected plant species, the output can be complemented by co-expression analysis. Altogether, we envisage PhytoClust to enhance novel MGCs discovery which will in turn impact the exploration of plant metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadine Toepfer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa-Maria Fuchs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asaph Aharoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The PhytoClust Tool for Metabolic Gene Clusters Discovery in Plant Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Darwinian Selection Induces Lamarckian Adaptation in a Holobiont Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe relatively fast selection of symbiotic bacteria within hosts and the potential transmission of these bacteria across generations of hosts raise the question of whether interactions between host and bacteria support emergent adaptive capabilities beyond those of germ-free hosts.nnResultsTo investigate possibilities for emergent adaptations that may distinguish composite host-microbiome systems from germ-free hosts, we introduce a population genetics model of a host-microbiome system with vertical transmission of bacteria. The host and its bacteria are jointly exposed to a toxic agent, creating a toxic stress that can be alleviated by selection of resistant individuals and by secretion of a detoxification agent ("detox"). We show that toxic exposure in one generation of hosts leads to selection of resistant bacteria, which in turn, increases the toxic tolerance of the hosts offspring. Prolonged exposure to toxin over many host generations promotes additional form of emergent adaptation due to selection of hosts based on detox capabilities of their bacterial community as a whole (as opposed to properties of individual bacteria).nnConclusionsThese findings show that interactions between pure Darwinian selections of host and its bacteria can give rise to emergent adaptive capabilities, including Lamarckian-like adaptation of the host-microbiome system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osmanovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Darwinian Selection Induces Lamarckian Adaptation in a Holobiont Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle dynamics of chromosomal organisation at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomes in proliferating metazoan cells undergo dramatic structural metamorphoses every cell cycle, alternating between a highly condensed mitotic structure facilitating chromosome segregation, and a decondensed interphase structure accommodating transcription, gene silencing and DNA replication. These cyclical structural transformations have been evident under the microscope for over a century, but their molecular-level analysis is still lacking. Here we use single-cell Hi-C to study chromosome conformations in thousands of individual cells, and discover a continuum of cis-interaction profiles that finely position individual cells along the cell cycle. We show that chromosomal compartments, topological domains (TADs), contact insulation and long-range loops, all defined by ensemble Hi-C maps, are governed by distinct cell cycle dynamics. In particular, DNA replication correlates with build-up of compartments and reduction in TAD insulation, while loops are generally stable from G1 through S and G2. Analysing whole genome 3D structural models using haploid cell data, we discover a radial architecture of chromosomal compartments with distinct epigenomic signatures. Our single-cell data creates an essential new paradigm for the re-interpretation of chromosome conformation maps through the prism of the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle dynamics of chromosomal organisation at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale rewiring in a yeast hybrid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The merging of genomes in inter-specific hybrids can result in novel phenotypes, including increased growth rate and biomass yield, a phenomenon known as heterosis. We describe a budding yeast hybrid that grows faster than its parents under different environments. Phenotypically, the hybrid progresses more rapidly through cell cycle checkpoints, relieves the repression of respiration in fast growing conditions, does not slow down its growth when presented with ethanol stress, and shows increasing signs of DNA damage. A systematic genetic screen identified hundreds of alleles affecting hybrid growth whose identity vastly differed between the hybrid and its parent and between growth conditions. This large-scale rewiring of allele effects suggests that despite showing clear heterosis, the hybrid is perturbed in multiple regulatory processes. We discuss the possibility that incompatibilities contribute to hybrid vigor by perturbing safeguard mechanisms that limit growth in the parental background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reikhav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale rewiring in a yeast hybrid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T-DNA integration is rapid and influenced by the chromatin state of the host genome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated T-DNA integration is a common tool for plant genome manipulation. However, there is controversy regarding whether T-DNA integration is biased towards genes or randomly distributed throughout the genome. In order to address this question, we performed high-throughput mapping of T-DNA-genome junctions obtained in the absence of selection at several time points after infection. T-DNA-genome junctions were detected as early as 6 hours post-infection. T-DNA distribution was apparently uniform throughout the chromosomes, yet local biases toward AT-rich motifs and T-DNA border sequence micro-homology were detected. Analysis of the epigenetic landscape of integration showed that selected events reported on previously were associated with extremely low methylation and nucleosome occupancy. Conversely, non-selected events from this study showed chromatin marks, such as high nucleosome occupancy and high H3K27me3 that correspond to 3D-interacting heterochromatin islands embedded within euchromatin. Such structures might play a role in capturing and silencing invading T-DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shilo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed-Bessudo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzfadia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T-DNA integration is rapid and influenced by the chromatin state of the host genome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Cell Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body, by undertaking a Human Cell Atlas Project as an international collaborative effort. The aim would be to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (e.g., gene expression) and connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (e.g., location and morphology). A comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, as well as provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clatworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberwine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhlanga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Cell Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Note On Dynamical Compensation And Its Relation To Parameter Identifiability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently identified a motif for dynamical compensation (DC) - a property where a system maintains the dynamics and steady-state of a regulated variable robust in the face of fluctuations in key parameters. Such parameters are therefore unidentifiable from measurements of the regulated variable at steady-state. On the other hand, since the models showing dynamical compensation are typically non-redundant, their parameters are identifiable from experimental data. We clarify this apparent discrepancy by requiring that the parameters of DC circuits be identifiable both away from steady-state and when measuring other system variables. We use this observation to provide a definition for DC in terms of parameter identifiability and discuss its relevance for the examples provided in Karin et al.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Note On Dynamical Compensation And Its Relation To Parameter Identifiability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles Of Cellular Resource Allocation Revealed By Condition-Dependent Proteome Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing cells coordinate protein translation with metabolic rates. Central to this coordination is ribosome production. Ribosomes drive cell growth, but translation of ribosomal proteins competes with production of other proteins. Theory shows that cell growth is maximized when all expressed ribosomes are constantly translating. To examine whether budding yeast function at this limit of full ribosomal usage, we profiled the proteomes of cells growing in different environments. We find that cells produce an excess of ribosomal proteins, amounting to a constant {approx}8% of the proteome. Accordingly, {approx}25% of ribosomal proteins expressed in rapidly growing cells do not contribute to translation. This fraction increases as growth rate decreases. These excess ribosomal proteins are employed during nutrient upshift or when forcing unneeded expression. We suggest that steadily growing cells prepare for conditions that demand increased translation by producing excess ribosomes, at the expense of lower steady-state growth rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metzl-Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurvich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles Of Cellular Resource Allocation Revealed By Condition-Dependent Proteome Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing Suppression Of Saccade-Related Transients Along The Human Visual Hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key hallmark of visual perceptual awareness is robustness to instabilities arising from unnoticeable eye and eyelid movements. In previous human intracranial (iEEG) work (Golan et al., 2016) we found that excitatory broadband high-frequency activity transients, driven by eye blinks, are suppressed in higher-level but not early visual cortex. Here, we utilized the broad anatomical coverage of iEEG recordings in 12 eye-tracked neurosurgical patients to test whether a similar stabilizing mechanism operates following small saccades. We compared saccades (1.3{degrees}-3.7{degrees}) initiated during inspection of large individual visual objects with similarly-sized external stimulus displacements. Early visual cortex sites responded with positive transients to both conditions. In contrast, in both dorsal and ventral higher-level sites the response to saccades (but not to external displacements) was suppressed. These findings indicate that early visual cortex is highly unstable compared to higher-level visual regions which apparently constitute the main target of stabilizing extra-retinal oculomotor influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidesco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshulam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeagle, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfinger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing Suppression Of Saccade-Related Transients Along The Human Visual Hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular mRNA Trafficking Via Membrane Nanotubes In Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNAs have been shown to undergo transfer between mammalian cells, though the mechanism behind this phenomenon and its overall importance to cell physiology is not well understood. Numerous publications have suggested that RNAs (microRNAs and incomplete mRNAs) undergo transfer via extracellular vesicles (e.g. exosomes). However, in contrast to a diffusion-based transfer mechanism, we find that full-length mRNAs undergo direct cell-cell transfer via cytoplasmic extensions, called membrane nanotubes (mNTs), which connect donor and acceptor cells. By employing a simple co-culture experimental model and using single-molecule imaging, we provide quantitative data showing that mRNAs are transferred between cells in contact. Examples of mRNAs that undergo transfer include those encoding GFP, mouse {beta}-actin, and human Cyclin D1, BRCA1, MT2A, and HER2. We show that intercellular mRNA transfer occurs in all co-culture models tested (e.g. between primary cells, immortalized cells, and in co-cultures of immortalized human and murine cells). Rapid mRNA transfer is dependent upon actin, but independent of de novo protein synthesis, and is modulated by stress conditions and gene expression levels. Hence, this work supports the hypothesis that full-length mRNAs undergo transfer between cells through a refined structural connection. Importantly, unlike the transfer of miRNA or RNA fragments, this process of communication transfers genetic information that could potentially alter the acceptor cell proteome. This phenomenon may prove important for the proper development and functioning of tissues, as well as host-parasite or symbiotic interactions.nnSignificanceMessenger RNA (mRNA) molecules convey genetic information within cells, beginning from genes in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cell body, where they are translated into proteins. Here, we show a novel mode of transferring genetic information from one cell to another. Contrary to previous publications suggesting that mRNAs transfer via extracellular vesicles, we provide visual and quantitative data showing that mRNAs transfer via membrane nanotubes and direct cell-to-cell contact. We predict that this process has a major role in regulating local cellular environments with respect to tissue development and maintenance, cellular responses to stress, interactions with parasites, tissue transplants, and the tumor microenvironment.nnAuthor contributionsG.H., A.R. and R.H.S. conceived the research and designed the experiments; C.M.E. performed and analyzed the experiments with WM983b+/-GFP, including transwell and exosomes; M.C.D. and E.E. performed and analyzed the WM983b/NIH393 co-culture experiments; G.H. performed and analyzed all other experiments; and G.H., J.E.G, A.R. and R.H.S. wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haimovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunagin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular mRNA Trafficking Via Membrane Nanotubes In Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NQO1 Binds And Supports SIRT1 Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD+-dependent class III deacetylase and a key component of the cellular metabolic sensing pathway. The requirement of NAD+ for SIRT1 activity led us to assume that NQO1, an NADH oxidoreductase producing NAD+, regulates SIRT1 activity. We show here that SIRT1 is capable of increasing NQO1 (NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Quinone 1) transcription and protein levels. NQO1 physically interacts with SIRT1 but not with an enzymatically dead SIRT1 H363Y mutant. The interaction of NQO1 with SIRT1 is markedly increased under mitochondrial inhibition. Interestingly, under this condition the nuclear pool of NQO1 is elevated. Depletion of NQO1 compromises the role of SIRT1 in inducing transcription of several target genes and eliminates the protective role of SIRT1 following mitochondrial inhibition. Our results suggest that SIRT1 and NQO1 form a regulatory loop where SIRT1 regulates NQO1 expression and NQO1 binds and mediates the protective role of SIRT1 during mitochondrial stress. The interplay between an NADH oxidoreductase enzyme and an NAD+ dependent deacetylase may act as a rheostat in sensing mitochondrial stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsvetkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamovich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NQO1 Binds And Supports SIRT1 Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OCT4 Impedes Cell Fate Redirection By The Melanocyte Lineage Master Regulator MITF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectopic expression of lineage master regulators induces transdifferentiation. Whether cell fate transitions can be induced during various developmental stages has never been systemically examined. Here we discovered that amongst different developmental stages, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were resistant to cell fate conversion induced by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF. We generated a transgenic system and found that in ESCs, the pluripotency master regulator, OCT4, counteracts pro-differentiation induced by MITF by physical interference with MITF transcriptional activity. We further found that ESCs must be released from OCT4-maintained pluripotency prior to ectopically induced differentiation. Moreover, OCT4 induction in various differentiated cells repressed their lineage identity in vivo. Alongside, chromatin architecture combined with ChIP-seq analysis suggested that OCT4 competes with various lineage master regulators for binding promoters and enhancers. Our analysis reveals pluripotency and transdifferentiation regulatory principles and could open new opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheinboim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutfreund, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaled, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OCT4 Impedes Cell Fate Redirection By The Melanocyte Lineage Master Regulator MITF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling Of Tactile LFP Signals Between Mouse Cortex And Olfactory Bulb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local field potentials are an important measure of brain activity and have been used to address various mechanistic and behavioral questions. We revealed a prominent whisker evoked local field potential signal in the olfactory bulb and investigated its physiology. This signal, dependent on barrel cortex activation and highly correlated with its local activity, represented a pure volume conductance signal that was sourced back to the activity in the ventro-lateral orbitofrontal cortex, located a few millimeters away. Thus, we suggest that special care should be taken when acquiring and interpreting LFP data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parabucki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling Of Tactile LFP Signals Between Mouse Cortex And Olfactory Bulb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental factors dominate over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut microbiome composition is shaped by multiple host intrinsic and extrinsic factors, but the relative contribution of host genetic compared to environmental factors remains elusive. Here, we genotyped a cohort of 696 healthy individuals from several distinct ancestral origins and a relatively common environment, and demonstrate that there is no statistically significant association between microbiome composition and ethnicity, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or overall genetic similarity, and that only 5 of 211 (2.4%) previously reported microbiome-SNP associations replicate in our cohort. In contrast, we find similarities in the microbiome composition of genetically unrelated individuals who share a household. We define the term biome-explainability as the variance of a host phenotype explained by the microbiome after accounting for the contribution of human genetics. Consistent with our finding that microbiome and host genetics are largely independent, we find significant biome-explainability levels of 16-33% for body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and lactose consumption. We further show that several human phenotypes can be predicted substantially more accurately when adding microbiome data to host genetics data, and that the contribution of both data sources to prediction accuracy is largely additive. Overall, our results suggest that human microbiome composition is dominated by environmental factors rather than by host genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeevi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costea, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalka, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner-Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosower, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avnit-Sagi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan-Pompan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental factors dominate over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual role of E-cadherin in the regulation of invasive collective migration of mammary carcinoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this article, we explore a non-canonical form of collective cell migration, displayed by the metastatic murine mammary carcinoma cell line 4T1. We show here that in sparsely plated 4T1 cells, E-cadherin levels are moderately reduced (~50%), leading to the development of collective migration, whereby cells translocate in loose clusters, interconnected by thin membrane tethers. Knocking down E-cadherin blocked tether formation in these cells, leading to enhancement of migration rate and, at the same time, to suppression of lung metastases formation in vivo, and inhibition of infiltration into fibroblast monolayers ex vivo. These findings suggest that the moderate E-cadherin levels, present in wild-type 4T1 cells, play a key role in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elisha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual role of E-cadherin in the regulation of invasive collective migration of mammary carcinoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DddY is a bacterial dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase representing a new cupin enzyme superfamily with unknown primary function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is released at rates of >107 tons annually and plays a key role in the oceanic sulfur cycle and ecology. Marine bacteria, algae, and possibly other organisms, release DMS via cleavage of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Different genes encoding proteins with DMSP lyase activity are known belonging to different superfamilies and exhibiting highly variable levels of DMSP lyase activity. DddY shows the highest activity among all reported bacterial lyases yet is poorly characterized. Here, we describe the characterization of recombinant DddY is from different marine bacteria. We found that DddY activity demands a transition metal ion cofactor. DddY also shares two sequence motifs with other bacterial lyases assigned as cupin-like enzymes, DddQ, DddL, DddK, and DddW. These cupin motif residues are essential for DddY activity, as for the other cupin DMSP lyases, and all these enzymes are characterized by a common metal-chelator inhibitor (TPEN). Analysis of all sequences carrying these cupin motifs defined a superfamily: Cupin-DLL (DMSP lyases and lyase-like). The DMSP lyase families are sporadically distributed suggesting that DMSP lyases evolved within this superfamily independently along multiple lineages. However, the specific activity levels, genomic context analysis, and systematic profiling of substrate selectivity as described in the accompanying paper, indicate that for only some of these families, most distinctly DddY and DddL, DMSP lyase is the primary, native activity. In other families, foremost DddQ, DMSP lyase seems to be merely a promiscuous activity. The native function of DddQ, and of nearly all members of this newly identified Cupin-DLL superfamily, remains unknown.nnAbbreviationsnnFundingFinancial support by the Estate of Mark Scher, and the Sasson & Marjorie Peress Philanthropic Fund, are gratefully acknowledged. D.S.T. is the Nella and Leon Benoziyo Professor of Biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcolombri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DddY is a bacterial dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase representing a new cupin enzyme superfamily with unknown primary function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native or promiscuous? Analyzing putative dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyases using a substrate proofing approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme promiscuity is widely spread. Foremost, within superfamilies, the native function of one enzyme is typically observed as promiscuous activity in related enzymes. The native function usually exhibits high catalytic efficiency while promiscuous activities are weak, but this is not always the case. Thus, for certain enzymes it remains questionable whether their currently known activity is native or promiscuous. Dimethylsulfon-iopropionate (DMSP) is an abundant marine metabolite cleaved via {beta}-elimination to release dimethylsulfide (DMS). Eight different gene families have been identified as putative DMSP lyases, 5 of them belonging to the same superfamily (cupin-DLL; see the accompanying paper). Some of these enzymes exhibit very low activity, but this can be due to suboptimal folding or reaction conditions. We developed a substrate profiling approach with the aim of distinguishing native DMSP lyases from enzymes that promiscuously act as DMSP lyases. In a native DMSP lyase, relatively small changes in the structure of DMSP should induce significant activity drops. We thus profiled substrate selectivity by systematically modifying DMSP while retaining reactivity. Three enzymes that exhibit the highest activity with DMSP also exhibited high sensitivity to perturbation of DMSPs structure (Alma, DddY, and DddL). The two enzymes with the weakest DMSP lyase activity also showed the highest crossreactivity (DddQ, DddP). Combined with other indications, it appears that the DMSP lyase activity of DddQ and DddP is promiscuous although their native function remains unknown. Systematic substrate profiling could help identify and assign potential DMSP lyases, and possibly applied to other enzymes.nnAbbreviationsDMSP, dimethylsulfoniopropionate; DMS, dimethylsulfide; cupin-DLL, cupin DMSP lyase and lyase-like.nnFundingFinancial support by the Estate of Mark Scher, and the Sasson & Marjorie Peress Philanthropic Fund, are gratefully acknowledged. D.S.T. is the Nella and Leon Benoziyo Professor of Biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherukuri, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcolombri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native or promiscuous? Analyzing putative dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyases using a substrate proofing approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of chalcone isomerase from a non-catalytic ancestor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of catalysis in a non-catalytic protein scaffold is a rare, unexplored event. Chalcone isomerase (CHI), a key enzyme in plant flavonoid biosynthesis, is presumed to have evolved from a non-enzymatic ancestor related to the widely-distributed fatty-acid binding proteins (FAPs) and a plant protein family with no isomerase activity (CHILs for "CHI-like"). Ancestral inference confirmed that CHI evolved from a protein lacking isomerase activity. We also identified four alternative founder mutations, i.e. mutations that individually instated activity, including a mutation that is not phylogenetically traceable. Despite strong epistasis in other cases of protein evolution, CHIs laboratory reconstructed mutational trajectory shows weak epistasis. Thus, enantioselective CHI activity can readily emerge despite a catalytically inactive starting point. X-ray crystallography, NMR, and MD simulations reveal reshaping of the active site toward a productive substrate-binding mode and repositioning of the catalytic arginine that was inherited from the ancestral fatty-acid binding proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaltenbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dindo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munsberg, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of chalcone isomerase from a non-catalytic ancestor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering Transcriptional Regulation of Human Core Promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its pivotal role in regulating transcription, our understanding of core promoter function, architecture, and cis-regulatory elements is lacking. Here, we devised a highthroughput assay to quantify the activity of [~]15,000 fully designed core promoters that we integrated and expressed from a fixed location within the human genome. We find that core promoters drive transcription unidirectionally, and that sequences originating from promoters exhibit stronger activity than sequences originating from enhancers. Testing multiple combinations and distances of core promoter elements, we observe a positive effect of TATA and Initiator, a negative effect of BREu and BREd, and a 10bp periodicity in the optimal distance between the TATA and the Initiator. By comprehensively screening TF binding-sites, we show that site orientation has little effect, that the effect of binding site number on expression is factor-specific, and that there is a striking agreement between the effect of binding site multiplicity in our assay and the tendency of the TF to appear in homotypic clusters throughout the genome. Overall, our results systematically assay the elements that drive expression in core- and proximal-promoter regions and shed light on organization principles of regulatory regions in the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weingarten-Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubliner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering Transcriptional Regulation of Human Core Promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prestimulus Activity in the Cingulo-Opercular Network Predicts Memory for Naturalistic Episodic Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human memory is strongly influenced by brain states occurring before an event, yet we know little about the underlying mechanisms. We found that activity in the cingulo-opercular network (including bilateral anterior insula and anterior prefrontal cortex) seconds before an event begins can predict whether this event will subsequently be remembered. We then tested how activity in the cingulo-opercular network shapes memory performance. Our findings indicate that prestimulus cingulo-opercular activity affects memory performance by opposingly modulating subsequent activity in two sets of regions previously linked to encoding and retrieval of episodic information. Specifically, higher prestimulus cingulo-opercular activity was associated with a subsequent increase in activity in temporal regions previously linked to encoding and with a subsequent reduction in activity within a set of regions thought to play a role in retrieval and self-referential processing. Together, these findings suggest that prestimulus attentional states modulate memory for real-life events by enhancing encoding and possibly by dampening interference from competing memory substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prestimulus Activity in the Cingulo-Opercular Network Predicts Memory for Naturalistic Episodic Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational states during vinculin unlocking differentially regulate focal adhesion properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal adhesions (FAs) are multi-protein complexes that connect the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, via integrin receptors. The growth, stability and adhesive functionality of these structures are tightly regulated by mechanical stress, yet, despite the extensive characterization of the integrin adhesome, the mechanisms underlying FA mechanosensitivity are still poorly understood. One of the key candidates for regulating FA-associated mechanosensing is vinculin, a prominent FA component, which was proposed to possess either closed ("auto-inhibited") or open (active) conformations. However, a direct demonstration of the nature of conformational transition between the two states is still absent. In this study we combined multiple structural and biological approaches to probe the transition from auto-inhibited to active conformation, and determine its effects on FA structure and dynamics. We further show here that the closed to open transition requires two sequential steps that can differentially regulate FA growth and stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chorev, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational states during vinculin unlocking differentially regulate focal adhesion properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Resolution Dissection of Conducive Reprogramming Trajectory to Ground State Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc (abbreviated as OSKM)1 has provoked interest to define the molecular characteristics of this process2-7. Despite important progress, the dynamics of epigenetic reprogramming at high resolution in correctly reprogrammed iPSCs and throughout the entire process remain largely undefined. This gap in understanding results from the inefficiency of conventional reprogramming methods coupled with the difficulty of prospectively isolating the rare cells that eventually correctly reprogram into iPSCs. Here we characterize cell fate conversion from fibroblast to iPSC using a highly efficient deterministic murine reprogramming system engineered through optimized inhibition of Gatad2a-Mbd3/NuRD repressive sub-complex. This comprehensive characterization provides single-day resolution of dynamic changes in levels of gene expression, chromatin modifications, TF binding, DNA accessibility and DNA methylation. The integrative analysis identified two transcriptional modules that dominate successful reprogramming. One consists of genes whose transcription is regulated by on/off epigenetic switching of modifications in their promoters (abbreviated as ESPGs), and the second consists of genes with promoters in a constitutively active chromatin state, but a dynamic expression pattern (abbreviated as CAPGs). ESPGs are mainly regulated by OSK, rather than Myc, and are enriched for cell fate determinants and pluripotency factors. CAPGs are predominantly regulated by Myc, and are enriched for cell biosynthetic regulatory functions. We used the ESPG module to study the identity and temporal occurrence of activating and repressing epigenetic switching during reprogramming. Removal of repressive chromatin modifications precedes chromatin opening and binding of RNA polymerase II at enhancers and promoters, and the opposite dynamics occur during repression of enhancers and promoters. Genome wide DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that de novo DNA methylation is not required for highly efficient conducive iPSC reprogramming, and identified a group of super-enhancers targeted by OSK, whose early demethylation marks commitment to a successful reprogramming trajectory also in inefficient conventional reprogramming systems. CAPGs are distinctively regulated by multiple synergystic ways: 1) Myc activity, delivered either endogenously or exogenously, dominates CAPG expression changes and is indispensable for induction of pluripotency in somatic cells; 2) A change in tRNA codon usage which is specific to CAPGs, but not ESPGs, and favors their translation. In summary, our unbiased high-resolution mapping of epigenetic changes on somatic cells that are committed to undergo successful reprogramming reveals interleaved epigenetic and biosynthetic reconfigurations that rapidly commission and propel conducive reprogramming toward naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hezroni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaitin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larastiaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Resolution Dissection of Conducive Reprogramming Trajectory to Ground State Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillations synchronize amygdala-to-prefrontal primate circuits during aversive learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contribution of oscillatory synchrony in the primate amygdala-prefrontal pathway to aversive learning remains unknown. We found increased power and phase synchrony in the theta range during aversive conditioning. The synchrony was linked to single-unit spiking and exhibited specific directionality between input and output measures in each region. Although it was correlated with the development of conditioned responses, it declined once the association stabilized. The results suggest that amygdala spikes aid to synchronize ACC activity and transfer error-signal information to support memory formation.nnHighlightsO_LITone-odor conditioning induces theta phase-reset in primate amygdala and dACCnC_LIO_LIA directional phase-locking develops between amygdala spikes and dACC ThetanC_LIO_LIInformation transfer from Amygdala to dACC decreases once memory stabilizesnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillations synchronize amygdala-to-prefrontal primate circuits during aversive learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescue of Conformational Dynamics in Enzyme Catalysis by Directed Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rational design and directed evolution have proved to be successful approaches to increase catalytic efficiencies of both natural and artificial enzymes1-3. However, a comprehensive understanding of how evolution shapes the energy landscape of catalysis remains a fundamental challenge. Protein dynamics is widely recognized as important, but due to the inherent flexibility of biological macromolecules it is often difficult to distinguish which conformational changes are directly related to function. Here, we used directed evolution on an impaired mutant of the human proline isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) and identify two second-shell mutations that partially restore its catalytic activity. We show both kinetically, using NMR spectroscopy, and structurally, by room-temperature X-ray crystallography, how local perturbations propagate through a large allosteric network to facilitate conformational dynamics. The increased catalysis selected for in the evolutionary screen could be rationalized entirely by accelerated interconversion between the two catalytically essential conformational sub-states, which are both captured in the high-resolution X-ray ensembles at room temperature. Our data provide a glimpse of the evolutionary trajectory of an enzymes energy landscape and shows how subtle changes can fine-tune its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarkson, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescue of Conformational Dynamics in Enzyme Catalysis by Directed Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of seven single cell Whole Genome Amplification commercial kits using targeted sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in biochemical technologies have led to a boost in the field of single cell genomics. Observation of the genome at a single cell resolution is currently achieved by pre-amplification using whole genome amplification (WGA) techniques that differ by their biochemical aspects and as a result by biased amplification of the original molecule. Several comparisons between commercially available single cell dedicated WGA kits (scWGA) were performed, however, these comparisons are costly, were only performed on selected scWGA kit and more notably, are limited by the number of analyzed cells, making them limited for reproducibility analysis. We benchmarked an economical assay to compare all commercially available scWGA kits that is based on targeted sequencing of thousands of genomic regions, including highly mutable genomic regions (microsatellites), from a large cohort of human single cells (125 cells in total). Using this approach, we could analyze the genome coverage, the reproducibility of genome coverage and the error rate of each kit. Our experimental design provides an affordable and reliable comparative assay that simulates a real single cell experiment. Results demonstrate the needfor a dedicated kit selection depending on the desired single cell assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biezuner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of seven single cell Whole Genome Amplification commercial kits using targeted sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHAMAN: bin-free randomization, normalization and screening of Hi-C matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) is used to interrogate contact frequencies among genomic elements at multiple scales and intensities, ranging from high frequency interactions among proximal regulatory elements, through specific long-range loops between insulator binding sites and up to rare and transient cis- and trans-chromosomal contacts. Visualization and statistical analysis of Hi-C data is made difficult by the extreme variation in the background frequencies of chromosomal contacts between elements at short and long genomic distances. Here we introduce SHAMAN for performing Hi-C analysis at dynamic scales, without predefined resolution, and while minimizing biases over very large datasets. Algorithmically, we devise a Markov Chain Monte Carlo-like procedure for randomizing contact matrices such that coverage and contact distance distributions are preserved. We combine this strategy with bin-free assessment of contact enrichment using a K-nearest neighbor approach. We show how to use the new method for visualizing contact hotspots and for quantifying differential contacts in matching Hi-C maps. We demonstrate how contact preferences among regulatory elements, including promoters, enhancers and insulators can be assessed with minimal bias by comparing pooled empirical and randomized matrices. Full support for our methods is available in a new software package that is freely available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Chauvet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoichman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHAMAN: bin-free randomization, normalization and screening of Hi-C matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated performance in problem-solving tasks attenuates human cortical responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A ubiquitous characteristic of human cortical networks is their tendency to rapidly change their response properties upon repetition. While this phenomenon has been amply documented using simple sensory-motor tasks, it is still unclear to what extent brain activations change on a short time scale when we are engaged in high level, complex tasks. Here, we examined this question using three types of high-level visual problems. We analyzed data from intracranial recordings performed in eight patients, focusing on the location and type of changes and on their relationship to overt behavior. Our results show significant repetition effects, manifested as signal decrease with repetition, in three different groups of electrodes: Visual sites, which increased their activity during stimuli presentation; Processing Positive sites, which demonstrated increased activity throughout the experimental trial; and Processing Negative sites, which demonstrated suppression of activity during the trial as compared to baseline. Interestingly, despite these significant repetition effects, response time remained unchanged with repetition. These findings bear directly upon our ability to interpret results aggregated across multiple repetitions of the same complex task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meshulam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated performance in problem-solving tasks attenuates human cortical responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequences enriched in Alu repeats drive nuclear localization of long RNAs in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in multiple cellular pathways, but their modes of action, and how those are dictated by sequence remain elusive. While lncRNAs share most molecular properties with mRNAs, they are more likely to be enriched in the nucleus, a feature that is likely to be crucial for function of many lncRNAs, but whose molecular underpinnings remain largely unclear. In order identify elements that can force nuclear localization we screened libraries of short fragments tiled across nuclear RNAs, which were cloned into the untranslated regions of an efficiently exported mRNA. The screen identified a short sequence derived from Alu elements and found in many mRNAs and lncRNAs that increases nuclear accumulation and reduces overall expression levels. Measurements of the contribution of individual bases and short motifs to the element functionality identified a combination of RCCTCCC motifs that are bound by the abundant nuclear protein HNRNPK. Increased HNRNPK binding and C-rich motifs are predictive of substantial nuclear enrichment in both lncRNAs and mRNAs, and this mechanism is conserved across species. Our results thus detail a novel pathway for regulation of RNA accumulation and subcellular localization that has been co-opted to regulate the fate of transcripts that integrated Alu elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubelsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequences enriched in Alu repeats drive nuclear localization of long RNAs in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salient Experiences are Represented by Unique Transcriptional Signatures in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inducible transcription is essential for consolidation of salient experiences into long-term memory. However, the question of whether inducible transcription relays information representing the identity of the experience being encoded, has not been explored. To this end, we have analyzed transcription across multiple brain regions, induced by a variety of rewarding and aversive experiences. Our results define robust transcriptional signatures uniquely characterizing individual salient experiences. A subset of these induced transcriptional markers suffice for near-perfect decoding of the identity of recent experiences at the level of individual mice. Furthermore, experiences with shared attributes display commonalities in their transcriptional representation, exemplified in the representation of valence, habituation and reinforcement. Taken together, our results demonstrate the existence of a neural transcriptional code that represents the encoding of experiences in the mouse brain. This code is comprised of distinct transcriptional signatures that correlate to the affective attributes of the experiences that are being encoded.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatowska-Jankowska, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itskovits, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izakson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haritan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleistein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salient Experiences are Represented by Unique Transcriptional Signatures in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving ESCRT-III spirals at the intercellular bridge of dividing cells using 3D STORM imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRT machinery mediates membrane fission in a verity of processes in cells. According to the proposed mechanism, ESCRT-III proteins drive membrane fission by assembling into helical filaments on membranes. Yet, ESCRT-III filaments have never been directly visualized in a cellular process that utilizes this machinery for its function. Here we used 3D STORM imaging of endogenous ESCRT-III component IST1, to describe the structural organization of ESCRT-III during mammalian cytokinetic abscission. Using this approach, ESCRT-III ring and spiral assemblies were resolved at the intercellular tube of cells undergoing abscission. Characterization of these structures indicates the ESCRT-III helical filament undergoes remodeling during abscission. This work provides the first evidence that ESCRT-III proteins assemble into helical filaments in physiological context, indicating that the ESCRT-III machine indeed derives its contractile activity through spiral assemblies. Moreover, it provides new structural information on ESCRT-III filaments, which raise new mechanistic scenarios for ESCRT driven membrane constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving ESCRT-III spirals at the intercellular bridge of dividing cells using 3D STORM imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, mediated by formin molecules at the filopodia tips. Filopodia can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we induced sustained growth of filopodia by applying pulling force to their tips via attached fibronectin-coated beads trapped by optical tweezers. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA, which localized to the base of filopodia, resulted in weakening of filopodia adherence strength. Inhibition of formins, which caused detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produced similar effect. Thus, myosin IIA-generated centripetal force transmitted to the filopodia tips through interactions between formins and actin filaments are required for filopodia adhesion. Force-dependent adhesion led to preferential attachment of filopodia to rigid versus fluid substrates, which may underlie cell orientation and polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alieva, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romet-Lemonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule regulation of integrin-based adhesions is mediated by myosin-IIA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interrelationship between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in mechanoregulation of integrin-mediated adhesions is poorly understood. Here, we show that the effects of microtubules on two major types of cell-matrix adhesions, focal adhesions and podosomes, are mediated by KANK family proteins connecting the adhesion protein talin with microtubule tips. Both total microtubule disruption and microtubule uncoupling from adhesions by manipulations with KANKs trigger a massive assembly of myosin-IIA filaments. Myosin-IIA filaments, augmenting the focal adhesions and disrupting the podosomes, are indispensable effectors in the microtubule-dependent regulation of integrin-mediated adhesions. Myosin-IIA filament assembly depends on Rho activation by the RhoGEF, GEF-H1, which is trapped by microtubules when they are connected with integrin-mediated adhesions via KANK proteins but released after their disconnection. Thus, microtubule capturing by integrin-mediated adhesions modulates the GEF-H1-dependent effect of microtubules on the myosin-IIA filaments. Subsequent actomyosin reorganization then remodels the focal adhesions and podosomes, closing the regulatory loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohd Rafiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiagarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanawong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule regulation of integrin-based adhesions is mediated by myosin-IIA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal profiling of redox-dependent heterogeneity in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular redox status affects diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, protein homeostasis, and aging. Thus, individual differences in redox status can give rise to distinct sub-populations even among cells with identical genetic backgrounds. Here, we have created a novel methodology to track redox status at single cell resolution using the redox-sensitive probe roGFP. Our method allows identification and sorting of sub-populations with different oxidation levels in either the cytosol, mitochondria or peroxisomes. Using this approach we defined redox-dependent heterogeneity of yeast cells, and characterized growth, as well as proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of subpopulations of cells that differ in their redox status, but are similar in age. We report that, starting in late logarithmic growth, cells of the same age have a bi-modal distribution of oxidation status. A comparative proteomic analysis between these populations identified three key proteins, Hsp30, Dhh1, and Pnc1, which affect basal oxidation levels and may serve as first line of defense proteins in redox homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radzinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal profiling of redox-dependent heterogeneity in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of m6A-RNA methylation in stress response regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant internal RNA modification that regulates transcript processing and translation. The regulation of brain m6A by stressful stimuli in vivo and its role in the stress response are currently unknown.nnHere, we provide a detailed analysis of the stress-epitranscriptome using m6A-Seq, global and gene-specific m6A measurements. We show that stress exposure and glucocorticoids alter m6A and its regulatory network in a region- and time-specific manner. We demonstrate that depletion of the methyltransferase Mettl3 and the demethylase Fto in adult neurons increases fear memory, and alters the transcriptome response to fear as well as synaptic plasticity. Finally, we report that regulation of m6A is impaired in major depressive disorder patients following glucocorticoid receptor activation.nnOur findings indicate that brain m6A represents a novel layer of complexity in gene expression regulation after stress and that dysregulation of the m6A-response may contribute to the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders.nnHighlightsO_LIm6A RNA methylation in adult mouse brain is regulated by stressnC_LIO_LIBrain m6A levels are temporally and spatially regulated by stressnC_LIO_LIMettl3 and Fto-KO alter fear memory, transcriptome response and synaptic plasticitynC_LIO_LIThe m6A-glucocorticoid-response is impaired in major depressive disorder patientsnC_LInneTOC blurbEngel et al. demonstrate a brain-area-specific and time-dependent role for the mRNA modification, m6A, in stress-response regulation. Manipulating m6A-enzymes alters fear-memory, transcriptome-response and synaptic-plasticity. Altered m6A dynamics in depressed patients suggest an involvement of m6A-modifications in stress-related psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplick, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arloth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rex-Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakovcevski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wotjak, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deussing, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of m6A-RNA methylation in stress response regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cnidarian cell type diversity revealed by whole-organism single-cell RNA-seq analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of animal evolution is the emergence and diversification of cell type-specific transcriptional states. But systematic and unbiased characterization of differentiated gene regulatory programs was so far limited to specific tissues in a few model species. Here, we perform whole-organism single cell transcriptomics to map cell types in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, a non-bilaterian animal that display complex tissue-level bodyplan organization. We uncover high diversity of transcriptional states in Nematostella, demonstrating cell type-specific expression for 35% of the genes and 51% of the transcription factors (TFs) detected. We identify eight broad cell clusters corresponding to cell classes such as neurons, muscles, cnidocytes, or digestive cells. These clusters comprise multiple cell modules expressing diverse and specific markers, uncovering in particular a rich repertoire of cells associated with neuronal markers. TF expression and sequence analysis defines the combinatorial code that underlies this cell-specific expression. It also reveals the existence of a complex regulatory lexicon of TF binding motifs encoded at both enhancer and promoters of Nematostella tissue-specific genes. Whole organism single cell RNA-seq is thereby established as a tool for comprehensive study of genome regulation and cell type evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudemont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleisser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouvault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cnidarian cell type diversity revealed by whole-organism single-cell RNA-seq analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BACH family members regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by modulating VEGFC expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are key processes during embryogenesis as well as under physiological and pathological conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC), the ligand for both VEGFR2 and VEGFR3, is a central lymphangiogenic regulator that also drives angiogenesis. Here we report that members of the highly conserved BACH (BTB and CNC homology) family of transcription factors regulate VEGFC expression, through direct binding to its promoter. Accordingly, downregulation of bach2a hinders blood-vessel formation and impairs lymphatic sprouting in a vegfc-dependent manner during zebrafish embryonic development. In contrast, BACH1-overexpression enhances intratumoral blood-vessel density and peritumoral lymphatic vessel diameter in ovarian and lung mouse tumor models. The effects on the vascular compartment correlate spatially and temporally with BACH1 transcriptional regulation of VEGFC expression. Altogether, our results uncover a novel role for the BACH/VEGFC signaling axis in lymphatic formation during embryogenesis and cancer, providing a novel potential target for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tempelhof, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicenboim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bochner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.876268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BACH family members regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by modulating VEGFC expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription-factor binding to replicated DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome replication perturbs the DNA regulatory environment by displacing DNA-bound proteins, replacing nucleosomes, and introducing dosage-imbalance between regions replicating at different S phase stages. Recently, we showed that these effects are integrated to maintain transcription homeostasis: replicated genes increase in dosage, but their expression remains stable due to replication-dependent epigenetic changes that suppress transcription. Here, we examined whether reduced transcription from replicated DNA results from limited accessibility to regulatory factors, by measuring the time-resolved binding of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and specific transcription factors (TFs) to DNA during S phase in budding yeast. We show that RNAPII binding-pattern is largely insensitive to DNA dosage, indicating limited binding to replicated DNA. By contrast, binding of three TFs (Reb1, Abf1 and Rap1) to DNA increased with the increasing DNA dosage. We conclude that the replication-specific chromatin environment remains accessible to regulatory factors, but suppresses RNA polymerase recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription-factor binding to replicated DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model balancing: consistent in-vivo kinetic constants and metabolic states obtained by convex optimisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme kinetic constants in vivo are largely unknown, which limits the construction of large metabolic models. While model fitting, in principle, aims at fitting kinetic constants to measured metabolic fluxes, metabolite concentrations, and enzyme concentrations, the resulting estimation problems are typically non-convex and hard to solve, especially if models are large. Here we assume that metabolic fluxes are known and show how consistent kinetic constants, metabolite concentrations, and enzyme concentrations can be determined simultaneously from data. If one specific term is omitted - a term that penalises small enzyme concentrations - we obtain a convex optimality problem with a unique local optimum. The estimation method with or without this term, called model balancing, applies to models with a wide range of rate laws and accounts for thermodynamic constraints on kinetic constants and metabolite concentrations through thermodynamic forces. It can be used to estimate in-vivo kinetic constants from omics data, to complete and adjust available data, or to construct plausible metabolic states with a predefined flux distribution. As a demonstrative case, we balance a model of E. coli central metabolism with artificial or experimental data. The tests show what information about kinetic constants can be obtained from omics data, and reveal the practical limits of estimating in-vivo kinetic constants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebermeister, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model balancing: consistent in-vivo kinetic constants and metabolic states obtained by convex optimisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The predictive power of the microbiome exceeds that of genome-wide association studies in the discrimination of complex human disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, studies of the human genome and microbiome have deepened our understanding of the connections between human genes, environments, microbes, and disease. For example, the sheer number of indicators of the microbiome and human genetic common variants associated with disease has been immense, but clinical utility has been elusive. Here, we compared the predictive capabilities of the human microbiome versus human genomic common variants across 13 common diseases. We concluded that microbiomic indicators outperform human genetics in predicting host phenotype (overall Microbiome-Association-Study [MAS] area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79 [SE = 0.03], overall Genome-Wide-Association-Study [GWAS] AUC = 0.67 [SE = 0.02]). Our results, while preliminary and focused on a subset of the totality of disease, demonstrate the relative predictive ability of the microbiome, indicating that it may outperform human genetics in discriminating human disease cases and controls. They additionally motivate the need for population-level microbiome sequencing resources, akin to the UK Biobank, to further improve and reproduce metagenomic models of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tierney, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostic, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.891978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The predictive power of the microbiome exceeds that of genome-wide association studies in the discrimination of complex human disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.888610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent pre-leukemic deletions in myeloid malignancies are the result of DNA double-strand breaks followed by microhomology-mediated end joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.888610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying myeloid malignancies deletions are not well understood, nor is it clear why specific genomic hotspots are predisposed to particular deletions. In the current study we inspected the genomic regions around recurrent deletions in myeloid malignancies, and identified microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) signatures in recurrent deletions in CALR, ASXL1 and SRSF2 loci. Since MMEJ deletions are the result of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), we introduced CRISPR Cas9 DSBs into exon 12 of ASXL1, successfully generating recurrent ASXL1 deletion in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). A systematic search of COSMIC dataset for MMEJ deletions in all cancers revealed that recurrent deletions enrich myeloid malignancies. Despite this myeloid predominance, we provide evidence that MMEJ deletions occur in multipotent HSCs. An analysis of DNA repair pathway gene expression in single human adult bone marrow HSPCs could not identify a subpopulation of multipotent HSPCs with increased MMEJ expression, however exposed differences between myeloid and lymphoid biased progenitors. Our data indicate an association between MMEJ-repaired DSBs and recurrent MMEJ deletions in human HSCs and in myeloid leukemia. A better understanding of the source of these DSBs and the regulation of the HSC MMEJ repair pathway might aid with preventing recurrent deletions in human pre-leukemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal-Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biezuner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.01.888610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent pre-leukemic deletions in myeloid malignancies are the result of DNA double-strand breaks followed by microhomology-mediated end joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.892596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hormonal dysregulation after prolonged HPA axis activation can be explained by changes of adrenal and corticotroph masses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.892596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress activates a complex network of hormones known as the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is dysregulated in chronic stress and psychiatric disorders, but the origin of this dysregulation is unclear and cannot be explained by current HPA models. To address this, we developed a new mathematical model for the HPA axis that incorporates changes in the total functional mass of the HPA hormone-secreting glands. The mass changes are caused by the HPA hormones which act as growth factors for the glands in the axis. We find that the HPA axis shows the property of dynamical compensation, where gland masses adjust over weeks to buffer variation in physiological parameters. These mass changes explain the experimental findings on dysregulation of cortisol and ACTH dynamics in alcoholism, anorexia and postpartum. Dysregulation occurs for a wide range of parameters, and is exacerbated by impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) feedback, providing an explanation for the implication of GR in mood disorders. These findings suggest that gland-mass dynamics may play an important role in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.

Author SummaryThe HPA axis is a neuroendocrine axis that is activated in response to stressors. The classical description of this axis includes three hormones that act in a cascade, with the final hormone cortisol inhibiting the two upstream hormones, ACTH and CRH. This classical picture has timescales of hours due to hormone half-lives, and cannot explain phenomena on the scale of weeks to months associated with this axis, such as the dysregulation observed in depression, alcohol addiction, postpartum, and other conditions. Here, we use a minimal-model approach to add to the classical model two known interactions in which CRH and ACTH not only regulate downstream hormones, but also act as growth factors for the cells that secrete these hormones. This creates a physiological circuit that can maintain total cell mass and buffer parameter changes. It has a fragility in which after prolonged stress, the total cell functional masses grow and take weeks to return to baseline. This is sufficient to explain the specific dynamics of hormone dysregulation found in several contexts. It also quantifies the effect of the cortisol (glucocorticoid) receptor on resilience to prolonged stress. Our findings suggest that interactions between hormones and cell functional mass may play an important role in HPA axis regulation on the timescale of weeks to months.

Synopsis O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

The HPA axis helps the body adapt to stress, but becomes dysregulated after prolonged activation, with clinical consequences. The origin of this dysregulation is unclear. We provide a mechanism for dysregulation based on the effect of the HPA hormones as growth factors for their downstream glands. O_LIA mathematical model that includes gland functional mass dynamics, introduces a new slow timescale of weeks to the HPA axis; previous models had only fast timescales of hours.
C_LIO_LIThe gland masses grow during prolonged activation, providing dynamical compensation, and recover with overshoots over weeks after withdrawal of activation.
C_LIO_LIThese overshoots are sufficient to explain the observed HPA dysregulation in pathological conditions, and clarify the role of glucocorticoid receptors in resilience to prolonged stress.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.01.892596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hormonal dysregulation after prolonged HPA axis activation can be explained by changes of adrenal and corticotroph masses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERBB2 drives YAP activation and EMT-like processes during cardiac regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocyte (CM) loss after injury results in adverse remodelling and fibrosis, which inevitably lead to heart failure. ERBB2-Neuregulin and Hippo-YAP signaling pathways are key mediators of CM proliferation and regeneration, yet the crosstalk between these pathways is unclear. Here, we demonstrate in adult mice that transient over-expression (OE) of activated ERBB2 in CMs promotes cardiac regeneration in a heart failure model. OE CMs present an EMT-like regenerative response manifested by cytoskeletal remodelling, junction dissolution, migration, and ECM turnover. Molecularly, we identified YAP as a critical mediator of ERBB2 signaling. In OE CMs, YAP interacts with nuclear envelope and cytoskeletal components, reflecting the altered mechanic state elicited by ERBB2. Hippo-independent activating phosphorylation on YAP at S352 and S274 were enriched in OE CMs, peaking during metaphase, and viral overexpression of YAP phospho-mutants dampened the proliferative competence of OE CMs. Taken together, we demonstrate a potent ERBB2-mediated YAP mechanosensory signaling, involving EMT-like characteristics, resulting in heart regeneration.

HighlightsO_LIERBB2-driven regeneration of scarred hearts recapitulates core-EMT processes
C_LIO_LIYAP is activated and required downstream to ERBB2 signaling in CMs
C_LIO_LIYAP activity is mechanically driven by cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope remodeling
C_LIO_LIYAP S274 and S352 phosphorylation is essential for CM mitosis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aharonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendengolts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revach, O.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERBB2 drives YAP activation and EMT-like processes during cardiac regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel calcium-concentrating compartment drives biofilm formation and persistent infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, bacteria reside in biofilms - multicellular differentiated communities held together by extracellular matrix. In this work, we identified a novel subpopulation essential for biofilm formation - mineral-forming cells. This subpopulation contains an intracellular calcium-accumulating niche, in which the formation of a calcium carbonate mineral is initiated. As the biofilm colony develops, this mineral grows in a controlled manner, forming a functional macrostructure that serves the entire community.

The molecular mechanisms promoting calcite scaffold formation were conserved between three distant phyla - the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the actinobacterium Mycobacterium abscessus. Biofilm development of all three species was similarly impaired by inhibition of calcium uptake and carbonate accumulation. Moreover, chemical inhibition and mutations targeting mineralization both significantly reduced the attachment of P. aeruginosa to the lung, as well as the subsequent damage inflicted by biofilms to lung tissues, and restored their sensitivity to antibiotics.

The evolutionary conserved cellular pathway controlling the fundamental feature of biofilm development uncovered in this work offers novel druggable targets for antibiotics to combat otherwise untreatable biofilm infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keren-Paz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Cymberknoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dersch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartvelishvily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapishnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green-Zelinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shteinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graumann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel calcium-concentrating compartment drives biofilm formation and persistent infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conformational distribution of a major facilitator superfamily peptide transporter is modulated by the membrane composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While structural biology aims at explaining the biological function of membrane proteins with their structure, it is unclear how these proteins are modulated by the complex lipid composition of membranes. Here, we address this question by mapping the conformational distribution of the bacterial oligopeptide transporter DtpA using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. We show that DtpA populates ensembles of conformers that respond sensitively to the environment. Detergents trap the transporter in an inward-open ensemble in which the substrate binding site faces the cytosol. However, re-constitution in Saposin nanoparticles with different lipid compositions, reveal a plethora of alternative conformations, including a fully inward-open ensemble whose existence had not been anticipated before. The relative abundance of these ensembles depends on the lipid composition of the nanoparticles. Our results therefore demonstrate that membranes sensitively affect the structural distribution of DtpA and we expect this to be a general property of membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasitza Male, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungwirth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conformational distribution of a major facilitator superfamily peptide transporter is modulated by the membrane composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.894733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Division of labor between YAP and TAZ in non-small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.894733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The paralogous transcriptional cofactors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, also called WWTR1), the main downstream effectors of the Hippo signal transduction pathway, are emerging as pivotal determinants of malignancy in lung cancer. Traditionally, studies have tended to consider YAP and TAZ as functionally redundant transcriptional cofactors, with similar biological impact. However, there is growing evidence that each of them also possesses distinct attributes. Here, we sought to systematically characterize the division of labor between YAP and TAZ in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common histological subtype of lung cancer. Employing representative NSCLC cell lines, as well as patient-derived data, we show that the two paralogs orchestrate non-overlapping transcription programs in this cancer type: whereas YAP preferentially regulates gene sets associated with cell division and cell cycle progression, TAZ preferentially regulates genes associated with extracellular matrix organization. Concordantly, depletion of YAP, but not TAZ, leads to growth arrest, while YAP overexpression promotes cell proliferation. Likewise, depletion of TAZ, but not YAP, compromises cell migration, whereas TAZ overexpression enhances migration. Importantly, the differential effects of YAP vs TAZ on key cellular processes are also associated with differential response to anti-cancer therapies. Uncovering the different activities and downstream effects of YAP and TAZ may thus facilitate better stratification of lung cancer patients for anti-cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaked, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Agostino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.894733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Division of labor between YAP and TAZ in non-small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-associated fibroblast compositions change with breast cancer progression linking S100A4 and PDPN ratios with clinical outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors are supported by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are heterogeneous and carry out distinct cancer-associated functions. Understanding the full repertoire of CAFs and their dynamic changes could improve the precision of cancer treatment. CAFs are usually analyzed at a single time-point using specific markers, and it is therefore unclear whether CAFs display plasticity as tumors evolve. Here, we analyze thousands of CAFs using index and transcriptional single-cell sorting, at several time-points along breast tumor progression in mice, uncovering distinct subpopulations. Strikingly, the transcriptional programs of these subpopulations change over time and in metastases, transitioning from an immune-regulatory program to wound healing and antigen-presentation programs, indicating that CAFs and their functions are dynamic. Two main CAF subpopulations are also found in human breast tumors, where their ratio is associated with disease outcome across subtypes, and is particularly correlated with BRCA mutations in triple-negative breast cancer. These findings indicate that the repertoire of CAFs changes over time in breast cancer progression, with direct clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi-Galibov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner-Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavon-Pashot, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nili-Gal-Yam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.903039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-associated fibroblast compositions change with breast cancer progression linking S100A4 and PDPN ratios with clinical outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.901249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid Receptor ablation promotes cardiac regeneration by hampering cardiomyocyte terminal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.901249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, glucocorticoid levels rise dramatically shortly before birth and prepare the foetus for post-natal life by promoting the maturation of the lungs and other organs. However, their impact on cardiac postnatal growth and regenerative plasticity is unknown.

Here, we demonstrate that exposure to endogenous glucocorticoids facilitates cell cycle exit and reduces the proliferation of neonatal cardiomyocytes. This cytostatic activity is shared by several synthetic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists routinely used in clinical settings. We also observed that GR levels increase in cardiomyocytes during early post-natal development. Importantly, in vivo cardiomyocyte-specific GR ablation delayed the transition from hyperplastic (increase in cell number) to hypertrophic (increase in cell size) growth. Further, GR ablation partially impaired cardiomyocyte maturation, reducing myofibrils-mitochondria organization along with the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial respiration and energy transfer from mitochondria to the cytosol. Finally, we show increased cardiomyocyte proliferation in GR ablated juvenile and adult cardiomyocytes in response to myocardial infarction in vivo, thus promoting cardiac tissue regeneration.

We suggest that GR antagonization could serve as a strategy for heart regeneration based on endogenous cardiomyocyte renewal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pianca, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirivi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzeschi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cenacchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauriola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Uva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.901249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid Receptor ablation promotes cardiac regeneration by hampering cardiomyocyte terminal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular and distinct PlexinA4/Farp2/Rac1 signaling controls dendrite morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse neuronal populations with distinct cellular morphologies coordinate the complex function of the nervous system. Establishment of distinct neuronal morphologies critically depends on signaling pathways that control axonal and dendritic development. The Sema3A-Nrp1/PlxnA4 signaling pathway promotes cortical neuron basal dendrite arborization but also repels axons. However, the downstream signaling components underlying these disparate functions of Sema3A signaling are unclear. Using the novel PlxnA4KRK-AAA knock-in male and female mice, generated by CRISPR/cas9, we show here that the KRK motif in the PlxnA4 cytoplasmic domain is required for Sema3A-mediated cortical neuron dendritic elaboration but is dispensable for inhibitory axon guidance. The RhoGEF FARP2, which binds to the KRK motif, shows identical functional specificity as the KRK motif in the PlxnA4 receptor. We find that Sema3A activates the small GTPase Rac1, and that Rac1 activity is required for dendrite elaboration but not axon growth cone collapse. This work identifies a novel Sema3A-Nrp1/PlxnA4/FARP2/Rac1 signaling pathway that specifically controls dendritic morphogenesis but is dispensable for repulsive guidance events. Overall, our results demonstrate that the divergent signaling output from multifunctional receptor complexes critically depends on distinct signaling motifs, highlighting the modular nature of guidance cue receptors and its potential to regulate diverse cellular responses.

Significance StatementThe proper formation of axonal and dendritic morphologies is crucial for the precise wiring of the nervous system that ultimately leads to the generation of complex functions in an organism. The Semaphorin3A-Neuropilin1/Plexin-A4 signaling pathway has been shown to have multiple key roles in neurodevelopment, from axon repulsion to dendrite elaboration. This study demonstrates that three specific amino acids, the KRK motif within the Plexin-A4 receptor cytoplasmic domain, are required to coordinate the downstream signaling molecules to promote Sema3A-mediated cortical neuron dendritic elaboration, but not inhibitory axon guidance. Our results unravel a novel Semaphorin3A-Plexin-A4 downstream signaling pathway and shed light on how the disparate functions of axon guidance and dendritic morphogenesis are accomplished by the same extracellular ligand in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danelon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.908434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular and distinct PlexinA4/Farp2/Rac1 signaling controls dendrite morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primordial emergence of a nucleic acid binding protein via phase separation and statistical ornithine to arginine conversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo emergence, and emergence of the earliest proteins specifically, demands a transition from disordered polypeptides into structured proteins with well-defined functions. However, can peptides confer evolutionary relevant functions, let alone with minimal abiotic amino acid alphabets? How can such polypeptides evolve into mature proteins? Specifically, while nucleic acids binding is presumed a primordial function, it demands basic amino acids that do not readily form abiotically. To address these questions, we describe an experimentally-validated trajectory from a phase-separating polypeptide to a dsDNA-binding protein. The intermediates comprise sequence-duplicated, functional proteins made of only 10 amino acid types, with ornithine, which can form abiotically, as the only basic amino acid. Statistical, chemical modification of ornithine sidechains to arginine promoted structure and function. The function concomitantly evolved - from phase separation with RNA (coacervates) to avid and specific dsDNA binding - thereby demonstrating a smooth, gradual peptide-to-protein transition with respect to sequence, structure, and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil-Ktorza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridmann-Sirkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman Metanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primordial emergence of a nucleic acid binding protein via phase separation and statistical ornithine to arginine conversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent evolution of transcript abundance and gene regulatory dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene expression drive novel phenotypes, raising interest in how gene expression evolves. In contrast to the static genome, cells regulate gene expression to accommodate changing conditions. Previous comparative studies focused on specific conditions, describing inter-species variation in expression levels, but providing limited information about variations in gene regulation. To close this gap, we profiled gene expression of related yeast species in hundreds of conditions, and used co-expression analysis to distinguish variations in transcription regulation from variations in expression levels or environmental perception. The majority of genes whose expression varied between the species maintained a conserved transcriptional regulation. Profiling the interspecific hybrid provided insights into the basis of variations, showed that trans-varying alleles interact dominantly, and revealed complementation of cis-variations by variations in trans. Our data suggests that gene expression diverges primarily through changes in promoter strength that do not alter gene positioning within the transcription network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krieger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent evolution of transcript abundance and gene regulatory dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated  hopless. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety- like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organisms stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitas-Djerbi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.830133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal Proteomic Analysis of Stress Granule disassembly using APEX Reveals Regulation by SUMOylation and links to ALS pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.830133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) form in response to a variety of cellular stresses by phase-separation of proteins associated with non-translating mRNAs. SG provide insight into the biology of neurodegeneration, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because they approximate some of the molecular conditions for nucleation of insoluble aggregates in neuropathological inclusions. Whereas much has been learned about SG formation, a major gap remains in understanding the compositional changes SG undergo during normal disassembly and under disease conditions. Here, we address this gap by proteomic dissection of SG temporal disassembly sequence, using multi-bait APEX proximity-proteomics. We discover 109 novel SG-proteins and characterize at proteomic resolution two biophysically distinct SG substructures. We further demonstrate that dozens of additional proteins are recruited to SG specifically during disassembly, indicating that it is a highly regulated process. The involved proteins link SG disassembly, to mitochondrial biology and the cytoskeleton. Parallel analysis with C9ORF72-associated dipeptides, which are found in patients with ALS and frontotemporal dementia, demonstrated compositional changes in SG during the course of disassembly and focused our attention on the roles SUMOylation in SG disassembly. We demonstrate that broad SUMOylation of SG-proteins is required for SG disassembly and is impaired by C9ORF72-associated dipeptides, representing an unexplored potential molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration. Altogether, out study fundamentally increases the knowledge about SG composition in human cells by dissecting the SG spatio-temporal proteomic landscape, provides an in-depth resource for future work on SG function and reveals basic and disease-relevant mechanisms of SG disassembly.

HighlightsO_LIMulti bait APEX proximity labelling reveals 109 novel SG proteins and two distinct SG substructures.
C_LIO_LIProteomic dissection of SG temporal disassembly under basal conditions and with a model of neurodegeneration.
C_LIO_LIDisassembly-engaged proteins (DEPs) include SUMO ligases that are recruited during normal disassembly and dysregulated in ALS-like conditions.
C_LIO_LIPervasive SG protein SUMOylation during SG disassembly is impaired by ALS-like conditions.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/830133v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagai, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedersha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knafo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Bocho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.830133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal Proteomic Analysis of Stress Granule disassembly using APEX Reveals Regulation by SUMOylation and links to ALS pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-fated tendon-to-bone attachment cells are regulated by shared enhancers and KLF transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The connection between different tissues is vital for the development and function of any organs and systems. In the musculoskeletal system, the attachment of elastic tendons to stiff bones poses a mechanical challenge that is solved by the formation of a transitional tissue, which allows the transfer of muscle forces to the skeleton without tearing. Here, we show that tendon-to-bone attachment cells are bi-fated, activating a mixture of chondrocyte and tenocyte transcriptomes, which is regulated by sharing regulatory elements with these cells and by Kruppel-like factors transcription factors (KLF).

To uncover the molecular identity of attachment cells, we first applied high-throughput RNA sequencing to murine humeral attachment cells. The results, which were validated by in situ hybridization and single-molecule in situ hybridization, reveal that attachment cells express hundreds of chondrogenic and tenogenic genes. In search for the underlying mechanism allowing these cells to express these genes, we performed ATAC sequencing and found that attachment cells share a significant fraction of accessible intergenic chromatin areas with either tenocytes or chondrocytes. Epigenomic analysis further revealed transcriptional enhancer signatures for the majority of these regions. We then examined a subset of these regions using transgenic mouse enhancer reporter. Results verified the shared activity of some of these enhancers, supporting the possibility that the transcriptome of attachment cells is regulated by enhancers with shared activities in tenocytes or chondrocytes. Finally, integrative chromatin and motif analyses, as well as the transcriptome data, indicated that KLFs are regulators of attachment cells. Indeed, blocking the expression of Klf2 and Klf4 in the developing limb mesenchyme led to abnormal differentiation of attachment cells, establishing these factors as key regulators of the fate of these cells.

In summary, our findings show how the molecular identity of bi-fated attachment cells enables the formation of the unique transitional tissue that connect tendon to bone. More broadly, we show how mixing the transcriptomes of two cell types through shared enhancers and a dedicated set of transcription factors can lead to the formation of a new cell fate that connects them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kult, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterwalder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blecher-Gonen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capellini, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-fated tendon-to-bone attachment cells are regulated by shared enhancers and KLF transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATG8-interacting (ATI) 1 and 2 define a plant starvation-induced ER-phagy pathway and serve as MSBP1 (MAPR5) cargo-receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ER-phagy, the selective autophagy of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) components, is known to operate in eukaryotes from yeast and unicellular algae to animals and plants. Thus far, only ER-stress derived ER-phagy was reported and analyzed in plants. In this study we characterize an ER-phagy pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana that is triggered by dark-induced starvation and not by ER-stress. This pathway is defined by the previously reported ATG8-interacting proteins, ATI1 and ATI2 and is regulated by the TOR signaling pathway. We further identified ER-localized Membrane Steroid Binding Protein 1 (MSBP1) as an ATI1 and 2 interacting protein and an autophagy cargo, and show that ATI1 and 2 serve as its cargo receptors. Together, these findings expand our knowledge on plants responses during energy deprivation and highlight the role of this special type of ER-phagy in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galili, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATG8-interacting (ATI) 1 and 2 define a plant starvation-induced ER-phagy pathway and serve as MSBP1 (MAPR5) cargo-receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered conformational sampling along an evolutionary trajectory changes the catalytic activity of an enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several enzymes are known to have evolved from non-catalytic proteins such as solute-binding proteins (SBPs). Although attention has been focused on how a binding site can evolve to become catalytic, an equally important question is: how do the structural dynamics of a binding protein change as it becomes an efficient enzyme? Here we performed a variety of experiments, including double electron-electron resonance (DEER), on reconstructed evolutionary intermediates to determine how the conformational sampling of a protein changes along an evolutionary trajectory linking an arginine SBP to a cyclohexadienyl dehydratase (CDT). We observed that primitive dehydratases predominantly populate catalytically unproductive conformations that are vestiges of their ancestral SBP function. Non-productive conformational states are frozen out of the conformational landscape via remote mutations, eventually leading to extant CDT that exclusively samples catalytically relevant compact states. These results show that remote mutations can reshape the global conformational landscape of an enzyme as a mechanism for increasing catalytic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahawaththa, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feintuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered conformational sampling along an evolutionary trajectory changes the catalytic activity of an enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually divergent effects of social dominance on chronic stress outcomes in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSex and social context are two major factors in the development of depression and other stress-related disorders. However, few studies of the effects of stress on rodent behavior and physiology have investigated social context and fewer still have assessed the possibility of sex-specific effects of social context.

MethodsWe assessed social dominance of group-living mice during several days of monitoring using a high-throughput automated behavioral tracking system. We then exposed groups from each sex to a three-week chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure, followed by a behavioral test battery. Finally, we used principle component analysis and post-hoc tests to explore the sources of variance in the behavioral outcome data.

ResultsWe found stable hierarchies in both sexes, however social dominance in males exhibited several additional associations with behaviors related to locomotion and exploration that were not seen in females. Crucially, pre-stress social dominance status was associated with opposing outcomes on multiple behavioral readouts between the two sexes following CMS. In particular, subordinate male mice and dominant female mice appeared more responsive to the environmental challenge, as observed in anxiety-like and locomotor behaviors.

ConclusionsThis work demonstrates that sex differences interact with preexisting social dominance status to alter the effects of chronic stress. It highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between sex and social context and its contribution to individual differences in stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karamihalev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brivio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachskamm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.933481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually divergent effects of social dominance on chronic stress outcomes in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexplained Repeated Pregnancy Loss is Associated with Altered Perceptual and Brain Responses to Men's Body-Odor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Bruce effect, pregnant mice remember the odor of the fathering male, and miscarry in response to the odor of a male stranger. Humans experience a high rate of unexplained spontaneous miscarriage. Could it be that a portion of these miscarriages reflect a Bruce-like effect? Given ethical constraints on a direct test, we instead probed for circumstantial evidence in women with repeated pregnancy loss (RPL). Consistent with a Bruce-like effect, women with RPL remembered the body-odor of their spouse, but controls could not. Also consistent with a Bruce-like effect, body-odor from a stranger man caused increased activity in the hypothalamus of women experiencing RPL, yet decreased activity in the hypothalamus of women controls. Finally, RPL was associated with reduced olfactory-bulb volume. Although not causal, these observations link RPL with an altered behavioral and brain response to mens body-odor, implicating the olfactory system in this poorly understood or managed condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenkrantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissgross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravrebi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frumin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shushan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorodisky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinchover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endevelt-Shapi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carp, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexplained Repeated Pregnancy Loss is Associated with Altered Perceptual and Brain Responses to Men's Body-Odor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyaluronan-NK cell Interaction Controls the Primary Vascular Barrier during Early Pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful implantation is associated with a unique spatial pattern of vascular remodeling, characterized by profound peripheral neo-vascularization surrounding a peri-embryo avascular niche. We hypothesized that hyaluronan controls the formation of the unique vascular pattern encompassing the embryo. This hypothesis was evaluated by genetic modification of hyaluronan metabolism specifically targeted to embryonic trophoblast cells. The outcome of altered hyaluronan deposition on uterine vascular remodeling and post-implantation development were analyzed by MRI, detailed histological examinations, and RNA-sequencing of uterine NK cells. Our experiments revealed that eliminating the anti-angiogenic hyaluronan, led to elevated expression of MMP-9, VEGF-A and its receptor VEGFR-2, accompanied by reduced recruitment of uterine NK cells. Further local decrease in VEGFR-3 resulted in impaired formation of vascular sinuous folds, ectopic angiogenesis and dysfunctional uterine NK cells. Conversely, enhanced deposition of hyaluronan caused the expansion of the maternal-embryo barrier, leading to an increased diffusion distance and aborted implantation. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for hyaluronan in successful pregnancy by fine-tuning the peri-embryo avascular niche and maternal vascular morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroganov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atrakchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartvelishvily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyaluronan-NK cell Interaction Controls the Primary Vascular Barrier during Early Pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-molecule inhibition of Lats kinases promotes Yap-dependent proliferation in postmitotic mammalian tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that restricts organ growth during development and suppresses regeneration in mature organs1-3. Using a high-throughput phenotypic screen, we have identified a potent, non-toxic, and reversible inhibitor of Hippo signaling. An ATP-competitive inhibitor of Lats kinases, the compound causes Yap-dependent proliferation of murine supporting cells in the inner ear, murine cardiomyocytes, and human Muller glia in retinal organoids. RNA sequencing indicates that the substance fosters both the G1-S and G2-M checkpoint transitions and yields supporting cells capable of transdifferentiation. Upon withdrawal of the compound, a subset of supporting cells move their nuclei into the hair-cell layer and express genes characteristic of hair cells. Viral transfection of Atoh1 induces the expression of hair cellspecific proteins in progeny. The compound promotes the initial stages of the proliferative regeneration of hair cells, a process thought to be permanently suppressed in the adult mammalian inner ear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kastan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnedeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alisch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petelski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-molecule inhibition of Lats kinases promotes Yap-dependent proliferation in postmitotic mammalian tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human hormone seasonality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hormones control the major biological functions of stress response, growth, metabolism and reproduction. In animals these hormones show pronounced seasonality, with different set-points for different seasons. In humans, the seasonality of these hormones remains unclear, due to a lack of datasets large enough to discern common patterns and cover all hormones. Here, we analyze an Israeli health record on 46 million person-years, including millions of hormone blood tests. We find clear seasonal patterns: the effector hormones peak in winter-spring, whereas most of their upstream regulating pituitary hormones peak only months later, in summer. This delay of months is unexpected because known delays in the hormone circuits last hours. We explain the precise delays and amplitudes by proposing and testing a mechanism for the circannual clock: the gland masses grow with a timescale of months due to trophic effects of the hormones, generating a feedback circuit with a natural frequency of about a year that can entrain to the seasons. Thus, humans may show coordinated seasonal set-points with a winter-spring peak in the growth, stress, metabolism and reproduction axes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tendler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human hormone seasonality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.951574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anode surface bioaugmentation enhances deterministic biofilm assembly in microbial fuel cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.951574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that can generate energy while aiding biodegradation of waste through the activity of an electroactive mixed biofilm. Metabolic cooperation is considered essential for MFCs efficiency, especially during early-anode colonization. Yet, the specific ecological processes that drive the assembly of an optimized anode-attached community remain unknown. Here, we show, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing that bioaugmentation of the anode surface with an electroactive consortium originating from a well-established anodic biofilm, dominated by different Desulfuromonas strains, resulted in an extremely rapid voltage generation (reaching maximal voltage within several hours). This was in sharp contrast to the highly stochastic and slower biofilm assembly that occurred when the anode-surface was not augmented. By comparing two inoculation media, wastewater and filtered wastewater, we were able to illustrate two different "source-communities" for newly arriving species that with time colonized the anode surface in a different manner and resulted in dramatically different community assembly processes. Remarkably, an efficient anode colonization process was obtained only if unfiltered wastewater was added, leading to a near-complete replacement of the bioaugmented community by Geobacter lovleyi. We propose that anode bioaugmentation reduced stochasticity by creating available niches that were quickly occupied by specific newly-arriving species that positively supported the fast establishment of a highly-functional anode biofilm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanuka-Golub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korenblum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofek-Lalzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishpon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anode surface bioaugmentation enhances deterministic biofilm assembly in microbial fuel cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale conserved molecular principles of mRNA half-life regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of protein and mRNA degradation is essential for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Controlled and specific degradation of both molecular species necessitates their engagements with the respective degradation machineries; this engagement involves a disordered/unstructured segment of the substrate traversing the degradation tunnel of the machinery and accessing the catalytic sites. Here, we report that mRNAs comprising longer terminal and/or internal unstructured segments have significantly shorter half-lives; the lengths of the 5' terminal, 3' terminal and internal unstructured segments that affect mRNA half-life are compatible with molecular structures of the 5' exo- 3' exo- and endo-ribonuclease machineries. Sequestration into ribonucleoprotein complexes elongates mRNA half-life, presumably by burying ribonuclease engagement sites under oligomeric interfaces. After gene duplication, differences in terminal unstructured lengths, proportions of internal unstructured segments and oligomerization modes result in significantly altered half-lives of paralogous mRNAs. Side-by-side comparison of molecular principles underlying controlled protein and mRNA degradation unravels their remarkable mechanistic similarities, and suggests how the intrinsic structural features of the two molecular species regulate their half-lives on genome-scale and during evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hait, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale conserved molecular principles of mRNA half-life regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell substrate patterns driven by curvature-sensitive actin polymerization: waves and podosomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adhered to an external solid substrate are observed to exhibit rich dynamics of actin structures on the basal membrane, which are distinct from those observed on the dorsal (free) membrane. Here we explore the dynamics of curved membrane proteins, or protein complexes, that recruit actin polymerization when the membrane is confined by the solid substrate. Such curved proteins can induce the spontaneous formation of membrane protrusions on the dorsal side of cells. However, on the basal side of the cells, such protrusions can only extend as far as the solid substrate and this constraint can convert such protrusions into propagating wave-like structures. We also demonstrate that adhesion molecules can stabilize localized protrusions, that resemble some features of podosomes. This coupling of curvature and actin forces may underlie the differences in the observed actin-membrane dynamics between the basal and dorsal sides of adhered cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.953018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell substrate patterns driven by curvature-sensitive actin polymerization: waves and podosomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential tissue stiffness of body column facilitates locomotion of Hydra on solid substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bell-shaped members of Cnidaria typically move around by swimming, whereas the Hydra polyp can perform locomotion on solid substrates in aquatic environment. To address the biomechanics of locomotion on rigid substrates, we studied the  somersaulting locomotion in Hydra. We applied atomic force microscopy to measure the local mechanical properties of Hydras body column and identified the existence of differential Youngs modulus between the shoulder region versus rest of the body column at 3:1 ratio. We show that somersault primarily depends on differential tissue stiffness of the body column and is explained by computational models that accurately recapitulate the mechanics involved in this process. We demonstrate that perturbation of the observed stiffness variation in the body column by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) polymerization impairs the  somersault movement. These results provide mechanistic basis for the evolutionary significance of differential extracellular matrix properties and tissue stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unni, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajput, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puli, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.971044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential tissue stiffness of body column facilitates locomotion of Hydra on solid substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.976571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Space-time logic of liver gene expression at sublobular scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.976571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian liver performs key physiological functions for maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis. Liver tissue is both spatially structured and temporally orchestrated. Hepatocytes operate in repeating anatomical units termed lobules and different lobule zones perform distinct functions. The liver is also subject to extensive temporal regulation, orchestrated by the interplay of the circadian clock, systemic signals and feeding rhythms. Liver zonation was previously analyzed as a static phenomenon and liver chronobiology at the tissue level. Here, we use single-cell RNA-seq to investigate the interplay between gene regulation in space and time. Categorizing mRNA expression profiles using mixed-effect models and smFISH validations, we find that many genes in the liver are both zonated and rhythmic, most of them showing multiplicative space-time effects. Such dually regulated genes cover key hepatic functions such as lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, but also genes not previously associated with liver zonation such as chaperones. Our data also suggest that rhythmic and localized expression of Wnt targets could be explained by rhythmically expressed Wnt ligands from non-parenchymal cells near the central vein. Core circadian clock genes are expressed in a non-zonated manner, indicating that the liver clock is robust to zonation. Together, our comprehensive scRNA-seq analysis revealed how liver function is compartmentalized spatio-temporally at the sub-lobular scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Droin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Kholtei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muvkadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naef, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.976571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Space-time logic of liver gene expression at sublobular scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly Mechanism of Mucin and von Willebrand Factor Polymers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The respiratory and intestinal tracts are exposed to physical and biological hazards accompanying the intake of air and food. Likewise, the vasculature is threatened by inflammation and trauma. Mucin glycoproteins and the related von Willebrand factor (VWF) guard the vulnerable cell layers in these diverse systems. Colon mucins additionally house and feed the gut microbiome. Here we present an integrated structural analysis of multimerized intestinal mucin MUC2. Our findings reveal the shared mechanism by which complex macromolecules responsible for blood clotting, mucociliary clearance, and the intestinal mucosal barrier form protective polymers and hydrogels. Specifically, cryo-electron microscopy and crystal structures show how disulfide-rich bridges and pH-tunable interfaces control successive assembly steps in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Remarkably, a densely O-glycosylated mucin domain performs a specific organizational role in MUC2. The mucin assembly mechanism and its adaptation for hemostasis provide the foundation for rational manipulation of barrier function and coagulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khmelnitsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly Mechanism of Mucin and von Willebrand Factor Polymers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in tRNA modifications and abundance during T-cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tRNA pool determines the efficiency, throughput, and accuracy of translation. Previous studies have identified dynamic changes in the tRNA supply and mRNA demand during cancerous proliferation. Yet, dynamic changes may occur also during physiologically normal proliferation, and these are less characterized. We examined the tRNA and mRNA pools of T-cells during their vigorous proliferation and differentiation upon triggering their antigen receptor. We observe a global signature of switch in demand for codons at the early proliferation phase of the response, accompanied by corresponding changes in tRNA expression levels. In the later phase, upon differentiation, the response of the tRNA pool is relaxed back to basal level, potentially restraining excessive proliferation. Sequencing of tRNAs allowed us to also evaluate their diverse base-modifications. We found that two types of tRNA modifications, wybutosine and ms2t6A, are reduced dramatically during T-cell activation. These modifications occur in the anti-codon loops of two tRNAs that decode "slippery codons", that are prone to ribosomal frameshifting. Attenuation of these frameshift-protective modifications is expected to increase the potential for proteome-wide frameshifting during T-cell proliferation. Indeed, human cell lines deleted of a wybutosine writer showed increased ribosomal frameshifting, as detected with a HIV gag-pol frameshifting site reporter. These results may explain HIVs specific tropism towards proliferating T-Cells since it requires ribosomal frameshift exactly on the corresponding codon for infection. The changes in tRNA expression and modifications uncover a new layer of translation regulation during T-cell proliferation and exposes a potential trade-off between cellular growth and translation fidelity.

Significance statementThe tRNA pool decodes genetic information during translation. As such, it is subject to intricate physiological regulation in all species, across different physiological conditions. Here we show for the first time a program that governs the tRNA pool and its interaction with the transcriptome upon a physiological cellular proliferation- T-cells activation. We found that upon antigenic activation of T-cells, their tRNA and mRNA pools undergo coordinated and complementary changes, which are relaxed when cells reduce back their proliferation rate and differentiate into memory cells. We found a reduction in two particular tRNA modifications that have a role in governing translation fidelity and frameshift prevention. This exposes a vulnerability in activated T-cells that may be utilized by HIV for its replication.

ClassificationBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; cell biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.991901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in tRNA modifications and abundance during T-cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.991273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization of skeletal protein preparation for LC-MS/MS sequencing yields additional coral skeletal proteins in Stylophora pistillata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.991273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stony corals generate their calcium carbonate exoskeleton in a highly controlled biomineralization process mediated by a variety of macromolecules including proteins. Fully identifying and classifying these proteins is crucial to understanding their role in exoskeleton formation, yet no optimal method to purify and characterize the full suite of extracted coral skeletal proteins has been established and hence their complete composition remains obscure. Here, we tested four skeletal protein purification protocols using acetone precipitation and ultrafiltration dialysis filters to present a comprehensive scleractinian coral skeletal proteome. We identified a total of 60 proteins in the coral skeleton, 44 of which were not present in previously published stony coral skeletal proteomes. Extracted protein purification protocols carried out in this study revealed that no one method captures all proteins and each protocol revealed a unique set of method-exclusive proteins. To better understand the general mechanism of skeletal protein transportation, we further examined the proteins gene ontology, transmembrane domains, and signal peptides. We found that transmembrane domain proteins and signal peptide secretion pathways, by themselves, could not explain the transportation of proteins to the skeleton. We therefore propose that some proteins are transported to the skeleton via non-traditional secretion pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peled, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almuly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.991273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization of skeletal protein preparation for LC-MS/MS sequencing yields additional coral skeletal proteins in Stylophora pistillata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.998443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfopin, a selective covalent inhibitor of Pin1, blocks Myc-driven tumor initiation and growth in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.998443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, Pin1, acts as a unified signaling hub that is exploited in cancer to activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressors, in particular through up-regulation of c-Myc target genes. However, despite considerable efforts, Pin1 has remained an elusive drug target. Here, we screened an electrophilic fragment library to discover covalent inhibitors targeting Pin1s active site nucleophile - Cys113, leading to the development of Sulfopin, a double-digit nanomolar Pin1 inhibitor. Sulfopin is highly selective for Pin1, as validated by two independent chemoproteomics methods, achieves potent cellular and in vivo target engagement, and phenocopies genetic knockout of Pin1. Although Pin1 inhibition had a modest effect on viability in cancer cell cultures, Sulfopin induced downregulation of c-Myc target genes and reduced tumor initiation and tumor progression in murine and zebrafish models of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. Our results suggest that Sulfopin is a suitable chemical probe for assessing Pin1-dependent pharmacology in cells and in vivo. Moreover, these studies indicate that Pin1 should be further investigated as a potential cancer target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubiella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manz, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficarro, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozono, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doctor, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoler-Barak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangos, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffken, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Look, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.998443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfopin, a selective covalent inhibitor of Pin1, blocks Myc-driven tumor initiation and growth in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated metabolomics and proteomics of symptomatic and early pre-symptomatic states of colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two murine models for colitis were used to study multi-level changes and derive molecular signatures of colitis onset and development. By combining metabolomics data on tissues and fecal extracts with proteomics data on tissues, we provide a comprehensive picture of the metabolic profile of acute and chronic states of the disease, and most importantly, of two early pre-symptomatic states. We show that, increased anaerobic glycolysis, accompanied by altered TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, associates with inflammation-induced hypoxia taking place in colon tissues. We also demonstrate significant changes in the metabolomic profiles of fecal extracts in different colitis states, most likely associated with the dysbiosis characteristic of colitis, as well as the dysregulated tissue metabolism. Most remarkably, strong and distinctive tissue and fecal metabolomic signatures can be detected before onset of symptoms. These results highlight the diagnostic potential of global metabolomics for inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchinat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated metabolomics and proteomics of symptomatic and early pre-symptomatic states of colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCKDK regulates the TCA cycle through PDC to ensure embryonic development in the absence of PDK family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1-4) inhibit the TCA cycle by phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Here, we show that the PDK family is dispensable for the survival of murine embryonic development and that BCKDK serves as a compensatory mechanism by inactivating PDC.

First, we knocked out all four Pdk genes one by one. Surprisingly, Pdk total KO embryos developed and were born in expected ratios, but died by postnatal day 4 due to hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis.

Finding that PDC was phosphorylated in these embryos suggested that another kinase compensates for the PDK family. Bioinformatic analysis implicated brunch chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (Bckdk), a key regulator of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) catabolism. Indeed, knockout of Bckdk and the Pdk family led to loss of PDC phosphorylation, increment in PDC activity, elevation of Pyruvate flux into the TCA and early embryonic lethality. These findings reveal a new regulatory crosstalk hardwiring BCAA and glucose catabolic pathways, which feed the TCA cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentovim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenthal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCKDK regulates the TCA cycle through PDC to ensure embryonic development in the absence of PDK family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.002873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.002873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of social behaviors across taxa. On the other hand, the social environment, which is composed of conspecifics genotypes, is also known to influence the development of social behavior, creating the possibility for indirect genetic effects. Here we used a knockout line for the oxytocin receptor in zebrafish to investigate how the genotypic composition of the social environment (Es) interacts with the oxytocin genotype (G) of the focal individual in the regulation of its social behavior. For this purpose, we have raised wild-type or knock-out zebrafish in either wild-type or knock-out shoals and tested different components of social behavior in adults. GxEs effects were detected in some behaviors, highlighting the need to control for GxEs effects when interpreting results of experiments using genetically modified animals, since the social environment can either rescue or promote phenotypes associated with specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbalagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.002873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcription factor TRF2 has a unique function in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRF2 (TATA-box-binding protein-related factor 2) is an evolutionarily conserved general transcription factor that is essential for embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, C. elegans, zebrafish and Xenopus. Nevertheless, the cellular processes that are regulated by TRF2 are largely underexplored.

Here, using Drosophila Schneider cells as a model, we discovered that TRF2 regulates cell cycle progression. Using flow cytometry, high-throughput microscopy and advanced imaging-flow cytometry, we demonstrate that TRF2 knockdown regulates cell cycle progression and exerts distinct effects on G1 and specific mitotic phases. RNA-seq analysis revealed that TRF2 regulates the expression of Cyclin E and the mitotic cyclins, Cyclin A, Cyclin B and Cyclin B3, but not Cyclin D or Cyclin C. To identify proteins that could account for the observed regulation of these cyclin genes, we searched for TRF2-interacting proteins. Interestingly, mass spectrometry analysis of TRF2-containing complexes identified GFZF, a nuclear glutathione S-transferase implicated in cell cycle regulation, and Motif 1 binding protein (M1BP). Furthermore, available ChIP-exo data revealed that TRF2, GFZF and M1BP co-occupy the promoters of TRF2-regulated genes. Using RNAi to knockdown the expression of either M1BP, GFZF, TRF2 or their combinations, we demonstrate that although GFZF and M1BP interact with TRF2, it is TRF2, rather than GFZF or M1BP, that is the main factor regulating the expression of Cyclin E and the mitotic cyclins. Taken together, our findings uncover a critical and unanticipated role of a general transcription factor as a key regulator of cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloutskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasri-Plotnitsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ickowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoval, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doniger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideses, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juven-Gershon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.011288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcription factor TRF2 has a unique function in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-cell destabilization of a homo-dimeric protein complex detected by DEER spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of the cellular medium can affect proteins properties and therefore in-cell characterization of proteins is essential. We explored the stability and conformation of BIR1, the first baculoviral IAP repeat domain of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), as a model for a homo-dimer protein in human HeLa cells. We employed double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy and labeling with redox stable and rigid Gd3+ spin labels at three protein residues, C12 (flexible region), E22C and N28C (part of helical residues 26-31) in the N-terminal region. In contrast to predictions by excluded volume crowding theory, the dimer-monomer dissociation constant KD was markedly higher in cells than in solution and dilute cell lysate. As expected, this increase was recapitulated under conditions of high salt concentrations given that a conserved salt bridge at the dimer interface is critically required for association. Unexpectedly, however, also the addition of a crowding agent such as Ficoll destabilized the dimer, suggesting that Ficoll forms specific interactions with the monomeric protein. Changes in DEER distance distributions were observed for the E22C site, which displayed reduced conformational freedom in cells. Although overall DEER behaviors at E22C and N28C were compatible with a predicted compaction of disordered protein regions by excluded volume effects, we were unable to reproduce E22C properties in artificially crowded solutions. These results highlight the importance of in-cell DEER measurements to appreciate the complexities of cellular in vivo effects on protein structures and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feintuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.011510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-cell destabilization of a homo-dimeric protein complex detected by DEER spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production of Hyaluronan by the Trophectoderm is a Prerequisite for Mouse Blastocyst Attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryo implantation requires execution of highly synchronized processes at the feto-maternal interface, initiated by blastocyst attachment to the endometrial epithelium. Hyaluronan is a major ECM component known to regulate adhesion-associated biological processes in various physiological settings. We hypothesized that hyaluronan may facilitate blastocyst attachment. In order to test our hypothesis, we characterized the blastocyst expression of hyaluronan synthesizing and degrading enzymes, as well as the expression of hyaluronan receptors during attachment. The functional impact of hyaluronan was challenged by the use of mouse transgenic blastocysts, in which genes encoding for hyaluronan synthesizing enzymes were deleted using lentiviral incorporation of Cas-9 endonuclease alongside specific short-guide RNAs into the embryonic trophectoderm. Embryos with transgenic trophectoderm were tested for their attachment in vitro, or assessed for implantation in vivo, upon transfer to foster dams. Deletion of the trophectoderm hyaluronan biosynthesis significantly reduced the number of blastocysts attached to human uterine epithelium cells in vitro. Reduced attachment was also observed in vivo, in pregnant mice carrying blastocysts with hyaluronan-depleted trophectoderm. In agreement, trophectoderm expression of osteopontin, was downregulated upon depletion of hyaluronan. MRI measurements revealed a decrease in uterine blood vessels permeability. Uterine expression of VEGF-A, PTGS-2 and uterine osteopontin, which constitute the immediate response to blastocyst attachment was also reduced. Furthermore, impaired implantation, associated with a decrease in hyaluronan synthesis in the mural trophectoderm, obtained upon tamoxifen treatment, has been recovered by LIF administration. These results demonstrate that estrogen-regulated hyaluronan-synthesis in the trophectoderm is indispensable for mouse blastocysts attachment to the uterine epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production of Hyaluronan by the Trophectoderm is a Prerequisite for Mouse Blastocyst Attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.030999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cystoliths in Ficus leaves: increasing carbon fixation in saturating light by light scattering off a mineral substrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.030999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The manner in which leaves adapt to different light intensities is key for enabling plants to survive in diverse environments and in constantly changing conditions. Many studies have addressed this subject, but little attention has been given to the effect that mineral deposits in leaves can have on photosynthesis.

Here we study 6 species of Ficus and investigate how different cystolith configurations affect photosynthesis in both non-saturating and saturating light. We quantified the effect of light scattering by cystoliths on light absorption by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence intensity using microfluorimetry. We complement this by carbon assimilation measurements to directly estimate how light scattering by cystoliths affects the overall photosynthetic process.

We show that light waste is reduced when irradiance is on a cystolith compared to cystolith free tissue. Moreover, light is channeled into the center of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs more efficiently than in the outer layers. This, in turn, leads to more efficient CO2 assimilation.

We conclude that cystoliths contribute to photosynthesis optimization under saturating light. Cystoliths reduce the wasted portion of absorbed light under saturating irradiance by scattering light into the light-deprived leaf center. The increased efficiency may well provide important benefits to plants that form mineral scatterers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierantoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slomka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.030999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cystoliths in Ficus leaves: increasing carbon fixation in saturating light by light scattering off a mineral substrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of homomeric interactions and heteromers formation is the long-term fate of duplicated homomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligomeric proteins are central to life. Duplication and divergence of their genes is a key evolutionary driver, also because duplications can yield very different outcomes. Given a homomeric ancestor, duplication can yield two paralogs that form two distinct homomeric complexes, or a heteromeric complex comprising both paralogs. Alternatively, one paralog remains a homomer while the other acquires a new partner. However, so far, conflicting trends have been noted with respect to which fate dominates, primarily because different methods and criteria are being used to assign the interaction status of paralogs. Here, we systematically analyzed all Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli oligomeric complexes that include paralogous proteins. We found that the proportions of homo-hetero duplication fates strongly depend on a variety of factors, yet that nonetheless, rigorous filtering gives a consistent picture. In E. coli about 50%, of the paralogous pairs appear to have retained the ancestral homomeric interaction, whereas in S. cerevisiae only [~]10% retained a homomeric state. This difference was also observed when unique complexes were counted instead of paralogous gene pairs. We further show that this difference is accounted for by multiple cases of heteromeric yeast complexes that share common ancestry with homomeric bacterial complexes. Our analysis settles contradicting trends and conflicting previous analyses, and provides a systematic and rigorous pipeline for delineating the fate of duplicated oligomers in any organism for which protein-protein interaction data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.031351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of homomeric interactions and heteromers formation is the long-term fate of duplicated homomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic analysis of necroptotic extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necroptosis is a regulated and inflammatory form of cell death. We, and others, have previously reported that necroptotic cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have found that necroptotic EVs are loaded with proteins, including the phosphorylated form of the key necroptosis-executing factor, mixed lineage kinase domain-like kinase (MLKL). However, neither the exact protein composition, nor the impact, of necroptotic EVs have been delineated. To characterize their content, EVs from necroptotic and untreated U937 cells were isolated and analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A total of 3337 proteins were identified, sharing a high degree of similarity with exosome proteome databases, and clearly distinguishing necroptotic and control EVs. A total of 352 proteins were significantly upregulated in the necroptotic EVs. Among these were MLKL and caspase-8, as validated by immunoblot. Components of the ESCRTIII machinery and inflammatory signaling were also upregulated in the necroptotic EVs, as well as currently unreported components of vesicle formation and transport, and necroptotic signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that necroptotic EVs can be phagocytosed by macrophages to modulate cytokine and chemokine secretion. Finally, we uncovered that necroptotic EVs contain tumor neoantigens, and are enriched with components of antigen processing and presentation. In summary, our study reveals a new layer of regulation during the early stage of necroptosis, mediated by the secretion of specific EVs that influences the microenvironment and may instigate innate and adaptive immune responses. This study sheds light on new potential players in necroptotic signaling and its related EVs, and uncovers the functional tasks accomplished by the cargo of these necroptotic EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shlomovitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanovich-Arad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edry-Botzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zargarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofir-Birin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.11.037192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic analysis of necroptotic extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and enrichment of SECReTE cis-acting RNA elements in the Coronaviridae and other (+) single-strand RNA viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
cis-acting RNA motifs play a major role in regulating many aspects of RNA biology including posttranscriptional processing, nuclear export, RNA localization, translation and degradation. Here we analyzed the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other single-strand RNA (ssRNA) viruses for the presence of a unique cis RNA element called SECReTE. This motif consists of 10 or more consecutive triplet nucleotide repeats where a pyrimidine nucleotide (C or U) in present every third base, and which we identified in mRNAs encoding secreted proteins in bacteria, yeast, and humans. This motif facilitates mRNA localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), along with the enhanced translation and secretion of translated protein. We now examined for SECReTE presence in Group IV and V RNA viruses, the former including the Coronaviridae, like SARS-CoV-2 and other positive (+)ssRNA viruses, and the latter consisting of negative (-) ssRNA viruses. Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 genome contains 40 SECReTE motifs at an abundance of ~1.3 SECReTEs/kilobase (kb). Moreover, all ssRNA viruses we examined contain multiple copies of this motif and appears in (+)ssRNA viruses as non-random in occurrence and independent of genome length. Importantly, (+)ssRNA viruses (e.g. Coronaviruses and Hepaciviruses), which utilize ER membranes to create double membrane vesicles to serve as viral replication centers (VRCs), contain more SECReTE motifs per kb as compared to (-)ssRNA viruses (e.g. Rabies, Mumps, and Influenza), that replicate in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, or other (+)ssRNA viruses (e.g. Enteroviruses and Flaviviruses) which employ different organellar membranes. As predicted by our earlier work, SECReTE sequences are mostly found in membranal or ER-associated/secreted proteins. Thus, we propose that SECReTE motifs could be important for the efficient translation and secretion of secreted viral proteins, as well as for VRC formation. Future studies of SECReTE function and identification of SECReTE-binding proteins could provide new drug targets to treat COVID-19 and other (+)ssRNA related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haimovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.050088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and enrichment of SECReTE cis-acting RNA elements in the Coronaviridae and other (+) single-strand RNA viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned SPARCOM: Unfolded Deep Super-Resolution Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of photo-activated fluorescent molecules to create long sequences of low emitter-density diffraction-limited images enables high-precision emitter localization. However, this is achieved at the cost of lengthy imaging times, limiting temporal resolution. In recent years, a variety of approaches have been suggested to reduce imaging times, ranging from classical optimization and statistical algorithms to deep learning methods. Classical methods often rely on prior knowledge of the optical system and require heuristic adjustment of parameters or do not lead to good enough performance. Deep learning methods proposed to date tend to suffer from poor generalization ability outside the specific distribution they were trained on, and require learning of many parameters. They also tend to lead to black-box solutions that are hard to interpret. In this paper, we suggest combining a recent high-performing classical method, SPARCOM, with model-based deep learning, using the algorithm unfolding approach which relies on an iterative algorithm to design a compact neural network considering domain knowledge. We show that the resulting network, Learned SPARCOM (LSPARCOM), requires far fewer layers and parameters, and can be trained on a single field of view. Nonetheless it yields comparable or superior results to those obtained by SPARCOM with no heuristic parameter determination or explicit knowledge of the point spread function, and is able to generalize better than standard deep learning techniques. It even allows producing a high-quality reconstruction from as few as 25 frames. This is due to a significantly smaller network, which also contributes to fast performance - 5x improvement in execution time relative to SPARCOM, and a full order of magnitudes improvement relative to a leading competing deep learning method (Deep-STORM) when implemented serially. Our results show that we can obtain super-resolution imaging from a small number of high emitter density frames without knowledge of the optical system and across different test sets. Thus, we believe LSPARCOM will find broad use in single molecule localization microscopy of biological structures, and pave the way to interpretable, efficient live-cell imaging in a broad range of settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dardikman-Yoffe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.050294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned SPARCOM: Unfolded Deep Super-Resolution Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence determinants and evolution of splicing in budding yeast and related species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA splicing is a key process in eukaryotic gene expression. Most Intron-containing genes are constitutively spliced, hence efficient splicing of an intron is crucial for efficient gene expression. Here we use a large synthetic oligo library of ~20,000 variants to explore how different intronic sequence features affect splicing efficiency and mRNA expression levels in S. cerevisiae. Using a combinatorial design of synthetic introns we demonstrate how non-consensus splice site sequences affect splicing efficiency in each of the three splice sites. We then show that S. cerevisiae splicing machinery tends to select alternative 3 splice sites downstream of the original site, and we suggest that this tendency created a selective pressure, leading to the avoidance of cryptic splice site motifs near introns 3 ends. We further use natural intronic sequences from other yeast species, whose splicing machineries have diverged to various extents, to show how intron architectures in the various species have been adapted to the organisms splicing machinery. We suggest that the observed tendency for cryptic splicing is a result of a loss of a specific splicing factor, U2AF1. Lastly, we show that synthetic sequences containing two introns give rise to alternative RNA isoforms in S. cerevisiae, exposing intronic features that control and facilitate alternative splicing. Our study reveals novel mechanisms by which introns are shaped in evolution to allow cells to regulate their transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schirman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakhini, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.050609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence determinants and evolution of splicing in budding yeast and related species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Half of the world's tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although trees are key to ecosystem functioning, many forests and tree species across the globe face strong threats. Preserving areas of high biodiversity is a core priority for conservation; however, different dimensions of biodiversity and varied conservation targets make it difficult to respond effectively to this challenge. Here, we (i) identify priority areas for global tree conservation using comprehensive coverage of tree diversity based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and functional traits; and (ii) compare these findings to existing protected areas and global biodiversity conservation frameworks. We find that ca. 51% of the top-priority areas for tree biodiversity are located in current protected areas. The remaining half top-priority areas are subject to moderate to high human pressures, indicating conservation actions are needed to mitigate these human impacts. Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of using tree conservation priority areas for future global conservation planning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Diaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrodt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiserhardt, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belluau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruun, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerabolini, B. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon-Madrigal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccarelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelissen, J. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang-Le, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Frutos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giroldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattingh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hietz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hough-Snee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kattge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavorel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mencuccini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaletz, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niinemets, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penue</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.052464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Half of the world's tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.058677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interacting evolutionary pressures drive mutation dynamics and health outcomes in aging blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.058677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A small population of self-renewing, hematopoietic stem cells continuously reconstitutes our immune system. As we age, these cells, or their pluripotent descendants, accumulate somatic mutations; some of these mutations provide selection advantages and increase in frequency in the peripheral blood cell population. This process of positive selection, deemed age-related clonal hematopoiesis (ARCH), is associated with increased risk for cardiac disease and blood malignancies, like acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, it remains unclear why some people with ARCH do not progress to AML, even when their blood cells harbor well-known AML driver mutations. Here, we examine whether negative selection can play a role in determining AML progression by modelling the complex interplay of positive and negative selective processes. Using a novel approach combining deep learning and population genetic models, we detect pervasive negative selection in targeted sequence data from the blood of 92 pre-AML individuals and 385 healthy controls. We find that the relative proportion of passenger to driver mutations is critical in determining if the selective advantage conferred to a cell by a known driver mutation is able to overwhelm negative selection acting on passenger mutations and allow clones harbouring disease-predisposing mutations to rise to dominance. We find that a subset of non-driver genes is enriched for mildly damaging mutations in healthy individuals fitting purifying models of evolution suggesting that mutations in these genes might confer a protective role against disease-predisposing clonal expansions. Through exploring non drivercentric models of evolution, we show how different classes of evolution act to shape hematopoietic dynamics and subsequent health outcome which may better inform disease prediction and unveil novel therapeutic targets. We anticipate that our results and modelling techniques can be broadly applied to identify both driver mutations and those mildly damaging passenger mutations, as well as help understand the early evolution of cancer in other cells and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang Houle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbessi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soave, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awadalla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.058677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interacting evolutionary pressures drive mutation dynamics and health outcomes in aging blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.057752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the architectural features that predict functional similarity of neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.057752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mapping of the wiring diagrams of neural circuits promises to allow us to link structure and function of neural networks. Current approaches to analyzing connectomes rely mainly on graph-theoretical tools, but these may downplay the complex nonlinear dynamics of single neurons and networks, and the way networks respond to their inputs. Here, we measure the functional similarity of simulated networks of neurons, by quantifying the similitude of their spiking patterns in response to the same stimuli. We find that common graph theory metrics convey little information about the similarity of networks responses. Instead, we learn a functional metric between networks based on their synaptic differences, and show that it accurately predicts the similarity of novel networks, for a wide range of stimuli. We then show that a sparse set of architectural features - the sum of synaptic inputs that each neuron receives and the sum of each neurons synaptic outputs - predicts the functional similarity of networks of up to 100 cells, with high accuracy. We thus suggest new architectural design principles that shape the function of neural networks, which conform with experimental evidence of homeostatic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.057752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the architectural features that predict functional similarity of neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.064980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bistability in oxidative stress response determines the migration behavior of phytoplankton in turbulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.064980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Turbulence is an important determinant of phytoplankton physiology, often leading to cell stress and damage. Turbulence affects phytoplankton migration, both by transporting cells and by triggering switches in migratory behavior, whereby vertically migrating cells can invert their direction of migration upon exposure to turbulent cues. However, a mechanistic link between single-cell physiology and vertical migration of phytoplankton in turbulence is currently missing. Here, by combining physiological and behavioral experiments with a mathematical model of stress accumulation and dissipation, we show that the mechanism responsible for the switch in the direction of migration in the marine raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo is the integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling generated by turbulent cues. Within timescales as short as tens of seconds, the emergent downward-migrating subpopulation exhibited a two-fold increase of ROS, an indicator of stress, 15% lower photosynthetic efficiency, and 35% lower growth rate over multiple generations compared to the upward-migrating subpopulation. The origin of the behavioral split in a bistable oxidative stress response is corroborated by the observation that exposure of cells to exogenous stressors (H2O2, UV-A radiation or high irradiance), in lieu of turbulence, caused comparable ROS accumulation and an equivalent split into the two subpopulations. By providing a mechanistic link between single-cell physiology, population-scale migration and fitness, these results contribute to our understanding of phytoplankton community composition in future ocean conditions.

Significance StatementTurbulence has long been known to drive phytoplankton fitness and species succession: motile species dominate in calmer environments and non-motile species in turbulent conditions. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of the effect of turbulence on phytoplankton migratory behavior and physiology is lacking. By combining a method to generate turbulent cues, quantification of stress accumulation and physiology, and a mathematical model of stress dynamics, we show that motile phytoplankton use their mechanical stability to sense the intensity of turbulent cues and integrate these cues in time via stress signaling to trigger switches in migratory behavior. The stress-mediated warning strategy we discovered provides a paradigm for how phytoplankton cope with turbulence, thereby potentially governing which species will be successful in a changing ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrara, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.064980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bistability in oxidative stress response determines the migration behavior of phytoplankton in turbulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional profiling reveals a subset of human breast tumors that retain wt TP53 but display mutant p53-associated features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TP53 gene mutations are very common in human cancer. While such mutations abrogate the tumor suppressive activities of the wild type (wt) p53 protein, some of them also endow the mutant protein with oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF), facilitating cancer progression. Yet, p53 may acquire altered functionality even without being mutated; in particular, experiments with cultured cells revealed that wt p53 can be rewired to adopt mutant-like features in response to growth factors or cancer-mimicking genetic manipulations. To assess whether such rewiring also occurs in human tumors, we interrogated gene expression profiles and pathway deregulation patterns in the METABRIC breast cancer (BC) dataset as a function of TP53 gene mutation status. Harnessing the power of machine learning, we optimized a gene expression classifier for ER+Her2- patients that distinguishes tumors carrying TP53 mutations from those retaining wt TP53. Interestingly, a small subset of wt TP53 tumors displayed gene expression and pathway deregulation patterns markedly similar to those of TP53-mutated tumors. Moreover, similar to TP53 mutated tumors, these "pseudomutant" cases displayed a signature for enhanced proliferation and had worse prognosis than typical wt p53 tumors. Notably, these tumors revealed upregulation of genes which, in BC cell lines, were reported to be positively regulated by p53 GOF mutants. Thus, such tumors may benefit from mutant p53-associated activities without having to accrue TP53 mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mukherjee, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.070037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional profiling reveals a subset of human breast tumors that retain wt TP53 but display mutant p53-associated features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulation of the human tRNA pool reveals distinct tRNA sets that act in cellular proliferation or cell cycle arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different subsets of the tRNA pool in human are expressed in different cellular conditions. The "proliferation-tRNAs" are induced upon normal and cancerous cell division, while the "differentiation tRNAs" are active in non-dividing, differentiated cells. Here we examine the essentiality of the various tRNAs upon cellular growth and arrest. We established a CRISPR-based editing procedure with sgRNAs that each target a tRNA family. We measured tRNA essentiality for cellular growth and found that most proliferation tRNAs are essential compared to differentiation tRNAs in rapidly growing cell lines. Yet in more slowly dividing lines, the differentiation tRNAs were more essential. In addition, we measured these tRNAs roles upon response to cell cycle arresting signals. Here we detected a more complex behavior with both proliferation-tRNAs and differentiation tRNAs showing various levels of essentiality. These results provide the so-far most comprehensive functional characterization of human tRNAs with intricate roles in various proliferation states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aharon-Heferz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frumkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayshar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.070789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulation of the human tRNA pool reveals distinct tRNA sets that act in cellular proliferation or cell cycle arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic 1,2. In order to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and antigenic potential, and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools, it is essential to portray the full repertoire of its expressed proteins. The SARS-CoV-2 coding capacity map is currently based on computational predictions and relies on homology to other coronaviruses. Since coronaviruses differ in their protein array, especially in the variety of accessory proteins, it is crucial to characterize the specific collection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in an unbiased and open-ended manner. Utilizing a suite of ribosome profiling techniques 3-8, we present a high-resolution map of the SARS-CoV-2 coding regions, allowing us to accurately quantify the expression of canonical viral open reading frames (ORF)s and to identify 23 novel unannotated viral translated ORFs. These ORFs include upstream ORFs (uORFs) that are likely playing a regulatory role, several in-frame internal ORFs lying within existing ORFs, resulting in N-terminally truncated products, as well as internal out-of-frame ORFs, which generate novel polypeptides. We further show that viral mRNAs are not translated more efficiently than host mRNAs; rather, virus translation dominates host translation due to high levels of viral transcripts. Overall, our work reveals the full coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2 genome, providing a rich resource, which will form the basis of future functional studies and diagnostic efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingarten-Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom-Ronen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achdout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isrealy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface display of designer protein scaffolds on genome-reduced strains of Pseudomonas putida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is gaining considerable interest as a microbial platform for biotechnological valorization of polymeric organic materials, such as waste lignocellulose or plastics. However, P. putida on its own cannot make much use of such complex substrates, mainly because it lacks an efficient extracellular depolymerizing apparatus. We seek to meet this challenge by adopting a recombinant cellulosome strategy for this attractive host. Here, we report an essential step in this endeavor – a display of designer enzyme-anchoring protein “scaffoldins”, encompassing cohesin binding domains from divergent cellulolytic bacterial species on the P. putida surface. Two P. putida chassis strains, EM42 and EM371, with streamlined genomes and substantial differences in the composition of the outer membrane were employed in this study. Scaffoldin variants were delivered to their surface with one of four tested autotransporter systems (Ag43 from Escherichia coli), and the efficient display was confirmed by extracellular attachment of chimeric β-glucosidase and fluorescent proteins. Our results highlight the importance of cell surface engineering for display of recombinant proteins in Gram-negative bacteria and pave the way towards designer cellulosome strategies, tailored for P. putida.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lorenzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface display of designer protein scaffolds on genome-reduced strains of Pseudomonas putida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What influences selection of native phosphorelay architectures? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorelays are signal transduction circuits that combine four different phosphorylatable protein domains for sensing environmental changes and use that information to adjust cellular metabolism to the new conditions in the milieu. Five alternative circuit architectures account for more than 99% of all phosphorelay operons annotated in over 9000 fully sequenced genomes, with one of those architectures accounting for more than 72% of all cases.

Here we asked if there are biological design principles that explain the selection of preferred phosphorelay architectures in nature and what might those principles be. We created several types of data-driven mathematical models for the alternative phosphorelay architectures, exploring the dynamic behavior of the circuits in concentration and parameter space, both analytically and through over 108 numerical simulations. We compared the behavior of architectures with respect to signal amplification, speed and robustness of the response, noise in the response, and transmission of environmental information to the cell.

Clustering analysis of massive Monte Carlo simulations suggests that either information transmission or metabolic cost could be important in selecting the architecture of the phosphorelay. A more detailed study using models of kinetically well characterized phosphorelays (Spo0 of Bacillus subtilis and Sln1-Ypd1-Ssk1-Skn7 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) shows that information transmission is maximized by the natural architecture of the phosphorelay. In view of this we analyze seventeen additional phosphorelays, for which protein abundance is available but kinetic parameters are not. The architectures of 16 of these are also consistent with maximization of information transmission.

Our results highlight the complexity of the genotype (architecture, parameter values, and protein abundance) to phenotype (physiological output of the circuit) mapping in phosphorelays. The results also suggest that maximizing information transmission through the circuit is important in the selection of natural circuit genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alves, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvado, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilaprinyo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorribas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What influences selection of native phosphorelay architectures?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite Inhibition of SRC-WNT-PKC Signalling Consolidates Human Naive Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different conditions have been devised to isolate MEK/ERK signalling independent human naive pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that are distinct from conventional primed PSCs and better correspond to pre-implantation developmental stages. While the naive conditions described thus far endow human PSCs with different extents of naivety features, isolating human pluripotent cells that retain characteristics of ground state pluripotency while maintaining differentiation potential and genetic integrity, remains a major challenge. Here we engineer reporter systems that allow functional screening for conditions that can endow both the molecular and functional features expected from human naive pluripotency. We establish that simultaneous inhibition of SRC-NF{kappa}B, WNT/{beta}CATENIN and PKC signalling pathways is essential for enabling expansion of teratoma competent fully naive human PSCs in defined or xeno-free conditions. Divergent signalling and transcriptional requirements for maintaining naive pluripotency were found between mouse and human. Finally, we establish alternative naive conditions in which MEK/ERK inhibition is substituted with inhibition for NOTCH/RBPj signalling, which allow obtaining alternative human naive PSCs with diminished risk for loss of imprinting and deleterious global DNA hypomethylation. Our findings set a framework for the signalling foundations of human naive pluripotency and may advance its utilization in future translational applications.

Highlights of key findingsO_LICombined inhibition of SRC, WNT and PKC signaling consolidates human naive pluripotency
C_LIO_LIStable expansion of DNA/RNA methylation-independent and TGF/ACTIVIN-independent human naive PSCs
C_LIO_LIOpposing roles for ACTIVIN and WNT/{beta}CATENIN signaling on mouse vs. human naive pluripotency
C_LIO_LI2i and MEK/ERKi independent alternative human naive PSC conditions via inhibiting NOTCH/RBPj signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gafni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livnat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yosef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite Inhibition of SRC-WNT-PKC Signalling Consolidates Human Naive Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the architecture of regulatory variation provides insights into the evolution of complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOrganisms evolve complex traits by recruiting existing programs to new contexts, referred as co-option. Within a species, single upstream regulators can trigger full differentiation programs. Distinguishing whether co-option of differentiation programs results from variation in single regulator, or in multiple genes, is key for understanding how complex traits evolve. As an experimentally accessible model for studying this question we turned to budding yeast, where a differentiation program (filamentous) is activated in S. cerevisiae only upon starvation, but used by the related species S. paradoxus also in rich conditions.

ResultsTo define expression variations associated with species-specific activation of the filamentous program, we profiled the transcriptome of S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and their hybrid along two cell cycles at 5-minutes resolution. As expected in cases of co-option, expression of oscillating genes varies between the species in synchrony with their growth phenotypes and was dominated by upstream trans-variations. Focusing on regulators of filamentous growth, we identified gene-linked variations (cis) in multiple genes across regulatory layers, which propagated to affect expression of target genes, as well as binding specificities of downstream transcription factor. Unexpectedly, variations in regulators essential for S. cerevisiae filamentation were individually too weak to explain activation of this program in S. paradoxus.

ConclusionsOur study reveals the complex architecture of regulatory variation associated with species-specific use of a differentiation program. Based on these results, we suggest a new model in which evolutionary co-option of complex traits is stabilized in a distributed manner through multiple weak-effect variations accumulating throughout the regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lupo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the architecture of regulatory variation provides insights into the evolution of complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallographic and electrophilic fragment screening of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, lacks effective therapeutics. Additionally, no antiviral drugs or vaccines were developed against the closely related coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1 or MERS-CoV, despite previous zoonotic outbreaks. To identify starting points for such therapeutics, we performed a large-scale screen of electrophile and non-covalent fragments through a combined mass spectrometry and X-ray approach against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, one of two cysteine viral proteases essential for viral replication. Our crystallographic screen identified 71 hits that span the entire active site, as well as 3 hits at the dimer interface. These structures reveal routes to rapidly develop more potent inhibitors through merging of covalent and non-covalent fragment hits; one series of low-reactivity, tractable covalent fragments was progressed to discover improved binders. These combined hits offer unprecedented structural and reactivity information for on-going structure-based drug design against SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douangamath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krojer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strain-Damerell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>aimon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abranyi-Balogh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao-Neto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carberry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firth, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keserü, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, M. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waring, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.118117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallographic and electrophilic fragment screening of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRosettaC: Rosetta based modeling of PROTAC mediated ternary complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which induce degradation by recruitment of an E3 ligase to a target protein, are gaining much interest as a new pharmacological modality. However, designing PROTACs is challenging. Formation of a ternary complex between the protein target, the PROTAC and the recruited E3 ligase is considered paramount for successful degradation. A structural model of this ternary complex could in principle inform rational PROTAC design. Unfortunately, only a handful of structures are available for such complexes, necessitating tools for their modeling. We developed a combined protocol that alternates between sampling of the protein-protein interaction space and the PROTAC molecule conformational space. Application of this protocol - PRosettaC - to a benchmark of known PROTAC ternary complexes results in near-native predictions, with often atomic accuracy prediction of the protein chains, as well as the PROTAC binding moieties. It allowed the modeling of a CRBN/BTK complex that recapitulated experimental results for a series of PROTACs. PRosettaC generated models may be used to design PROTACs for new targets, as well as improve PROTACs for existing targets, potentially cutting down time and synthesis efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRosettaC: Rosetta based modeling of PROTAC mediated ternary complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many photosynthetic organisms employ a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to increase the rate of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. CCMs catalyze ≈50% of global photosynthesis, yet it remains unclear which genes and proteins are required to produce this complex adaptation. We describe the construction of a functional CCM in a non-native host, achieved by expressing genes from an autotrophic bacterium in an engineered E. coli strain. Expression of 20 CCM genes enabled E. coli to grow by fixing CO2 from ambient air into biomass, with growth depending on CCM components. Bacterial CCMs are therefore genetically compact and readily transplanted, rationalizing their presence in diverse bacteria. Reconstitution enabled genetic experiments refining our understanding of the CCM, thereby laying the groundwork for deeper study and engineering of the cell biology supporting CO2 assimilation in diverse organisms.One Sentence Summary A bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism enables E. coli to fix CO2 from ambient air.Competing Interest StatementD.F.S. is a co-founder of Scribe Therapeutics and a scientific advisory board member of Scribe Therapeutics and Mammoth Biosciences. A.B.-E. is co-founder of b.fab. These companies were not involved in this research in any way. All other authors declare no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of robust microbiome associations with phenotypic traits based on large-scale cohorts from two continents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous human conditions are associated with the microbiome, yet studies are inconsistent as to the magnitude of the associations and the bacteria involved, likely reflecting insufficiently employed sample sizes. Here, we collected diverse phenotypes and gut microbiota from 34,057 individuals from Israel and the U.S.. Analyzing these data using a much-expanded microbial genomes set, we derive an atlas of robust and numerous unreported associations between bacteria and physiological human traits, which we show to replicate in cohorts from both continents. Using machine learning models trained on microbiome data, we predict human traits with high accuracy across continents. Subsampling our cohort to smaller cohort sizes yielded highly variable models and thus sensitivity to the selected cohort, underscoring the utility of large cohorts and possibly explaining the source of discrepancies across studies. Finally, many of our prediction models saturate at these numbers of individuals, suggesting that similar analyses on larger cohorts may not further improve these predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leviatan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanemann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of robust microbiome associations with phenotypic traits based on large-scale cohorts from two continents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.116467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decision-making in a synthetic cell: the limits of biological computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.116467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We measured the dynamics of decision-making by a minimal bistable gene network integrated in a synthetic cell model, free of external perturbations. Reducing the number of gene copies from 105 to about 10 per cell revealed a transition from deterministic and slow computation to a fuzzy and rapid regime dominated by singleprotein fluctuations. Fuzzy computation appeared at DNA and protein concentrations 100-fold lower than necessary in equilibrium, suggesting rate enhancement by co-expressional localization. Whereas the high-copy regime was characterized by a sharp transition, hysteresis and robust memory, the low-copy limit showed incipient strong fluctuations, switching between states, and a signature of cellular individuality across the decision-making point. Our work establishes synthetic cells operating rapidly at the single molecule level to integrate gene regulatory networks with metabolic pathways for sustained survival with low energetic cost.One Sentence Summary Decision-making in a synthetic cell can be slow and precise or rapid and probabilistic by reducing the number of computing molecules by five decades down to single-molecule fluctuations.Competing Interest StatementThe Noireaux laboratory receives research funds from Arbor Biosciences, a distributor of the myTXTL cell-free protein synthesis kit.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daube, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noireaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.116467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decision-making in a synthetic cell: the limits of biological computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paleoclimate and current climate collectively shape the phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trees are of vital importance for ecosystem functioning and services at local to global scales, yet we still lack a detailed overview of the global patterns of tree diversity and the underlying drivers, particularly the imprint of paleoclimate. Here, we present the high-resolution (110 km) worldwide mapping of tree species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversities based on [~]7 million quality-assessed occurrences for 46,752 tree species (80.5% of the estimated total number of tree species), and subsequent assessments of the influence of paleo-climate legacies on these patterns. All three tree diversity dimensions exhibited the expected latitudinal decline. Contemporary climate emerged as the strongest driver of all diversity patterns, with Pleistocene and deeper-time (>107 years) paleoclimate as important co-determinants, and, notably, with past cold and drought stress being linked to reduced current diversity. These findings demonstrate that tree diversity is affected by paleoclimate millions of years back in time and highlight the potential for tree diversity losses from future climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Diaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrodt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiserhardt, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blach-Overgaard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belluau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruun, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerabolini, B. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacón-Madrigal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccarelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelissen, J. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang-Le, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Frutos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giroldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattingh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hietz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hough-Snee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kattge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>klein, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavorel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mencuccini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaletz, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niinemets, Ülo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onste</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.128975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paleoclimate and current climate collectively shape the phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designer protein assemblies with tunable phase diagrams in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The self-organization of proteins into specific assemblies is a hallmark of biological systems. Principles governing protein-protein interactions have long been known. However, principles by which such nanoscale interactions generate diverse phenotypes of mesoscale assemblies, including phase-separated compartments, remains challenging to characterize and understand. To illuminate such principles, we create a system of two proteins designed to interact and form mesh-like assemblies in living cells. We devise a novel strategy to map high-resolution phase diagrams in vivo, which provide mesoscale self-assembly signatures of our system. The structural modularity of the two protein components allows straightforward modification of their molecular properties, enabling us to characterize how point mutations that change their interaction affinity impact the phase diagram and material state of the assemblies in vivo. Both, the phase diagrams and their dependence on interaction affinity were captured by theory and simulations, including out-of-equilibrium effects seen in growing cells. Applying our system to interrogate biological mechanisms of self-assembly, we find that co-translational protein binding suffices to recruit an mRNA to the designed micron-scale structures.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heidenreich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locatelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovigatti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadav, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doye, J. P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.131433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designer protein assemblies with tunable phase diagrams in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent functional compensation between Ythdf m6A readers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent post-transcriptional mRNA modification, regulating mRNA decay, translation and splicing. It plays a major role during normal development, differentiation, and disease progression. The modification is dynamically regulated by a set of writer, eraser and reader proteins. The YTH-domain family of proteins: Ythdf1, Ythdf2, and Ythdf3, are three homologous m6A binding proteins, which have different cellular functions. However, their sequence similarity and their tendency to bind the same targets suggest that they may have overlapping roles. We systematically knocked out (KO) the Mettl3 writer for each of the Ythdf readers and for the three readers together (triple-KO). We then estimated the effect in-vivo, in mouse gametogenesis and viability, and in-vitro, in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We show that in gametogenesis, Mettl3-KO severity is increased as the deletion occurs earlier in the process, and Ythdf2 has a dominant role that cannot be compensated by Ythdf1 or Ythdf3, possibly due to differences in readers expression, both in quantity and in spatial location. By knocking out the three readers together and systematically testing offspring genotypes, we have revealed a redundancy in the readers role during early development, a redundancy which is dosage-dependent. Additionally, we show that in mESCs there is compensation between the three readers, since the inability to differentiate and the significant effect on mRNA decay occur only in the triple-KO cells and not in the single KOs. Thus, we suggest a novel model for the Ythdf readers function. There is a dosage-dependent redundancy when all three readers are co-expressed in the same location in the cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashank, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.131441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent functional compensation between Ythdf m6A readers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved profiling reveals ATF3 as a novel mediator of endocrine resistance in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. Patients whose tumors express Estrogen Receptor  (ER) account for around 70% of cases and are mostly treated with targeted endocrine therapy. However, 40% of these tumors eventually relapse due to resistance development and further treatment of these patients is highly ineffective. In this study we profiled the early phases of the resistance development process to uncover drivers of this phenomenon. Time-resolved analysis revealed that ATF3, a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, acts as a novel regulator of the response to therapy via rewiring of central signaling processes towards the adaptation to endocrine treatment. ATF3 was found to be essential in controlling crucial processes such as proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis during the early response to treatment through the regulation of MAPK/AKT signaling pathways. Its essential role was confirmed in vivo in a mouse model and elevated expression of ATF3 was verified in patient datasets, adding clinical relevance to our findings. This study proposes ATF3 as a novel mediator of endocrine resistance development in breast cancer and elucidates its role in the regulation of downstream pathways activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borgoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofyali, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani Dodaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Decker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noronha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschure, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kampen, A. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerland, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.139659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved profiling reveals ATF3 as a novel mediator of endocrine resistance in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the evolution of chaperones and co-chaperones and the exponential expansion of proteome complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the Tree of Life (ToL), the complexity of proteomes varies widely. Our systematic analysis depicts that from the simplest archaea to mammals, the total number of proteins per proteome expanded ~200-fold. Individual proteins also became larger, and multi-domain proteins expanded ~50-fold. Apart from duplication and divergence of existing proteins, completely new proteins were born. Along the ToL, the number of different folds expanded ~5-fold and fold-combinations ~20-fold. Proteins prone to misfolding and aggregation, such as repeat and beta-rich proteins, proliferated ~600-fold, and accordingly, proteins predicted as aggregation-prone became 6-fold more frequent in mammalian compared to bacterial proteomes. To control the quality of these expanding proteomes, core-chaperones, ranging from HSP20s that prevent aggregation to HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP100 acting as ATP-fueled unfolding and refolding machines, also evolved. However, these core-chaperones were already available in prokaryotes, and they comprise ~0.3% of all genes from archaea to mammals. This challenge--roughly the same number of core-chaperones supporting a massive expansion of proteomes, was met by (i) higher cellular abundances of the ancient generalist core-chaperones, and (ii) continuous emergence of new substrate-binding and nucleotide-exchange factor co-chaperones that function cooperatively with core-chaperones, as a network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebeaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloubinoff, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the evolution of chaperones and co-chaperones and the exponential expansion of proteome complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.145383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microvillar cartography: a super-resolution single-molecule imaging method to map the positions of membrane proteins with respect to cellular surface topography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.145383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Microvillar Cartography (MC), a method to map proteins on cellular surfaces with respect to the membrane topography. The surfaces of many cells are not smooth, but are rather covered with various protrusions such as microvilli. These protrusions may play key roles in multiple cellular functions, due to their ability to control the distribution of specific protein assemblies on the cell surface. Thus, for example, we have shown that the T-cell receptor and several of its proximal signaling proteins reside on microvilli, while others are excluded from these projections. These results have indicated that microvilli can function as key signaling hubs for the initiation of the immune response. MC has facilitated our observations of particular surface proteins and their specialized distribution on microvillar and non-microvillar compartments. MC combines membrane topography imaging, using variable-angle total internal microscopy, with stochastic localization nanoscopy, which generates deep sub-diffraction maps of protein distribution. Since the method is based on light microscopy, it avoids some of the pitfalls inherent to electron-microscopy-based techniques, such as dehydration, carbon coating and immunogold clustering, and is amenable to future developments involving e.g. live-cell imaging. This Protocol details the procedures we developed for MC, which can be readily adopted to study a broad range of cell surface molecules and dissect their distribution within distinct surface assemblies under multiple cell activation states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.145383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microvillar cartography: a super-resolution single-molecule imaging method to map the positions of membrane proteins with respect to cellular surface topography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.127076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential cellular responses to adhesive interactions with galectin-8 and fibronectin coated substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.127076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying the cellular response to extracellular matrices (ECM), consisting of multiple adhesive ligands, each with distinct properties, are still poorly understood. Here we address this topic by monitoring the cellular responses to two very different extracellular adhesion molecules - fibronectin and galectin-8 - and to mixtures of the two. Fibronectin is one of the major integrin ligands, inducing cell spreading and development of focal adhesions associated with contractile stress fibers. Galectin-8 is a mammalian lectin, which specifically binds to {beta}-galactoside residues present on some integrins, as well as to other cell surface receptors. We found marked differences in HeLa-JW cell spreading, assembly of focal adhesions and actomyosin stress fibers, and formation of adherent filopodia, on rigid flat substrates functionalized by fibronectin or galectin-8 alone, or by mixtures of these two proteins. Spreading on galectin-8 resulted in a larger projected cell area compared to that on fibronectin, by more extensive formation of filopodia, coupled with an inability to activate focal adhesion and stress fiber assembly. These differences could be partially reversed by experimental manipulations of small G-proteins of the Rho family and their downstream targets, such as formins, the Arp2/3 complex, and Rho kinase. Another factor affecting the spreading process was shown to be the enhanced physical adhesion of the cells to galectin-8, as compared to fibronectin. Notably, at least one process, the formation of adherent filopodia, was synergistically upregulated by both ligands, so filopodia development on the substrate coated with a mixture of fibronectin and galectin-8 was far more prominent than on each ligand alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancho, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groll, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.127076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential cellular responses to adhesive interactions with galectin-8 and fibronectin coated substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial Tissues as Active Solids: From Nonlinear Contraction Pulses to Rupture Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tissues in many contexts can be viewed as soft active solids. Their active nature is manifested in the ability of individual cells within the tissue to contract and/or remodel their mechanical properties in response to various conditions. Little is known about the emergent properties of such materials. Specifically, how an individual cellular activity gives rise to collective spatiotemporal patterns is not fully understood. Recently we reported the observation of ultrafast contraction pulses in the dorsal epithelium of T.adhaerens in vivo [1] and speculated these propagate via mechanical fields. Other accumulating evidence suggest mechanics is involved in similar contractile patterns in embryonic development in vivo and in cellular monolayers in vitro. Here we show that a widespread cellular response - activation of contraction in response to stretch - is sufficient to give rise to nonlinear propagating contraction pulses. Using a minimal numerical model and theoretical considerations we show how such mechanical pulses emerge and propagate, spontaneously or in response to external stretch. The model - whose mathematical structure resembles that of reaction-diffusion systems - explains observed phenomena in T. adhaerens (e.g. excitable or spontaneous pulses, pulse interaction) and predicts other phenomena (e.g. symmetric strain profile, "spike trains"). Finally, we show that in response to external tension, such an active two-dimensional sheet lowers and dynamically distributes the strains across its surface, hence facilitating tissue resistance to rupture. Adding a cellular softening-threshold further enhances the tissue resistance to rupture at cell-cell junctions. As cohesion is at the heart of epithelial physiology, our model may be relevant to many other epithelial systems, even if manifested at different time/length scales.

SignificanceOur work demonstrates that many observed dynamical phenomena in epithelial tissues can be explained merely by mechanical cell-cell interactions, and do not require chemical diffusion or transport between cells (though chemical activity may participate in relevant intracellular processes). Specifically, we show that single cell extension-induced-contraction (EIC) is sufficient to generate propagating contraction pulses, which also increase the tissues resistance to rupture, an essential function of epithelia. Our results may shed light on how epithelial tissues function under challenging physiological conditions, e.g. in lung, gut, vasculature and other biomedical contexts. Our results may also be relevant in the study of early evolution of multicellularity and the nervous-muscular systems. Finally, the work offers guidelines for designing soft synthetic solids with improved mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial Tissues as Active Solids: From Nonlinear Contraction Pulses to Rupture Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular lid mechanism for K+ channel blockers revealed by a cone peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many venomous organisms carry in their arsenal short polypeptides that block K+ channels in a highly selective manner. These toxins may compete with the permeating ions directly via a “plug” mechanism or indirectly via a “pore-collapse” mechanism. An alternative “lid” mechanism was proposed but remained poorly defined. Here we study the block of the Drosophila Shaker channel by Conknunitzin-S1 and Conkunitzin-C3, two highly similar toxins derived from cone venom. Despite their similarity, the two peptides exhibited differences in their binding poses and in biophysical assays, implying discrete modes of action. We show that while Conknunitzin-S1 binds tightly to the channel turret and acts via a “pore-collapse” mechanism, Conkunitzin-C3 does not contact this region. Instead, Conk-C3 uses a non-conserved Arg to divert the permeant ions and trap them in off-axis cryptic sites above the SF, a mechanism we term a “molecular-lid”. Our study provides an atomic description of the “lid” K+ blocking mode and offers valuable insights for the design of therapeutics based on venom peptides.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saikia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altma-Gueta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular lid mechanism for K+ channel blockers revealed by a cone peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.155028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VEGFC induced cell cycle arrest mediates sprouting and differentiation of venous and lymphatic endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.155028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence and growth of new vessels requires a tight synchronization between proliferation, differentiation and sprouting, traditionally thought to be controlled by mitogenic signals, especially of the VEGF family. However, how these cues are differentially transduced, by sometimes even neighboring endothelial cells (ECs), remains unclear. Here we identify cell-cycle progression as a new regulator of EC sprouting and differentiation. Using transgenic zebrafish illuminating cell-cycle stages, we show that venous and lymphatic precursors sprout from the Cardinal Vein (CV) exclusively in G0/G1, and reveal that cell-cycle arrest is induced in these ECs by p53 and the CDK-inhibitors p27 and p21. Moreover, we demonstrate that in vivo, chemical and genetic cell-cycle inhibition, results in massive vascular growth. Mechanistically, we identify the mitogenic VEGFC/VEGFR3/ERK axis as direct inducer of cell-cycle arrest in angiogenic ECs and characterize the cascade of events governing venous vs. lymphatic segregation and sprouting. Overall, our results uncover an unexpected mechanism whereby mitogen-controlled cell-cycle arrest boosts sprouting, raising important questions about the use of cell-cycle inhibitors in pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerafi-Vider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Splittstoesser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.155028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VEGFC induced cell cycle arrest mediates sprouting and differentiation of venous and lymphatic endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.156273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial retrons function in anti-phage defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.156273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrons are bacterial genetic elements comprised of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and a non-coding RNA. The RT uses the non-coding RNA as a template, generating a chimeric RNA/DNA molecule in which the RNA and DNA components are covalently linked. Although retrons were discovered three decades ago, their function remained unknown. In this study we report that retrons function as anti-phage defense systems. The defensive unit is composed of three components: the RT, the non-coding RNA, and an effector protein. Retron-containing systems are abundant in genomic "defense islands", suggesting a role for most retrons in phage resistance. By cloning multiple retron systems into a retron-less Escherichia coli strain, we show that these systems confer defense against a broad range of phages, with different retrons defending against different phages. Focusing on a single retron, Ec48, we show evidence that it is a "guardian" of RecBCD, a complex with central anti-phage functions in the bacterial cell. Inhibition of RecBCD by dedicated phage proteins activates the retron, leading to abortive infection and cell death. Thus, the Ec48 retron forms a second line of defense that is triggered if the first lines of defense have collapsed. Our results expose a new family of anti-phage defense systems abundant in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokar-Avihail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voichek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.156273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial retrons function in anti-phage defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.163360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging of chromatin distribution in muscle nuclei reveals novel principles of nuclear architecture and chromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.163360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Packaging of the chromatin within the nucleus serves as an important factor in the regulation of transcriptional output. However, information on chromatin architecture on nuclear scale in fully differentiated cells, under physiological conditions and in live organisms, is largely unavailable. Here, we imaged nuclei and chromatin in muscle fibers of live, intact Drosophila larvae. In contrast to the common view that chromatin is distributed throughout the nuclear volume, we show that the entire chromatin, including active and repressed regions, forms a peripheral layer underneath the nuclear lamina, leaving a chromatin-devoid compartment at the nucleus center. Importantly, visualization of nuclear compartmentalization required imaging of un-fixed nuclei embedded within their intrinsic tissue environment, with preserved nuclear volume. Upon fixation of similar muscle nuclei, we observed an average of three-fold reduction in nuclear volume caused by dehydration and evidenced by nuclear flattening. In these conditions, the peripheral chromatin layer was not detected anymore, demonstrating the importance of preserving native biophysical tissue environment. We further show that nuclear compartmentalization is sensitive to the levels of lamin C, since over-expression of lamin C-GFP in muscle nuclei resulted in detachment of the peripheral chromatin layer from the lamina and its collapse into the nuclear center. Computer simulations of chromatin distribution recapitulated the peripheral chromatin organization observed experimentally, when binding of lamina associated domains (LADs) was incorporated with chromatin self-attractive interactions. Reducing the number of LADs led to collapse of the chromatin, similarly to our observations following lamin C over-expression. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mode of mesoscale organization of chromatin within the nucleus in a live organism, in which the chromatin forms a peripheral layer separated from the nuclear interior. This architecture may be essential for robust transcriptional regulation in fully differentiated cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amiad Pavlov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.163360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging of chromatin distribution in muscle nuclei reveals novel principles of nuclear architecture and chromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling heterogeneity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer highlights potency of WEE1 and BCL-XL targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by a remarkable molecular heterogeneity. Currently, there are no effective druggable targets and advanced preclinical models of the human disease. Here, we generated a unique mouse model (MMTV-R26Met mice) of mammary tumors driven by a subtle increase in the expression of the wild-type MET receptor. MMTV-R26Met mice develop spontaneous, exclusive TNBC tumors, recapitulating primary resistance to treatment of patients. Proteomic profiling of MMTV-R26Met tumors and machine learning approach showed that the model faithfully recapitulates inter-tumoral heterogeneity of human TNBC. Further signaling network analysis highlighted potential druggable targets, of which co-targeting of WEE1 and BCL-XL synergistically killed TNBC cells and efficiently induced tumor regression. Mechanistically, BCL-XL inhibition exacerbates the dependency of TNBC cells on WEE1 function, leading to Histone H3 and phosphoS33RPA32 upregulation, RRM2 downregulation, cell cycle perturbation, mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Our study introduces a unique, powerful mouse model for studying TNBC formation and evolution, its heterogeneity, and for identifying efficient therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamballe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailly, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josselin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayrou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charafe-Jauffret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling heterogeneity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer highlights potency of WEE1 and BCL-XL targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced nuclear lamin A/C enhances cancer cell squeezing through rigid barriers, does not facilitate endothelial crossing, and impairs experimental metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which the nuclear lamina of tumor cells controls their migration and survival are poorly understood. Lamin A and its variant lamin C are key nuclear lamina proteins that control nucleus stiffness and chromatin conformation. Downregulation of lamin A/C levels in two metastatic lines, B16F10 melanoma and E0771 breast carcinoma, facilitated cell squeezing through rigid pores, elevated nuclear deformability and reduced heterochromatin. Unexpectedly, the transendothelial migration of both cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, through lung capillaries, was not elevated by lamin A/C knockdown. Both cancer cells with lamin A/C knockdown grew normally in primary tumors and in vitro on rigid surfaces. Strikingly, however, both lamin A/C deficient melanoma and breast cancer cells grew poorly in 3D spheroids expanded in soft agar cultures. Experimental lung metastasis of both lamin A/C knockdown cells was also markedly reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that high content of lamin A/C in multiple cancer cells promotes cancer cell survival and ability to generate lung metastasis without compromising cancer cell emigration from lung vessels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigelson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarczyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drago-Garcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Almeida, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced nuclear lamin A/C enhances cancer cell squeezing through rigid barriers, does not facilitate endothelial crossing, and impairs experimental metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability of dynamic patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia: A test-retest TMS-EEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAltered stimuli processing is a key feature of schizophrenia. Application of concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is an effective stimulus which allows direct measurement of the cortical response within a millisecond time resolution. Test-retest TMS-EEG studies present evidence of high reproducibility in healthy controls (HC), however, this stability of response has not been examined in schizophrenia.

ObjectiveThe current study maps TMS-evoked patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia and examine whether these cortical patterns are amenable to change as symptoms of schizophrenia improve.

MethodsOne hundred single-pulse TMS and 100 sham pulses were applied to frontal regions of 19 schizophrenia in-patients and 26 HC while electroencephalography data were simultaneously acquired. Medication and schizophrenia symptoms were reported. This protocol was repeated across three sessions (1 week apart) for each participant. The TMS-evoked cortical response of each participant was averaged and compared between groups.

ResultsSchizophrenia patients showed reduced cortical excitability at early time-windows and increased excitability at later time-windows. Increased excitability at later windows was associated with heightened symptom severity. Schizophrenia patients showed an increased variability in cortical response over sessions relative to HC. Increased change in cortical response from session 1 to session 3 correlated with symptom improvement.

ConclusionsSchizophrenia patients presented with abnormal patterns of cortical excitability when processing TMS stimuli. These dynamic patterns of cortical response were amenable to change as symptoms of schizophrenia improved. Further research into electrophysiological biomarkers of symptom improvement is hoped to improve current diagnosis and treatment models of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim-Feil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.170019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability of dynamic patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia: A test-retest TMS-EEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of human gut microbiome composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study the effect of host genetics on gut microbiome composition, the MiBioGen consortium curated and analyzed genome-wide genotypes and 16S fecal microbiome data from 18,340 individuals (24 cohorts). Microbial composition showed high variability across cohorts: only 9 out of 410 genera were detected in more than 95% samples. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of host genetic variation in relation to microbial taxa identified 31 loci affecting microbiome at a genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) threshold. One locus, the lactase (LCT) gene locus, reached study-wide significance (GWAS signal P=1.28x10-20), and it showed an age-dependent association with Bifidobacterium abundance. Other associations were suggestive (1.95x10-10<P<5x10-8) but enriched for taxa showing high heritability and for genes expressed in the intestine and brain. A phenome-wide association study and Mendelian randomization identified enrichment of microbiome trait loci in the metabolic, nutrition and environment domains and suggested the microbiome has causal effects in ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacigalupe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radjabzadeh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirkan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roy, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raygoza Garay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnicum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhlemann, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lull, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szopinska-Tokov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agreus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedrani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisgaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claringbould, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duijts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falony, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Graaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of human gut microbiome composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.175851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed mRNA assembly into ribonucleoprotein particles plays an operon-like role in the control of yeast cell physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.175851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotes utilize polycistronic messages (operons) to co-translate proteins involved in the same biological process. Whether eukaryotes achieve similar regulation by selectively assembling monocistronic messages derived from different chromosomes is unclear. We employed transcript-specific RNA pulldowns and RNA-seq/RT-PCR to identify mRNAs that co-precipitate into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles in yeast. Consistent with the hypothesis of eukaryotic RNA operons, mRNAs encoding components of the mating pathway, heat shock proteins, and mitochondrial outer membrane proteins multiplex in trans to form discrete mRNP particles, termed transperons. Chromatin-capture experiments reveal that genes encoding multiplexed mRNAs physically interact, thus, RNA assembly may result from co-regulated gene expression. Transperon assembly and function depends upon H4 histones and their depletion leads to defects in RNA multiplexing, resulting in decreased pheromone responsiveness and mating, and increased heat shock sensitivity. We propose that intergenic associations and non-canonical H4 histone functions contribute to transperon formation in eukaryotic cells to regulate cell physiology.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabezhinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelin-Licht, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhr, M. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperber, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.175851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed mRNA assembly into ribonucleoprotein particles plays an operon-like role in the control of yeast cell physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing active viral infection reveals diverse cell fates in synchronized algal bloom demise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine viruses are considered as major evolutionary and biogeochemical drivers of microbial life, through metabolic reprogramming of their host and cell lysis that modulates nutrient cycling1, primary production and carbon export in the oceans2. Despite the fact that viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the marine environment, we still lack mechanistic and quantitative approaches to assess their impact on the marine food webs. Here, we provide the first quantification of active viral infection, during bloom succession of the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, by subcellular visualization of both virus and host transcripts on a single cell resolution across thousands of cells. Using this novel method, that we coined Virocell-FISH, we revealed that distinct transcriptional states co-exist during the infection dynamics, and that viral infection reached only a quarter of the E. huxleyi population although the bloom demised in a synchronized manner. Through a detailed laboratory time-course infection of E. huxleyi by its lytic large virus EhV, we quantitatively show that metabolically active infected cells chronically release viral particles, and that viral-induced lysis is not systematically accompanied by virion increase, thus challenging major assumptions regarding the life cycle of giant lytic viruses. Using Virocell-FISH, we could further assess in a new resolution, the level of viral infection in cell aggregates, a key ecosystem process that can facilitate carbon export to the deep ocean3. We project that our approach can be applied to diverse marine microbial systems, opening a mechanistic dimension to the study of host-pathogen interactions in the ocean.

One Sentence SummaryQuantifying active viral infection in algal blooms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheyn, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing active viral infection reveals diverse cell fates in synchronized algal bloom demise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Line-FRAP, a versatile method based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure diffusion rates in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cell is a densely packed conglomerate of macromolecules, where diffusion is essential for their function. The crowded conditions may affect diffusion both through hard (occluded space) and soft (weak, non-specific) interactions. Multiple-methods have been developed to measure diffusion rates at physiological protein concentrations within cells, however, each of them has its limitations. Here, we introduce Line-FRAP, a method based on measuring recovery of photobleaching under a confocal microscope that allows diffusion rate measurements for fast diffusing molecules to be measured in versatile environments using standard equipment. Implementation of Line mode to the classical FRAP technique greatly improves the time resolution in data acquisition, from 20-50 Hz in the classical mode to 800 Hz in the line mode. We also introduce an updated method for data analysis to obtain diffusion coefficients in various environments, with the number of pixels bleached at the first frame after bleaching being a critical parameter. We evaluated the method using different proteins either chemically labelled or by fusion to YFP. The calculated diffusion rates were comparable to literature data as measured in vitro, in HeLa cells and in E.coli. Diffusion coefficients in HeLa was ~2.5-fold slower and in E. coli 15-fold slower than measured in buffer. Moreover, we show that increasing the osmotic pressure on E.coli further decreases diffusion, till a point where proteins stop to move. The method presented here is easy to apply on a standard confocal microscope, fits a large range of molecules with different sizes and provides robust results in any conceivable environment and protein concentration for fast diffusing molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Line-FRAP, a versatile method based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure diffusion rates in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allostery through DNA drives phenotype switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAllostery is a pervasive principle to regulate protein function. Here, we show that DNA also transmits allosteric signals over long distances to boost the binding cooperativity of transcription factors. Phenotype switching in Bacillus subtilis requires an all-or-none promoter binding of multiple ComK proteins. Using single-molecule FRET, we find that ComK-binding at one promoter site increases affinity at a distant site. Cryo-EM structures of the complex between ComK and its promoter demonstrate that this coupling is due to mechanical forces that alter DNA curvature. Modifications of the spacer between sites tune cooperativity and show how to control allostery, which paves new ways to design the dynamic properties of genetic circuits.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allostery through DNA drives phenotype switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding ribosomal RNA modification dynamics at single molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A broad diversity of modifications decorate RNA molecules. Originally conceived as static components, evidence is accumulating that some RNA modifications may be dynamic, contributing to cellular responses to external signals and environmental circumstances. A major difficulty in studying these modifications, however, is the need of tailored protocols to map each modification type individually. Here, we present a new approach that uses direct RNA nanopore sequencing to identify and quantify RNA modifications present in native RNA molecules. First, we show that each RNA modification type results in a distinct and characteristic base-calling  error signature, which we validate using a battery of genetic strains lacking either pseudouridine (Y) or 2-O-methylation (Nm) modifications. We then demonstrate the value of these signatures for de novo prediction of Y modifications transcriptome-wide, confirming known Y-modified sites as well as uncovering novel Y sites in mRNAs, ncRNAs and rRNAs, including a previously unreported Pus4-dependent Y modification in yeast mitochondrial rRNA, which we validate using orthogonal methods. To explore the dynamics of pseudouridylation across environmental stresses, we treat the cells with oxidative, cold and heat stresses, finding that yeast ribosomal rRNA modifications do not change upon environmental exposures, contrary to the general belief. By contrast, our method reveals many novel heat-sensitive Y-modified sites in snRNAs, snoRNAs and mRNAs, in addition to recovering previously reported sites. Finally, we develop a novel software, nanoRMS, which we show can estimate per-site modification stoichiometries from individual RNA molecules by identifying the reads with altered current intensity and trace profiles, and quantify the RNA modification stoichiometry changes between two conditions. Our work demonstrates that Y RNA modifications can be predicted de novo and in a quantitative manner using native RNA nanopore sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, H. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding ribosomal RNA modification dynamics at single molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-Citrate lyase fuels axonal transport across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT)-based transport is an evolutionary conserved processed finely tuned by posttranslational modifications. Among them, α-tubulin acetylation, which is catalyzed by the α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1, Atat1, promotes the recruitment and processivity of molecular motors along MT tracks. However, the mechanisms that controls Atat1 activity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that a pool of vesicular ATP-citrate lyase Acly acts as a rate limiting enzyme to modulate Atat1 activity by controlling availability of Acetyl-Coenzyme-A (Acetyl-CoA). In addition, we showed that Acly expression is reduced upon loss of Elongator activity, further connecting Elongator to Atat1 in the pathway regulating α-tubulin acetylation and MT-dependent transport in projection neurons, across species. Remarkably, comparable defects occur in fibroblasts from Familial Dysautonomia (FD) patients bearing an autosomal recessive mutation in the gene coding for the Elongator subunit ELP1. Our data may thus shine new light on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FD.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bail, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchetto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broix, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chariot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragatsis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-Citrate lyase fuels axonal transport across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of key long non-coding RNAs in the auditory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The auditory system is a complex sensory network with an orchestrated multilayer regulatory program governing its development and maintenance. Accumulating evidence has implicated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as important regulators in numerous systems, as well as in pathological pathways. However, their function in the auditory system has yet to be explored. Using a set of specific criteria, we selected four lncRNAs expressed in the mouse cochlea, which are conserved in the human transcriptome and are relevant for inner ear function. Bioinformatic characterization demonstrated a lack of coding potential and an absence of evolutionary conservation that represent properties commonly shared by their class members. RNAscope analysis of the spatial and temporal expression profiles revealed specific localization to inner ear cells. Sub-cellular localization analysis presented a distinct pattern for each lncRNA and mouse tissue expression evaluation displayed a large variability in terms of level and location. Our findings establish the expression of specific lncRNAs in different cell types of the auditory system and present a potential pathway by which the lncRNA Gas5 acts in the inner ear. Studying lncRNAs and deciphering their functions may deepen our knowledge of inner ear physiology and morphology and may reveal the basis of as yet unresolved genetic hearing loss-related pathologies. Moreover, our experimental design may be employed as a reference for studying other inner ear-related lncRNAs, as well as lncRNAs expressed in other sensory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal Koffler-Brill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar Taiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Anaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor Bordeynik-Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einat Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Likhitha Kolla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naama Messika-Gold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran Elkon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew W. Kelley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Ulitsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen B. Avraham</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of key long non-coding RNAs in the auditory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.199976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insight into the autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern of SOD1-associated ALS from native mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.199976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About 20% of all familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are associated with mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a homodimeric protein. The disease has an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. It is, therefore, important to determine whether wild-type and mutant SOD1 subunits self-associate randomly or preferentially. A measure for the extent of bias in subunit association is the coupling constant determined in a double-mutant cycle type analysis. Here, cell lysates containing co-expressed wild-type and mutant SOD1 subunits were analyzed by native mass spectrometry to determine these coupling constants. Strikingly, we find a linear positive correlation between the coupling constant and the duration of the disease. Our results indicate that inter-subunit communication and a preference for heterodimerization greatly increase the disease severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>cveticanin, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiering, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horovitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.199976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insight into the autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern of SOD1-associated ALS from native mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann Enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta Ancestral Fragment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dating back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the P-loop NTPases and Rossmanns now comprise the most ubiquitous and diverse enzyme lineages. Intriguing similarities in their overall architecture and phosphate binding motifs suggest common ancestry; however, due to a lack of sequence identity and some fundamental structural differences, these families are considered independent emergences. To address this longstanding dichotomy, we systematically searched for  bridge proteins with structure and sequence elements shared by both lineages. We detected homologous segments that span the first {beta}{beta} segment of both lineages and include two key functional motifs: (i) a phosphate binding loop - the  Walker A motif of P-loop NTPases or the Rossmann equivalent, both residing at the N-terminus of 1; and (ii) an Asp at the tip of {beta}2. The latter comprises the  Walker B aspartate that chelates the catalytic metal in P-loop NTPases, or the canonical Rossmann {beta}2-Asp that binds the cofactors ribose moiety. Tubulin, a Rossmann GTPase, demonstrates the potential of the {beta}2-Asp to take either one of these two roles. We conclude that common P-loops/Rossmann ancestry is plausible, although convergence cannot be completely ruled out. Regardless, both lineages most likely emerged from a polypeptide comprising a {beta}{beta} segment carrying the above two functional motifs, a segment that comprises the core of both enzyme families to this very day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.204123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann Enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta Ancestral Fragment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell characterization of a synthetic bacterial clock with a hybrid feedback loop containing dCas9-sgRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic networks that generate oscillations in gene expression activity are found in a wide range of organisms throughout all kingdoms of life. Oscillatory dynamics facilitates the temporal orchestration of metabolic and growth processes inside cells and organisms, as well as the synchronization of such processes with periodically occurring changes in the environment. Synthetic oscillator gene circuits such as the  repressilator can perform similar functions in bacteria. Until recently, such circuits were mainly based on a relatively small set of well-characterized transcriptional repressors and activators. A promising, sequence-programmable alternative for gene regulation is given by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), which enables transcriptional repression of nearly arbitrary gene targets directed by short guide RNA molecules. In order to demonstrate the use of CRISPRi in the context of dynamic gene circuits, we here replaced one of the nodes of a repressilator circuit by the RNA-guided dCas9 protein. Using single cell experiments in microfluidic reactors we show that this system displays robust relaxation oscillations over multiple periods and over the time course of several days. Through statistical analysis of the single cell data, the potential for the circuit to act as a synthetic pacemaker for cellular processes is evaluated. The use of CRISPRi in the context of an oscillator circuit is found to have profound effects on its dynamics. Specifically, irreversible binding of dCas9-sgRNA appears to prolong the period of the oscillator. Further, we demonstrate that the oscillator affects cellular growth, leading to variations in growth rate with the oscillators frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henningsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz-Schilling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttierez, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagredo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell characterization of a synthetic bacterial clock with a hybrid feedback loop containing dCas9-sgRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein increases infectivity in an ACE2 receptor dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV2 coronavirus responsible for the current COVID19 pandemic has been reported to have a relatively low mutation rate. Nevertheless, a few prevalent variants have arisen that give the appearance of undergoing positive selection as they are becoming increasingly widespread over time. Most prominent among these is the D614G amino acid substitution in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein, which mediates viral entry. The D614G substitution, however, is in linkage disequilibrium with the ORF1b P314L mutation where both mutations almost invariably co-occur, making functional inferences problematic. In addition, the possibility of repeated new introductions of the mutant strain does not allow one to distinguish between a founder effect and an intrinsic genetic property of the virus. Here, we synthesized and expressed the WT and D614G variant SARS-Cov2 Spike protein, and report that using a SARS-CoV2 Spike protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector we observe that the D614G variant Spike has >1/2 log10 increased infectivity in human cells expressing the human ACE2 protein as the viral receptor. The increased binding/fusion activity of the D614G Spike protein was corroborated in a cell fusion assay using Spike and ACE2 proteins expressed in different cells. These results are consistent with the possibility that the Spike D614G mutant increases the infectivity of SARS-CoV2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonnu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan (Firth), A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein increases infectivity in an ACE2 receptor dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.202358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megadalton-sized dityrosine aggregates of α-synuclein retain high degrees of structural disorder and internal dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.202358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterogeneous aggregates of the human protein -synuclein (Syn) are abundantly found in Lewy body inclusions of Parkinsons disease patients. While structural information on classical Syn amyloid fibrils is available, little is known about the conformational properties of disease-relevant, non-canonical aggregates. Here, we analyze the structural and dynamic properties of megadalton-sized dityrosine adducts of Syn that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c, a proapoptotic peroxidase that is released from mitochondria during sustained oxidative stress. In contrast to canonical cross-{beta} amyloids, these aggregates retain high degrees of internal dynamics, which enables their characterization by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. We find that intermolecular dityrosine crosslinks restrict Syn motions only locally whereas large segments of concatenated molecules remain flexible and disordered. Indistinguishable aggregates form in crowded in vitro solutions and in complex environments of mammalian cell lysates, where relative amounts of free reactive oxygen species rather than cytochrome c are rate limiting. We further establish that dityrosine adducts inhibit classical amyloid formation by maintaining Syn in its monomeric form and that they are non-cytotoxic despite retaining basic membrane-binding properties. Our results suggest that oxidative Syn aggregation scavenges cytochrome cs activity into the formation of amorphous, high molecular-weight structures that may contribute to aggregate diversity in Lewy body deposits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verzini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theillet, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieschke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanker, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappsilber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.202358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megadalton-sized dityrosine aggregates of α-synuclein retain high degrees of structural disorder and internal dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D MAPs discovers the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo in the growth plate and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of the epiphyseal growth plates, which drive longitudinal growth of long bones, is dependent on the ability of chondrocytes to change their shape and size extensively as they differentiate. However, organ size, extracellular matrix density and cell number have hindered the study of chondrocyte morphology. Here, we describe a new pipeline called 3D Morphometric Analysis for Phenotypic significance (3D MAPs), which overcomes these obstacles. By using 3D MAPs, we have created an image database of hundreds of thousands of cells from orthologous long bones. Analysis of this database revealed the growth strategies that chondrocytes use during differentiation. We found that chondrocytes employed both allometric and isometric growth, and that allometric growth is achieved by changes either in volume or surface area along a specific cell axis in a zone-specific manner. Additionally, we discovered a new organization of chondrocytes within the growth plate, where cells are orientated such that their longest axis always aligns with the dorsal-ventral axis of the bone. To demonstrate the ability of 3D MAPs to explore mechanisms of growth plate regulation, we studied the abnormally short tibiae of Gdf5-null mice. 3D MAPs identified aberrant cellular growth behaviors which resulted in a 3-fold reduction in volumetric cell growth, as well as affected cell morphology and orientation, highlighting GDF5 as a new regulator of growth plate activity. Overall, our findings provide new insight into the morphological sequence that chondrocytes undergo during differentiation and highlight the ability of 3D MAPs to uncover molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating this process. More broadly, this work provides a new framework for studying growth plate biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svorai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villoutreix, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D MAPs discovers the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo in the growth plate and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic sterile induced-co-expression of IL-12 and IL-18 drives IFN-γ-dependent activation of microglia and recruitment of MHC-II-expressing inflammatory monocytes into the brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of neuroinflammation, as well as the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, has been associated with the activation and mobilization of the peripheral immune system due to systemic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Herein, we addressed the effect of systemic, endotoxin-free induced-co-expression of IL-12 and IL-18 in the establishment of a novel cytokine-mediated model of neuroinflammation. Following peripheral hydrodynamic shear of IL-12 plus IL-18 cDNAs in C57BL/6 mice, we induced systemic and persistent level of IL-12, which in turn promoted the elevation of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- and IFN-{gamma}, accompanied with splenomegaly. Moreover, even though we identified an increased gene expression of both TNF- and IFN-{gamma} in the brain, only TNF- was shown to be dispensable, revealing an IFN-{gamma}-dependent activation of microglia and the recruitment of leukocytes, particularly of highly activated inflammatory monocytes. Taken together, our results argue for a systemic cytokine-mediated establishment and development of neuroinflammation, having identified IFN-{gamma} as a potential target for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaviglio, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta Ramos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Galan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic sterile induced-co-expression of IL-12 and IL-18 drives IFN-γ-dependent activation of microglia and recruitment of MHC-II-expressing inflammatory monocytes into the brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicase-Like Functions in Phosphate Loop Containing Beta-Alpha Polypeptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The P-loop Walker A motif underlies hundreds of essential enzyme families that bind nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) and mediate phosphoryl transfer (P-loop NTPases), including the earliest DNA/RNA helicases, translocases and recombinases. What were the primordial precursors of these enzymes? Could these large and complex proteins emerge from simple polypeptides? Previously, we showed that P-loops embedded in simple {beta} repeat proteins bind NTPs, but also, unexpectedly so, ssDNA and RNA. Here, we extend beyond the purely biophysical function of ligand binding to demonstrate rudimentary helicase-like activities. We further constructed simple 40-residue polypeptides comprising just one {beta}-(P-loop)- element. Despite their simplicity, these P-loop prototypes confer functions such as strand separation and exchange. Foremost, these polypeptides unwind dsDNA, and upon addition of NTPs, or inorganic polyphosphates, release the bound ssDNA strands to allow reformation of dsDNA. Binding kinetics and low-resolution structural analyses indicate that activity is mediated by oligomeric forms spanning from dimers to high-order assemblies. The latter are reminiscent of extant P-loop recombinases such as RecA. Overall, these P-loop prototypes comprise a plausible description of the sequence, structure and function of the earliest P-loop NTPases. They also indicate that multifunctionality and dynamic assembly were key in endowing short polypeptides with elaborate, evolutionarily relevant functions.

Significance statementIt is widely assumed that todays large and complex proteins emerged from much shorter and simpler polypeptides. Yet the nature of these early precursors remains enigmatic. We describe polypeptides that contain one of the earliest protein motifs, a phosphate-binding loop, or P-loop, embedded in a single beta-alpha element. These P-loop prototypes show intriguing characteristics of a primordial world comprised of nucleic acids and peptides. They are  generalists capable of binding different phospho-ligands, including inorganic polyphosphates and single-stranded DNA. Nonetheless, in promoting double-stranded DNA unwinding and strand-exchange they resemble modern P-loop helicases and recombinases. Our study describes a missing link in the evolution of complex proteins - simple polypeptides that tangibly relate to contemporary P-loop enzymes in sequence, structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vyas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicase-Like Functions in Phosphate Loop Containing Beta-Alpha Polypeptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.224600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein plasma membrane localization correlates with cellular phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate levels. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.224600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Parkinsons disease protein -synuclein (Syn) promotes membrane fusion and fission by interacting with various negatively charged phospholipids. Despite postulated roles in endocytosis and exocytosis, plasma membrane (PM) interactions of Syn are poorly understood. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), two highly acidic components of inner PM leaflets, mediate plasma membrane localization of endogenous pools of Syn in A2780, HeLa, SH-SY5Y and SK-MEL-2 cells. We demonstrate that Syn binds reconstituted PIP2-membranes in a helical conformation in vitro and that PIP2 synthesizing kinases and hydrolyzing phosphatases reversibly redistribute Syn in cells. We further delineate that Syn-PM targeting follows phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent changes of cellular PIP2 and PIP3 levels, which collectively suggests that phosphatidylinositol polyphosphates contribute to Syns cellular function(s) at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercadante, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.224600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein plasma membrane localization correlates with cellular phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate levels.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear delay differential equations and their application to modeling biological network motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological regulatory systems, such as transcription factor or kinase networks, nervous systems and ecological webs, consist of complex dynamical interactions among many components. "Network motif" models focus on small sub-networks to provide quantitative insight into overall behavior. However, conventional network motif models often ignore time delays either inherent to biological processes or associated with multi-step interactions. Here we systematically examine explicit-delay versions of the most common network motifs via delay differential equations (DDEs), both analytically and numerically. We find many broadly applicable results, such as the reduction in number of parameters compared to canonical descriptions via ordinary differential equations (ODE), criteria for when delays may be ignored, a complete phase space for autoregulation, explicit dependence of feedforward loops on a difference of delays, a unified framework for Hill-function logic, and conditions for oscillations and chaos. We emphasize relevance to biological function throughout our analysis, summarize key points in non-mathematical form, and conclude that explicit-delay modeling simplifies the phenomenological understanding of many biological networks and may aid in discovering new functional motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel-Kruse, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear delay differential equations and their application to modeling biological network motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clump sequencing exposes the spatial expression programs of intestinal secretory cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing combined with spatial information on landmark genes enables reconstruction of spatially-resolved tissue cell atlases. However, such approaches are challenging for rare cell types, since their mRNA contents are diluted in the spatial transcriptomics bulk measurements used for landmark gene detection. In the small intestine, enterocytes, the most common cell type, exhibit zonated expression programs along the crypt-villus axis, but zonation patterns of rare cell types such as goblet and tuft cells remain uncharacterized. Here, we present ClumpSeq, an approach for sequencing small clumps of attached cells. By inferring the crypt-villus location of each clump from enterocyte landmark genes, we establish spatial atlases for all epithelial cell types in the small intestine. We uncover immune-modulatory programs in villus tip goblet and tuft cells and heterogeneous migration patterns of enteroendocrine cells. ClumpSeq can be applied for reconstructing spatial atlases of rare cell types in other tissues and tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.237917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clump sequencing exposes the spatial expression programs of intestinal secretory cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronacept - a potent immunoadhesin against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Computational analysis of mammalian ACE2 orthologues suggests various residues at the interface with the viral receptor binding domain that could facilitate tighter interaction compared to the human-ACE2. Introducing several mutations to the human-ACE2 resulted with significantly augmented affinity to the viral spike complex. This modified human-ACE2 fused to an Fc portion of an antibody makes a potent immunoadhesin that effectively targets SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobelt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.247940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronacept - a potent immunoadhesin against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of Serine114 of the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 is essential for activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor ABA-INSENSITIVE(ABI)4 has diverse roles in regulating plant growth, including inhibiting germination and reserve mobilization in response to ABA and high salinity, inhibiting seedling growth in response to high sugars, inhibiting lateral root growth, and repressing light-induced gene expression. ABI4 activity is regulated at multiple levels, including gene expression, protein stability, and activation by phosphorylation. Although ABI4 can be phosphorylated at multiple residues by MAPKs, we found that S114 is the preferred site of MPK3. To examine the possible biological role of S114 phosphorylation, we transformed abi4-1 mutant plants with ABI4pro::ABI4 constructs encoding wild type (114S), phosphorylation-null (S114A) or phosphomimetic (S114E) forms of ABI4. Phosphorylation of S114 is necessary for the response to ABA, glucose, salt stress, and lateral root development, where the abi4 phenotype could be complemented by expressing ABI4(114S) or ABI4(S114E) but not ABI4(S114A). Comparison of root transcriptomes in ABA-treated roots of abi4-1 mutant plants transformed with constructs encoding the different phosphorylation-forms of S114 of ABI4 revealed that 85% of the ABI4-regulated genes whose expression pattern could be restored by expressing ABI4(114S) are down-regulated by ABI4. Over half of the ABI4-modulated genes were independent of the phosphorylation state of ABI4; these are enriched for stress responses. Phosphorylation of S114 was required for regulation of 35% of repressed genes, but only 17% of induced genes. The genes whose repression requires the phosphorylation of S114 are mainly involved in embryo and seedling development, growth and differentiation, and regulation of gene expression.

HighlightsO_LITranscription factor ABI4 is a substrate of MAP kinases.
C_LIO_LIMPK3 preferentially phosphorylates Serine 114 of ABI4.
C_LIO_LIPhosphorylated Serine 114 of ABI4 is required for the complementation of abi4 mutants.
C_LIO_LIPhosphorylated ABI4 acts primarily as a repressor.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maymon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancho Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.250936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of Serine114 of the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 is essential for activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.244137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular pathways of calcium transport and concentration towards mineral formation in sea urchin larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.244137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are the cells that are responsible for spicule formation. PMCs endocytose sea water from the larval internal body cavity into a network of vacuoles and vesicles, where calcium ions are concentrated until they precipitate in the form of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). The mineral is subsequently transferred to the syncytium, where the spicule forms. Using cryo-soft X-ray microscopy (cryo-SXM) we imaged intra-cellular calcium-containing particles in the PMCs and acquired Ca-L2,3 X-ray absorption near edge spectra (XANES) of these Ca-particles. Using the pre-peak/main peak (L2/ L2) intensity ratio, which reflects the atomic order in the first Ca coordination shell, we determined the state of the calcium ions in each particle. The concentration of Ca in each of the particles was also determined by the integrated area in the main Ca absorption peak. We observed about 700 Ca-particles with order parameters, L2/ L2, ranging from solution to hydrated and anhydrous ACC, and with concentrations ranging between 1-15 M. We conclude that in each cell the calcium ions exist in a continuum of states. This implies that most, but not all water, is expelled from the particles. This cellular process of calcium concentration may represent a widespread pathway in mineralizing organisms.

SignificanceOrganisms form mineralized skeletons, many of which are composed of calcium salts. Marine organisms extract calcium ions from sea water. One of the main unresolved issues is how organisms concentrate calcium by more than 3 orders of magnitude, to achieve mineral deposition in their skeleton. Here we determine the calcium state in each of the calcium-containing vesicles inside the spicule-building cells of sea urchin larvae. We show that within one cell there is a wide range of concentrations and states from solution to solid. We hypothesize that calcium concentration increases gradually in each vesicle, starting from sea water levels and until mineral is deposited. This model might well be relevant to other phyla, thus advancing the understanding of biomineralization processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereiro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.244137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular pathways of calcium transport and concentration towards mineral formation in sea urchin larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computationally designed fluorescent biosensor for D-serine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solute-binding proteins (SBPs) have evolved to balance the demands of ligand affinity, thermostability and conformational change to accomplish diverse functions in small molecule transport, sensing and chemotaxis. Although the ligand-induced conformational changes that occur in SBPs make them useful components in biosensors, they are challenging targets for protein engineering and design. Here we have engineered a D-alanine-specific SBP into a fluorescent biosensor with specificity for the signaling molecule D-serine (D-serFS). This was achieved through binding site and remote mutations that improved affinity (KD = 6.7 {+/-} 0.5 M), specificity (40-fold increase vs. glycine), thermostability (Tm = 79 {degrees}C) and dynamic range (~14%). This sensor allowed measurement of physiologically relevant changes in D-serine concentration using two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy in rat brain hippocampal slices. This work illustrates the functional trade-offs between protein dynamics, ligand affinity and thermostability, and how these must be balanced to achieve desirable activities in the engineering of complex, dynamic proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vongsouthi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unichenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breithausen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khersonsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.255380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computationally designed fluorescent biosensor for D-serine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of SLAMF6 in human T cells creates a co-stimulatory isoform that counteracts the inhibitory effect of the full-length receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SLAMF6 is a homotypic receptor of the Ig-superfamily associated with progenitor exhausted T cells. In humans, SLAMF6 has three splice isoforms involving its V-domain. While the canonical 8-exon receptor inhibits T cell activation through SAP recruitment, the short isoform SLAMF6{Delta}17-65 has a strong agonistic effect. The costimulatory action depends on protein phosphatase SHP-1 and leads to a cytotoxic molecular profile governed by transcription factors Tbet, Runx3, and Tcf7. In T cells from individual patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade, a shift was noted towards SLAMF6{Delta}17-65. Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides designed to target the SLAMF6 splice junction, enhanced SLAMF6{Delta}17-65 in human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and improved their capacity to inhibit human melanoma in mice. The possible emergence of two opposing isoforms from the SLAMF6 gene may represent an immune-modulatory mechanism that can be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hajaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zisman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzaban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merims, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankenburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepensky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veillette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing of SLAMF6 in human T cells creates a co-stimulatory isoform that counteracts the inhibitory effect of the full-length receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Deconvolution Processing for STEM Cryo-Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex environment of biological cells and tissues has motivated development of three dimensional imaging in both light and electron microscopies. To this end, one of the primary tools in fluorescence microscopy is that of computational deconvolution. Wide-field fluorescence images are often corrupted by haze due to out-of-focus light, i.e., to cross-talk between different object planes as represented in the 3D image. Using prior understanding of the image formation mechanism, it is possible to suppress the cross-talk and reassign the unfocused light to its proper source post facto. Electron tomography based on tilted projections also exhibits a cross-talk between distant planes due to the discrete angular sampling and limited tilt range. By use of a suitably synthesized 3D point spread function, we show here that deconvolution leads to similar improvements in volume data reconstructed from cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET), namely a dramatic in-plane noise reduction and improved representation of features in the axial dimension. Contrast enhancement is demonstrated first with colloidal gold particles, and then in representative cryo-tomograms of intact cells. Deconvolution of CSTET data collected from the periphery of an intact nucleus revealed partially condensed, extended structures in interphase chromatin.

Significance statementElectron tomography is used to reveal the structure of cells in three dimensions. The combination with cryogenic fixation provides a snapshot in time of the living state. However, cryo-tomography normally requires very thin specimens due to image formation by conventional phase contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thickness constraint can be relaxed considerably by scanning TEM (STEM), yet three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is still subject to artifacts inherent in the collection of data by tilted projections. We show here that deconvolution algorithms developed for fluorescence microscopy can suppress these artifacts, resulting in significant contrast enhancement. The method is demonstrated by cellular tomography of complex membrane structures, and by segmentation of chromatin into distinct, contiguous domains of heterochromatin and euchromatin at high and low density, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waugh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.267732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Deconvolution Processing for STEM Cryo-Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Formin Inhibitor, SMIFH2, Inhibits Members of the Myosin Superfamily 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small molecular inhibitor of formin FH2 domains, SMIFH2, is widely used in cell biological studies. It was selected in a chemical screen as a compound inhibiting formin-driven actin polymerization in vitro, but not polymerization of pure actin, and found to be active against several types of formins from different species (Rizvi et al., 2009). Here, in experiments with cultured fibroblasts, we found that SMIFH2 inhibits retrograde flow of myosin 2 filaments and contraction of stress fibers. We further checked the effect of SMIFH2 on non-muscle myosin 2A and skeletal muscle myosin 2 in vitro and found that SMIFH2 inhibits myosin ATPase activity and ability to translocate actin filaments in the in vitro motility assay. While inhibition of myosin 2A in vitro required somewhat higher concentration of SMIFH2 than inhibition of retrograde flow and stress fiber contraction in cells, inhibition of several other non-muscle myosin types, e.g. mammalian myosin 10, Drosophila myosin 7a and Drosophila myosin 5 by SMIFH2, was equally or more efficient than inhibition of formins. Since actin polymerization and myosin contractility are linked in many cytoskeleton processes, additional careful analysis is needed in each case when function of formins was proposed solely on the basis of experiment with SMIFH2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>viasnoff, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Formin Inhibitor, SMIFH2, Inhibits Members of the Myosin Superfamily]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Head-Direction Coding in the Hippocampal Formation of Birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Birds strongly rely on spatial memory and navigation. Therefore, it is of utmost interest to reveal how space is represented in the avian brain. Here we used tetrodes to record neurons from the hippocampal formation of Japanese quails - a ground-dwelling species - while the quails roamed a 1x1-meter arena (>2,100 neurons from 23 birds). Whereas spatially-modulated cells (place-cells, border-cells, etc.) were generally not encountered, the firing-rate of 12% of the neurons was unimodally and significantly modulated by the head-azimuth - i.e. these were head-direction cells (HD cells). Typically, HD cells were maximally active at one preferred-direction and minimally at the opposite null-direction, with preferred-directions spanning all 360{degrees}. The HD tuning was relatively broad (mean width [~]130{degrees}), independent of the animals position and speed, and was stable during the recording-session. Similarly to findings in rodents, the HD tuning usually rotated with the rotation of a salient visual cue in the arena. These findings support the existence of an allocentric head-direction representation in the quail hippocampal formation, and provide the first demonstration of head-direction cells in birds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yishay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivoruchko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulanovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derdikman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutfreund, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.274928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Head-Direction Coding in the Hippocampal Formation of Birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug binding sites in the multidrug transporter MdfA in detergent solution and in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MdfA, a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), is a multidrug/proton antiporter from E. coli that has been considered a model for secondary multidrug (Mdr) transporters. Its transport mechanism, driven by a proton gradient, is associated with conformational changes, which accompany the recruitment of drugs and their release. In this work, we applied double-electron electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to locate the binding site of one of its substrates, tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP) within available crystal structures. We carried out Gd(III)-nitroxide distance measurements between MdfA labeled with a Gd(III) tag and the TPP analog mito-TEMPO (bearing the nitroxide moiety). Data were obtained both for MdfA solubilized in detergent micelles (n-dodecyl-{beta}-D-maltopyranoside (DDM)), and reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs (ND). For both DDM and ND, the average position of the substrate at a neutral pH was found to be close to the ligand position in the If (inward facing) crystal structure, with the DDM environment exhibiting a somewhat better agreement than the ND environment. We therefore conclude that the If structure provides a good description for substrate-bound MdfA in DDM solution, while in ND the structure is slightly modified. A second binding site was found for the ND sample situated at the cytoplasmic side, towards the end of transmembrane helix 7 (TM7). In addition, we used DEER distance measurements on Gd(III) doubly labeled MdfA to track conformational changes within the periplasmic and cytoplasmic sides associated with substrate binding. We detected significant differences in the periplasmic side of MdfA, with the ND featuring a more closed conformation than in DDM, in agreement with earlier reports. The addition of TPP led to a noticeable conformational change in the periplasmic face in ND, attributed to a movement of TM10. This change was not observed in DDM.

Statement of SignificanceMdfA is multidrug transporter from E. coli, which exhibits multidrug efflux activities with an unusually broad spectrum of drug specificities. While it has been established that solute transport by similar transporters is coupled to significant conformational changes, previous studies raised the possibility that this is not the case for MdfA. Moreover, it is not clear how MdfA functionally accommodates chemically dissimilar substrates. Towards resolving these open questions, we used double-electron electron resonance distance measurements to determine the binding site of a spin labeled drug analog within available crystal structures of MdfA and to examine how MdfA responds conformationally to drug binding. Moreover, we explored how these two are affected by the media, detergent micelles vs lipid nanodiscs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardeni, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feintuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug binding sites in the multidrug transporter MdfA in detergent solution and in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Supervised Natural Image Reconstruction and Rich Semantic Classification from Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing natural images and decoding their semantic category from fMRI brain recordings is challenging. Acquiring sufficient pairs of images and their corresponding fMRI responses, which span the huge space of natural images, is prohibitive. We present a novel self-supervised approach that goes well beyond the scarce paired data, for achieving both: (i) state-of-the art fMRI-to-image reconstruction, and (ii) first-ever large-scale semantic classification from fMRI responses. By imposing cycle consistency between a pair of deep neural networks (from image-to-fMRI & from fMRI-to-image), we train our image reconstruction network on a large number of "unpaired" natural images (images without fMRI recordings) from many novel semantic categories. This enables to adapt our reconstruction network to a very rich semantic coverage without requiring any explicit semantic supervision. Specifically, we find that combining our self-supervised training with high-level perceptual losses, gives rise to new reconstruction & classification capabilities. In particular, this perceptual training enables to classify well fMRIs of never-before-seen semantic classes, without requiring any class labels during training. This gives rise to: (i) Unprecedented image-reconstruction from fMRI of never-before-seen images (evaluated by image metrics and human testing), and (ii) Large-scale semantic classification of categories that were never-before-seen during network training. Such large-scale (1000-way) semantic classification from fMRI recordings has never been demonstrated before. Finally, we provide evidence for the biological consistency of our learned model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaziv, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strappini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.284794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Supervised Natural Image Reconstruction and Rich Semantic Classification from Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B Cell Division Capacity in Germinal Centers Depends on Myc Transcript Stabilization Through m6A mRNA Methylation and IGF2BP3 Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-lasting immunity from pathogens depends on the generation of protective antibodies through the germinal center (GC) reaction. The Myc gene produces highly short-lived transcripts which are essential for generation of high-affinity antibodies. mRNA lifetime is regulated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modification of mRNAs through METTL3 activity; however, the role of this machinery in the GC remains unclear. Here, we find that m6A-modification of mRNAs is required for GC maintenance through Myc mRNA stabilization by the atypical m6A-interactor, IGF2BP3. MYC expression, activation of MYC transcriptional programs and cell-cycle progression were diminished in METTL3-deficient GC B cells. METTL3 attenuated Myc-transcript decay and overexpression of MYC in METTL3-deficient GC B cells restored the GC reaction. IGF2BP3 which was induced by CD40-signaling, reinforced MYC expression and MYC-related gene programs in GC B cells. Our findings explain how GC responses are maintained through regulation of Myc-transcript lifetime and expose new targets for manipulation in MYC-driven lymphoma.

One Sentence SummaryGerminal centers depend on the m6A-machinery
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grenov, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelheit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordiner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heick Jensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.287433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B Cell Division Capacity in Germinal Centers Depends on Myc Transcript Stabilization Through m6A mRNA Methylation and IGF2BP3 Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infection of algal blooms leaves a halogenated footprint on the dissolved organic matter in the ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algal blooms are important hotspots of primary production in the ocean, forming the basis of the marine food web and fueling the pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM)1, which is the largest global inventory of reduced carbon and a market place for metabolic exchange in the ocean2. Marine viruses are key players in controlling algal bloom demise and act as major biogeochemical drivers of nutrient cycling and metabolic fluxes by shunting algal biomass from higher trophic levels to the DOM pool, a process termed the  viral shunt3,4. Nevertheless, the metabolic composition of virus-induced DOM (vDOM) in the marine environment is unknown. To decode the metabolic footprint of the  viral shunt, we induced a bloom of the ecologically important alga Emiliania huxleyi in the natural environment, and followed its succession using an untargeted exometabolomics approach. Here we show that algal bloom succession induces extensive and dynamic changes in the exometabolic landscape, especially during bloom demise. By correlating to a specific viral gene marker, we discovered a set of novel chlorine-iodine-containing metabolites that were induced by viral infection and copiously released during bloom demise. We further detected several of these chloro-iodo metabolites in virus-infected open ocean blooms of E. huxleyi, supporting their use as sensitive biomarkers for virus-induced demise in the natural environment. Therefore, we propose halogenation to be a hallmark of the E. huxleyi vDOM, providing insights into the profound metabolic consequences of viral infection for the marine DOM pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhlisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.287805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infection of algal blooms leaves a halogenated footprint on the dissolved organic matter in the ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.288720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved interactions required for in vitro inhibition of the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.288720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 requires a fast development of antiviral drugs. SARS-CoV-2 viral main protease (Mpro, also called 3C-like protease, 3CLpro) is a potential target for drug design. Crystal and co-crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro have been solved, enabling the rational design of inhibitory compounds. In this study we analyzed the available SARS-CoV-2 and the highly similar SARS-CoV-1 crystal structures. We identified within the active site of the Mpro, in addition to the inhibitory ligands interaction with the catalytic C145, two key H-bond interactions with the conserved H163 and E166 residues. Both H-bond interactions are present in almost all co-crystals and are likely to occur also during the viral polypeptide cleavage process as suggested from docking of the Mpro cleavage recognition sequence. We screened in silico a library of 6,900 FDA-approved drugs (ChEMBL) and filtered using these key interactions and selected 29 non-covalent compounds predicted to bind to the protease. Additional screen, using DOCKovalent was carried out on DrugBank library (11,414 experimental and approved drugs) and resulted in 6 covalent compounds. The selected compounds from both screens were tested in vitro by a protease activity inhibition assay. Two compounds showed activity at the 50M concentration range. Our analysis and findings can facilitate and focus the development of highly potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shitrit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarnizky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zeev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.288720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved interactions required for in vitro inhibition of the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.289546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic basis for motor-driven membrane constriction by dynamin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.289546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamin oligomerizes into helical filaments on tubular membrane templates and, through constriction, cleaves them in a GTPase-driven way. Structural observations of GTP-dependent cross-bridges between neighboring filament turns have led to the suggestion that dynamin operates as a molecular ratchet motor. However, the proof of such mechanism remains absent. Particularly, it is not known whether a powerful enough stroke is produced and how the motor modules would cooperate in the constriction process. Here, we characterized the dynamin motor modules by single molecule (sm) FRET and found strong nucleotide-dependent conformational changes. Integrating smFRET with molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to determine the forces generated in a power stroke. Subsequently, the quantitative force data and the measured kinetics of the GT-Pase cycle were incorporated into a model including both a dynamin filament, with explicit motor cross-bridges, and a realistic deformable membrane template. In our simulations, collective constriction of the membrane by dynamin motor modules, based on the ratchet mechanism, is directly reproduced and analyzed. Functional parallels between the dynamin system and actomyosin in the muscle are seen. Through concerted action of the motors, tight membrane constriction to the hemifission radius can be reached. Our experimental and computational study provides an example of how collective motor action in megadalton molecular assemblies can be approached and explicitly resolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganichkin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vancraenenbroeck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhailov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.289546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic basis for motor-driven membrane constriction by dynamin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.289058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of order on episodic memory of event times 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.289058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memorizing time of an event may employ two processes (i) encoding of the absolute time of events within an episode, (ii) encoding of its relative order. Here we study interaction between these two processes. We performed experiments in which one or several items were presented, after which participants were asked to report the time of occurrence of items. When a single item was presented, the distribution of reported times was quite wide. When two or three items were presented, the relative order among them strongly affected the reported time of each of them. Bayesian theory that takes into account the memory for the events order is compatible with the experimental data, in particular in terms of the effect of order on absolute time reports. Our results suggest that people do not deduce order from memorized time, instead peoples memory for absolute time of events relies critically on memorized order of the events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.289058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of order on episodic memory of event times]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals dynamic allostery mediated by the substrate-binding domain of a AAA+ machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ClpB is an ATP-dependent protein disaggregation machine that is activated on demand by co-chaperones and by aggregates caused by heat shock or mutations. The regulation of ClpBs function is critical, since its persistent activation is toxic in vivo. Each ClpB molecule is composed of an auxiliary N-terminal domain (NTD), an essential regulatory middle domain (MD) that activates the machine by tilting, and two nucleotide-binding domains that are responsible for ATP-fuelled substrate threading. The NTD is generally thought to serve as a substrate-binding domain, which is commonly considered to be dispensable for ClpBs activity, and is not well-characterized structurally due to its high mobility. Here we use single-molecule FRET spectroscopy to directly monitor the real-time dynamics of ClpBs NTD and reveal its involvement in novel allosteric interactions. We find that the NTD fluctuates on a microsecond timescale and, unexpectedly, shows little change in conformational dynamics upon binding of a substrate protein. During its fast motion, the NTD makes crucial contacts with the regulatory MD, directly affecting its conformational state and thereby influencing the overall ATPase and unfolding activity of this machine. Moreover, we also show that the NTD mediates signal transduction to the nucleotide-binding domains through conserved residues. The two regulatory pathways revealed here enable the NTD to suppress the MD in the absence of protein substrate, and to limit ATPase and disaggregation activities of ClpB. The use of multiple parallel allosteric pathways involving ultrafast domain motions might be common to AAA+ molecular machines to ensure their fast and reversible activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iljina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloubinoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.295345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals dynamic allostery mediated by the substrate-binding domain of a AAA+ machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial surface receptor Tom70 protects the cytosol against mitoprotein-induced stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and post-translationally transported into mitochondria. The mitochondrial surface protein Tom70 acts at the interface of the cytosol and mitochondria. In vitro import experiments identified Tom70 as targeting receptor, particularly for hydrophobic carriers. Using in vivo methods and high content screens, we revisited the question of Tom70 function and considerably expanded the set of Tom70-dependent mitochondrial proteins. We demonstrate that the crucial activity of Tom70 is its ability to recruit cytosolic chaperones to the outer membrane. Indeed, tethering an unrelated chaperone-binding domain onto the mitochondrial surface complements most of the defects caused by Tom70 deletion. Tom70-mediated chaperone recruitment reduces the proteotoxicity of mitochondrial precursor proteins, in particular of hydrophobic inner membrane proteins. Thus, our work suggests that the predominant function of Tom70 is to tether cytosolic chaperones to the outer mitochondrial membrane, rather than to serve as a mitochondria-specifying targeting receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Backes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raeschle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenhard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlhaus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storchova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial surface receptor Tom70 protects the cytosol against mitoprotein-induced stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral elements and neural circuits underlying exploratory decisions in normative anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploration reduces uncertainty about the environment and improves the quality of future decisions, but at the cost of provisional uncertain and suboptimal outcomes. Although anxiety promotes intolerance to uncertainty, it remains unclear whether and by which mechanisms anxiety modulates exploratory decision-making. We use a dynamic three-armed-bandit task and find that higher trait-anxiety increases exploration, which in turn harms overall performance. We identify two distinct behavioral sources: first, decisions made by anxious individuals were guided towards reduction of uncertainty; and second, decisions were less guided by immediate value gains. Imaging (fMRI) revealed that anxiety correlated negatively with the representation of expected-value in the dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex, and in contrast, positively with the representation of uncertainty in the anterior-insula. Moreover, the findings were similar in both loss and gain domains, and demonstrated that affective trait modulates exploration and results in an inverse-U-shaped relationship between anxiety and overall performance. We conclude that a shift in balance towards representation of uncertainty in the insula prevails over reduced value representation in the dACC, and entails maladaptive decision-making in individuals with higher normal-range anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral elements and neural circuits underlying exploratory decisions in normative anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.299776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An automatic pipeline for the design of irreversible derivatives identifies a potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.299776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Designing covalent inhibitors is a task of increasing importance in drug discovery. Efficiently designing irreversible inhibitors, though, remains challenging. Here, we present covalentizer, a computational pipeline for creating irreversible inhibitors based on complex structures of targets with known reversible binders. For each ligand, we create a custom-made focused library of covalent analogs. We use covalent docking, to dock these tailored covalent libraries and to find those that can bind covalently to a nearby cysteine while keeping some of the main interactions of the original molecule. We found ~11,000 cysteines in close proximity to a ligand across 8,386 protein-ligand complexes in the PDB. Of these, the protocol identified 1,553 structures with covalent predictions. In prospective evaluation against a panel of kinases, five out of nine predicted covalent inhibitors showed IC50 between 155 nM - 4.2 M. Application of the protocol to an existing SARS-CoV-1 Mpro reversible inhibitor led to a new acrylamide inhibitor series with low micromolar IC50 against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The docking prediction was validated by 11 co-crystal structures. This is a promising lead series for COVID-19 antivirals. Together these examples hint at the vast number of covalent inhibitors accessible through our protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filep, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilusky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duberstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strain-Damerell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covid-Moonshot Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Walsh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.299776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An automatic pipeline for the design of irreversible derivatives identifies a potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insufficient Eye Tracking Data Leads to Errors in Evaluating Typical and Atypical Fixation Preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye tracking provides insights into social processing and its deficits in disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially in conjunction with dynamic, naturalistic stimuli. However, reliance on manual stimuli segmentation severely limits scalability. We assessed how the amount of available data impacts individual reliability of fixation preference for different facial features, and the effect of this reliability on between-group differences. We trained an artificial neural network to segment 22 Hollywood movie clips (7410 frames). We then analyzed fixation preferences in typically developing participants and participants with ASD as we incrementally introduced movie data for analysis. Although fixations were initially variable, results stabilized as more data was added. Additionally, while those with ASD displayed significantly fewer face-centered fixations (p<.001), they did not differ in eye or mouth fixations. Our results highlight the validity of treating fixation preferences as a stable individual trait, and the risk of misinterpretation with insufficient data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimann, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csumitta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insufficient Eye Tracking Data Leads to Errors in Evaluating Typical and Atypical Fixation Preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.309716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral sgp130-mediated trans-signaling blockade induces obesity and insulin resistance in mice via PPARα suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.309716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IL-6 signaling via its receptor (IL-6R) and co-receptor (gp130) performs multiple roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis. However, gp130 is also expressed systemically in a soluble form (sgp130), which limits soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R)-mediated signaling - also called trans-signaling. Here we find that transgenic peripheral sgp130-mediated trans-signaling blockade induces mature-onset obesity, while differentially affecting age-dependent behavioral determinants of energy expenditure. In youth, trans-signaling blockade increases feeding associated with reduced leptin sensitivity but increases energy expenditure to maintain metabolic balance. In aging, reduced physical activity predisposes mice to adiposity, adipose tissue macrophage recruitment, hepatosteatosis, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, trans-signaling blockade reduces hepatic Stat3 phosphorylation and suppresses PPAR, associated with miR-21 upregulation, while pharmacological activation of PPAR prevents obesity and hepatosteatosis, and rescues insulin sensitivity. Together these experiments reveal a role for peripheral IL-6 trans-signaling in metabolic homeostasis and provide clinical significance to elevated sgp130 levels found in some obese and diabetic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkovitch-Siany, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachmilewitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Arras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstiel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose-John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.309716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral sgp130-mediated trans-signaling blockade induces obesity and insulin resistance in mice via PPARα suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix protein agrin is essential for epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during heart development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryonic heart development, epicardial cells residing within the outer layer of the heart undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate into the myocardium to support and stimulate organ growth and morphogenesis. Disruption of epicardial EMT results in aberrant heart formation and embryonic lethality. Despite being an essential process during development, the regulation of epicardial EMT is poorly understood. Here we report EMT on the epicardial surface of the embryonic heart at subcellular resolution using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We identified high- and low-EMT regions within the mesothelial layer of the epicardium and an association with key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM basement membrane-associated proteoglycan agrin was found to localize in the epicardium in regions actively undergoing EMT. Deletion of agrin resulted in impaired EMT and compromised development of the epicardium, accompanied by down-regulation of the epicardial EMT regulator WT1. Agrin enhanced EMT in human embryonic stem cell-derived epicardial-like cells by decreasing {beta}-catenin and promoting pFAK localization at focal adhesions. In addition, agrin promoted the aggregation of its receptor dystroglycan to the Golgi apparatus in murine epicardial cells and loss of agrin resulted in dispersal of dystroglycan throughout the epicardial cells in embryos, disrupting basement membrane integrity and impairing EMT. Our results provide new insights into the role of the ECM in heart development, and implicate agrin as a critical regulator of EMT, functioning to ensure dystroglycan connects signals between the ECM and activated epicardial cells.

Summary statementThe basement membrane-associated proteoglycan agrin regulates epicardial epithelia-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) through dystroglycan localizing on the Golgi apparatus. This ensures ECM and cytoskeletal connectivity and mechanical integrity of the transitioning epicardium and has important implications for the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in heart development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malandraki-Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaourakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extracellular matrix protein agrin is essential for epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during heart development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue topography steers migrating Drosophila border cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving cells can sense and respond to physical features of the microenvironment, however in vivo the significance of tissue topography is mostly unknown. Here we use the Drosophila border cells, an established model for in vivo cell migration, to study how chemical and physical information influence migration path selection. Live imaging, genetics, modeling, and simulations show that, although chemical cues were thought to be sufficient, microtopography is also important. Chemoattractants promote predominantly posterior movement, whereas tissue architecture presents orthogonal information, a path of least resistance concentrated near the center of the egg chamber. E-cadherin supplies a permissive haptotactic cue. Our results provide insight into how cells integrate and prioritize topographical, adhesive, and chemoattractant cues to choose one path amongst many.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campanale, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrous, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streichan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.316117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue topography steers migrating Drosophila border cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Human Aggression Pheromone Elicits a Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral and Brain Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Body-volatiles can effectively trigger or block conspecific aggression in terrestrial mammals. Here we tested whether hexadecanal (HEX), a human body-volatile implicated as a mammalian-wide social cue, impacts human aggression. Using validated behavioural paradigms, we observed a remarkable dissociation: sniffing HEX blocked aggression in men, but triggered aggression in women. Next, using functional brain imaging, we uncovered a pattern of brain activity mirroring behaviour: In both men and women, HEX increased activity in the left angular gyrus, an area implicated in perception of social cues. Hex then modulated functional connectivity between the angular gyrus and a brain network implicated in social appraisal (temporal pole) and aggressive execution (amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) in a sex-dependent manner consistent with behaviour: increasing connectivity in men, but decreasing connectivity in women. These findings implicate sex-specific social chemosignaling at the mechanistic heart of human aggressive behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honigstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorodisky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karawani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissgross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>soroka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endevelt-Shapira, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenkrantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strotmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Human Aggression Pheromone Elicits a Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral and Brain Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.321877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamines Mediate Folding of Primordial Hyper-Acidic Helical Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.321877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyamines are known to mediate diverse biological processes, and specifically to bind and stabilize compact conformations of nucleic acids, acting as chemical chaperones that promote folding by offsetting the repulsive negative charges of the phosphodiester backbone. However, whether and how polyamines modulate the structure and function of proteins remains unclear. Further, early proteins are thought to have been highly acidic, like nucleic acids, due to a scarcity of basic amino acids in the prebiotic context. Perhaps polyamines, the abiotic synthesis of which is simple, could have served as chemical chaperones for such primordial proteins? We replaced all lysines of an ancestral 60-residue helix-bundle protein to glutamate, resulting in a disordered protein with 21 glutamates in total. Polyamines efficiently induce folding of this hyper-acidic protein at sub-millimolar concentrations, and their potency scaled with the number of amine groups. Compared to cations, polyamines were several orders of magnitude more potent than Na+, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ had an effect similar to a di-amine, inducing folding at approximately seawater concentrations. We propose that (i) polyamines and dications may have had a role in promoting folding of early proteins devoid of basic residues, and that (ii) coil-helix transitions could be the basis of polyamine regulation in contemporary proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruic-Sovulj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.321877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamines Mediate Folding of Primordial Hyper-Acidic Helical Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infected cells present HLA-I peptides from canonical and out-of-frame ORFs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell-mediated immunity may play a critical role in controlling and establishing protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection; yet the repertoire of viral epitopes responsible for T cell response activation remains mostly unknown. Identification of viral peptides presented on class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) can reveal epitopes for recognition by cytotoxic T cells and potential incorporation into vaccines. Here, we report the first HLA-I immunopeptidome of SARS-CoV-2 in two human cell lines at different times post-infection using mass spectrometry. We found HLA-I peptides derived not only from canonical ORFs, but also from internal out-of-frame ORFs in Spike and Nucleoprotein not captured by current vaccines. Proteomics analyses of infected cells revealed that SARS-CoV-2 may interfere with antigen processing and immune signaling pathways. Based on the endogenously processed and presented viral peptides that we identified, we estimate that a pool of 24 peptides would provide one or more peptides for presentation by at least one HLA allele in 99% of the human population. These biological insights and the list of naturally presented SARS-CoV-2 peptides will facilitate data-driven selection of peptides for immune monitoring and vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weingarten-Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkizova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkins-Tinch, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauser, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infected cells present HLA-I peptides from canonical and out-of-frame ORFs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representational drift in the mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal representations in the hippocampus and related structures gradually change over time despite no changes in the environment or behavior. The extent to which such  representational drift occurs in sensory cortical areas and whether the hierarchy of information flow across areas affects neural-code stability have remained elusive. Here, we address these questions by analyzing large-scale optical and electrophysiological recordings from six visual cortical areas in behaving mice that were repeatedly presented with the same natural movies. We found representational drift over timescales spanning minutes to days across multiple visual areas. The drift was driven mostly by changes in individual cells activity rates, while their tuning changed to a lesser extent. Despite these changes, the structure of relationships between the population activity patterns remained stable and stereotypic, allowing robust maintenance of information over time. Such population-level organization may underlie stable visual perception in the face of continuous changes in neuronal responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deitch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representational drift in the mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental effects of oxytocin neurons on social affiliation and processing of social information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hormones regulate behavior either through activational effects that facilitate the acute expression of specific behaviors or through organizational effects that shape the development of the nervous system thereby altering adult behavior. Much research has implicated the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) in acute modulation of various aspects of social behaviors across vertebrate species, and OXT signaling is associated with the developmental social deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders, however, little is known about the role of OXT in the neurodevelopment of the social brain. We show that perturbation of OXT neurons during early zebrafish development led to a loss of dopaminergic neurons, associated with visual processing and reward, and blunted the neuronal response to social stimuli in the adult brain. Ultimately, adult fish whose OXT neurons were ablated in early life, displayed altered functional connectivity within social decision-making brain nuclei both in naive state and in response to social stimulus and became less social. We propose that OXT neurons have an organizational role, namely to shape forebrain neuroarchitecture during development and to acquire an affiliative response towards conspecifics.

Significance StatementSocial behavior is developed over the lifetime of an organism and the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates social behaviors across vertebrate species, and is associated with neuro-developmental social deficits such as autism. However, whether oxytocin plays a role in the developmental maturation of neural systems that are necessary for social behavior remains poorly explored. We show that proper behavioral and neural response to social stimuli depends on a developmental process orchestrated by oxytocin neurons. Animals whose oxytocin system is ablated in early life show blunted neuronal and behavioral responses to social stimuli as well as wide ranging disruptions in the functional connectivity of the Social Brain. We provide a window into the mechanisms underlying oxytocin-dependent developmental processes that implement adult sociality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wircer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.330993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental effects of oxytocin neurons on social affiliation and processing of social information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing SAR in 7T brain fMRI by circumventing fat suppression while removing the lipid signal through a parallel acquisition approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultra-high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers the way to new insights while increasing the spatial and temporal resolution. However, a crucial concern in 7T human MRI is the increase in power deposition, supervised through the specific absorption rate (SAR). The SAR limitation can restrict the brain coverage or the minimal repetition time of fMRI experiments. fMRI is based on the well-known gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI) sequence, which offers ultrafast acquisition. Commonly, the GRE-EPI sequence comprises two pulses: fat suppression and excitation. This work provides the means for a significant reduction in the SAR by circumventing the fat-suppression pulse. Without this fat-suppression, however, lipid signal can result in artifacts due to the chemical shift between the lipid and water signals. Our approach exploits a reconstruction similar to the simultaneous-multi-slice (SMS) method to separate the lipid and water images, thus avoiding undesired lipid artifacts in brain images. The lipid-water separation is based on the known spatial shift of the lipid signal, which can be detected by the multi-channel coils sensitivity profiles. Our study shows robust human imaging, offering greater flexibility to reduce the SAR, shorten the repetition time or increase the volume coverage with substantial benefit for brain functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seginer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing SAR in 7T brain fMRI by circumventing fat suppression while removing the lipid signal through a parallel acquisition approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climbing up and down binding landscapes: a high-throughput study of mutational effects in homologous protein-protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each protein-protein interaction (PPI) has evolved to possess binding affinity that is compatible with its cellular function. As such, cognate enzyme/inhibitor interactions frequently exhibit very high binding affinities, while structurally similar non-cognate PPIs possess substantially weaker binding affinities. To understand how slight differences in sequence and structure could lead to drastic changes in PPI binding free energy ({Delta}{Delta}Gbind), we study three homologous PPIs that span nine orders of magnitude in binding affinity and involve a serine protease interacting with an inhibitor BPTI. Using state-of-the-art methodology that combines protein randomization and affinity sorting coupled to next-generation sequencing and data normalization, we report quantitative binding landscapes consisting of {Delta}{Delta}Gbind values for the three PPIs, gleaned from tens of thousands of single and double mutations in the BPTI binding interface. We demonstrate that the three homologous PPIs possess drastically different binding landscapes and lie at different points in respect to the landscape maximum. Furthermore, the three PPIs demonstrate distinct patterns of coupling energies between two simultaneous mutations that depend not only on positions involved but also on the nature of the mutation. Interestingly, we find that in all three PPIs positive epistasis is frequently observed at hot-spot positions where mutations lead to loss of high affinity, while conversely negative epistasis is observed at cold-spot positions, where mutations lead to affinity enhancement. The new insights on PPI evolution revealed in this study will be invaluable in understanding evolution of other biological complexes and can greatly facilitate design of novel high-affinity protein inhibitors.

SignificanceProtein-protein interactions (PPIs) have evolved to display binding affinities that can support their function. As such, cognate and non-cognate PPIs could be highly similar structurally but exhibit huge differences in binding affinities. To understand this phenomenon, we studied the effect of tens of thousands of single and double mutations on binding affinity of three homologous protease-inhibitor complexes. We show that binding landscapes of the three complexes are strikingly different and depend on the PPI evolutionary optimality. We observe different patterns of couplings between mutations for the three PPIs with negative and positive epistasis appearing most frequently at hot-spot and cold-spot positions, respectively. The evolutionary trends observed here are likely to be universal to all biological complexes in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radisky, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climbing up and down binding landscapes: a high-throughput study of mutational effects in homologous protein-protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive calcium signaling in filopodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to possess mechanosensing properties, activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be tightly interlinked with the filopodia mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types. It has been found that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Most of the known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx. In contrast, L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key component in the discovered phenomenon. Since previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.

Significance statementWe found that tensile forces of tens of pN applied to individual filopodia trigger Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels, producing persistent Ca2+ oscillations inside mechanically stretched filopodia. Resulting elevation of the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in turn leads to downstream activation of calpain protease, which is known to play a crucial role in regulation of the cell adhesion dynamics. Thus, our work suggests that L-type channel-dependent Ca2+ signaling and the mechanosensing function of filopodia are coupled to each other, synergistically governing cell adhesion and motion in a force-dependent manner. Since L-type Ca2+ channels have been previously found in many different cell types, such as neural or cancer cells, the above mechanism is likely to be widespread among various cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.346247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive calcium signaling in filopodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.348631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTBP1 Regulates Injury Responses and Sensory Pathways in Adult Peripheral Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.348631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) is expressed only at embryonic stages in central neurons. Its downregulation triggers neuronal differentiation in precursor and non-neuronal cells, an approach recently used to generate neurons de novo for amelioration of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, PTBP1 is replaced by its paralog PTBP2 in mature central neurons. Surprisingly, we found both proteins co-expressed in adult sensory and motor neurons, with PTBP2 restricted mainly to the nucleus, while PTBP1 shows strong axonal localization. Levels of axonal PTBP1 increased markedly after peripheral nerve injury, and its cargos include mRNAs involved in axonal growth and regeneration, such as importin {beta}1 and RhoA. Perturbation of PTBP1 affects neuronal injury responses, axon outgrowth and sensation in vivo. Thus, PTBP1 has roles in sensory function and regenerative capacity of adult sensory neurons. These findings suggest that caution may be required before considering targeting PTBP1 for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di-Matteo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdradzinski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvaldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzihradszky, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okladnikov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.348631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTBP1 Regulates Injury Responses and Sensory Pathways in Adult Peripheral Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.338079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscale phase separation of chromatin in the nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.338079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intact-organism imaging of Drosophila larvae reveals and quantifies chromatin-aqueous phase separation. The chromatin can be organized near the lamina layer of the nuclear envelope, conventionally fill the nucleus, be organized centrally, or as a wetting droplet. These transitions are controlled by changes in nuclear volume and the interaction of chromatin with the lamina (part of the nuclear envelope) at the nuclear periphery. Using a simple polymeric model that includes the key features of chromatin self-attraction and its binding to the lamina, we demonstrate theoretically that it is the competition of these two effects that determines the mode of chromatin distribution. The qualitative trends as well as the compositional profiles obtained in our simulations compare well with the observed intact-organism imaging and quantification. Since the simulations contain only a small number of physical variables we can identify the generic mechanisms underlying the changes in the observed phase separations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiad-Pavlov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.338079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscale phase separation of chromatin in the nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active palpation underlying shape perception is shaped by physiological thresholds and experience. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hand movements are essential for tactile perception of objects. However, why different individuals converge on specific movement patterns is not yet clear. Focusing on planar shape perception, we tracked the hands of 11 participants while they practiced shape recognition. Our results show that planar shape perception is mediated by contour-following movements, either tangential to the contour or spatially-oscillating perpendicular to it, and by scanning movements, crossing between distant parts of the shapes contour. Both strategies exhibited non-uniform coverage of the shapes contours. We found that choice of strategy during the first experimental session was strongly correlated with two idiosyncratic parameters: participants with lower tactile resolution tended to move faster; and faster-adapting participants tended to employ oscillatory movements more often. In addition, practicing on isolated geometric features increased the tendency to use the contour-following strategy. These results provide insights into the processes of strategy selection in tactile perception.

SIGNIFICANCE STATMENTHand movements are integral components of tactile perception. Yet, the specific motion strategies used to perceive specific objects and features, and their dependence on physiological features and on experience, are understudied. Focusing on planar shape perception and using high-speed hand tracking we show that human participants employ two basic palpation strategies: Contour-following and scanning. We further show that the strategy chosen by each participant and its kinematics depend strongly on the participants physiological thresholds - indicative of spatial resolution and temporal adaptation - and on their perceptual experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arieli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active palpation underlying shape perception is shaped by physiological thresholds and experience.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.339317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID Moonshot: Open Science Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors by Combining Crowdsourcing, High-Throughput Experiments, Computational Simulations, and Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.339317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the results of the COVID Moonshot, a fully open-science, crowd sourced, structure-enabled drug discovery campaign targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. We discovered a non-covalent, non-peptidic inhibitor scaffold with lead-like properties that is differentiated from current main protease inhibitors. Our approach leveraged crowdsourcing, machine learning, exascale molecular simulations, and high-throughput structural biology and chemistry. We generated a detailed map of the structural plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, extensive structure-activity relationships for multiple chemotypes, and a wealth of biochemical activity data. All compound designs (>18,000 designs), crystallographic data (>840 ligand-bound X-ray structures), assay data (>10,000 measurements), and synthesized molecules (>2,400 compounds) for this campaign were shared rapidly and openly, creating a rich open and IP-free knowledgebase for future anti-coronavirus drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The COVID Moonshot Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achdout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobby, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BVNBS, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calmiano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattermole, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffland, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvitkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douangamath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duberstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudgeon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gileadi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorichko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorrie-Stone, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.339317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID Moonshot: Open Science Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors by Combining Crowdsourcing, High-Throughput Experiments, Computational Simulations, and Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly conserved and cis-acting lncRNAs produced from paralogous regions in the center of HOXA and HOXB clusters in the endoderm lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in gene regulatory networks acting in early development. There has been rapid turnover of lncRNA loci during vertebrate evolution, with few human lncRNAs conserved beyond mammals. The sequences of these rare deeply conserved lncRNAs are typically not similar to each other. Here, we characterize HOXA-AS3 and HOXB-AS3, lncRNAs produced from the central regions of the HOXA and HOXB clusters. Sequence-similar homologs of both lncRNAs are found in multiple vertebrate species and there is evident sequence similarity between their promoters, suggesting that the production of these lncRNAs predates the duplication of the HOX clusters at the root of the vertebrate lineage. This conservation extends to similar expression patterns of the two lncRNAs, in particular in cells transiently arising during early development or in the adult colon, and their co-regulation by the CDX1/2 transcription factors. Functionally, the RNA products of HOXA-AS3 and HOXB-AS3 regulate the expression of their overlapping HOX5-7 genes both in HT-29 cells and during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Beyond production of paralogous protein-coding and microRNA genes, the regulatory program in the HOX clusters therefore also relies on paralogous lncRNAs acting in restricted spatial and temporal windows of embryonic development and cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Degani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.366716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly conserved and cis-acting lncRNAs produced from paralogous regions in the center of HOXA and HOXB clusters in the endoderm lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.367862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized Chemogenetic Silencing of Inhibitory Neurons: A novel Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.367862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal cortical epilepsies are frequently refractory to available anticonvulsant drug therapies. One key factor contributing to this state is the limited availability of animal models that allow to reliably study focal cortical seizures and how they recruit surrounding brain areas in-vivo. In this study, we selectively expressed the inhibitory chemogenetic receptor, hM4D, in GABAergic neurons in focal cortical areas using viral gene transfer. Following focal silencing of GABAergic neurons by administration of Clozapine-N-Oxide (CNO), we demonstrated reliable induction of local epileptiform events in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal of awake freely moving mice. Experiments in anesthetized mice showed consistent induction of focal seizures in two different brain regions - the barrel cortex (BC) and at the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Seizures were accompanied by high frequency oscillations, a known characteristic of human focal seizures. Seizures propagated, but an analysis of seizure propagation revealed favored propagation pathways. CNO-induced epileptiform events propagated from the BC on one hemisphere to its counterpart and from the BC to the mPFC, but not vice-versa. Lastly, post-CNO epileptiform events in the BC could be triggered by sensory whisker-pad stimulation, indicating that this model, applied to sensory cortices, may be useful to study sensory-evoked seizures. Taken together, our results show that targeted chemogenetic inhibition of GABAergic neurons using hM4D can serve as a novel, versatile and reliable model of focal cortical epilepsy suitable to systematically study cortical ictogenesis in different cortical areas.

Significance StatementFocal cortical epilepsies are often hard to alleviate using current anticonvulsant therapies while further drug discovery is impeded by the limited variety of suitable animal models. In this study, we established a novel model of focal cortical seizures induced by spatially-restricted chemogenetic silencing of cortical inhibitory neurons. We have shown this method to be effective at various cortical regions and reliably induce seizures that share key characteristics with known human epilepsy traits, including sensory triggering and seizure propagation. This model may thus be used to advance the discovery of new remedies for focal cortical epilepsies, as well as to improve our understanding of seizure spread along different cortical pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitelman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubi Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.367862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized Chemogenetic Silencing of Inhibitory Neurons: A novel Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional pre-screening platform for identifying points of vulnerability in the cell death map of human melanoma tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted drug therapy in melanoma patients carrying the BRAF V600E mutation provides temporary remission, often followed by relapse due to acquired drug resistance. Here we propose a functional approach to circumvent drug resistance by applying a personalized prescreening platform that maps points of vulnerability in each tumor, prior to drug treatment. This platform applies siRNAs targeting 81 apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis genes in patient tumor cell cultures, identifying genes whose targeting maximizes cell killing by short-term BRAF inhibition. Melanoma tumors displayed large heterogeneity in the number and identities of soft-spots, providing different tumor-specific functional death signatures. The soft-spots were targeted by replacing functional siRNAs with small compound inhibitors for long-term treatment in combination with vemurafenib. This strategy reduced the number of drug-tolerant persister cells surviving treatment, and most importantly, the number of drug-resistant foci. Thus, prescreening melanoma tumors for soft-spots within the cell death network may enhance targeted drug therapy before resistance emerges, thereby reducing the odds of developing drug-resistant mutations, and preventing tumor relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel-Bird, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhaki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaeli-Slonim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Salomon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.377671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional pre-screening platform for identifying points of vulnerability in the cell death map of human melanoma tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of soil potassium and carbohydrates on xylem conductivity and embolism in an evergreen angiosperm tree and a gymnosperm tree before and after drought 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xylem embolism is a major threat to tree function and survival under drought, in natural and agricultural settings alike, with its impact increasing in light of global climate change. Conversely, potassium (K+) has been shown to increase xylem conductivity (Ks) in trees, and carbohydrates were reported to impact leaf gas exchange.

In this study we examined the effects of K+ and carbohydrates on Ks in two divergent evergreen tree species that are regularly exposed to drought: pine (Pinus brutia) and lemon (Citrus x limon). Five-year-old trees were pretreated with zero, moderate, and high K+, and with ambient or elevated CO2, to experimentally increase their xylem K+ or carbohydrates levels, respectively. Trees were then monitored for Ks and embolism (using a microCT), along with leaf gas exchange and water potential, before and after a 1.5-2.5 month drought period.

Potassium fertigation had a positive effect on Ks, in both species when irrigated, which was eliminated following drought. Drought decreased Ks about 10-fold in lemon, with little effect in pine. CO2-treated trees had the same Ks as control trees before and after drought.

Our results indicate a positive effect of K+ on tree hydraulics, which was more pronounced in lemon than in pine, supporting the hypothesis of interaction with the angiosperm pit membrane, and not with the gymnosperm bordered pit. Yet, the elimination of this benefit following drought, and the lack of benefit from elevated carbohydrates following a short-term CO2 treatment, question the relevance of these components to tree drought resistance mechanisms.

Key massagePotassium fertigation increases hydraulic conductivity and reduces xylem embolism in the gymnosperm pine, and more so in the angiosperm lemon tree, benefits which were eliminated following drought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenzweig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>klein, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.379156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of soil potassium and carbohydrates on xylem conductivity and embolism in an evergreen angiosperm tree and a gymnosperm tree before and after drought]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetramerization of Phosphoprotein is essential for Respiratory Syncytial virus budding while its N terminal region mediates direct interactions with the Matrix protein. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was shown previously that the Matrix (M), Phosphoprotein (P), and the Fusion (F) proteins of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are sufficient to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the RSV infection-induced virions. However, the exact mechanism and interactions among the three proteins are not known. This work examines the interaction between P and M during RSV assembly and budding. We show that M interacts with P in the absence of other viral proteins in cells using a Split Nano Luciferase assay. By using recombinant proteins, we demonstrate a direct interaction between M and P. By using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) we identify three novel M interaction sites on P, namely site I in the N2 region, site II in the 115-125 region, and the oligomerization domain (OD). We show that the OD, and likely the tetrameric structural organization of P, is required for virus-like filament formation and VLP release. Although sites I and II are not required for VLP formation, they appear to modulate P levels in RSV VLPs.

ImportanceHuman RSV is the commonest cause of infantile bronchiolitis in the developed world and of childhood deaths in resource-poor settings. It is a major unmet target for vaccines and anti-viral drugs. The lack of knowledge of RSV budding mechanism presents a continuing challenge for VLP production for vaccine purpose. We show that direct interaction between P and M modulates RSV VLP budding. This further emphasizes P as a central regulator of RSV life cycle, as an essential actor for transcription and replication early during infection and as a mediator for assembly and budding in the later stages for virus production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcouët, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetramerization of Phosphoprotein is essential for Respiratory Syncytial virus budding while its N terminal region mediates direct interactions with the Matrix protein.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.384313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast Brownian-ratchet mechanism for protein translocation by a AAA+ machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.384313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AAA+ ring-shaped machines, such as ClpB and Hsp104, mediate substrate translocation through their central channel by a set of pore loops. Recent structural studies suggested a universal hand-over-hand translocation mechanism, in which pore loops are moving rigidly in tandem with their corresponding subunits. However, functional and biophysical studies are in discord with this model. Here, we directly measure the real-time dynamics of the pore loops of ClpB and their response to substrate binding, using single-molecule FRET spectroscopy. All pore loops undergo large-amplitude fluctuations on the microsecond timescale, and change their conformation upon interaction with substrate proteins. Pore-loop conformational dynamics are modulated by nucleotides and strongly correlate with disaggregation activity. The differential behavior of the pore loops along the axial channel points to a fast Brownian-ratchet translocation mechanism, which likely acts in parallel to the much slower hand-over-hand process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazal, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iljina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.384313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast Brownian-ratchet mechanism for protein translocation by a AAA+ machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 utilizes a multipronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite the urgent need, we still do not fully understand the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and its ability to antagonize innate immune responses. Here, we use RNA-sequencing and ribosome profiling along SARS-CoV-2 infection and comprehensively define the mechanisms that are utilized by SARS-CoV-2 to shutoff cellular protein synthesis. We show SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a global reduction in translation but that viral transcripts are not preferentially translated. Instead, we reveal that infection leads to accelerated degradation of cytosolic cellular mRNAs which facilitates viral takeover of the mRNA pool in infected cells. Moreover, we show that the translation of transcripts whose expression is induced in response to infection, including innate immune genes, is impaired, implying infection prevents newly transcribed cellular mRNAs from accessing the ribosomes. Overall, our results uncover the multipronged strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to commandeer the translation machinery and to suppress host defenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubelsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom-Ronen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 utilizes a multipronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor irradiation combined with vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy enhances anti-tumor effects in preclinical prostate cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThere is an important clinical need to improve the treatment of high risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and to reduce the side effects of these treatments. We hypothesized that multi-modality therapy combining radiotherapy and vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) could PCa tumour control compared against monotherapy with each of these treatments alone. This could provide proof-of-concept to take to the clinic. VTP is a focal therapy for localized PCa, which rapidly destroys targeted tumors through vascular disruption. Tumor vasculature is characterized by vessel immaturity, increased permeability, aberrant branching and inefficient flow. Fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) alters the tumor microenvironment and promotes transient vascular normalization.

ObjectiveWe investigated whether sequential delivery of FRT followed by VTP 7 days later improves PCa tumor control compared to monotherapy with FRT or VTP alone.

FindingsFRT induced vascular normalization changes in PCa flank tumor allografts, improving vascular function as demonstrated using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. FRT followed by VTP significantly delayed tumor growth in flank PCa allograft pre-clinical models, compared with monotherapy with FRT or VTP alone, and improved overall survival.

ConclusionTaken together, these results suggest that combining FRT and VTP could become a promising multimodal clinical strategy in PCa therapy. This provides proof-of-concept for this multi-modality therapy approach to take forward to early phase clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sjoberg, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippou, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnussen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullis, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatrian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittscher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agemy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yechezkel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinchesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheiblin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wink, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschel, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojnovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdy, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.400283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor irradiation combined with vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy enhances anti-tumor effects in preclinical prostate cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bringing BOS to light: Uncovering the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotoxin β-ODAP in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a grain legume commonly grown in parts of Asia and Africa for food and forage. While being a highly nutritious and robust crop, able to survive both drought and floods, it produces a neurotoxic compound, {beta}-N-oxalyl-L-,{beta}-diaminopropionic acid ({beta}-ODAP), which can cause a severe neurological disorder if consumed as a main diet component. So far, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of {beta}-ODAP has not been identified. By combining protein purification and enzymatic assays with transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we were able to identify the enzyme {beta}-ODAP synthetase (BOS) from grass pea. We show that BOS is an HXXXD-type acyltransferase of the BAHD superfamily and that its crystal structure is highly similar to that of plant hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. The identification of BOS, more than 50 years after it was proposed, paves the way towards the generation of non-toxic grass pea cultivars safe for human and animal consumption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knafo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzeev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bringing BOS to light: Uncovering the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotoxin β-ODAP in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.402024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptor in CRF neurons is essential for HPA axis habituation to repeated stressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.402024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short abstractHabituation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to repeated homotypic stressors is crucial for the organisms well-being. Many physiological and psychological disorders are associated with HPA axis dysfunction. Here, we show that glucocorticoid receptors in CRF neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are essential for HPA habituation. By increasing inhibitory tone onto CRF neurons, glucocorticoid receptors led to essential cellular modulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation dampening, when re-exposed to the same stressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dournes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brivio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderzhanova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzapfel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huettl, R.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakovcevski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deussing, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.402024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptor in CRF neurons is essential for HPA axis habituation to repeated stressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.402354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Role for Nucleolin in Splice Site Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.402354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent 5 splice sites are highly abundant in human introns, yet, are apparently not normally used. Splicing at most of these sites would incorporate in-frame stop codons generating nonsense mRNAs. Importantly, under stress and in cancer, splicing at latent sites is activated generating nonsense mRNAs from thousands of genes. Previous studies point to an unresolved RNA quality control mechanism that suppresses latent splicing independently of NMD. They further demonstrated a pivotal role for initiator-tRNA in this mechanism, through its interaction with the AUG codon, independent of its role in protein translation. To further elucidate this mechanism, here we searched for nuclear proteins directly bound to initiator-tRNA in the nucleus. We identified nucleolin (NCL), a multifunctional, abundant, and conserved protein, as a novel regulator of splice site selection. Starting with UV crosslinking, we show that NCL is directly and specifically interacting with initiator-tRNA in the nucleus, but not in the cytoplasm. In support of NCL involvement in this mechanism, we show activation of latent splicing in hundreds of transcripts upon NCL knockdown, disrupting gene transcripts involved in several important cellular pathways and cell metabolism functions (e.g. transcription factors, oncogenes, kinases, splicing factors, translation factors, and genes affecting cell motility, proliferation, and cellular trafficking). We thus propose NCL, a component of the endogenous spliceosome, through its direct interaction with initiator-tRNA and its effect on latent splicing as the first documented protein of a nuclear quality control mechanism that regulates splice site selection to protect cells from latent splicing that would generate defective mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotea, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnitski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.402354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Role for Nucleolin in Splice Site Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.409367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TENT4A poly(A) polymerase regulates translesion DNA synthesis and is mutated in endometrial cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.409367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TENT4A (PAPD7) is a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase, of which little is known. Here we focus on its multilayer regulation of translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), in which DNA lesions are bypassed by error-prone DNA polymerases. We show that TENT4A regulates mRNA stability and/or translation of DNA polymerase {eta} and RAD18 E3 ligase, which guides the polymerase to replication stalling sites, and monoubiquitinates PCNA, thereby enabling recruitment of error-prone DNA polymerases to damaged DNA sites. Remarkably, in addition to the effect on RAD18 mRNA stability via controlling its poly(A) tail, TENT4A indirectly regulates RAD18 via the tumor suppressor CYLD, and via the long non-coding antisense RNA PAXIP1-AS2, which had no known function. Knocking down the expression of TENT4A or CYLD, or overexpression of PAXIP1-AS2 led each to reduced amounts of the RAD18 protein and DNA polymerase {eta}, leading to reduced TLS, highlighting PAXIP1-AS2 as a new TLS regulator. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TLS error-prone DNA polymerase genes and their TENT4A-related regulators are frequently mutated in endometrial cancer genomes, suggesting that TLS is dysregulated in this cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swain, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehrawat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz-Elizur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geacintov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.409367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TENT4A poly(A) polymerase regulates translesion DNA synthesis and is mutated in endometrial cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An opponent process for alcohol addiction based on changes in endocrine gland mass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consuming addictive drugs is often initially pleasurable, but escalating drug intake eventually recruits physiological "anti-reward" systems called opponent processes that cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Opponent processes are fundamental for the addiction process, but their physiological basis is not fully characterized. Here, we propose an opponent processes mechanism centered on the endocrine stress-response, the HPA axis. We focus on alcohol addiction, where the HPA axis is activated and secretes {beta}-endorphin, causing euphoria and analgesia. Using a mathematical model, we show that slow changes in HPA glands act as an opponent process for {beta}-endorphin secretion. The model explains hormone dynamics in alcohol addiction, and experiments on alcohol preference in rodents. The opponent process is based on fold-change detection (FCD) where {beta}-endorphin responses are relative rather than absolute; FCD confers vulnerability to addiction but has adaptive roles for learning. Our model suggests gland-mass changes as potential targets for intervention in addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An opponent process for alcohol addiction based on changes in endocrine gland mass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical Wnt signaling exerts bidirectional control on choroid plexus epithelial development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The choroid plexus (ChP) secretes cerebrospinal fluid and is critical for the development and function of the brain. In the telencephalon, the ChP epithelium (ChPe) arises from the Wnt-expressing cortical hem. Embryonic mouse and human ChPe both express nuclear {beta}-CATENIN, a canonical Wnt signaling pathway effector, indicating that this pathway is active during ChPe development. Point mutations in human {beta}-CATENIN result in the constitutive activation of canonical Wnt signaling. In a mouse model that recapitulates this perturbation, we report a loss of ChPe identity and an apparent transformation of the ChPe to a neuronal identity. Aspects of this phenomenon are recapitulated in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived organoids. The ChPe is also disrupted when {beta}-Catenin is conditionally inactivated in the mouse. Together, our results indicate that canonical Wnt signaling is required in a precise and regulated manner for normal ChPe development in the mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parichha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khsirsagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Reuven, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taketo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radosevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobic-Rasonja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanov Milosevic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.415588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical Wnt signaling exerts bidirectional control on choroid plexus epithelial development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The context-dependent, combinatorial logic of BMP signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication systems typically comprise families of ligand and receptor variants that function together in combinations. Pathway activation depends in a complex way on which ligands are present and what receptors are expressed by the signal-receiving cell. To understand the combinatorial logic of such a system, we systematically measured pairwise Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) ligand interactions in cells with varying receptor expression. Ligands could be classified into equivalence groups based on their profile of positive and negative synergies with other ligands. These groups varied with receptor expression, explaining how ligands can functionally replace each other in one context but not another. Context-dependent combinatorial interactions could be explained by a biochemical model based on competitive formation of alternative signaling complexes with distinct activities. Together, these results provide insights into the roles of BMP combinations in developmental and therapeutic contexts and establish a framework for analyzing other combinatorial, context-dependent signaling systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klumpe, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The context-dependent, combinatorial logic of BMP signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational control as a novel regulator of gradient sensing and chemotropism in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yeast mating pathway regulates haploid cell fusion in response to pheromone signaling via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that controls directional growth (chemotropism). However, the regulators of chemotropic morphogenesis are ill-defined. By using a non-biased genome-wide screen, we identified hundreds of genes that affect mating. An additional screens identified and validated >20 novel positive and negative regulators of pheromone gradient sensing, chemotropism, shmoo development, and mating. Aside from known regulators of exocytosis and endocytosis, genes involved in translational control downstream of the G-protein-regulated pheromone and filamentous growth MAPK pathways were identified. These include the Scp160 RNA-binding protein and the Asc1, Rpl12b, and Rpl19b ribosomal proteins (RPs). Importantly, we demonstrate that pheromone treatment and G (Gpa1) activation stimulate Scp160 binding to (and inhibition of) Asc1, which acts downstream of glucose-activated G (Gpa2) on the filamentous growth pathway. Moreover, we identify both Rpl12b and Rpl19b as RP paralog-specific positive regulators of translation of mating components, including Scp160. Thus, opposing MAPK pathways may converge at the level of translational control to regulate signaling output.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelin-Licht, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational control as a novel regulator of gradient sensing and chemotropism in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed more broadly than CLAU and determines the spatio-temporal context of CLAU activity. We demonstrate that both LA and CLAU affect the Cytokinin/Gibberellin (CK/GA) balance. LA reduces the sensitivity of the leaf margin to CK, shown before to be also affected by CLAU. CLAU affects leaf active GA content and sensitivity, shown previously to be also influenced by LA. Therefore, LA and CLAU likely function in parallel pathways to promote leaf differentiation by converging on common downstream processes, including the CK/GA balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Israeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shleizer-Burko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daphne Zelnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Hajirezaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernie, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tohge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency matters: Up- and Down-Regulation of Dopamine Tone Induces Similar Frequency Shifts in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Beta Oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beta oscillatory activity (13-30Hz) is pervasive within the cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) network. Studies in Parkinsons disease (PD) patients and animal models suggested that beta-power increases with dopamine depletion. However, the exact relationship between oscillatory power, frequency and dopamine-tone remains unclear. We recorded neural activity in the CBG network of non-human-primates (NHP) while acutely up- and down-modulating dopamine levels. Further, we assessed changes in beta oscillations of PD patients following acute and chronic changes in dopamine-tone. Beta oscillation frequency was strongly coupled with dopamine-tone in both NHPs and human patients. In contrast, power, coherence between single-units and LFP, and spike-LFP phase-locking were not systematically regulated by dopamine levels. These results demonstrate via causal manipulations that frequency, rather than other properties, is the key property of pathological oscillations in the CBG networks. These insights can lead to improvements in understanding of CBG physiology, PD progression tracking and patient care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iskhakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency matters: Up- and Down-Regulation of Dopamine Tone Induces Similar Frequency Shifts in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Beta Oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nuclear role for ARGONAUTE-2 in regulation of neuronal alternative polyadenylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute 2 (AGO2), the effector protein partner of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the cytoplasmic RNA induced silencing complex, is further involved in nuclear RNA processing. However, a role for AGO2 in regulation of alternative polyadenylation was not yet demonstrated. Here, we reveal unexpected abundance of AGO2 in mouse neuronal nuclei and characterize nuclear AGO2 interactors by mass spectrometry. We discover that AGO2 broadly regulated alternative polyadenylation (APA) in neuronal cells. Specifically, we demonstrate how two isoforms of Ret mRNA, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase are regulated by AGO2-depenent APA, affecting downstream GDNF signaling in primary motor neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor-Kollet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nuclear role for ARGONAUTE-2 in regulation of neuronal alternative polyadenylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA demethylation switches the drivers of Foxp3 expression to maintain regulatory T cell identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of differentiated cellular states is crucial for numerous biological processes, yet its molecular basis remains unclear. Here, we investigate how mechanistically regulatory T (Treg) cell fate is "locked in" during lineage commitment via transcriptional regulation of its lineage-specifying factor Foxp3. Tet-mediated DNA demethylation of Foxp3 enhancer CNS2 was proposed to be a key mechanism maintaining Foxp3 transcription. However, this model has not been directly tested. Therefore, we integrated genetic, pharmacological, and epigenetic approaches to examine the function and mechanism of DNA demethylation in Treg lineage maintenance. We observed an abrupt switch of the transcriptional drivers of Foxp3 upon DNA demethylation, which was abolished by CNS2 deficiency. Demethylation of CNS2 increased chromatin accessibility and protein binding, conferring on Treg fate substantial resistance to adverse environments. Thus, our study consolidated the role of DNA demethylation in stabilizing Foxp3 expression in cis and revealed a novel regulatory mode governing Treg identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA demethylation switches the drivers of Foxp3 expression to maintain regulatory T cell identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An enhanced yeast display platform demonstrates the binding plasticity under various selection pressures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeast surface display is popular in vitro evolution method. Here, we enhanced the method by multiple rounds of DNA and protein engineering, resulting in increased protein stabilities, surface expression, and enhanced fluorescence. The pCTcon2 yeast display vector was rebuild, introducing surface exposure tailored reporters - eUnaG2 and DnbALFA, creating a new platform of C and N terminal fusion vectors. In addition to gains in simplicity, speed, and cost, new applications were included to monitor protein surface exposure and protein retention in the secretion pathway. The enhanced methodologies were applied to investigate de-novo evolution of protein-protein interaction sites. Selecting binding from a mix of 6 protein-libraries towards two targets using high stringency selection led to the isolations of single high-affinity binders to each of the targets, without the need for high complexity libraries. Conversely, low-stringency selection resulted in the creation of many solutions for weak binding, demonstrating the plasticity of weak de-novo interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An enhanced yeast display platform demonstrates the binding plasticity under various selection pressures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Detection and Desensitisation of Auto-reactive T cells Associated with Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases and in particular type 1 diabetes rely heavily on treatments that target the symptoms rather than prevent the underlying disease. One of the barriers to better therapeutic strategies is the inability to detect and efficiently target rare autoreactive T-cell populations that are major drivers of these conditions. Here, we develop a unique artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) system from biocompatible polymer particles that allows specific encapsulation of bioactive ingredients. Using our aAPC we demonstrate that we are able to detect rare autoreactive CD4 populations in human patients and using mouse models we demonstrate that our particles are able to induce desensitization in the autoreactive population. This system provides a promising tool that can be used in the prevention of autoimmunity before disease onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Artzy-Schnirman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrawati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haus-cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peakman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.26.424333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Detection and Desensitisation of Auto-reactive T cells Associated with Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay controls germline differentiation in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular events that regulate cell pluripotency versus acquisition of differentiated somatic cell fate is fundamentally important. Studies in C. elegans demonstrate that knockout of the germline-specific translation repressor gld-1, causes germ cells within tumorous gonads to form germline-derived teratoma. Previously we demonstrated that ER stress enhances this phenotype to suppress germline tumor progression (Levi-Ferber M, 2015). Here, we identify a neuronal circuit that non-autonomously suppresses germline differentiation, and show that it communicates with the gonad via the neurotransmitter serotonin to limit somatic differentiation of the tumorous germline. ER stress controls this circuit through regulated IRE-1-dependent mRNA decay of transcripts encoding the neuropeptide FLP-6. Depletion of FLP-6 disrupts the circuits integrity and hence its ability to prevent somatic-fate acquisition by germline tumor cells. Our findings reveal mechanistically how ER stress enhances ectopic germline differentiation, and demonstrate that RIDD can affect animal physiology by controlling a specific neuronal circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levi-Ferber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le-Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis-Korenblit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay controls germline differentiation in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling cellular spreading and emergence of motility in the presence of curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells adhere to extracellular matrix during the normal development of the organism, forming static adhesion as well as during cell motility. We study this process by considering a simplified coarse-grained model of a vesicle that has uniform adhesion energy with a flat substrate, mobile curved membrane proteins and active forces. We find that a high concentration of curved proteins alone increases the spreading of the vesicle, by the self-organization of the curved proteins at the high curvature vesicle-substrate contact line, thereby reducing the bending energy penalty at the vesicle rim. This is most significant in the regime of low bare vesicle-substrate adhesion. When these curved proteins induce protrusive forces, representing the actin cytoskeleton, we find efficient spreading, in the form of sheet-like lamellipodia. Finally, the same mechanism of spreading is found to include a minimal set of ingredients needed to give rise to motile phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.02.425086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling cellular spreading and emergence of motility in the presence of curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scRNA-seq Reveals A Macrophage Subset That Provides A Splenic Replication Niche For Intracellular Salmonella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between intracellular bacteria and mononuclear phagocytes give rise to diverse cellular phenotypes that may determine the outcome of infection. Recent advances in single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) have identified multiple subsets within the mononuclear population defined by unique molecular features, but the implications to their function during infection is unknown. Here, we applied high resolution kinetic analysis using microscopy, flow cytometry and scRNA-seq to survey the mononuclear niche of intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) during early systemic infection in mice. We describe an eclipse like growth kinetics in the spleen, with a first phase of bacterial control mediated by tissue resident red pulp macrophages. A second phase involved bacterial growth mediated by intracellular replication within a macrophage population we termed CD9 macrophages, that originate from non-classical monocytes. Nr4a1e2-/- mice, specifically depleted of non-classical monocytes but not other mononuclear cells, are more resistant to S.Tm infection. Our study underscores a cell-type specific host-pathogen interaction that determines early infection growth dynamics and has implications to the infection outcome of the entire organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tevet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen-Avivi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scRNA-seq Reveals A Macrophage Subset That Provides A Splenic Replication Niche For Intracellular Salmonella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.422575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholesteryl Hemiazelate Induces Lysosome Dysfunction and Exocytosis in Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.422575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEA key event in atherogenesis is the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages, lipidotic cells, which exhibit irreversible accumulation of undigested modified low-density lipoproteins in lysosomes. This event culminates with the loss of cell homeostasis, inflammation and cell death. In this study we propose to identify the chemical etiological factors and understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of lysosome function in macrophages.

APPROACH AND RESULTSUsing shotgun lipidomics we have discovered that a family of oxidized lipids (cholesteryl hemiesters, ChE), end products of oxidation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters, occurs at higher concentrations in the plasma of two cohorts of cardiovascular disease patients than in the plasma of a control cohort. Macrophages exposed to the most prevalent ChE, cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA) exhibit lysosome enlargement, peripheral lysosomal positioning, lysosome dysfunction and lipidosis which are irreversible. The transcriptomic profile of macrophages exposed to ChA indicates that the lysosome pathway is deeply affected and is well correlated with lysosome phenotypic and functional changes. Interestingly, the dysfunctional peripheral lysosomes are more prone to fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their undigested luminal content into the extracellular milieu with potential consequences to the pathology.

CONCLUSIONWe identify ChA not only as one of the molecules involved in the etiology of irreversible lysosome dysfunction culminating with lipidosis but also as a promoter of exocytosis of the dysfunctional lysosomes. The latter event is a new mechanism that may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domingues, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calado, R. D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthiesen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M. I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surma, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimas Almeida, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futerman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.422575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholesteryl Hemiazelate Induces Lysosome Dysfunction and Exocytosis in Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical theory of biological noise buffering by multi-component phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining homeostasis is a fundamental characteristic of living systems. In cells, this is contributed to by assembly of biochemically-distinct organelles, many of whom are not membrane-bound, but form by the physical process of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By analogy with LLPS in binary solutions, cellular LLPS was hypothesized to contribute to homeostasis by facilitating "concentration buffering", which renders the local protein concentration within the organelle robust to global variations in the average, cellular concentration (e.g. due to expression noise). Interestingly, concentration buffering was experimentally measured in vivo, in a simple organelle with a single solute, while it was observed not to be obeyed in one with several solutes. Here, we formulate theoretically and solve analytically a physical model of LLPS in a ternary solution of two solutes (A and B) that interact both homotypically (A-A attractions) and heterotypically (A-B attractions). Our physical theory predicts how the equilibrium concentrations in LLPS are related to expression noise and thus generalizes the concept of concentration buffering to multi-component systems. This allows us to reconcile the seemingly contradictory experimental observations. Furthermore, we predict that incremental changes of the homotypic and heterotypic interactions among the molecules that undergo LLPS, such as those that are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the proteins, may increase the efficiency of concentration buffering of a given system. Thus, we hypothesize that evolution may optimize concentration buffering as an efficient mechanism to maintain LLPS homeostasis, and suggest experimental approaches to test this in different systems.

SignificanceThe stochastic nature of transcription/translation implies that the concentrations of cellular proteins are "noisy" and not constant in time or across cell populations. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), can reduce or "buffer" this noise by maintaining well-defined concentrations, even in the presence of concentration distributions. However, this idea was recently challenged experimentally in multicomponent systems. Our physical theory of LLPS in ternary systems (solutes A and B in a solvent), predicts their LLPS properties as a function of the A-A (homotypic) and A-B (heterotypic) interaction strengths. We show how buffering can be effective if the noise distribution aligns with the tie-lines of the phase diagram and suggest that evolution may optimize concentration buffering by selecting mutations that lead to this.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deviri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical theory of biological noise buffering by multi-component phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral activity of bacterial TIR domains via signaling molecules that trigger cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a canonical component of animal and plant immune systems. In plants, intracellular pathogen sensing by immune receptors triggers their TIR domains to generate a molecule which is a variant of cyclic ADP-ribose (v-cADPR). This molecule is hypothesized to activate plant cell death via a yet unresolved pathway. TIR domains were recently also shown to be involved in a bacterial anti-phage defense system called Thoeris, but the mechanism of Thoeris defense remained unknown. In this study we report that phage infection triggers Thoeris TIR-domain proteins to produce an isomer of cyclic ADP-ribose. This molecular signal activates a second protein, ThsA, which then depletes the cell of the essential molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and leads to abortive infection and cell death. We further show that similar to eukaryotic innate immune systems, bacterial TIR-domain proteins determine the immunological specificity to the invading pathogen. Our results describe a new antiviral signaling pathway in bacteria, and suggest that generation of intracellular signaling molecules is an ancient immunological function of TIR domains conserved in both plant and bacterial immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malheiro, D. B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral activity of bacterial TIR domains via signaling molecules that trigger cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro evolution follows contagious mutation spread, yet generates an able infection inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is continually evolving, with more contagious mutations spreading rapidly. Using in vitro evolution to affinity maturate the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein towards ACE2 resulted in the more contagious mutations, S477N, E484K, and N501Y, to be among the first selected, explaining the convergent evolution of the "European" (20E-EU1), "British" (501.V1),"South African" (501.V2), and   Brazilian" variants (501.V3). Plotting the binding affinity to ACE2 of all RBD mutations against their incidence in the population shows a strong correlation between the two. Further in vitro evolution enhancing binding by 600-fold provides guidelines towards potentially new evolving mutations with even higher infectivity. For example, Q498R epistatic to N501Y. Nevertheless, the high-affinity RBD is also an efficient drug, inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The 2.9[A] Cryo-EM structure of the high-affinity complex, including all rapidly spreading mutations, provides a structural basis for future drug and vaccine development and for in silico evaluation of known antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro evolution follows contagious mutation spread, yet generates an able infection inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics on the web: spiders use physical rules to solve complex tasks in mate search and competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A long-standing question in animal behaviour is how organisms solve complex tasks. Here we explore how the dynamics of animal behaviour in the ubiquitous tasks of mate-search and competition can arise from a physics-based model of effective interactions. Male orb-weaving spiders of the genus Trichonephila are faced with the daunting challenge of entering the web of a much larger and potentially cannibalistic female, approaching her, and fending off rival males. The interactions that govern the dynamics of males within the confined two-dimensional arena of the females web are dominated by seismic vibrations. This unifying modality allows us to describe the spiders as interacting active particles, responding only to effective forces of attraction and repulsion due to the female and rival males. Our model is based on a detailed analysis of experimental spider trajectories, obtained during the approach of males towards females, and amidst their interactions with rival males of different sizes. The dynamics of spider particles that emerges from our theory allows us to explain a puzzling relationship between the density of males on the web and the reproductive advantages of large males. Our results provide strong evidence that the simple physical rules at the basis of our model can give rise to complex fitness related behaviours in this system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haluts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Reyes, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbonos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics on the web: spiders use physical rules to solve complex tasks in mate search and competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutants libraries reveal negative design shielding proteins from mis-assembly and re-localization in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular consequences of mutations in proteins is essential to map genotypes to phenotypes and interpret the increasing wealth of genomic data. While mutations are known to disrupt protein structure and function, their potential to create new structures and localization phenotypes has not yet been mapped to a sequence space. To map this relationship, we employed two homo-oligomeric protein complexes where the internal symmetry exacerbates the impact of mutations. We mutagenized three surface residues of each complex and monitored the mutations effect on localization and assembly phenotypes in yeast cells. While surface mutations are classically viewed as benign, our analysis of several hundred mutants revealed they often trigger three main phenotypes in these proteins: nuclear localization, the formation of puncta, and fibers. Strikingly, more than 50% of random mutants induced one of these phenotypes in both complexes. Analyzing the mutants sequences showed that surface stickiness and net charge are two key physicochemical properties associated with these changes. In one complex, more than 60% of mutants self-assembled into fibers. Such a high frequency is explained by negative design: charged residues shield the complex from misassembly, and the sole removal of the charges induces its assembly. A subsequent analysis of several other complexes targeted with alanine mutations suggested that negative design against mis-assembly and mislocalization is common. These results highlight that minimal perturbations in protein surfaces physicochemical properties can frequently drive assembly and localization changes in a cellular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Seisdedos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutants libraries reveal negative design shielding proteins from mis-assembly and re-localization in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for efficient non-evaporative leaf-to-air heat dissipation in a pine forest under drought conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIDrier climates predicted for many regions can result in reduced evaporative cooling leading to leaf heat stress and enhanced mortality. To what extent non-evaporative cooling can contribute to plant resilience to the increasingly stressful conditions is poorly known at present.
C_LIO_LIUsing a novel, high accuracy infrared system for continuous measurements of leaf temperature in mature trees under field conditions, we assessed leaf-to-air temperature differences {Delta}Tleaf-air of pine needles during drought.
C_LIO_LIOn mid-summer days, {Delta}Tleaf-air remained <1.5 {degrees}C, both in trees exposed to summer drought, and in those provided with a supplement irrigation having a 10x higher transpiration rate. The non-evaporative cooling in the drought-exposed trees must be facilitated by low resistance to heat transfer generating large H. {Delta}Tleaf-air was weakly related to variations in the radiation load and mean wind speed in the lower part of the canopy, but highly dependent on canopy structure and within-canopy turbulence that enhanced the sensible heat flux H.
C_LIO_LINon-evaporative cooling is demonstrated as an effective cooling mechanism in needle-leaf trees, which can be a critical factor in forest resistance to drying climates. The generation of a large H at the leaf scale provides a basis for the development of the previously identified canopy-scale  convector effect.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarinov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for efficient non-evaporative leaf-to-air heat dissipation in a pine forest under drought conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusion of the disordered E-cadherin tail on β-catenin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specific protein interactions typically require well-shaped binding interfaces. Here, we report a cunning exception. The disordered tail of the cell-adhesion protein E-cadherin dynamically samples a large surface area of the proto-oncogene {beta}-catenin. Single-molecule experiments and molecular simulations resolve these motions with high resolution in space and time. Contacts break and form within hundreds of microseconds without dissociation of the complex. A few persistent interactions provide specificity whereas unspecific contacts boost affinity. The energy landscape of this complex is rugged with many small barriers (3 - 4 kBT) and reconciles specificity, high affinity, and extreme disorder. Given the roles of {beta}-catenin in cell-adhesion, signalling, and cancer, this Velcro-like design has the potential to tune the stability of the complex without requiring dissociation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiggers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubovetskyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusion of the disordered E-cadherin tail on β-catenin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the conflict between antibiotic production and rapid growth by recognition of peptidoglycan of susceptible competitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities employ a variety of complex strategies to compete successfully against competitors sharing their niche, with antibiotic production being a common strategy of aggression. Here, by systematic evaluation of all non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) produced by B. subtilis clade, we revealed that they acted either synergistically or additively to effectively eliminate phylogenetically distinct competitors. All four major NRP biosynthetic clusters were also imperative for the survival of B. subtilis in a complex community extracted from the rhizosphere. The production of NRP came with a fitness cost manifested in growth inhibition, rendering NRP synthesis uneconomical when growing in proximity to a phylogenetically close species, carrying resistance against the same antibiotics. To resolve this conflict and ease the fitness cost, NRP production was only induced by the presence of peptidoglycan cue from a sensitive competitor. These results experimentally demonstrate a general ecological concept - closely related communities ("self") are favoured during competition, due to compatibility in attack and defence mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the conflict between antibiotic production and rapid growth by recognition of peptidoglycan of susceptible competitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent population activity on the scale of minutes in the mouse hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the hippocampus fire in consistent sequence over the timescale of seconds during the delay period of some memory experiments. For longer timescales, firing of hippocampal neurons also changes slowly over minutes within experimental sessions. It was thought that these slow dynamics are caused by stochastic drift or a continuous change in the representation of the episode, rather than consistent sequences unfolding over minutes. This paper studies the consistency of contextual drift in three chronic calcium imaging recordings from the hippocampus CA1 region in mice. Computational measures of consistency show reliable sequences within experimental trials at the scale of seconds as one would expect from time cells or place cells during the trial, as well as across experimental trials on the scale of minutes within a recording session. Consistent sequences in the hippocampus are observed over a wide range of time scales, from seconds to minutes. Hippocampal activity could reflect a scale-invariant spatiotemporal context as suggested by theories of memory from cognitive psychology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselmo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent population activity on the scale of minutes in the mouse hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ecological significance of extracellular vesicles in modulating host-virus interactions during algal blooms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles are produced by organisms from all kingdoms and serve a myriad of functions, many of which involve cell-cell signaling, especially during stress conditions and host-pathogen interactions. In the marine environment, communication between microorganisms can shape trophic level interactions and population succession, yet we know very little about the involvement of vesicles in these processes. In a previous study, we showed that vesicles produced during viral infection by the ecologically important model alga Emiliania huxleyi, could act as a pro-viral signal, by expediting infection and enhancing the half-life of the virus in the extracellular milieu. Here, we expand our laboratory findings and show the effect of vesicles on natural populations of E. huxleyi in a mesocosm setting. We profile the small-RNA (sRNA) cargo of vesicles that were produced by E. huxleyi during bloom succession, and show that vesicles applied to natural assemblages expedite viral infection and prolong the half-life of this major mortality agent of E. huxleyi. We subsequently reveal that exposure of the natural assemblage to E. huxleyi-derived vesicles modulates not only host-virus dynamics, but also other components of the microbial food webs, thus emphasizing the importance of extracellular vesicles to microbial interactions in the marine environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltvedt, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandaa, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ecological significance of extracellular vesicles in modulating host-virus interactions during algal blooms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrates modulate charge-reorganization allosteric effects in protein-protein association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein function may be modulated by an event occurring far away from the functional site, a phenomenon termed allostery. While classically allostery involves conformational changes, we recently observed that charge redistribution within an antibody can also lead to an allosteric effect, modulating the kinetics of binding to target antigen. In the present study, we study the association of a poly-histidine tagged enzyme (phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK) to surface-immobilized anti-His antibodies, finding a significant Charge-Reorganization Allostery (CRA) effect. We further observe that PGKs negatively charged nucleotide substrates modulate CRA substantially, even though they bind far away from the His-tag-antibody interaction interface. In particular, binding of ATP reduces CRA by more than 50%. The results indicate that CRA may be affected by charged substrates bound to a protein and provide further insight into the role of charge redistribution in protein function.

TOC GRAPHIC O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee-Ghosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrates modulate charge-reorganization allosteric effects in protein-protein association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local thermodynamics governs the formation and dissolution of protein condensates in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membraneless compartments, also known as condensates, provide chemically distinct environments and thus spatially organize the cell. A well-studied example of condensates is P granules in the roundworm C. elegans which play an important role in the development of the germline. P granules are RNA-rich protein condensates that share the key properties of liquid droplets such as a spherical shape, the ability to fuse, and fast diffusion of their molecular components. An outstanding question is to what extent phase separation at thermodynamic equilibrium is appropriate to describe the formation of condensates in an active cellular environment. To address this question, we investigate the response of P granule condensates in living cells to temperature changes. We observe that P granules dissolve upon increasing the temperature and recondense upon lowering the temperature in a reversible manner. Strikingly, this temperature response can be captured by in vivo phase diagrams which are well described by a Flory-Huggins model at thermodynamic equilibrium. This finding is surprising due to active processes in a living cell. To address the impact of such active processes on intra-cellular phase separation, we discuss temperature heterogeneities. We show that, for typical estimates of the density of active processes, temperature represents a well-defined variable and that mesoscopic volume elements are at local thermodynamic equilibrium. Our findings provide strong evidence that P granule assembly and disassembly are governed by phase separation based on local thermal equilibria where the non-equilibrium nature of the cytoplasm is manifested on larger scales.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLiving cells rely on a continuous flux of energy to spatially organize biochemical processes. It remained unclear whether cells can achieve this spatial organization via thermodynamic principles. Here, we report the striking behavior of a cold-blooded organism that reacts to environmental temperature changes similar to a thermodynamic system at local equilibrium. Our key finding is that protein-rich droplets form and dissolve reversibly with temperature due to changes in the organism?s entropy. We show that the organism uses a specific molecule to extend droplet stability to the natural temperature range of the organisms habitat. Due to the relevance of such protein droplets for the organism?s fertility, our works shed light on how molecular components could facilitate biological functions via thermodynamic principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Delgadillo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame-Arana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoege, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreysing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittasch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local thermodynamics governs the formation and dissolution of protein condensates in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomolecular recognition of the glycan neoantigen CA19-9 by distinct antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans decorate cell surface, secreted glycoproteins and glycolipids. Altered glycans are often found in cancers. Despite their high diagnostic and therapeutic potentials, glycans are polar and flexible molecules that are quite challenging for the development and design of high-affinity binding antibodies. To understand the mechanisms by which glycan neoantigens are specifically recognized by antibodies, we analyze the biomolecular recognition of a single tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 by two distinct antibodies using X-ray crystallography. Despite the plasticity of glycans and the very different antigen-binding surfaces presented by the antibodies, both structures reveal an essentially identical extended CA19-9 conformer, suggesting that this conformers stability selects the antibodies. Starting from the bound structure of one of the antibodies, we use the AbLIFT computational method to design a variant with seven core mutations that exhibited tenfold improved affinity for CA19-9. The results reveal strategies used by antibodies to specifically recognize glycan antigens and show how automated antibody-optimization methods may be used to enhance the clinical potential of existing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borenstein-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warszawski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padler-Karavani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomolecular recognition of the glycan neoantigen CA19-9 by distinct antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Serine Protease HtrA2 mediates radiation-induced senescence in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiation therapy can induce cellular senescence in cancer cells leading to short-term tumor growth arrest, yet increased long-term recurrence. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we developed a model of radiation-induced senescence in cultured cancer cells, which exhibited a typical senescent phenotype, including upregulation of p53 and its target p21, followed by sustained reduction in cellular proliferation, changes in cell size and cytoskeleton organization, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. A functional siRNA screen using a cell death-related library identified the mitochondrial Ser protease HtrA2 as necessary for senescence development. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of the senescent cells indicated downregulation of proteins involved in cell cycle progression and DNA repair, and upregulation of proteins associated with malignancy, while irradiation with HtrA2 inhibition upregulated cell proliferation components. In search of direct HtrA2 substrates following radiation, we determined that HtrA2 cleaves the intermediate filament protein vimentin, affecting its cytoplasmic organization. Ectopic expression of active cytosolic HtrA2 resulted in similar changes to vimentin filament assembly. Thus HtrA2, contributes to several hallmarks of senescence and is involved in the cytoskeletal reorganization that accompanies radiation-induced senescence.

SummaryHere the authors identify the Ser protease HtrA2 as a novel mediator of radiation-induced senescence, necessary for sustained proliferation arrest and reorganization of the vimentin filament network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hammer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Salomon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaeli-Slonim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel-Bird, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-Katz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Serine Protease HtrA2 mediates radiation-induced senescence in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a naturally occurring invertebrate rhodopsin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is carried between brain regions through neurotransmitter release from axonal presynaptic terminals. Understanding the functional roles of defined neuronal projection pathways in cognitive and behavioral processes requires temporally precise manipulation of their activity in vivo. However, existing optogenetic tools have low efficacy and off-target effects when applied to presynaptic terminals, while chemogenetic tools are difficult to control in space and time. Here, we show that a targeting-enhanced mosquito homologue of the vertebrate encephalopsin (eOPN3) can effectively suppress synaptic transmission through the Gi/o signaling pathway. Brief illumination of presynaptic terminals expressing eOPN3 triggers a lasting suppression of synaptic output that recovers spontaneously within minutes in vitro as well as in vivo. In freely moving mice, eOPN3-mediated suppression of dopaminergic nigrostriatal afferents leads to an ipsiversive rotational bias. We conclude that eOPN3 can be used to selectively suppress neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals with high spatiotemporal precision, opening new avenues for functional interrogation of long-range neuronal circuits in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf-Sinik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruentgens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palgi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wietek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a naturally occurring invertebrate rhodopsin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physically interacting beta-delta pairs in the regenerating pancreas revealed by single cell sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endocrine pancreas is able to regenerate in response to insult, including by driving beta-cells into the cell division cycle. Until recently, communication between neighboring cells in islets of Langerhans was overlooked by single-cell genomic technologies, which require rigorous tissue dissociation into single cells. Here, we utilize sorting of physically interacting cells (PICs) with single-cell RNA-sequencing to systematically map cellular interactions in the regenerating endocrine pancreas. The cellular landscape of the regenerated pancreas features regeneration-associated endocrine populations.

We explore the unexpected heterogeneity of beta-cells in regeneration, including an interaction-specific program between paired beta and delta-cells. Our analysis suggests that the particular cluster of beta-cells that pair with delta-cells benefits from stress protection, implying that the interaction between beta and delta-cells safeguards against regeneration-associated challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaitin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physically interacting beta-delta pairs in the regenerating pancreas revealed by single cell sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic recognition of macaque facial expressions for detection of affective states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal affective states produce external manifestations such as facial expressions. In humans, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is widely used to objectively quantify the elemental facial action-units (AUs) that build complex facial expressions. A similar system has been developed for macaque monkeys - the Macaque Facial Action Coding System (MaqFACS); yet unlike the human counterpart, which is already partially replaced by automatic algorithms, this system still requires labor-intensive coding. Here, we developed and implemented the first prototype for automatic MaqFACS coding. We applied the approach to the analysis of behavioral and neural data recorded from freely interacting macaque monkeys. The method achieved high performance in recognition of six dominant AUs, generalizing between conspecific individuals (Macaca mulatta) and even between species (Macaca fascicularis). The study lays the foundation for fully automated detection of facial expressions in animals, which is crucial for investigating the neural substrates of social and affective states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gothard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryluk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic recognition of macaque facial expressions for detection of affective states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.431313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.431313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the spatial organization of tissues is of critical importance for both basic and translational research. While recent advances in tissue imaging are opening an exciting new window into the biology of human tissues, interpreting the data that they create is a significant computational challenge. Cell segmentation, the task of uniquely identifying each cell in an image, remains a substantial barrier for tissue imaging, as existing approaches are inaccurate or require a substantial amount of manual curation to yield useful results. Here, we addressed the problem of cell segmentation in tissue imaging data through large-scale data annotation and deep learning. We constructed TissueNet, an image dataset containing >1 million paired whole-cell and nuclear annotations for tissue images from nine organs and six imaging platforms. We created Mesmer, a deep learning-enabled segmentation algorithm trained on TissueNet that performs nuclear and whole-cell segmentation in tissue imaging data. We demonstrated that Mesmer has better speed and accuracy than previous methods, generalizes to the full diversity of tissue types and imaging platforms in TissueNet, and achieves human-level performance for whole-cell segmentation. Mesmer enabled the automated extraction of key cellular features, such as subcellular localization of protein signal, which was challenging with previous approaches. We further showed that Mesmer could be adapted to harness cell lineage information present in highly multiplexed datasets. We used this enhanced version to quantify cell morphology changes during human gestation. All underlying code and models are released with permissive licenses as a community resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullaway, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camplisson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Tal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshawsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.431313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAM57B is a modulator of ceramide synthesis that regulates sphingolipid homeostasis and synaptic composition in the developing brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex 16p11.2 Deletion Syndrome (16pdel) is accompanied by neurological disorders, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. We demonstrate that 16pdel iPSC differentiated neurons showed augmented local field potential activity and altered ceramide-related lipid species relative to unaffected. FAM57B, a poorly characterized gene in the 16p11.2 interval, has emerged as a candidate tied to symptomatology. We found that FAM57B modulates ceramide synthase (CerS) activity, but is not a CerS per se. In FAM57B mutant human neuronal cells and zebrafish brain, composition and levels of sphingolipids and glycerolipids associated with cellular membranes are disrupted. Consistently, we observed aberrant plasma membrane architecture and synaptic protein mislocalization, which were accompanied by depressed brain and behavioral activity. Together, these results suggest that haploinsufficiency of FAM57B contributes to changes in neuronal activity and function in 16pdel Syndrome, through a crucial role for the gene in lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomasello, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitalipova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futerman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sive, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAM57B is a modulator of ceramide synthesis that regulates sphingolipid homeostasis and synaptic composition in the developing brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution of the rRNA methylating enzyme Cfr reveals molecular basis of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration of antibiotic binding sites through modification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a common form of resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics. The rRNA-modifying enzyme Cfr methylates an adenosine nucleotide within the peptidyl transferase center, resulting in the C-8 methylation of A2503 (m8A2503). Acquisition of cfr results in resistance to eight classes of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Despite the prevalence of this resistance mechanism, it is poorly understood whether and how bacteria modulate Cfr methylation to adapt to antibiotic pressure. Moreover, direct evidence for how m8A2503 alters antibiotic binding sites within the ribosome is lacking. In this study, we performed directed evolution of Cfr under antibiotic selection to generate Cfr variants that confer increased resistance by enhancing methylation of A2503 in cells. Increased rRNA methylation is achieved by improved expression and stability of Cfr through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, which may be exploited by pathogens under antibiotic stress as suggested by natural isolates. Using a variant which achieves near-stoichiometric methylation of rRNA, we determined a 2.2 [A] cryo-EM structure of the Cfr-modified ribosome. Our structure reveals the molecular basis for broad resistance to antibiotics and will inform the design of new antibiotics that overcome resistance mediated by Cfr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myasnikov, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galonic Fujimori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution of the rRNA methylating enzyme Cfr reveals molecular basis of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrast adaptation improves spatial integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of contrast adaptation and contrast area summation were investigated using a contrast discrimination task. The task consisted of a target of variable size, and a pedestal with a fixed base contrast. Discrimination performance was examined for a condition in which the pedestal size was fixed, equal to the largest target size, and for a condition in which the pedestal size matched the target size and thus varied with it. Repeated performance of the task produced rapid within-session improvements for both conditions. For stimuli with a matching size of target and pedestal, the performance improved only for the larger targets, indicating the development of area summation, which was initially absent for these stimuli. However, the improvements were mostly temporary, and were not fully retained between subsequent sessions. The temporary nature of the sensitivity gains implies that they resulted, at least in part, from rapid adaptation to the stimulus contrast. We suggest that adaptation decorrelates and thus reduces the spatial noise generated by a high-contrast pedestal, leading to improved area summation and better contrast sensitivity. A decorrelation model successfully predicted our experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinchuk Yacobi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrast adaptation improves spatial integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-situ fiducial markers for 3D correlative cryo- fluorescence and FIB-SEM imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Imaging of cells and tissues has improved significantly over the last decade. Dual-beam instruments with a focused ion beam mounted on a scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), which offer high-resolution 3D imaging of large volumes and fields-of-view are becoming widely used in the life sciences. FIB-SEM has most recently been implemented on fully hydrated, cryo-immobilized, biological samples. However, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) workflows combining cryo-fluorescence microscopy (cryo-FM) and FIB-SEM are not yet commonly available. Here, we demonstrate that fluorescently labeled lipid droplets can serve as in-situ fiducial markers for correlating cryo-FM and FIB-SEM datasets, and that this approach can be used to target the acquisition of large FIB-SEM stacks spanning tens of microns under cryogenic conditions. We also show that cryo-FIB-SEM imaging is particularly informative for questions related to organelle structure and inter-organellar contacts, nuclear organization and mineral deposits in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul-Gilloteaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-situ fiducial markers for 3D correlative cryo- fluorescence and FIB-SEM imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.434387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic forces functionally reorganize nuclear condensates in oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.434387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells remodel their cytoplasm with force-generating cytoskeletal motors1. Their activity generates random forces that stir the cytoplasm, agitating and displacing membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus in somatic2-4 and germ5-7 cells. These forces are transmitted inside the nucleus4,7, yet their consequences on liquid-like biomolecular condensates8-10 residing in the nucleus remain unexplored. Here, we probe experimentally and computationally diverse nuclear condensates, that include nuclear speckles, Cajal bodies, and nucleoli, during cytoplasmic remodeling of female germ cells named oocytes. We discover that growing mammalian oocytes deploy cytoplasmic forces to timely impose multiscale reorganization of nuclear condensates for the success of meiotic divisions. These cytoplasmic forces accelerate nuclear condensate collision-coalescence and molecular kinetics within condensates. Inversely, disrupting the forces decelerates nuclear condensate reorganization on both scales, compromising condensate-associated mRNA processing and consequently hindering oocyte divisions that drive female fertility. We establish that cytoplasmic forces can reorganize nuclear condensates in an evolutionary conserved fashion in insects. Our work implies that cells evolved a mechanism, based on cytoplasmic force tuning, to functionally regulate a broad range of nuclear condensates across scales. This finding opens new perspectives when studying condensate-associated pathologies like cancer, neurodegeneration and viral infections11-13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Jord, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmuller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HUYNH, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voituriez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terret, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verlhac, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.434387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic forces functionally reorganize nuclear condensates in oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCL-XL blockage in TNBC models confers vulnerability to inhibition of specific cell cycle regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell cycle regulators are frequently altered in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Emerging agents targeting these signals offer the possibility to design new combinatorial therapies. However, preclinical models that recapitulate TNBC primary resistance and heterogeneity are essential to evaluate the potency of these combined treatments.

MethodsBioinformatic processing of human breast cancer datasets was used to analyse correlations between expression levels of cell cycle regulators and patient survival outcome. The MMTV-R26Met mouse model of TNBC resistance and heterogeneity was employed to analyse expression and targeting vulnerability of cell cycle regulators in the presence of BCL-XL blockage. Robustness of outcomes and selectivity was further explored using a panel of human breast cancer cells. Alterations of protein expression, phosphorylation, and/or cellular localisation were analysed by western blots, reverse phase protein array, and immunocytochemistry. Bioinformatics was performed to highlight drugs mechanisms of action.

ResultsWe report that high expression levels of BCL-XL and specific cell cycle regulators correlate with poor survival outcomes of TNBC patients. Blockage of BCL-XL confers vulnerability to drugs targeting CDK1/2/4, but not FOXM1, CDK4/6, Aurora A and Aurora B, to all MMTV-R26Met and human TNBC cell lines tested. Mechanistically, we show that, co-targeting of BCL-XL and CDK1/2/4 synergistically inhibited cell growth by combinatorial depletion of survival and RTK/AKT signals, and concomitantly restoring FOXO3a tumour suppression actions. This was accompanied by an accumulation of DNA damage and consequently apoptosis.

ConclusionsOur studies illustrate the possibility to exploit the vulnerability of TNBC cells to CDK1/2/4 inhibition by targeting BCL-XL. Moreover, they underline that specificity matters in targeting cell cycle regulators for combinatorial anticancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castellanet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, J.-P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamballe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCL-XL blockage in TNBC models confers vulnerability to inhibition of specific cell cycle regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sacsin cotranslational degradation causes autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay is caused by more than 200 different mutations in the SACS gene encoding sacsin, a huge multimodular protein of unknown function. ARSACS phenotypic spectrum is highly variable. Previous studies correlated the nature and position of SACS mutations with age of onset or disease severity, though the effects on protein stability were not considered.

In this study, we explain mechanistically the lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in ARSACS, with important consequences for disease diagnosis and treatment.

We found that sacsin is almost absent in ARSACS fibroblasts, regardless of the nature of the mutation. We did not detect sacsin in patients with truncating mutations, while we found it strikingly reduced or absent also in compound heterozygotes carrying diverse missense mutations. We excluded SACS mRNA decay, defective translation, or faster post-translational degradation as causes of protein reduction. Conversely, we demonstrated that nascent mutant sacsin protein undergoes preemptive cotranslational degradation, emerging as a novel cause of a human disease. Based on these findings, sacsin levels should be included in the diagnostic algorithm for ARSACS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maltecca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ritis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miluzio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baets, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarlato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santorelli, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biffo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sacsin cotranslational degradation causes autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel theoretical framework for simultaneous measurement of excitatory and inhibitory conductances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Firing of neurons throughout the brain is determined by the precise relations between excitatory and inhibitory inputs and disruption of their balance underlies many psychiatric diseases. Whether or not these inputs covary over time or between repeated stimuli remains unclear due to the lack of experimental methods for measuring both inputs simultaneously. We developed a new analytical framework for instantaneous and simultaneous measurements of both the excitatory and inhibitory neuronal inputs during a single trial under current clamp recording. This can be achieved by injecting a current composed of two high frequency sinusoidal components followed by analytical extraction of the conductances. We demonstrate the ability of this method to measure both inputs in a single trial under realistic recording constraints and from morphologically realistic CA1 pyramidal model cells. Experimental implementation of our new method will facilitate the understanding of fundamental questions about the health and disease of the nervous system.

ClassificationSystem Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller-Komorowska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parabucki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyasaf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel theoretical framework for simultaneous measurement of excitatory and inhibitory conductances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of MRN activity by a telomere protein motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MRN complex (MRX in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) initiates the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and activates the Tel1/ATM kinase, which orchestrates the DNA damage response (DDR). Telomeres prevent DDR activation at chromosome ends, partly by keeping MRN-ATM in check. We show that the multiple activities of the MRX complex are disabled by telomeric protein Rif2 through the action of a short motif (MIN, MRN/X-inhibitory motif) at the N-terminal end of the protein. MIN executes telomeric suppression of Tel1, DDR and and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) via direct biding to the N-terminal region of Rad50. A combination of biochemical and genetic data suggests that Rif2 promotes a transition within the MRX complex that is not conductive for endonuclease activity, DNA-end tethering or Tel1 kinase activation. We suggests that the MIN motif operates in the RIF2 paralog ORC4 (Origin Recognition Complex 4) in K. lactis and in telomeric protein Taz1 in Schizoccharomyces pombe, which is not evolutionarily related to Orc4/Rif2. These results highlight a potential Achilles heel in Rad50, the regulatory subunit of MRN, which we suggest has been targeted by different telomeric factors in multiple fungal lineages, raising the possibility that analogous approaches might be deployed in other Eukaryotes as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannavo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddalena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahwan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshmery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of MRN activity by a telomere protein motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-controlled nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of mRNA decay factors regulates mRNA synthesis and initiates a novel mRNA decay pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA level is controlled by factors that mediate both mRNA synthesis and decay, including the exonuclease Xrn1 - a major mRNA synthesis and decay factor. Here we show that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Xrn1 and of some of its associated mRNA decay factors plays a key role in determining both mRNA synthesis and decay. Shuttling is regulated by RNA-controlled binding of the karyopherin Kap120 to two nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) in Xrn1. The decaying RNA binds and masks NLS1, establishing a link between mRNA decay and Xrn1 shuttling. Mutations in the two NLSs, which prevent Xrn1 import, compromise transcription and, unexpectedly, also the cytoplasmic decay of [~]50% of the cellular mRNAs - comparably to Xrn1 deletion. These findings uncover a cytoplasmic mRNA decay pathway that begins in the nucleus. Interestingly, Xrn1 shuttling is required for proper adaptation to environmental changes, in particular to ever changing environmental fluctuations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khwaja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuarzman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnsack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnsack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Ortin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-controlled nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of mRNA decay factors regulates mRNA synthesis and initiates a novel mRNA decay pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel zebrafish mutants reveal new roles for Apolipoprotein B during embryonic development and pathological conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the primary protein of chylomicrons, VLDLs and LDLs and is essential for their assembly. Defects in ApoB synthesis and secretion result in several human diseases, including abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Conversely, high levels of APOB in plasma are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

The involvement of APOB in lipid metabolism and atherogenesis prompted the generation of several mutant mice. However, as APOB is required for supplying nutrients to the developing embryo, ApoB null mice are embryonic lethal, thereby precluding the study of the roles of this protein during development.

Here, we established novel zebrafish mutants for two apoB genes: apoBa and apoBb.1. Double-mutant embryos display clear hallmarks of human hypolipidemia-related diseases, including intestinal defects and fatty liver, as well as profound vascular defects. We further use these models to identify the domains within ApoB responsible for its functions. By assessing the ability of different truncated forms of human APOB to rescue the mutant phenotypes, we demonstrate the benefits of this model for prospective therapeutic screens. Overall, our novel zebrafish models uncover new functions of ApoB in organ development and morphogenesis and shed new light on the mechanisms underlying hypolipidemia-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tempelhof, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham-Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel zebrafish mutants reveal new roles for Apolipoprotein B during embryonic development and pathological conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neutralization potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies is retained against novel viral variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wide range of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were reported to date, most of which target the spike glycoprotein and in particular its receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit. The therapeutic implementation of these antibodies has been recently challenged by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants that harbor extensively mutated spike versions. Consequently, the re-assessment of mAbs, previously reported to neutralize the original early-version of the virus, is of high priority.

Four previously selected mAbs targeting non-overlapping epitopes, were evaluated for their binding potency to RBD versions harboring individual mutations at spike positions 417, 439, 453, 477, 484 and 501. Mutations at these positions represent the prevailing worldwide distributed modifications of the RBD, previously reported to mediate escape from antibody neutralization. Additionally, the in vitro neutralization potencies of the four RBD-specific mAbs, as well as two NTD-specific mAbs, were evaluated against two frequent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs): (i) the B.1.1.7 variant, emerged in the UK and (ii) the B.1.351 variant, emerged in South Africa. Variant B.1.351 was previously suggested to escape many therapeutic mAbs, including those authorized for clinical use. The possible impact of RBD mutations on recognition by mAbs is addressed by comparative structural modelling. Finally, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of three selected mAbs by treatment of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice two days post infection with each of the virus strains.

Our results clearly indicate that despite the accumulation of spike mutations, some neutralizing mAbs preserve their potency against SARS-CoV-2. In particular, the highly potent MD65 and BL6 mAbs are shown to retain their ability to bind the prevalent novel viral mutations and to effectively protect against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of high clinical concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makdasi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy-Porat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitlaru, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimhony, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yitzhaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neutralization potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies is retained against novel viral variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutant evading cellular immunity and increasing viral infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that is devastating the modern societies worldwide, many variants that naturally acquire multiple mutations have emerged. Emerging mutations can affect viral properties such as infectivity and immune resistance. Although the sensitivity of naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variants to humoral immunity has recently been investigated, that to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cellular immunity remains unaddressed. Here we demonstrate that two recently emerging mutants in the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, L452R (in B.1.427/429) and Y453F (in B.1.298), can escape from the HLA-24-restricted cellular immunity. These mutations reinforce the affinity to viral receptor ACE2, and notably, the L452R mutation increases protein stability, viral infectivity, and potentially promotes viral replication. Our data suggest that the HLA-restricted cellular immunity potentially affects the evolution of viral phenotypes, and the escape from cellular immunity can be a further threat of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/438288v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153428forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@136ca5aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ee490org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2fe478_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Motozono, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngare, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonekawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutant evading cellular immunity and increasing viral infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial expression programs of the intestinal follicle-associated epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestine is lined with isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) that facilitate sampling of luminal antigens to elicit immune responses. Technical challenges related to the scarcity and small sizes of ILFs and their follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) impeded the characterization of their spatial gene expression programs. Here, we combined RNA sequencing of laser capture microdissected tissues with single molecule transcript imaging to obtain a spatial gene expression map of the ILF and its associated FAE in the mouse small intestine. We identified zonated expression programs in both follicles and FAEs, with a decrease in enterocyte anti-microbial and absorption programs and a partial induction of expression programs normally observed at the villus tip. We further identified Lepr+ sub-epithelial telocytes at the FAE top, which are distinct from villus-tip Lgr5+ telocytes. Our analysis exposes the epithelial and mesenchymal cell states associated with ILFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massalha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial expression programs of the intestinal follicle-associated epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.438991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the modified immunopeptidome reveals insights into principles of PTM-driven antigenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.438991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigen processing and presentation are critical for modulating tumor-host interactions. While post-translational modifications (PTMs) can alter the binding and recognition of antigens, their identification remains challenging. Here we uncover the role PTMs may play in antigen presentation and recognition in human cancers by profiling 29 different PTM combinations in immunopeptidomics data from multiple clinical samples and cell lines. We established and validated an antigen discovery pipeline and showed that newly identified modified antigens from a murine cancer model are cancer-specific and can elicit T cell killing. Systematic analysis of PTMs across multiple cohorts defined new haplotype preferences and binding motifs in association with specific PTM types. By expanding the antigenic landscape with modifications, we uncover disease-specific targets, including thousands of novel cancer-specific antigens and reveal insight into PTM-driven antigenicity. Collectively, our findings highlight an immunomodulatory role for modified peptides presented on HLA I, which may have broad implications for T-cell mediated therapies in cancer and beyond.

SignificanceMajor efforts are underway to identify cancer-specific antigens for personalized immunotherapy. Here, we enrich the immunopeptidome landscape by uncovering thousands of novel putative antigens that are post-translationally modified. We define unique preferences for PTM-driven alterations affecting HLA binding and TCR recognition, which in turn alter tumor-immune interactions.

Conflict of interest statementAuthors declare no conflicts of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kacen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaban, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Leprevost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Admon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.438991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the modified immunopeptidome reveals insights into principles of PTM-driven antigenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hsp40s display class-specific binding profiles, serving complementary roles in the prevention of tau amyloid formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microtubule-associated protein, tau, is the major subunit of neurofibrillary tangles, forming insoluble, amyloid-type aggregates associated with neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimers disease. Tau aggregation, however, can be prevented in the cell by a class of proteins known as molecular chaperones, which play important roles in maintaining protein homeostasis. While numerous chaperones are known to interact with tau, though, little is known about the detailed mechanisms by which these prevent tau aggregation. Here, we describe the effects of the ATP-independent Hsp40 chaperones, DNAJA2 and DNAJB1, on tau amyloid fiber formation and compare these to the well-studied small heat shock protein HSPB1. We find that each chaperone prevents tau aggregation differently, by interacting with distinct sets of tau species along the aggregation pathway and thereby affecting their incorporation into fibers. Whereas HSPB1 only binds tau monomers, DNAJB1 and DNAJA2 recognize aggregation-prone tau conformers and even mature fibers, thus efficiently preventing formation of tau amyloids. In addition, we find that both Hsp40s bind tau seeds and fibers via their C-terminal domain II (CTDII), with DNAJA2 being further capable of recognizing tau monomers by a second, different site in CTDI. These results provide important insight into the molecular mechanism by which the different members of the Hsp40 chaperone family counteract the formation, propagation, and toxicity of tau aggregates. Furthermore, our findings highlight the fact that chaperones from different families and different classes play distinct, but complementary roles in preventing pathological protein aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irwin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hsp40s display class-specific binding profiles, serving complementary roles in the prevention of tau amyloid formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A counter-enzyme complex regulates glutamate metabolism in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-enzyme assemblies composed of metabolic enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions are being increasingly studied. Here, we report the discovery of a 1.6 megadalton multi-enzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis composed of two enzymes catalyzing opposite rather than sequential reactions ("counter-enzymes"): glutamate synthase (GltAB), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GudB), that make and break glutamate, respectively. In vivo and in vitro studies show that the primary role of complex formation is to inhibit GudBs activity as this enzyme is constitutively expressed including in glutamate-limiting conditions. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we elucidated the structure of the complex and the basis of GudBs inhibition. Finally, we show that this complex that exhibits unusual oscillatory progress curves is a necessity for planktonic growth in glutamate-limiting conditions, but is also essential for biofilm growth in glutamate-rich media, suggesting a regulatory role at fluctuating glutamate concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A counter-enzyme complex regulates glutamate metabolism in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of gibberellin accumulation by water deficiency promotes fast and long-term 'drought avoidance' responses in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants reduce transpiration to avoid dehydration during drought episodes by stomatal closure and inhibition of canopy growth. While abscisic acid (ABA) has a primary role in  drought avoidance, previous studies suggest that gibberellin (GA), might also be involved. Here we show in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that shortage of water inhibited the expression of the GA biosynthesis genes GA20 oxidase1 (GA20ox1) and GA20ox2 and induced the GA-deactivating gene GA2ox7 in leaves and guard cells, resulting in reduced bioactive GA levels. Drought regulation of GA metabolism was mediated by ABA-dependent and independent pathways, and by the transcription factor DEHYDRATION RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING (DREB), TINY1. Mutations in GA20ox1 and GA20ox2 reduced water loss due to the smaller canopy area. On the other hand, loss of GA2ox7 did not affect leaf size, but attenuated stomatal response to water deficiency; during soil dehydration, ga2ox7 plants closed their stomata and reduced transpiration later than WT, suggesting that ga2ox7 stomata are hyposensitive to soil dehydration. Together, the results suggest that drought-induced GA deactivation in guard cells contributes to stomatal closure at the early stages of soil dehydration, whereas inhibition of GA synthesis in leaves promotes mainly the long-term reduction in canopy growth to reduce transpiration area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheriker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illouz-Eliaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsellem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarkowska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of gibberellin accumulation by water deficiency promotes fast and long-term 'drought avoidance' responses in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin polymerization and crosslinking drive left-right asymmetry in single cell and cell collectives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deviations from mirror symmetry in the development of bilateral organisms are highly stereotypic and genetically predetermined, but their mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. At the cellular level, self-organization of the actin cytoskeleton results in chiral actin swirling, and cells in groups confined to micropatterns demonstrate chiral cell alignment. The relationship between individual and collective cell chirality is unclear, and molecular players involved remain essentially unidentified. Here, by screening major actin-associated proteins and deep-learning-based morphometric analysis of actin patterns, we found that knockdowns of specific actin polymerization regulators, such as mDia1, ARPC2, and cofilins 1&2, abolished chiral actin swirling, while depletion of profilin 1 and CapZ{beta}, reversed its direction in an actin crosslinker -actinin1-dependent manner. Analysis of these and other knockdowns and pharmacological treatments revealed a robust correlation between their effects on the chirality of individual cells and confined cell groups. Thus, actin-driven cell chirality may underlie tissue and organ asymmetry.

One Sentence SummaryCell chirality determined by specific regulators of actin polymerization drives left-right asymmetry emergence in cell groups
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tee, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, I. Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, S. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanawong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiagarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin polymerization and crosslinking drive left-right asymmetry in single cell and cell collectives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.440729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual reference method for high precision infrared measurement of leaf surface temperature under field conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.440729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LITemperature is a key control over biological activities from the cellular to the ecosystem scales. However, direct, high precision measurements of surface temperature of small objects such as leaves under field conditions with large variations in ambient conditions remain rare. Contact methods such as thermocouples are prone to large errors. The use of non-contact remote sensing methods such as thermal infrared measurements provides an ideal solution, but their accuracy has been low (in the order of ~2 {degrees}C) due to necessity for corrections for material emissivity and fluctuations in background radiation (Lbg).
C_LIO_LIA novel  dual-reference method was developed to increase the accuracy of infrared needle-leaf surface temperature measurements in the field. It accounts for variations in Lbg and corrects for the systematic camera offset using two reference plates.
C_LIO_LIWe accurately captured surface temperature and leaf-to-air temperature differences of needle-leaves in a forest ecosystem with large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations with an uncertainty of {+/-}0.23 and {+/-}0.25 {degrees}C, respectively.
C_LIO_LIRoutine high precision leaf temperature measurements even under harsh field conditions, such as demonstrated here, opens the way for investigating a wide range of leaf-scale processes and its dynamics.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarinov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnevetsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingjan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.440729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual reference method for high precision infrared measurement of leaf surface temperature under field conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic cell-based materials extract positional information from morphogen gradients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic biomaterials composed of synthetic cellular structures have the potential to adapt and functionally differentiate guided by physical and chemical cues from their environment. Inspired by developing biological systems, which efficiently extract positional information from chemical morphogen gradients in the presence of environmental uncertainties, we here investigate the analogous question: how well can a synthetic cell determine its position within a synthetic multicellular structure? In order to calculate positional information in such systems, we created and analyzed a large number of replicas of synthetic cellular assemblies, which were composed of emulsion droplets connected via lipid bilayer membranes. The droplets contained cell-free two-node feedback gene circuits that responded to gradients of a genetic inducer acting as a morphogen. We found that in our system, simple anterior-posterior differentiation is possible, but positional information is limited by gene expression noise, and is also critically affected by the temporal evolution of the morphogen gradient and the life-time of the cell-free expression system contained in the synthetic cells. Using a 3D printing approach, we demonstrate morphogen-based differentiation also in larger tissue-like assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aufinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styazhkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfischer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galensowske, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen-Schaumann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic cell-based materials extract positional information from morphogen gradients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral defense via nucleotide depletion in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA viruses and retroviruses need to consume large quantities of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) when replicating within infected cells. The human antiviral factor SAMHD1 takes advantage of this vulnerability in the viral life cycle, and inhibits viral replication by degrading dNTPs into their constituent deoxynucleosides and inorganic phosphate. In this study we report that bacteria employ a similar strategy to defend against phage infection. We found a family of defensive dCTP deaminase proteins that, in response to phage infection, convert dCTP into deoxy-uracil nucleotides. A second family of phage resistance genes encode dGTPase enzymes, which degrade dGTP into phosphate-free deoxy-guanosine (dG) and are distant homologs of the human SAMHD1. Our results show that the defensive proteins completely eliminate the specific deoxynucleotide (either dCTP or dGTP) from the nucleotide pool during phage infection, thus starving the phage of an essential DNA building block and halting its replication. Both defensive genes are found in a diverse set of bacterial species and are specifically enriched in Vibrio genomes. Our study demonstrates that manipulation of the deoxynucleotide pool is a potent antiviral strategy shared by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokar-Avihail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral defense via nucleotide depletion in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins developed unconventional mitochondrial targeting signals due to structural constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial ribosomes are complex molecular machines indispensable for respiration. Their assembly involves the import of several dozens of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs), encoded in the nuclear genome, into the mitochondrial matrix. Available proteomic and structural data as well as computational predictions indicate that up to 25% of MRPs do not have a conventional N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS). We characterized a set of 15 yeast MRPs in vivo and showed that 30% of them use internal mitochondrial targeting signals. We isolated a novel internal targeting signal from the conserved MRP Mrp17 (bS6). The Mrp17 targeting signal shares some properties as well as import components with conventional MTS-containing proteins but is not reliably predicted indicating that mitochondrial protein targeting is more versatile than expected. We hypothesize that internal targeting signals arose in MRPs when the N-terminus extension was constrained by ribosome assembly interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bykov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flohr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins developed unconventional mitochondrial targeting signals due to structural constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropy Regularized Deconvolution of Cellular Cryo-Transmission Electron Tomograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) allows for the high resolution visualization of biological macromolecules. However, the technique is limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and variance in contrast at different frequencies, as well as reduced Z resolution. Here, we applied entropy regularized deconvolution (ER DC) to cryo-electron tomography data generated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reconstructed using weighted back projection (WBP). We applied DC to several in situ cryo-ET data sets, and assess the results by Fourier analysis and subtomogram analysis (STA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croxford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arigovindan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropy Regularized Deconvolution of Cellular Cryo-Transmission Electron Tomograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of specialized blood vessels through transdifferentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lineage and developmental trajectory of a cell are key determinants of cellular identity. Yet, the functional relevance of deriving a specific cell type from ontologically distinct progenitors, remains an open question. In the case of the vascular system, blood and lymphatic vessels are composed of endothelial cells (ECs) that differentiate and diversify to cater the different physiological demands of each organ. While lymphatic vessels have been shown to originate from multiple cell sources, lymphatic ECs (LECs) themselves seem to have a unipotent cell fate. In this work we uncover a novel mechanism of blood vessel formation through transdifferentiation of LECs. Using advanced long-term reiterative imaging and lineage-tracing of ECs in zebrafish, from embryonic development through adulthood, we reveal a hitherto unknown process of LEC-to-BEC transdifferentiation, underlying vascularization of the anal fin (AF). Moreover, we demonstrate distinct functional implications for deriving AF vessels from either LECs or BECs, uncovering for the first time a clear link between cell ontogeny and functionality. Molecularly, we identify Sox17 as a negative regulator of lymphatic fate specification, whose specific expression in AF LECs suppresses its lymphatic cell fate. Finally, we show that akin to the developmental process, during adult AF regeneration the vasculature is re-derived from lymphatics, demonstrating that LECs in the mature fish retain both potency and plasticity for generating specialized blood vessels. Overall, our work highlights a novel mechanism of blood vessel formation through LEC trans-differentiation, and provides the first in vivo evidence for a link between cell ontogeny and functionality in ECs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambiase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tevet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safriel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicenboim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilam-Altstadter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of specialized blood vessels through transdifferentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.441297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Flexible Peptide Docking in Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.441297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophilic peptides that form an irreversible covalent bond with their target have great potential for binding targets that have been previously considered undruggable. However, the discovery of such peptides remains a challenge. Here, we present CovPepDock, a computational pipeline for peptide docking that incorporates covalent binding between the peptide and a receptor cysteine. We applied CovPepDock retrospectively to a dataset of 115 disulfide-bound peptides and a dataset of 54 electrophilic peptides, for which it produced a top-five scoring, near-native model, in 89% and 100% of the cases, respectively. In addition, we developed a protocol for designing electrophilic peptide binders based on known non-covalent binders or protein-protein interfaces. We identified 7,154 peptide candidates in the PDB for application of this protocol. As a proof-of-concept we validated the protocol on the non-covalent complex of 14-3-3{sigma} and YAP1 phosphopeptide. The protocol identified seven highly potent and selective irreversible peptide binders. The predicted binding mode of one of the peptides was validated using X-ray crystallography. This case-study demonstrates the utility and impact of CovPepDock. It suggests that many new electrophilic peptide binders can be rapidly discovered, with significant potential as therapeutic molecules and chemical probes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tivon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somsen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossar, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.441297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Flexible Peptide Docking in Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated regulation of WNT/β-catenin, c-Met, and Integrin signalling pathways by miR-193b controls triple negative breast cancer metastatic traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTriple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of Breast Cancer (BC). Treatment options for TNBC patients are limited and further insights into disease aetiology are needed to develop better therapeutic approaches. microRNAs ability to regulate multiple targets could hold a promising discovery approach to pathways relevant for TNBC aggressiveness. Thus, we address the role of miRNAs in controlling signalling pathways and phenotypes relevant to the biology of TNBC.

MethodsTo identify miRNAs regulating WNT/{beta}-catenin, c-Met, and integrin signalling pathways, we performed a high-throughput targeted proteomic approach, investigating the effect of 800 miRNAs on the expression of 62 proteins in the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. We then developed a novel network analysis, Pathway Coregulatory (PC) score, to detect miRNAs regulating the three pathways. Using in vitro assays for cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and stem-cell content, we validated the function of candidate miRNAs. Bioinformatic analyses using BC patients datasets were employed to assess expression of miRNAs as well as their pathological relevance in TNBC patients.

ResultsWe identified six candidate miRNAs coordinately regulating the three signalling pathways. Quantifying cell growth of three TNBC cell lines upon miRNA gain-of-function experiments, we characterised miR-193b as a strong and consistent repressor of this phenotype. Importantly, the effects of miR-193b were stronger than chemical inhibition of the individual pathways. We further demonstrated that miR-193b induced apoptosis, repressed migration, and regulated stem-cell markers in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, miR-193b expression was the lowest in patients classified as TNBC or Basal compared to other subtypes when classified by PAM50 signatures. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that miR-193b expression was significantly associated with reduced activity of of WNT/{beta}-catenin and c-Met signalling pathways in TNBC patients.

ConclusionsIntegrating miRNA-mediated effects and protein functions on networks, we show that miRNAs predominantly act in a coordinated fashion to activate or repress signalling pathways responsible for metastatic traits in TNBC. We further demonstrate that our top candidate, miR-193b, regulates these phenotypes to an extent stronger than individual pathway inhibition, thus proving that its effect on TNBC aggressiveness is mediated by repressing multiple interconnected pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giacomelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannsperger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beissbarth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korf, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Körner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated regulation of WNT/β-catenin, c-Met, and Integrin signalling pathways by miR-193b controls triple negative breast cancer metastatic traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of mammalian cells is largely influenced by their tissue microenvironment. Advances in spatial transcriptomics open the way for studying these important determinants of cellular function by enabling a transcriptome-wide evaluation of gene expression in situ. A critical limitation of the current technologies, however, is that their resolution is limited to niches (spots) of sizes well beyond that of a single cell, thus providing measurements for cell aggregates which may mask critical interactions between neighboring cells of different types. While joint analysis with single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be leveraged to alleviate this problem, current analyses are limited to a discrete view of cell type proportion inside every spot. This limitation becomes critical in the common case where, even within a cell type, there is a continuum of cell states that cannot be clearly demarcated but reflects important differences in the way cells function and interact with their surroundings. To address this, we developed Deconvolution of Spatial Transcriptomics profiles using Variational Inference (DestVI), a probabilistic method for multi-resolution analysis for spatial transcriptomics that explicitly models continuous variation within cell types. Using simulations, we demonstrate that DestVI is capable of providing higher resolution compared to the existing methods and that it can estimate gene expression by every cell type inside every spot. We then introduce an automated pipeline that uses DestVI for analysis of single tissue slices and comparison between tissues. We apply this pipeline to study the immune crosstalk within lymph nodes to infection and explore the spatial organization of a mouse tumor model. In both cases, we demonstrate that DestVI can provide a high resolution and accurate spatial characterization of the cellular organization of these tissues, and that it is capable of identifying important cell-type-specific changes in gene expression - between different tissue regions or between conditions. DestVI is available as an open-source software package in the scvi-tools codebase (https://scvi-tools.org).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and timing of graded responses to morphogen gradients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogen gradients are known to subdivide a naive cell field into distinct zones of gene expression. Here we examine whether morphogens can also induce a graded response within such domains. To this end we explore the role of the Dorsal protein nuclear gradient along the dorso-ventral axis in defining the graded pattern of actomyosin constriction that initiates gastrulation in early Drosophila embryos. Two complementary mechanisms for graded accumulation of mRNAs of critical zygotic target genes were identified. First, activation of target-gene expression expands over time from the ventral-most region of high nuclear Dorsal to lateral regions where the levels are lower, due to a Dorsal-dependent priming probability of transcription sites. Thus, sites that are activated earlier will lead to more mRNA accumulation. Second, once the sites are primed, the rate of Pol II loading is also dependent on Dorsal levels. Morphological restrictions require that translation of the graded mRNA be delayed until completion of embryonic cell formation. Such timing is achieved by large introns, that provide a delay in production of the mature mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schejter, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, B.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and timing of graded responses to morphogen gradients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemotactic sensor controls Salmonella-host cell interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intimate cell contact and subsequent type three secretion system-dependent cell invasion are key steps in host colonization of Salmonella. Adhesion to complex glycostructures at the apical membrane of polarized cells is mediated by the giant adhesin SiiE. This protein is secreted by a type 1 secretion system (T1SS) and needs to be retained at the bacterial surface to exert its adhesive function. Here, we show that SiiE surface expression was linked to the presence of L-aspartate sensed by the Salmonella-specific methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein CheM. Bacteria lacking CheM were attenuated for invasion of polarized cells, whereas increased invasion was seen with Salmonella exposed to the non-metabolizable aspartate analog -methyl-D, L-aspartate (MeAsp). While components of the chemotaxis phosphorelay or functional flagella were dispensable for the increased invasion, CheM directly interacted with proteins associated with the SiiE T1SS arguing for a novel non-canonical signaling mechanism. As a result, CheM attractant signaling caused a shift from secreted to surface-retained and adhesion-competent SiiE. Thus, CheM controls the virulence function of SiiE in a precise spatio-temporal fashion depending on the host micro-milieu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchweger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imhof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlach, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.443827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemotactic sensor controls Salmonella-host cell interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.23.445339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Selection and Heat-Response Transcriptomes Reveal Adaptive Features of the Arabidopsis Desert Relative, Anastatica hierochuntica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.23.445339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlant adaptation to a desert environment and its endemic heat stress is poorly understood at the molecular level. The naturally heat-tolerant Brassicaceae species Anastatica hierochuntica is an ideal extremophyte model to identify genetic adaptations that have evolved to allow plants to tolerate heat stress and thrive in deserts.
C_LIO_LIWe generated an A. hierochuntica reference transcriptome and pinpointed extremophyte adaptations by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana and A. hierochuntica transcriptome responses to heat and identifying positively selected genes in A. hierochuntica.
C_LIO_LIThe two species exhibit similar transcriptome adjustment in response to heat and the A. hierochuntica transcriptome does not exist in a constitutive heat "stress-ready" state. Furthermore, the A. hierochuntica global transcriptome as well as heat-responsive orthologs, display a lower basal and higher heat-induced expression than in A. thaliana. Genes positively selected in multiple extremophytes are associated with stomatal opening, nutrient acquisition, and UV-B induced DNA repair while those unique to A. hierochuntica are consistent with its photoperiod-insensitive, early-flowering phenotype.
C_LIO_LIWe suggest that evolution of a flexible transcriptome confers the ability to quickly react to extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations characteristic of a desert environment while positive selection of genes involved in stress tolerance and early flowering could facilitate an opportunistic desert lifestyle.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eshel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duppen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazachkova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amtmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalifa-Caspi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-David, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall-Colon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassanayake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.23.445339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Selection and Heat-Response Transcriptomes Reveal Adaptive Features of the Arabidopsis Desert Relative, Anastatica hierochuntica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 convergent evolution as a guide to explore adaptive advantage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much can be learned from 1.2 million sequences of SARS-CoV-2 generated during the last 15 months. Out of the overwhelming number of mutations sampled so far, only few rose to prominence in the viral population. Many of these emerged recently and independently in multiple lineages. Such a textbook example of convergent evolution at the molecular level is not only curiosity but a guide to uncover the basis for adaptive advantage behind these events. Focusing on the extent of the convergent evolution in the spike (S) protein, our report confirms that the most concerning SARS-CoV-2 lineages carry the heaviest burden of convergent S-protein mutations, suggesting their fundamental adaptive advantage. The great majority (21/25) of S-protein sites under convergent evolution tightly cluster in three functional domains; N-terminal domain, receptor-binding domain, and Furin cleavage site. We further show that among the S-protein receptor-binding motif mutations, ACE2 affinity-improving substitutions are favored. While the probed mutation space in the S protein covered all amino-acids reachable by single nucleotide changes, substitutions requiring two nucleotide changes or epistatic mutations of multiple-residues have only recently started to emerge. Unfortunately, despite their convergent emergence and physical association, most of these adaptive mutations and their combinations remain understudied. We aim to promote research of current variants which are currently understudied but may become important in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunvar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 convergent evolution as a guide to explore adaptive advantage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choosing among spatially-distributed options is a central challenge for animals, from deciding among alternative potential food sources or refuges, to choosing with whom to associate. Using an integrated theoretical and experimental approach (employing immersive virtual reality), we consider the interplay between movement and vectorial integration during decision-making regarding two, or more, options in space. In computational models of this process we reveal the occurrence of spontaneous and abrupt "critical" transitions (associated with specific geometrical relationships) whereby organisms spontaneously switch from averaging vectorial information among, to suddenly excluding one, among the remaining options. This bifurcation process repeats until only one option--the one ultimately selected--remains. Thus we predict that the brain repeatedly breaks multi-choice decisions into a series of binary decisions in space-time. Experiments with fruit flies, desert locusts, and larval zebrafish reveal that they exhibit these same bifurcations, demonstrating that across taxa and ecological context, there exist fundamental geometric principles that are essential to explain how, and why, animals move the way they do.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbonos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorochkin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couzin, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a recently approved tumor mutational burden biomarker to stratify patients for immunotherapy may introduce a sex bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the treatment with pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) targeting PD1 (anti-PD1), for patients with advanced solid tumors with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) (defined as TMB [&ge;]10 mutations/Mb). However, following recent studies suggest that TMB levels and response to ICI treatment may differ between male and female melanoma patients, we investigated whether using this high-TMB threshold for selecting patients for anti-PD1 treatment may induce a sex-dependent bias. We analyzed a large ICI cohort of 1,286 patients across nine cancer types treated with anti-PD1/PDL1. We find that using this threshold would indeed result in an unwarranted sex bias in melanoma, successfully stratifying female but not male patients. While this threshold is currently not a regulatory prerequisite for ICI treatment in melanoma, it is important to raise awareness to this bias. Notably, no sex-dependent significant differences were observed in the response of melanoma patients to anti-CTLA4 therapies, different chemotherapies or combination therapies. Beyond melanoma, the high-TMB threshold additionally introduces a sex bias of considerable magnitude in glioblastoma and in patients with cancers of unknown origin, however, these results are not statistically significant. A power analysis shows that these biases may become significant with larger sample size, warranting further careful testing in larger cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a recently approved tumor mutational burden biomarker to stratify patients for immunotherapy may introduce a sex bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudo-mutant p53 as a targetable phenotype of DNMT3A-mutated pre-leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-leukemic clones carrying DNMT3A mutations have a selective advantage and an inherent chemo-resistance, however the basis for this phenotype has not been fully elucidated.

Mutations affecting the gene TP53 occur in pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (preL-HSPCs) and lead to chemo-resistance. Many of these mutations cause a conformational change and some of them were shown to enhance self-renewal capacity of preL-HSPCs.

Intriguingly, a misfolded p53 was described in AML blasts that do not harbor mutations in TP53, emphasizing the dynamic equilibrium between a wild-type (WT) and a "pseudomutant" conformations of p53.

By combining single cell analyses and p53 conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies we studied preL-HSPCs from primary human DNMT3A AML samples. We found that while leukemic blasts express mainly the WT conformation, in preL-HSPCs the pseudomutant conformation is the dominant. HSPCs from non-leukemic samples expressed both conformations to a similar extent.

Treatment with a short peptide that can shift the dynamic equilibrium favoring the WT conformation of p53, specifically eliminated preL-HSPCs that had dysfunctional canonical p53 pathway activity as reflected by single cell RNA sequencing.

Our observations shed light upon a possible targetable p53 dysfunction in human preL-HSPCs carrying DNMT3A mutations. This opens new avenues for leukemia prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brilon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezogy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biezuner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.30.446347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudo-mutant p53 as a targetable phenotype of DNMT3A-mutated pre-leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.445775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mediobasal hypothalamic FKBP51 acts as a molecular switch linking autophagy to whole-body metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.445775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is the central region in the physiological response to metabolic stress. The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a major modulator of the stress response and has recently emerged as a scaffolder regulating metabolic and autophagy pathways. However, the detailed protein-protein interactions linking FKBP51 to autophagy upon metabolic challenges remain elusive. We performed mass spectrometry-based metabolomics of FKBP51 knockout (KO) cells revealing an increased amino acid and polyamine metabolism. We identified FKBP51 as a central nexus for the recruitment of the LKB1/AMPK complex to WIPI4 and TSC2 to WIPI3, thereby regulating the balance between autophagy and mTOR signaling in response to metabolic challenges. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MBH FKBP51 deletion strongly induces obesity, while its overexpression protects against high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. Our study provides an important novel regulatory function of MBH FKBP51 within the stress-adapted autophagy response to metabolic challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haeusl, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brix, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poehlmann, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angelis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavalisco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gassen, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.445775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mediobasal hypothalamic FKBP51 acts as a molecular switch linking autophagy to whole-body metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Pex34p as a component of the peroxisomal de novo biogenesis machinery in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can regulate the abundance and composition of peroxisomes to adapt to environmental changes. In the bakers yeast, S. cerevisiae, peroxisomes represent the only site for degradation of fatty acids. Hence, it is not surprising that growth of yeast cells on oleic acid results in a massive proliferation of peroxisomes. New peroxisomes can form either by division of pre-existing peroxisomes or de novo in a Pex25p-dependent process with the involvement of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). In search for further factors involved in de novo formation of peroxisomes, we screened ~6,000 yeast mutants that were depleted of peroxisomes by conditional inhibition of PEX19 expression. Screening the mutants for the reappearance of peroxisomes upon expression of PEX19 identified Pex34p, in addition to the well-known component Pex25p, as crucial determinants for de novo biogenesis. Pex34p interacts with Pex19p and with different Peroxisomal Membrane Proteins (PMPs) in a PEX19-dependent manner. Depletion of Pex34p results in reduced numbers of import-competent peroxisomes formed de novo and Pex3p is partly retained and distributed in ER-like structures. We suggest that Pex25p and Pex34p are both required to maintain peroxisome number in a cell and that they perform non-redundant roles in the de novo formation of peroxisomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagotu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girzalsky, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Pex34p as a component of the peroxisomal de novo biogenesis machinery in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Coding Genetic Analysis Implicates Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-coding genome is substantially larger than the protein-coding genome but is largely unexplored by genetic association studies. Here, we performed region-based burden analysis of >25,000 variants in untranslated regions of 6,139 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) whole-genomes and 70,403 non-ALS controls. We identified Interleukin-18 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL18RAP) 3'UTR variants significantly enriched in non-ALS genomes, replicated in an independent cohort, and associated with a five-fold reduced risk of developing ALS. Variant IL18RAP 3'UTR reduces mRNA stability and the binding of RNA-binding proteins. Variant IL18RAP 3'UTR further dampens neurotoxicity of human iPSC-derived C9orf72-ALS microglia that depends on NF-{kappa}B signaling. Therefore, the variant IL18RAP 3'UTR provides survival advantage for motor neurons co-cultured with C9-ALS microglia. The study reveals direct genetic evidence and therapeutic targets for neuro-inflammation, and emphasizes the importance of non-coding genetic association studies.

One Sentence SummaryNon-coding genetic variants in IL-18 receptor 3UTR decrease ALS risk by modifying IL-18-NF-{kappa}B signaling in microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moisse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Spek, R. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproviero, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapnik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichida, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Coding Genetic Analysis Implicates Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the effects of the plant root on antibiotic production in the beneficial bacterium B. subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beneficial and probiotic bacteria play an important role in conferring the immunity of their hosts against a wide range of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases. B. subtilis is a bacterium that protects the plant from various pathogens due to its capacity to produce an extensive repertoire of antibiotics. At the same time, the plant microbiome is a highly competitive niche, with multiple microbial species competing for space and resources, a competition that can be determined by the antagonistic potential of each microbiome member. Therefore, regulating antibiotic production in the rhizosphere is of great significance to eliminate pathogens and to establish beneficial host-associated communities.

In this work, we used Bacillus subtilis as a model to investigate the role of plant colonization in antibiotic production. Flow cytometry and Image-stream cytometry analysis supported the notion that A. thaliana specifically induced the transcription of the biosynthetic clusters for the non-ribosomal peptides surfactin, bacilysin and plipastatin and the polyketide bacillaene. This induction could be beneficial for the root as all clusters were shown to antagonize plant pathogens. Consistently, the root failed to induce PenP, a {beta}-lactamase that increases only the fitness of the bacteria. Our results can be translated to improve the performance and competitiveness of beneficial members of the plant microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porath, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the effects of the plant root on antibiotic production in the beneficial bacterium B. subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.445733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airborne bacteria over oceans shed light on global biogeodiversity patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.445733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes are ubiquitous in the oceans and the atmosphere, playing essential roles in biogeochemical processes. The bio-exchanges between the two environments can provide important insights into microbial distribution and diversity but are still not well understood. We simultaneously surveyed the genomic diversity of airborne and marine bacterial communities across 15 000 kilometers in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Higher variability of microbial community composition was observed in the atmosphere than in the ocean surface waters. In addition, a greater similarity was observed between oceans than their overlaying atmosphere, and between atmospheric samples than with the ocean beneath. We additionally detected a higher coverage rate and relative abundance of marine bacteria in the Pacific atmosphere as compared to the Atlantic, while the dominant fraction in the Atlantic atmosphere was annotated as soil-associated bacteria. This study advances our understanding of microbial dispersion in the ocean, the atmosphere, and the exchange between them, as well as their potential impact on microbial composition, ecology, and biogeochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang-Yona, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haviv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trainic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscheweyh, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.445733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airborne bacteria over oceans shed light on global biogeodiversity patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin is expressed by enteroendocrine cells during human fetal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of beta cells via transdifferentiation of other cell types is a promising avenue for the treatment of diabetes. Here, we reconstruct a single cell atlas of enteroendocrine cells in the human fetal and neonatal small intestine. We identify a subset of fetal enteroendocrine K/L cells that express high levels of insulin and other beta cell genes. Our findings highlight a potential extra-pancreatic source of beta cells and exposes its molecular blueprint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llivichuzhca-Loja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin is expressed by enteroendocrine cells during human fetal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial gasdermins reveal an ancient mechanism of cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gasdermin proteins form large membrane pores in human cells that release immune cytokines and induce lytic cell death. Gasdermin pore formation is triggered by caspase-mediated cleavage during inflammasome signaling and is critical for defense against pathogens and cancer. Here we discover gasdermin homologs encoded in bacteria that execute prokaryotic cell death. Structures of bacterial gasdermins reveal a conserved pore-forming domain that is stabilized in the inactive state with a buried lipid modification. We demonstrate that bacterial gasdermins are activated by dedicated caspase-like proteases that catalyze site-specific cleavage and removal of an inhibitory C-terminal peptide. Release of autoinhibition induces the assembly of >200 [A] pores that form a mesh-like structure and disrupt membrane integrity. These results demonstrate that caspase-mediated activation of gasdermins is an ancient form of regulated cell death shared between bacteria and animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan-Lowey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial gasdermins reveal an ancient mechanism of cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cuticular Wax Composition is Essential for Plant Recovery Following Drought with Little Effect under Optimal Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of extensive study, the role of cuticular lipids in sustaining plant fitness is far from being understood. To answer this fundamental question, we employed genome editing in tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plants and generated mutations in 16 different cuticular lipids-related genes. We chose tree tobacco due to the abundant, yet simply composed epicuticular waxes deposited on its surface. Five out of 9 different mutants that displayed a cuticular lipids-related phenotype were selected for in depth analysis. They had either reduced total wax load or complete deficiency in certain wax components. This led to substantial modification in surface wax crystal structure and to elevated cuticular water loss. Remarkably, under non-stressed conditions, mutant plants with altered wax composition did not display elevated transpiration or reduced growth. However, once exposed to drought, plants lacking alkanes were not able to strongly reduce their transpiration, leading to leaf death and impaired recovery upon resuscitation, and even to stem cracking, a phenomenon typically found in trees experiencing drought stress. In contrast, plants deficient in fatty alcohols exhibited an opposite response, having reduced cuticular water loss and rapid recovery following drought. This differential response was part of a larger trend, of no common phenotype connecting plants with a glossy appearance. We conclude that alkanes are essential under drought response and much less under normal non-stressed conditions, enabling plants to seal their cuticle upon stomatal closure, reducing leaf death and facilitating a speedy recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Negin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen-Avivi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almekias-Siegl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cuticular Wax Composition is Essential for Plant Recovery Following Drought with Little Effect under Optimal Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A late-stage assembly checkpoint of the human mitochondrial ribosome large subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epitranscriptome plays a key regulatory role in cellular processes in health and disease, including ribosome biogenesis. Here, analysis of the human mitochondrial transcriptome shows that 2-O-methylation is limited to residues of the mitoribosomal large subunit (mtLSU) 16S mt-rRNA, modified by MRM1, MRM2, and MRM3. Ablation of MRM2 leads to a severe impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation system, caused by defective mitochondrial translation and accumulation of mtLSU assembly intermediates. Structures of these particles (2.58 [A]) present disordered RNA domains, partial occupancy of bL36m and bound MALSU1:L0R8F8:mtACP anti-association module. Additionally, we present five mtLSU assembly states with different intersubunit interface configurations. Complementation studies demonstrate that the methyltransferase activity of MRM2 is dispensable for mitoribosome biogenesis. The Drosophila melanogaster orthologue, DmMRM2, is an essential gene, with its knock-down leading to developmental arrest. This work identifies a key late-stage quality control step during mtLSU assembly, ultimately contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebelo-Guiomar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dent, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas- Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Fleming, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Haute, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogan, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firth, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minczuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A late-stage assembly checkpoint of the human mitochondrial ribosome large subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteric glial cells favour accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages during the resolution of muscularis inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMonocyte-derived macrophages (M{varphi}s) are crucial regulators during muscularis inflammation. However, it is unclear which microenvironmental factors are responsible for monocyte recruitment and neurotrophic M{varphi} differentiation in this paradigm. Here, we investigate M{varphi} heterogeneity at different stages of muscularis inflammation and determine how environmental cues can attract and activate tissue protective M{varphi}s.

DesignSingle cell RNA sequencing was performed on immune cells from the muscularis of wild-type and CCR2-/- mice at different timepoints after muscularis inflammation. CX3CR1GFP/+ and CX3CR1CreERT2 R26YFP mice were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The transcriptome of enteric glial cells (EGCs) was investigated using PLPCreERT2 Rpl22HA mice. In addition, we assessed the effect of supernatant from neurosphere-derived EGCs on monocyte differentiation based on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors.

ResultsMuscularis inflammation induced marked alterations in mononuclear phagocyte populations associated with a rapid infiltration of Ly6c+ monocytes that locally acquired unique transcriptional states. Trajectory inference analysis revealed two main pro-resolving M{varphi} subpopulations during the resolution of muscularis inflammation, i.e. Cd206+ MhcIIhi and Timp2+ MhcIIlo M{varphi}s, which were both derived from CCR2+ monocytes. Interestingly, we found that EGCs were able to sense damage to the muscularis to stimulate monocyte recruitment and differentiation towards pro-resolving M{varphi}s via CCL2 and CSF1, respectively.

ConclusionOur study provides a comprehensive insight into pro-resolving M{varphi} differentiation and their regulators during muscularis inflammation. We deepened our understanding in the interaction between EGCs and M{varphi}s, thereby highlighting pro-resolving M{varphi} differentiation as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stakenborg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdurahiman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Simone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goverse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stakenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Baarle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirottin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintelon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ginderachter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckxstaens, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermans, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marichal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibiza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteric glial cells favour accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages during the resolution of muscularis inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sniffing Out New Friends: Similarity in Body-Odor Predicts the Quality of Same-Sex None-Romantic Dyadic Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most are familiar with the notion of socially "clicking" with someone, namely sensing an immediate bond that can lead to strong and often long-lasting friendships. The mechanisms underlying such rapid bonding remain unclear. Given that body-odor similarity is a critical cue for social interaction in non-human mammals, we tested the hypothesis that body-odor similarly contributes to bonding in same-sex non-romantic human dyads. We observed that objective ratings obtained with an electronic nose, and subjective ratings obtained from human smellers, converged to suggest that click-friends smell more similar to each other than random dyads. Remarkably, we then found that we could use the electronic nose to predict which strangers would later form better dyadic interactions. Thus, humans may literally sniff-out new friends based on similarities in body-odor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravreby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sniffing Out New Friends: Similarity in Body-Odor Predicts the Quality of Same-Sex None-Romantic Dyadic Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome instability drives epistatic adaptation in the human pathogen Leishmania 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How genome instability is harnessed for fitness gain despite its potential deleterious effects is largely elusive. An ideal system to address this important open question is provided by the protozoan pathogen Leishmania, which exploits frequent variations in chromosome and gene copy number to regulate expression levels. Using ecological genomics and experimental evolution approaches we provide first evidence that Leishmania adaptation relies on epistatic interactions between functionally associated gene copy number variations in pathways driving fitness gain in a given environment. We further uncover post-transcriptional regulation as a key mechanism that compensates for deleterious gene dosage effects and provides phenotypic robustness to genetically heterogenous parasite populations. Finally, we correlate dynamic variations in snoRNA gene dosage with changes in rRNA 2-O-methylation and pseudouridylation, suggesting translational control is an additional layer of parasite adaptation. Leishmania genome instability is thus harnessed for fitness gain by genome-dependent variations in gene expression, and genome-independent, compensatory mechanisms. This allows for polyclonal adaptation and maintenance of genetic heterogeneity despite strong selective pressure. The epistatic adaptation described here needs to be considered in Leishmania epidemiology and biomarker discovery, and may be relevant to other fast evolving, eukaryotic cells that exploit genome instability for adaptation, such as fungal pathogens or cancer.

One Sentence SummaryEpistatic interactions harness genome instability for Leishmania fitness gain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domagalska, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doniger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiregange, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myler, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome instability drives epistatic adaptation in the human pathogen Leishmania]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPEAR: a proteomics approach for simultaneous protein expression and redox analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidation and reduction of protein cysteinyl thiols serve as molecular switches, which is considered the most central mechanism for redox regulation of biological processes, altering protein structure, biochemical activity, subcellular localization, and binding affinity. Redox proteomics allows for the global identification of redox-modified cysteine (Cys) sites and quantification of their oxidation/reduction responses, serving as a hypothesis-generating platform to stimulate redox biology mechanistic research. Here, we developed Simultaneous Protein Expression and Redox (SPEAR) analysis, a new redox-proteomics approach based on differential labeling of oxidized and reduced cysteines with light and heavy isotopic forms of commercially available isotopically-labeled N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The presented method does not require enrichment for labeled peptides, thus enabling simultaneous quantification of Cys oxidation state and protein abundance. Using SPEAR, we were able to quantify the in-vivo oxidation state of thousands of cysteines across the Arabidopsis proteome under steady-state and oxidative stress conditions. Functional assignment of the identified redox-sensitive proteins demonstrated the widespread effect of oxidative conditions on various cellular functions and highlighted the enrichment of chloroplast-targeted proteins. SPEAR provides a simple, straightforward, and cost-effective means of studying redox proteome dynamics. The presented data provide a global quantitative view of cysteine oxidation of well-known redox-regulated active sites and many novel redox-sensitive sites whose role in plant acclimation to stress conditions remains to be further explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabashvili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPEAR: a proteomics approach for simultaneous protein expression and redox analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotion increases the similarity between neural representations of pictures, but not their perceived similarity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimuli that evoke the same feelings can nevertheless look different and have different semantic meanings. Although we know much about the neural representation of emotion, the neural underpinnings that govern judgements of emotional similarity are unknown. One possibility is that the same brain regions will represent similarity between emotional and neutral stimuli, perhaps with different strengths. Alternatively, emotional similarity could be coded in separate regions, possibly those known to express emotional valence and arousal preferentially. In behaviour, the extent to which people consider similarity along the emotional dimension when they evaluate the overall similarity between stimuli has never been investigated. While the emotional features of stimuli may dominate explicit ratings of similarity, it is also possible that people neglect the emotional dimension as irrelevant. We contrasted these hypotheses with two measures of similarity and two different databases of complex negative and neutral pictures, the second of which afforded exquisite control over semantic and visual attributes. Emotion increased neural similarity in a set of regions that represented both emotional and neutral stimuli, including the inferior temporal cortex, the fusiform face area, and the precuneus. Emotion also increased neural similarity in early visual cortex, anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, despite no increase in BOLD-signal amplitudes in these regions. Despite the stronger neural similarity between emotional stimuli, participants rated pictures taken from two distinct emotional categories as equally similar. These results contribute to our understanding of how emotion is represented within a general conceptual workspace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riberto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pobric, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotion increases the similarity between neural representations of pictures, but not their perceived similarity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Realistic retinal modeling unravels the differential role of excitation and inhibition to starburst amacrine cells in direction selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal direction-selectivity originates in starburst amacrine cells (SACs), which display a centrifugal preference, responding with greater depolarization to a stimulus expanding from soma to dendrites than to a collapsing stimulus. Various mechanisms were hypothesized to underlie SAC centrifugal preference, but dissociating them is experimentally challenging and the mechanisms remain debatable. To address this issue, we developed the Retinal Stimulation Modeling Environment (RSME), a multifaceted data-driven retinal model that encompasses detailed neuronal morphology and biophysical properties, retina-tailored connectivity scheme and visual input. Using a genetic algorithm, we demonstrated that spatiotemporally diverse excitatory inputs - sustained in the proximal and transient in the distal processes - are sufficient to generate experimentally validated centrifugal preference in a single SAC. Reversing these input kinetics did not produce any centrifugal-preferring SAC. We then explored the contribution of SAC-SAC inhibitory connections in establishing the centrifugal preference. SAC inhibitory network enhanced the centrifugal preference, but failed to generate it in its absence. Embedding a direction selective ganglion cell (DSGC) in a SAC network showed that the known SAC-DSGC asymmetric connectivity by itself produces direction selectivity. Still, this selectivity is sharpened in a centrifugal-preferring SAC network. Finally, we use RSME to demonstrate the contribution of SAC-SAC inhibitory connections in mediating direction selectivity and recapitulate recent experimental findings. Thus, using RSME, we obtained a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of SACs centrifugal preference and its contribution to direction selectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ezra-Tsur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsalem, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Realistic retinal modeling unravels the differential role of excitation and inhibition to starburst amacrine cells in direction selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage metabolism in the intestine is compartment-specific and regulated by the microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal macrophages play a vital role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis through signals derived from the microbiota. We previously demonstrated that microbial-derived metabolites can shape the metabolic functions of macrophages. Here, we show that antibiotic-induced disruption of the intestinal microbiota dramatically alters both the local metabolite environment, and the metabolic functions of macrophages in the colon. Broad-spectrum antibiotic administration in mice increased expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter and accordingly, amino acid uptake. Subsequently, antibiotic administration enhanced the metabolic functions of colonic macrophages, increasing phosphorylation of components of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathways, increasing expression of genes involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), increasing mitochondrial function and increased levels of ECAR and OCR as a direct measure of glycolysis and OXPHOS. Small bowel macrophages were less metabolically active than in the colon, with macrophage metabolism being independent of the microbiota. Finally, we reveal tissue resident Tim4+ CD4+ macrophages exhibit enhanced fatty acid uptake alongside reduced fatty acid synthesis compared to their recruited counterparts. Thus the microbiota shapes gut macrophage metabolism in a compartment-specific manner, with important implications for functions when monocyte recruitment and macrophage differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgetts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage metabolism in the intestine is compartment-specific and regulated by the microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.444401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequences of the five Sitopsis species of Aegilops and the origin of polyploid wheat B-subgenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.444401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., BBAADD) is a major staple food crop worldwide. The diploid progenitors of the A- and D-subgenomes have been unequivocally identified, that of B however remains ambiguous and controversial but is suspected to be related to species of Aegilops, section Sitopsis. Here, we report the assembly of chromosome-level genome sequences of all five Sitopsis species, namely Ae. bicornis, Ae. longissima, Ae. searsii, Ae. sharonensis, and Ae. speltoides, as well as partial assembly of Ae. mutica genome for phylogenetic analysis. Our results support that the donor of bread wheat B-subgenome is a distinct, probably extinct, diploid species that diverged from an ancestral progenitor of the B-lineage similar to Ae. mutica and Ae. speltoides. The five Sitopsis species have variable genome sizes (4.11-5.89 Gb) with high proportions of repetitive sequences (85.99-89.81%); nonetheless, they retain high collinearity with other wheat genomes. Differences in genome size are primarily due to independent post-speciation amplification of transposons rather than to inter-specific genetic introgression. We also identified a set of Sitopsis genes pertinent to important agronomic traits that can be harnessed for wheat breeding. These resources provide a new roadmap for evolutionary and genetic studies of the wheat group.

SignificanceThe origin of the B-subgenome of hexaploid bread wheat remains unknown. Here we report the assembly of chromosome-level genome sequences of all five Sitopsis species of the genus Aegilops, which are previously considered as possible direct progenitors or contributors to the B-subgenome. Our comparative genomic analyses reveal that the B-subgenome originated from an unknown, most likely extinct species phylogenetically distinct from Ae. speltoides, its extant closest relative. We also provide evidence that Ae. speltoides is neither the direct progenitor of the G-subgenome of tetraploid wheat Triticum timopheevii. The high-quality Sitopsis genomes provide novel avenues to identify new important genes for wheat breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.444401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequences of the five Sitopsis species of Aegilops and the origin of polyploid wheat B-subgenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous pauses in firing of external pallidum neurons are associated with exploratory behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous pauses in firing are the hallmark of external pallidum (GPe) neurons. However, their role in the basal ganglia (BG) network remains unknown. Pupil size and saccades have been linked to attention and exploration. Here, we show that pauses are associated with dilated pupils and increased saccade rate. Our results suggest that pauses are a powerful mechanism by which the GPe may influence BG downstream structures and affect behavioral output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi-Kliger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskhakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous pauses in firing of external pallidum neurons are associated with exploratory behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal Astrocytes Encode Reward Location 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytic calcium dynamics have been implicated in the encoding of sensory information, and modulating them has been shown to impact behavior. However, real-time calcium activity of astrocytes in the hippocampus of awake mice has never been investigated. We used 2-photon microscopy to chronically image CA1 astrocytes as mice ran in familiar or novel virtual environments and obtained water rewards. We found that astrocytes exhibit persistent ramping activity towards the reward location in a familiar environment, but not in a novel one. Using linear decoders, we could precisely predict the location of the mouse in a familiar environment from astrocyte activity alone. We could not do the same in the novel environment, suggesting astrocyte spatial activity is experience dependent. This is the first indication that astrocytes can encode location in spatial contexts, thereby extending their known computational capabilities, and their role in cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benmelech-Chovav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreisel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal Astrocytes Encode Reward Location]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetically Inherited Mutation Rates Predicted to Maximize Adaptation Rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation rate plays an important role in adaptive evolution due to its effect on the rate of appearance of both beneficial and deleterious mutations and is therefore subject to second-order selection. The mutation rate varies between and within species and populations, increases under some stresses, and can be modified by mutator and anti-mutator alleles. It may also vary among genetically identical individuals: empirical evidence from bacteria suggests that the mutation rate can be affected by translation errors and expression noise in various proteins. Importantly, this non-genetic variation may be heritable via a transgenerational epigenetic mode of inheritance, giving rise to mutator phenotype switching that is independent from mutator alleles. Here we investigate mathematically how the rate of adaptive evolution on rugged, complex fitness landscapes is affected by the rate of mutation rate phenotype switching. Motivated by recent experimental results of mutation rate variation, we model an asexual population with two mutation rate phenotypes, non-mutator and mutator. An offspring may switch from its parental phenotype to the other phenotype. Thus, the mutation rate can be interpreted as a genetically inherited trait when the switching rate is low, as an epigenetically inherited trait when the switching rate is intermediate, or as a randomly determined trait when the switching rate is high. We find that intermediate switching rates maximize the rate of adaptation on rugged fitness landscapes. This is because an intermediate switching rate can maintain within the same individuals both a mutator phenotype and pre-existing mutations, a combination that facilitates the crossing of fitness valleys. Further, intermediate switching rates allow the population to quickly revert to a low mutation rate after adaptation is achieved, avoiding the accumulation of deleterious mutations linked to mutator alleles. Our results rationalize recently observed noise in the expression of proteins that affect the mutation rate and suggest that non-genetic inheritance of this phenotype may facilitate evolutionary adaptive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobinska, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetically Inherited Mutation Rates Predicted to Maximize Adaptation Rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty Alcohols, a Minor Component of the Tree Tobacco Surface Wax, Reduce Insect Herbivory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research resulting in a comprehensive understanding of epicuticular wax biosynthesis and metabolism, the function of these almost ubiquitous metabolites in plant-herbivore interactions remains unresolved. To develop a better understanding of this role, we investigated plant-herbivore interactions in four Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) genome edited mutants. This included [eceriferum1 (cer1), eceriferum3 (cer3), {beta}-ketoacyl-coA synthase6 (kcs6), and fatty acyl-coA reductase (far)] displaying a wide range of alkane and fatty alcohol abundances. Three interaction classes were examined: chewing herbivory with seven caterpillar and one snail species, phloem feeding with Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), and egg laying with Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly). We found that high wax load and alkane abundance did not reduce caterpillar or snail herbivory. However, fatty alcohol content was negatively correlated with caterpillar growth, suggesting a role in reducing insect herbivory despite its lower levels. Aphid reproduction and feeding activity were not correlated with wax load and composition but are potentially affected by altered cutin composition of cer1 mutants. When examining non-feeding activities, wax crystal morphology could explain the preference of B. tabaci to lay eggs on wildtype plants relative to cer1 and far mutants. Accordingly, the fatty alcohol wax component reduces caterpillar herbivory on the chemical level, but oviposition is increased when wax crystals are dense. The results suggest that this varied response between herbivore classes and species, at times displaying increased and at times reduced fitness in response to altered wax composition is in part a consequence of co-evolution that shaped the specific effects of different N. glauca metabolites such as anabasine and fatty alcohols in plant-herbivore interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Negin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty Alcohols, a Minor Component of the Tree Tobacco Surface Wax, Reduce Insect Herbivory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR screens for host factors critical for infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern identify GATA6 as a central modulator of ACE2. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to the most challenging pandemic in this century, posing major economic and health challenges worldwide. Revealing host genes essential for infection by multiple variants of SASR-CoV-2 can provide insights into the virus pathogenesis, and facilitates the development of novel broad-spectrum host-directed therapeutics. Here, employing genome-scale CRISPR screens, we provide a comprehensive data-set of cellular factors that are exploited by WT-SARS-CoV-2 as well as two additional recently emerged variants of concerns (VOCs), Alpha and Beta. These screens identified known and novel host factors critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including various components belonging to the Clathrin-dependent transport pathway, ubiquitination and Heparan sulfate biogenesis. In addition, the host phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis processes appeared to have major anti-viral functions. Comparative analysis of the different VOCs revealed the host factors KREMEN2 and SETDB1 as potential unique candidates required only to the Alpha variant, providing a possible explanation for the increased infectivity of this variant. Furthermore, the analysis identified GATA6, a zinc finger transcription factor, as an essential pro-viral gene for all variants inspected. We revealed that GATA6 directly regulates ACE2 transcription and accordingly, is critical for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Analysis of clinical samples collected from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals showed an elevated level of GATA6, indicating the important role GATA6 may be playing in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of GATA6 resulted in down-modulation of ACE2 and consequently to inhibition of the viral infectivity. Overall, we show GATA6 represents a target for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic strategies and reaffirm the value of the CRISPR loss-of-function screens in providing a list of potential new targets for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Israeli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beth-Din, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Gihon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom-Rone, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitlaru, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich-Kinori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR screens for host factors critical for infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern identify GATA6 as a central modulator of ACE2.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct CD115- erythro-myeloid precursor present at the maternal-embryonic interface and in the bone marrow of adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During ontogeny, macrophages develop from CD115+ precursors, including erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP). EMP arise in the embryonic yolk sac, the primary site of early haematopoiesis. In adults, CD115+ bone marrow-derived monocytes represent essential macrophage precursors. Herein, we identify a CD115- macrophage precursor within the adult bone marrow that is unrelated to the classical monocyte lineage but rather shares transcriptomic and functional characteristics of embryonic EMP. These EMPROR (for Erythro Myeloid Precursor) cells are capable of efficiently generating macrophages in disease settings. During early development, EMPROR cells were largely absent from the yolk sac but were instead found at the embryonic-maternal interface in the uterine wall. Unexpectedly, the latter site contains robust haematopoietic activity and harbours defined embryonic haematopoietic progenitor cells, including classical CD115+ EMP. Our data suggest the existence of an alternative pathway of macrophage generation in the adult. Further, we uncover a hitherto unknown site of earliest blood cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tikoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wielscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzetto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Pacheco, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farlik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.453629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct CD115- erythro-myeloid precursor present at the maternal-embryonic interface and in the bone marrow of adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Dynamics of HCMV Gene Expression in Lytic and Latent Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary infection with Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in a persistent lifelong infection due to its ability to establish latent infection. During productive HCMV infection, viral genes are expressed in a coordinated cascade that is characteristic of all herpesviruses and traditionally relies on the dependencies of viral genes on protein synthesis and viral DNA replication. In contrast, the transcriptional landscape associated with HCMV latency is still disputed and poorly understood. Here, we examine viral transcriptomic dynamics during the establishment of both productive and latent HCMV infections. Our temporal measurements reveal that viral gene expression dynamics along productive infection and their dependencies on protein synthesis and viral DNA replication, do not fully align. This illustrates that the regulation of herpesvirus genes does not represent a simple sequential transcriptional cascade, and surprisingly, many viral genes are regulated by multiple independent modules. Using our improved classification of viral gene expression kinetics in conjunction with transcriptome-wide measurements of the effects of a wide array of chromatin modifiers, we unbiasedly show that a defining characteristic of latent cells is the unique repression of immediate early (IE) genes. Altogether, our findings provide an elaborate definition of HCMV gene expression patterns and reveal novel principles that govern viral gene expression in lytic and latent infection states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Dynamics of HCMV Gene Expression in Lytic and Latent Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of binding preferences among whole-genome duplicated transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout evolution, new transcription factors (TFs) emerge by gene duplication, promoting growth and rewiring of transcriptional networks. How TF duplicates diverge is known for only a few studied cases. To provide a genome-scale view, we considered the 35% of budding yeast TFs, classified as whole-genome duplication (WGD)-retained paralogs. Using high-resolution profiling, we find that ~60% of paralogs evolved differential binding preferences. We show that this divergence results primarily from variations outside the DNA binding domains (DBDs), while DBD preferences remain largely conserved. Analysis of non-WGD orthologs revealed that ancestral preferences are unevenly split between duplicates, while new targets are acquired preferentially by the least conserved paralog (biased sub/neo-functionalization). Dimer-forming paralogs evolved mostly one-sided dependency, while other paralogs interacted through low-magnitude DNA-binding competition that minimized paralog interference. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolutionary design of transcriptional networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of binding preferences among whole-genome duplicated transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A is required for resolving progenitor identity during planarian stem cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration requires accurate production of missing cell lineages. Cell production is driven by changes to gene expression, which is shaped by multiple layers of regulation. Here, we find that the ubiquitous mRNA base-modification, m6A, is required for proper cell fate choice and cellular maturation in planarian stem cells (neoblasts). We mapped m6A-enriched regions in 7,600 planarian genes, and found that perturbation of the m6A pathway resulted in progressive deterioration of tissues and death. Using single cell RNA sequencing of >20,000 cells following perturbation of the pathway, we discovered that m6A negatively regulates transcription of histone variants, and that inhibition of the pathway resulted in accumulation of undifferentiated cells throughout the animal in an abnormal transcriptional state. Analysis of >1000 planarian gene expression datasets revealed that the inhibition of the chromatin modifying complex NuRD had almost indistinguishable consequences, unraveling an unappreciated link between m6A and chromatin modifications. Our findings reveal that m6A is critical for planarian stem cell homeostasis and gene regulation in regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dagan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesharim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A is required for resolving progenitor identity during planarian stem cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.453314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A divide and conquer metacell algorithm for scalable scRNA-seq analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.453314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scaling scRNA-seq to profile millions of cells is increasingly feasible. Such data is crucial for the construction of high-resolution maps of transcriptional manifolds. But current analysis strategies, in particular dimensionality reduction and two-phase clustering, offers only limited scaling and sensitivity to define such manifolds. Here we introduce Metacell-2, a recursive divide and conquer algorithm allowing efficient decomposition of scRNA-seq datasets of any size into small and cohesive groups of cells denoted as metacells. We show the algorithm outperforms current solutions in time, memory and quality. Importantly, Metacell-2 also improves outlier cell detection and rare cell type identification, as we exemplify by analysis of human bone marrow cell atlas and mouse embryonic data. Metacell-2 is implemented over the scanpy framework for easy integration in any analysis pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Kiki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.453314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A divide and conquer metacell algorithm for scalable scRNA-seq analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3-K27M-Mutant Nucleosomes Interact with MLL1 to Shape the Glioma Epigenetic Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer-associated mutations in genes encoding histones dramatically reshape chromatin and support tumorigenesis. Lysine to methionine substitution of residue 27 on histone H3 (K27M) is a driver mutation in high-grade pediatric gliomas, known to abrogate Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) activity. We applied single-molecule systems to image individual nucleosomes and delineate the combinatorial epigenetic patterns associated with H3-K27M expression. We found that chromatin marks on H3-K27M-mutant nucleosomes are dictated both by their incorporation preferences and by intrinsic properties of the mutation. Mutant nucleosomes not only preferentially bind PRC2, but also directly interact with MLL1, thus leading to genome-wide redistribution of H3K4me3. H3-K27M-mediated deregulation of both repressive and active chromatin marks leads to unbalanced  bivalent chromatin, which may support a poorly differentiated cellular state. This study provides evidence for a direct effect of H3-K27M oncohistone on the MLL1-H3K4me3 pathway and highlights the capability of single-molecule tools to reveal mechanisms of chromatin deregulation in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algranati, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beresh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedyuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3-K27M-Mutant Nucleosomes Interact with MLL1 to Shape the Glioma Epigenetic Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatio-temporal program of liver zonal regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver carries a remarkable ability to regenerate rapidly after acute zonal damage. Single-cell approaches are necessary to study this process, given the spatial heterogeneity of multiple liver cell types. Here, we use spatially-resolved single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to study the dynamics of mouse liver regeneration after acute acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication. We find that hepatocytes proliferate throughout the liver lobule, creating the mitotic pressure required to repopulate the necrotic pericentral zone rapidly. A subset of hepatocytes located at the regenerating front transiently up-regulate fetal-specific genes, including Afp and Cdh17, as they reprogram to a pericentral state. Zonated endothelial, hepatic-stellate cell (HSC) and macrophage populations are differentially involved in immune recruitment, proliferation and matrix remodeling. We observe massive transient infiltration of myeloid cells, yet stability of lymphoid cell abundance, in accordance with global decline in antigen presentation. Our study provides a resource for understanding the coordinated programs of zonal liver regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodziejczyk, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatio-temporal program of liver zonal regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between myosin II and formin functions in the regulation of force generation and actomyosin dynamics in stress fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
REF52 fibroblasts have a well-developed contractile machinery, the most prominent elements of which are actomyosin stress fibers with highly ordered organization of actin and myosin IIA filaments. The relationship between contractile activity and turnover dynamics of stress fibers is not sufficiently understood. Here, we simultaneously measured the forces exerted by stress fibers (using traction force microscopy or micropillar array sensors) and the dynamics of actin and myosin (using photoconversion-based monitoring of actin incorporation and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of myosin II light chain). Our data revealed new features of the crosstalk between myosin II-driven contractility and stress fiber dynamics. During normal stress fiber turnover, actin incorporated all along the stress fibers and not only at focal adhesions. Incorporation of actin into stress fibers/focal adhesions, as well as actin and myosin II filaments flow along stress fibers, strongly depends on myosin II activity. Myosin II-dependent generation of traction forces does not depend on incorporation of actin into stress fibers per se, but still requires formin activity. This previously overlooked function of formins in maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton connectivity could be the main mechanism of formin involvement in traction force generation.

Highlights* Cell traction forces are measured together with visualization of actomyosin flow
* Actin turnover depends on formin and myosin II activities
* Traction forces depend not only on myosin II, but also on formins
* Traction force generation may require formin-dependent cytoskeleton connectivity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between myosin II and formin functions in the regulation of force generation and actomyosin dynamics in stress fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Desolvation Energy Explains Partitioning of Client Proteins into Condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membraneless organelles are cellular compartments that form by liquid-liquid phase separation of one or more components. Other molecules, such as other proteins and nucleic acids, will distribute between the cytoplasm and the liquid compartment in accordance with the thermodynamic drive to lower the free energy of the system. The resulting distribution colocalizes molecular species, to carry out a diversity of functions. Two factors could drive this partitioning: the difference in solvation between the dilute versus dense phase, and intermolecular interactions between the client and scaffold proteins. Here, we develop a set of knowledge-based potentials that allow for the direct comparison between desolvation energy and pairwise interaction energy terms, and use these to examine experimental data from two systems: protein cargo dissolving within phase-separated droplets made from FG repeat proteins of the nuclear pore complex, and client proteins dissolving within phase-separated FUS droplets. We find close agreement between desolvation energies of the client proteins and the experimentally determined values of the partition coefficients, while pairwise interaction energies between client and scaffold show weaker correlations. These results show that client stickiness is sufficient to explain differential partitioning of clients within these two phase-separated systems without taking into account the composition of the condensate. This suggests that selective trafficking of client proteins to distinct membraneless organelles requires recognition elements beyond the client sequence composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villegas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Desolvation Energy Explains Partitioning of Client Proteins into Condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA mutational status shapes the stromal microenvironment of pancreatic cancer linking CLU+ CAF expression with HSF1 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) give rise to desmoplastic stroma, which supports tumor progression and metastasis, and comprises up to 90% of the tumor mass in pancreatic cancer. Recent work by us and others has shown that CAFs are transcriptionally rewired by adjacent cancer cells to form heterogeneous subtypes. Whether this rewiring is differentially affected by different driver mutations in cancer cells is largely unknown. Here we address this question by dissecting and comparing the stromal landscape of BRCA-mutated and BRCA Wild-type (WT) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We comprehensively analyze PDAC samples from a cohort of 42 patients by laser-capture microdissection, RNA-sequencing and multiplexed immunofluorescence, revealing different CAF subtype compositions in germline BRCA-mutated vs. BRCA-WT tumors. In particular, we detect an increase in a subset of Clusterin (CLU)-positive CAFs in BRCA-mutated tumors. We further unravel a network of stress responses upregulated in BRCA-mutated tumors. Using cancer organoids and cell co-cultures, we show that the transcriptional shift of pancreatic stellate cells into CLU+ CAFs is mediated through activation of heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1), the transcriptional regulator of Clu. Our findings unravel a new dimension of stromal heterogeneity, influenced by germline mutations in cancer cells, with direct translational implications for clinical research.

SignificanceBRCA1/2 mutations initiate some of the deadliest cancers, yet the fibroblastic microenvironment of BRCA-mutated cancers remains uncharted. Our work addresses a major unsolved question - to what extent is the tumor microenvironment determined by cancer mutations? We find that BRCA mutations in the cancer cells affect the composition of CAFs in PDAC. These findings have direct implications for diagnosis and for efforts to exploit CAFs for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaashua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner-Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi-Galibov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojmar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarnagin, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecomte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamodi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Lahad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA mutational status shapes the stromal microenvironment of pancreatic cancer linking CLU+ CAF expression with HSF1 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cap-independent translation and a precisely localized RNA sequence enable SARS-CoV-2 to control host translation and escape anti-viral response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of SARS-CoV-2-encoded mRNAs by the host ribosomes is essential for its propagation. Following infection, the early expressed viral protein NSP1 binds the ribosome, represseses translation and induces mRNA degradation, while the host elicits anti-viral response. The mechanisms enabling viral mRNAs to escape this multifaceted repression remain obscure. Here we show that expression of NSP1 leads to destabilization of multi-exon cellular mRNAs, while intron-less transcripts, such as viral mRNAs and anti-viral interferon genes, remain relatively stable. We identified a conserved and precisely located cap-proximal RNA element devoid of guanosines that confers resistance to NSP1-meidated translation inhibition. Importantly, the primary sequence rather than the secondary structure is critical for protection. We further show that the genomic 5UTR of SARS-CoV-2 exhibits an IRES-like activity and promotes expression of NSP1 in an eIF4E-independent and Torin-1 resistant manner. Upon expression, NSP1 enhances cap-independent translation. However, the sub-genomic 5UTRs are highly sensitive to eIF4E availability, rendering viral propagation partially sensitive to Torin-1. The combined NSP1-mediated degradation of spliced mRNAs and translation inhibition of single-exon genes, along with the unique features present in the viral 5UTRs, ensure robust expression of viral mRNAs. These features can be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slobodin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehrawat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraticelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cap-independent translation and a precisely localized RNA sequence enable SARS-CoV-2 to control host translation and escape anti-viral response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging identifies spinal circuits that modulate locomotor adaptation in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor systems must continuously adapt their output to maintain a desired trajectory. While the spinal circuits underlying rhythmic locomotion are well described, little is known about how the network modulates its output strength. A major challenge has been the difficulty of recording from spinal neurons during behavior. Here, we use voltage imaging to map the membrane potential of glutamatergic neurons throughout the spinal cord of the larval zebrafish during fictive swimming in a virtual environment. We mapped the spiking, subthreshold dynamics, relative timing, and sub-cellular electrical propagation across large populations of simultaneously recorded cells. We validated the approach by confirming properties of known sub-types, and we characterized a yet undescribed sub-population of tonic-spiking ventral V3 neurons whose spike rate correlated with swimming strength and bout length. Optogenetic activation of V3 neurons led to stronger swimming and longer bouts but did not affect tail-beat frequency. Genetic ablation of V3 neurons led to reduced locomotor adaptation. The power of voltage imaging allowed us to identify V3 neurons as a critical driver of locomotor adaptation in zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Böhm, U. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higashijima, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging identifies spinal circuits that modulate locomotor adaptation in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic rhizosphere interplay between tree roots and soil bacteria under drought 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIRoot exudates are thought to play an important role in plant-microbial interactions. In return for nutrition, soil bacteria can increase the bioavailability of soil minerals. However, root exudates typically decrease in situations such as drought, calling into question the efficacy of bacteria-dependent mineral uptake in such stress.
C_LIO_LIHere we tested the hypothesis of exudate-driven microbial priming on Cupressus saplings grown in forest soil in custom-made rhizotron boxes. A 1-month imposed drought and concomitant inoculations with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas stutzeri, bacteria species isolated from the forest soil, were applied using factorial design.
C_LIO_LIDirect bacteria counts and visualization by confocal microscopy showed that both bacteria associated with Cupressus roots. Interestingly, root exudation rates increased with bacteria under drought. Forty four metabolites in exudates were significantly different in concentration between irrigated and drought trees, including phenolic acid compounds and quinate, that were shown to be used as carbon and nitrogen sources by both bacterial species. Importantly, soil phosphorous bioavailability was maintained only in inoculated trees, mitigating drought-induced decrease in leaf phosphorus and iron.
C_LIO_LIOur observations of increased root exudation rate when drought and inoculation regimes were combined, support the idea of root recruitment of beneficial bacteria.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakoby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karliner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>klein, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic rhizosphere interplay between tree roots and soil bacteria under drought]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex biases in cancer and autoimmune disease incidence are correlated across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer occurs more frequently in men while autoimmune diseases (AIDs) occur more frequently in women. To explore whether these sex biases have a common basis, we collected 167 AID incidence studies from many countries for tissues that have both a cancer type and an AID that arise from that tissue. Analyzing a total of 182 country-specific, tissue-matched cancer-AID incidence rate sex bias data pairs, we find that, indeed, the sex biases observed in the incidence of AIDs and cancers that occur in the same tissue are positively correlated across human tissues. The common key factor whose levels across human tissues are most strongly associated with these incidence rate sex biases is the sex bias in the expression of the 37 genes encoded in the mitochondrial genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castle, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex biases in cancer and autoimmune disease incidence are correlated across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OCT4 activates a Suv39h1-repressive antisense lncRNA to couple histone H3 Lysine 9 methylation to pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a characteristic mark of heterochromatin, is progressively implemented during development to contribute to cell fate restriction as differentiation proceeds. For instance, in pluripotent mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells the global levels of H3K9 methylation are rather low and increase only upon differentiation. Conversely, H3K9 methylation represents an epigenetic barrier for reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. How global H3K9 methylation levels are coupled with the acquisition and loss of pluripotency remains largely unknown. Here, we identify SUV39H1, a major H3K9 di- and tri-methylase, as an indirect target of the pluripotency network of Transcription Factors (TFs). We find that pluripotency TFs, principally OCT4, activate the expression of an uncharacterized antisense long non-coding RNA to Suv39h1, which we name Suv39h1as. In turn, Suv39h1as downregulates Suv39h1 transcription in cis via a mechanism involving the modulation of the chromatin status of the locus. The targeted deletion of the Suv39h1as promoter region triggers increased SUV39H1 expression and H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels, leading to accelerated and more efficient commitment into differentiation. We report, therefore, a simple genetic circuitry coupling the global levels of H3K9 methylation to pluripotency in mouse ES cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUBOIS, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heurtier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachtsidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OCT4 activates a Suv39h1-repressive antisense lncRNA to couple histone H3 Lysine 9 methylation to pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway in Trypanosoma brucei is induced by perturbations of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or mitochondrial proteins factors and functional analysis of SLS inducing kinase, PK3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African sleeping sickness, all mRNAs are trans-spliced to generate a common 5 exon derived from the spliced leader RNA (SL RNA). Perturbations of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce the spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway. SLS activation is mediated by a serine-threonine kinase, PK3, which translocates from the cytosolic face of the ER to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates the TATA binding protein TRF4, leading to the shut-off of SL RNA transcription, followed by induction of programmed cell death. Here, we demonstrate that SLS is also induced by depletion of the essential ER resident chaperones BiP and calreticulin, ER oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1), and the Golgi-localized quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX1). Most strikingly, silencing of Rhomboid-like 1(TIMRHOM1) involved in mitochondrial protein import, also induces SLS. The PK3 kinase, which integrates SLS signals, is modified by phosphorylation on multiple sites. To determine which of the phosphorylation events activate PK3, several individual mutations or their combination were generated. These mutations failed to completely eliminate the phosphorylation or translocation of the kinase to the nucleus. The structure of PK3 kinase and its ATP binding domain were therefore modeled. A conserved phenylalanine at position 771 was proposed to interact with ATP, and the PK3F771L mutation completely eliminated phosphorylation under SLS, suggesting that the activation involves most if not all the phosphorylation sites. The study suggests that the SLS occurs broadly in response to failures in protein sorting, folding, or modification across multiple compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okalang, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualem Bar-Ner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egarmina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senderowitz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway in Trypanosoma brucei is induced by perturbations of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or mitochondrial proteins factors and functional analysis of SLS inducing kinase, PK3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique features of transcription termination and initiation at closely spaced tandem human genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synthesis of RNA Polymerase II (Pol2) products, which include messenger RNAs or long noncoding RNAs, culminates in transcription termination. How the transcriptional termination of a gene impacts the activity of promoters found immediately downstream of it, and which can be subject to potential transcriptional interference, remains largely unknown. We examined in an unbiased manner features of the intergenic region of pairs of tandem and closely spaced (<2kb) genes found on the same strand. Intergenic regions separating tandem genes are enriched with Guanines and are characterized by binding of several proteins, including AGO1 and AGO2 of the RNA interference pathway. Additionally, we found that Pol2 with a specific modification pattern is particularly enriched in this region, and it is lost upon perturbations affecting splicing or transcriptional elongation. Perturbations of genes involved in Pol2 pausing and R loop biology preferentially affect expression of downstream genes in tandem gene pairs. Overall, we find that features associated with potential Pol2 recycling rather than those associated with avoidance of transcriptional interference are the predominant driving force shaping these regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique features of transcription termination and initiation at closely spaced tandem human genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controls on the isotopic composition of microbial methane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial methane production (methanogenesis) is responsible for more than half of the annual emission of this major greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Though the stable isotopic composition of methane is often used to characterize its sources and sinks, strictly empirical descriptions of the isotopic signature of methanogenesis currently limit such attempts. We developed a biochemical-isotopic model of methanogenesis by CO2 reduction, which predicts carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionations, and clumped isotopologue distributions, as functions of the cells environment. We mechanistically explain multiple-isotopic patterns in laboratory and natural settings and show that such patterns constrain the in-situ energetics of methanogenesis. Combining our model with environmental data, we infer that in almost all marine environments and gas deposits, energy-limited methanogenesis operates close to chemical and isotopic equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gropp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halevy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controls on the isotopic composition of microbial methane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exocytosis of the silicified cell wall of diatoms involves extensive membrane disintegration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are unicellular algae, characterized by silica cell walls. The silica elements are formed intracellularly in a membrane-bound silica deposition vesicle (SDV), and are exocytosed after completion. How diatoms maintain membrane homeostasis during the exocytosis of these large and rigid silica elements is a long-standing enigma. We studied membrane dynamics during cell wall formation and exocytosis in two model diatom species, using live-cell confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. Our results show that during the formation of the mineral phase it is in tight association with the SDV membranes, which are forming a precise mold of the delicate geometrical patterns. During exocytosis, the distal SDV membrane and the plasma membrane gradually detach from the mineral and disintegrate in the extracellular space, without any noticeable endocytic retrieval or extracellular repurposing. Within the cell, there is no evidence for the formation of a new plasma membrane, thus the proximal SDV membrane becomes the new barrier between the cell and its environment, and assumes the role of a new plasma membrane. These results provide direct structural observations of diatom silica exocytosis, and point to an extraordinary mechanism in which membrane homeostasis is maintained by discarding, rather than recycling, significant membrane patches.

Significance StatementExocytosis is a fundamental process for cell metabolism, communication, and growth. During exocytosis, an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents. In classical exocytosis, where the exocytosed vesicles are much smaller than the cell, membrane homeostasis is maintained by recycling excess membranes back into the cell. However, an extreme case of exocytosis is the extrusion of large and rigid cell wall elements by unicellular marine algae. During this process, the cell needs to deal with a potential doubling of its plasma membrane. This study reports on a unique exocytosis mechanism used by these organisms, in which the cells cope with the geometrical and physical challenges of exocytosis by releasing a significant amount of membranes to the extracellular space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Haan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled-Zehavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Joseph, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exocytosis of the silicified cell wall of diatoms involves extensive membrane disintegration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody targeting the botulinum neurotoxin type E exposed SNAP-25 neoepitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E), the fastest acting toxin of all BoNTs, cleaves the 25 kDa synaptosomal associated protein (SNAP-25) in motor neurons, leading to flaccid paralysis. Specific detection and quantification of BoNT/E-cleaved SNAP-25 neoepitope is essential for diagnosis of BoNT/E intoxication as well as for characterization of anti-BoNT/E antibody preparations. In order to isolate highly specific monoclonal antibodies suitable for in vitro immuno-detection of the exposed neoepitope, mice and rabbits were immunized with an eight amino acid peptide composed of the C-terminus of the cleaved SNAP-25. Immunized rabbits developed a specific and robust polyclonal antibody response, whereas immunized mice mostly demonstrated a weak antibody response that could not discriminate between the two forms of SNAP-25. An immune scFv phage-display library was constructed from the immunized rabbits and a panel of antibodies was isolated. Sequence alignment of the isolated clones revealed high similarity between both heavy and light chains, with exceptionally short HCDR3 sequences. A chimeric scFv-Fc antibody was further expressed and characterized, exhibiting a selective, ultra-high affinity (pM) towards the SNAP-25 neoepitope. Moreover, this antibody enabled sensitive detection of the cleaved SNAP-25 in BoNT/E treated SiMa cells with no cross reactivity with the intact SNAP-25. This novel antibody can be further used to develop an in vitro cell-based assay to diagnose BoNT/E intoxication and to characterize antitoxin preparations, thus eliminating the use of animals in the standard mouse bioassay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamant, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girshengorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennenhouse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zichel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody targeting the botulinum neurotoxin type E exposed SNAP-25 neoepitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrogen partitioning between branched-chain amino acids and urea cycle enzymes sustains renal cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic reprogramming is critical for tumor initiation and progression. However, the exact impact of specific metabolic changes on cancer progression is poorly understood. Here, we combined multi-omics datasets of primary and metastatic clonally related clear cell renal cancer cells (ccRCC) and generated a computational tool to explore the metabolic landscape during cancer progression. We show that a VHL loss-dependent reprogramming of branched-chain amino acid catabolism is required to maintain the aspartate pool in cancer cells across all tumor stages. We also provide evidence that metastatic renal cancer cells reactivate argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), a urea cycle enzyme suppressed in primary ccRCC, to enable invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Overall, our study provides the first comprehensive elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for metabolic flexibility in ccRCC, paving the way to the development of therapeutic strategies based on the specific metabolism that characterizes each tumor stage.

HighlightsO_LIBranched-chain amino acids catabolism is reprogrammed in ccRCC tumors
C_LIO_LIBCAT-dependent transamination supplies nitrogen for de novo biosynthesis of amino acids including aspartate and asparagine in ccRCC
C_LIO_LIAspartate produced downstream of BCAT is used specifically by metastatic cells through argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) to generate arginine, providing a survival advantage in the presence of microenvironments with rate limiting levels of arginine
C_LIO_LIASS1 is re-expressed in metastatic 786-M1A through epigenetic remodeling and it is sensitive to arginine levels
C_LIO_LISilencing of ASS1 impairs the metastatic potential in vitro and in vivo of ccRCC cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sciacovelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugourd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitopoulou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraffini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecchini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanikatis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Kriegsheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanapragasam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanharanta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frezza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrogen partitioning between branched-chain amino acids and urea cycle enzymes sustains renal cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA dynamics dictates p53 functional outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is situated in the midst of a complex network that is activated in response to cellular stress. An unresolved question is how p53 activates its myriad target genes in response to the severity of the stress signal and consequently coordinates the functional outcome in a timely manner. We have previously shown that DNA torsional flexibility distinguishes among p53 response elements (REs). Here we calculated the flexibility of over 200 p53 REs. By connecting functional pathways of p53-dependent genes to the calculated flexibility of their REs, we show that genes belonging to pathways activated rapidly upon stress (e.g., cell-cycle arrest, energy metabolism and innate immunity) contain REs that are significantly more flexible relative to REs of genes involved in pathways that need to be more strictly regulated or are activated later in the response to stress (e.g., intrinsic apoptosis and p53 negative regulation). The global structural properties of several p53 REs belonging to the different pathways were experimentally validated. Additionally, reporter gene expression driven by flexible p53 REs occurred at lower p53 levels and with faster rates than expression from rigid REs. Moreover, analysis of published endogenous mRNA levels of p53 target genes as a function of the flexibility of their REs support our hypothesis. Overall, we demonstrate that DNA flexibility of p53 REs contributes significantly to the timely expression of p53 target genes and thereby plays an important role in cell-faith decisions in the p53 circuity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safieh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danin-Poleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.18.460898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA dynamics dictates p53 functional outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging Flow Cytometry reveals a dual role for exopolysaccharides in biofilms: To promote self-adhesion while repelling non-self-community members 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, bacteria are establishing differentiated communities referred to as biofilms. These multicellular communities are held together by self-produced polymers that allow the community members to adhere to the surface as well as to neighbor bacteria. Here, we report that exopolysaccharides prevent Bacillus subtilis from co-aggregating with a distantly related bacterium Bacillus mycoides, while maintaining their role in promoting self-adhesion and co-adhesion with phylogenetically related bacterium, Bacillus atrophaeus. The defensive role of the exopolysaccharides is due to the specific regulation of bacillaene. Single cell analysis of biofilm and free-living bacterial cells using imaging flow cytometry confirmed a specific role for the exopolysaccharides in microbial competition repelling B. mycoides. Unlike exopolysaccharides, the matrix protein TasA induced bacillaene but inhibited the expression of the biosynthetic clusters for surfactin, and therefore its overall effect on microbial competition during floating biofilm formation was neutral. Thus, the exopolysaccharides provide a dual fitness advantage for biofilm-forming cells, as it acts to promote co-aggregation of related species, as well as, a secreted cue for chemical interference with non-compatible partners. These results experimentally demonstrate a general assembly principle of complex communities and provides an appealing explanation for how closely related species are favored during community assembly. Furthermore, the differential regulation of surfactin and bacillaene by the extracellular matrix may explain the spatio-temporal gradients of antibiotic production within biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povolotsky, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging Flow Cytometry reveals a dual role for exopolysaccharides in biofilms: To promote self-adhesion while repelling non-self-community members]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness landscape analysis reveals that the wild type allele is sub-optimal and mutationally robust 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitness landscape mapping and the prediction of evolutionary trajectories on these landscapes are major tasks in evolutionary biology research. Evolutionary dynamics is tightly linked to the landscape topography, but this relation is not straightforward. Here, we analyze a fitness landscape of a yeast tRNA gene, previously measured under four different conditions. We find that the wild type allele is sub-optimal, and 8%-10% of its variants are fitter. We rule out the possibilities that the wild type is fittest on average on multiple conditions or located on a local fitness maximum. Instead, we find that the wild type is mutationally robust ( flat), while more fit variants are typically mutationally fragile. Similar observations of mutational robustness or flatness have been so far made in very few cases, predominantly in viral genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness landscape analysis reveals that the wild type allele is sub-optimal and mutationally robust]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserved, genetic elements whose biological functions are unclear and controversial. Some TA systems may provide bacteria with immunity to infection by their ubiquitous viral predators, the bacteriophage. To identify TA systems that protect E. coli MG1655 against phage, we searched for those frequently encoded near known phage defense genes in bacterial genomes. Two of the systems tested provide strong protection against phage infection and are homologs of DarTG, a recently discovered family of TA systems whose biological functions and natural activating conditions were unclear. We demonstrate that phage infection triggers the release of DarT toxin, a DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase, to modify viral DNA and prevent replication, thereby blocking the production of mature virions. Phages can evolve to overcome DarTG defense either through mutations to their DNA polymerase or to an anti-DarT factor, gp61.2, encoded by many T-even phages. Collectively, our results indicate that phage defense may be a common function for TA systems and reveal the mechanism by which DarTG systems inhibit phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeRoux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlehale, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodoro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional interference in toehold switch-based RNA circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation based on regulatory RNA is an important mechanism in cells and is increasingly used for regulatory circuits in synthetic biology. Toehold switches are rationally designed post-transcriptional riboregulators placed in the 5 untranslated region of mRNA molecules. In the inactive state of a toehold switch, the ribosome-binding site is inaccessible for the ribosome. In the presence of a trigger RNA molecule protein production is turned on. Using antisense RNA against trigger molecules (anti-trigger RNA), gene expression can also be switched off again. We here study the utility and regulatory effect of antisense transcription in this context, which enables a particularly compact circuit design. Our circuits utilize two inducible promoters that separately regulate trigger and anti-trigger transcription, whereas their cognate toehold switch, regulating expression of a reporter protein, is transcribed from a constitutive promoter. We explore various design options for the arrangement of the promoters and demonstrate that the resulting dynamic behavior is strongly influenced by transcriptional interference (TI) effects, leading to more than four-fold differences in expression levels. Our experimental results are consistent with previous findings that enhanced local RNA polymerase concentrations due to active promoters in close proximity lead to an increase in transcriptional activity of the strongest promoter in the circuits. Based on this insight, we selected optimum promoter designs and arrangements for the realization of a genetic circuit comprised of two toehold switches, two triggers and two anti-triggers that function as a post-transcriptional RNA regulatory exclusive OR (XOR) gate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falgenhauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mückl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz-Schilling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional interference in toehold switch-based RNA circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balance of osmotic pressures determines the volume of the cell nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The volume of the cell nucleus varies across cell-types and species, and is commonly thought to be determined by the size of the genome and degree of chromatin compaction. However, this notion has been challenged over the years by multiple experimental evidence. Here, we consider the physical condition of mechanical force balance as a determining condition of the nuclear volume and use quantitative, order-of-magnitude analysis to estimate the forces from different sources of nuclear and cellular pressure. Our estimates suggest that the dominant pressure within the nucleus and cytoplasm originates from the osmotic pressure of proteins and RNA molecules that are localized to the nucleus or cytoplasm by out-of-equilibrium, active nucleocytoplasmic transport rather than from chromatin or its associated ions. This motivates us to formulate a physical model for the ratio of the cell and nuclear volumes in which osmotic pressures of localized proteins determine the relative volumes. In accordance with unexplained observations that are century-old, our model predicts that the ratio of the cell and nuclear volumes is a constant, robust to a wide variety of biochemical and biophysical manipulations, and is changed only if gene expression or nucleocytoplasmic transport are modulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deviri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balance of osmotic pressures determines the volume of the cell nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin regulation of social transmission of fear in zebrafish reveals its evolutionary conserved role in emotional contagion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional contagion is the most ancestral form of empathy that relies on simple perception-action mechanisms, on top of which more complex forms of empathic behaviors, such as consolation and helping, have evolved. Here we tested to what extent the proximate mechanisms of emotional contagion are evolutionary conserved by assessing the role of oxytocin, known to regulate empathic behaviors in mammals, in social fear contagion in zebrafish, which represents an evolutionary divergent line to that of tetrapods, within vertebrates. Using mutants for the ligand of the fish oxytocin nonapeptide and both of its receptors in zebrafish we showed that oxytocin is necessary for observer zebrafish to copy the distressed behavior of conspecific demonstrators. Exogeneous administration of oxytocin to the ligand mutant rescued the ability of observers to express social fear transmission, indicating that oxytocin is not only necessary but also sufficient for emotional contagion. The brain regions in the ventral telencephalon that are associated with emotional contagion in zebrafish are homologous to those known to be involved in the same process in rodents (e.g. striatum, lateral septum), and receive direct projections from oxytocinergic neurons located in the pre-optic area. Finally, we ruled out the hypothesis that social transmission of fear in zebrafish merely relies on behavior contagion by motor imitation, and we showed that it rather relies on emotion discrimination. Together our results support an evolutionary conserved role for oxytocin as a key regulator of basic empathic behaviors across vertebrates.

One-Sentence SummaryOxytocin is necessary and sufficient for social fear contagion in zebrafish supporting an evolutionary conserved role for oxytocin in emotional contagion among vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akinrinade, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kareklas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin regulation of social transmission of fear in zebrafish reveals its evolutionary conserved role in emotional contagion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Proposed Unified Interphase Nucleus Chromosome Structure: Preliminary Preponderance of Evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular cryo-electron tomography (CET) of the cell nucleus using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and the use of deconvolution (DC) processing technology has highlighted a large-scale, 100-300 nm interphase chromosome structure (LSS), that is present throughout the nucleus. This chromosome structure appears to coil the nucleosome 11-nm fiber into a defined hollow structure, analogous to a Slinky (S) (1, motif used in 2) helical spring. This S architecture can be used to build chromosome territories, extended to polytene chromosome structure, as well as to the structure of Lampbrush chromosomes.

Significance StatementCryo-preservation of the nuclear interior allows a large scale interphase chromosome structure--present throughout the nucleus--to be seen for the first time. This structure can be proposed to be a defined coiled entity, a Slinky. This structure can be further used to explain polytene chromosome structure, an unknown chromosome architecture as well as for lampbrush chromosomes. In addition, this new structure can be further organized as chromosome territories, using all 46 human interphase chromosomes as an example, easily into a 10 micron diameter nucleus. Thus, interphase chromosomes can be unified into a flexible defined structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arigovindan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Proposed Unified Interphase Nucleus Chromosome Structure: Preliminary Preponderance of Evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.463947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superresolution microscopy reveals partial preassembly and subsequent bending of the clathrin coat during endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.463947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis to take up a large range of extracellular cargos. During endocytosis, a clathrin coat forms on the plasma membrane, but it remains controversial when and how it is remodeled into a spherical vesicle.

Here, we use 3D superresolution microscopy to determine the precise geometry of the clathrin coat at large numbers of endocytic sites. Through pseudo-temporal sorting, we determine the average trajectory of clathrin remodeling during endocytosis. We find that clathrin coats assemble first on flat membranes to 50% of the coat area, before they become rapidly and continuously bent, and confirm this mechanism in three cell lines. We introduce the cooperative curvature model, which is based on positive feedback for curvature generation. It accurately describes the measured shapes and dynamics of the clathrin coat and could represent a general mechanism for clathrin coat remodeling on the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschanz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaksonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.463947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superresolution microscopy reveals partial preassembly and subsequent bending of the clathrin coat during endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of protein activity by photoinduced spin polarized charge reorganization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Considerable electric fields are present within living cells, and the role of bioelectricity has been well established at the organismal level. Yet little is known about electric-field effects on protein function. Here we use phototriggered charge injection from a site-specifically attached ruthenium photosensitizer to directly demonstrate the effects of charge redistribution within a protein. We find that binding of an antibody to phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is increased two folds under illumination. Remarkably, illumination is found to suppress the enzymatic activity of PGK by a factor as large as three. These responses are sensitive to the photosensitizer position on the protein. Surprisingly, left (but not right) circularly polarized light elicits these responses, indicating that the electrons involved in the observed dynamics are spin polarized, due to spin filtration by protein chiral structures. Our results directly establish the contribution of electrical polarization as an allosteric signal within proteins. Future experiments with phototriggered charge injection will allow delineation of charge rearrangement pathways within proteins and will further depict their effects on protein function.

Significance StatementThe role of well-placed charges within proteins in mediating biological functions, from protein-protein association to enzyme kinetics, is well documented. Here we go beyond this static picture and show that charge motions can exert significant effects on protein function. Injecting charge from a photosensitizer, we demonstrate a three-fold decrease in enzymatic activity and a two-fold increase of antibody-antigen binding. These effects depend on the specific position of the photosensitizer on the protein. Our results point to charge reorganization as a form of allostery that complements known allosteric mechanisms such as conformational changes and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheerer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of protein activity by photoinduced spin polarized charge reorganization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Proposed Unified Mitotic Chromosome Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A molecular architecture is proposed for an example mitotic chromosome, human Chromosome 10. This architecture is built on a previously described interphase chromosome structure based on Cryo-EM cellular tomography (1), thus unifying chromosome structure throughout the complete mitotic cycle. The basic organizational principle, for mitotic chromosomes, is specific coiling of the 11-nm nucleosome fiber into large scale approximately 200 nm structures (a Slinky (2, motif cited in 3) in interphase, and then further modification and subsequent additional coiling for the final structure. The final mitotic chromosome architecture accounts for the dimensional values as well as the well known cytological configurations. In addition, proof is experimentally provided, by digital PCR technology, that G1 T-cell nuclei are diploid, thus one DNA molecule per chromosome. Many nucleosome linker DNA sequences, the promotors and enhancers, are suggestive of optimal exposure on the surfaces of the large-scale coils.

Significance StatementThe significance of this proposed mitotic chromosome architecture is that a specific, sequenced chromosome, human Chromosome 10, can be built into a specific architecture that accounts for the dimensional values and cytological descriptions, a first time result. Since this molecular architecture is an extension of the interphase chromosome structure, a coiling of the 11-nm nucleosome fiber with further coiling, a unifying molecular structure motif is present throughout the entire mitotic cycle, interphase through mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasler, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Proposed Unified Mitotic Chromosome Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SURFMAP: a software for mapping in two dimensions protein surface features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular cartography using two-dimensional (2D) representation of protein surfaces has been shown to be very promising for protein surface analysis. Here, we present SURFMAP, a free standalone and easy-to-use software that enables the fast and automated 2D projection of either predefined features of protein surface (i.e., electrostatic potential, Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity, stickiness, and surface relief) or any descriptor encoded in the temperature factor column of a PDB file. SURFMAP uses a pseudo-cylindrical sinusoidal "equal-area" projection that has the advantage of preserving the area measures. It provides the user with (i) 2D maps that enable the easy and visual analysis of protein surface features of interest and (ii) maps in a text file format allowing the fast and straightforward quantitative comparison of 2D maps of homologous proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schweke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucchielli, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevrollier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SURFMAP: a software for mapping in two dimensions protein surface features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic analysis of membrane contact sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae uncovers modulators of cellular lipid distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actively maintained close appositions, or contact sites, between organelle membranes, enable the efficient transfer of biomolecules between the various cellular compartments. Several such sites have been described together with their tethering machinery. Despite these advances we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of the function and regulation of most contact sites. To systematically characterize the proteome of contact sites and support the discovery of new tethers and functional molecules, we established a high throughput screening approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on co-localization imaging. We imaged split fluorescence reporters for six different contact sites, two of which have never been studied before, on the background of 1165 strains expressing a mCherry-tagged yeast protein that have a cellular punctate distribution (a hallmark of contact sites). By scoring both co-localization events and effects on reporter size and abundance, we discovered over 100 new potential contact site residents and effectors in yeast. Focusing on several of the newly identified residents, we identified one set of hits as previously unrecognized homologs to Vps13 and Atg2. These proteins share their lipid transport domain, thus expanding this family of lipid transporters. Analysis of another candidate, Ypr097w, which we now call Lec1 (Lipid-droplet Ergosterol Cortex 1), revealed that this previously uncharacterized protein dynamically shifts between lipid droplets and the cell cortex, and plays a role in regulation of ergosterol distribution in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shortill, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziurdzik, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenech, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaremberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conibear, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic analysis of membrane contact sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae uncovers modulators of cellular lipid distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Utilization of Diverse Organophosphate Pollutants by Marine Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic organophosphates (AOPs), such as phosphotriesters, are used extensively as plasticizers, flame retardants, nerve agents and pesticides. Soil bacteria bearing a phosphotriesterase (PTE) can degrade AOPs, but whether bacteria are capable of utilizing AOPs as a phosphorus source, and how widespread PTEs are in nature, remains unclear. Here, we report the utilization of diverse AOPs by four model marine bacteria and seventeen bacterial isolates from seawater samples. To unravel the details of AOP utilization, two novel PTEs from marine bacteria were isolated and characterized. When expressed in E. coli, these PTEs enabled growth on a pesticide analog as the sole phosphorus source. Utilization of AOPs provides bacteria with a source of phosphorus in depleted environments and offers a new prospect for the bioremediation of a pervasive class of anthropogenic pollutants.

One sentence summaryWidespread utilization of diverse organophosphate pollutants by over 20 marine bacterial strains represents a new hope for ocean bioremediation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubovetskyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherukuri, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leader, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Utilization of Diverse Organophosphate Pollutants by Marine Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel identification of zipcodes in primary cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adopt highly polarized shapes and form distinct subcellular compartments largely due to the localization of many mRNAs to specific areas, where they are translated into proteins with local functions. This mRNA localization is mediated by specific cis-regulatory elements in mRNAs, commonly called "zipcodes." Their recognition by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) leads to the integration of the mRNAs into macromolecular complexes and their localization. While there are hundreds of localized mRNAs, only a few zipcodes have been characterized. Here, we describe a novel neuronal zipcode identification protocol (N-zip) that can identify zipcodes across hundreds of 3UTRs. This approach combines a method of separating the principal subcellular compartments of neurons - cell bodies and neurites - with a massively parallel reporter assay. Our analysis identifies the let-7 binding site and (AU)n motif as de novo zipcodes in mouse primary cortical neurons and suggests a strategy for detecting many more.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>von Kuegelgen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonsa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantsuji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujanic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chekulaeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel identification of zipcodes in primary cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.464690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proteasome regulator PSME4 drives immune evasion and abrogates anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.464690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation by proteasomes is important for the immune response against tumors. Antigens generated by the proteasome promote immune cell infiltration into tumors and improve tumors responses to immunotherapy. For example, immunoproteasomes - a subset of proteasomes induced by inflammatory signals - may improve the response of melanomas to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) by eliciting tumor inflammation. Yet, it is unclear whether and how protein degradation by proteasomes impacts cancer progression and contributes to immune evasion and resistance. Here, we profile the proteasome-cleaved peptides in lung cancers and find that PSME4 serves as a novel inhibitory regulator of the immunoproteasome, playing an anti-inflammatory role in cancer. Biochemical assays combined with scRNA-seq, immunopeptidomics and in vivo analyses demonstrate that PSME4 promotes an immunosuppressive environment around the tumor and abrogates anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting antigen presentation and attenuating tumor inflammation. Furthermore, we find that PSME4 expression is correlated with responsiveness to ICI across several cancer types. Our findings suggest that PSME4-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is a novel mechanism of immune evasion in non-small-cell lung carcinoma and may be targeted therapeutically for restoring anti-tumor immunity.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=139 SRC="FIGDIR/small/464690v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e87910org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@641843org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@175092corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ad34c2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMapping the degradation landscape in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) uncovers altered proteasome activity and composition
C_LIO_LIProteasome regulator PSME4 plays an anti-inflammatory role in NSCLC by attenuating immunoproteasome activity
C_LIO_LIPSME4 restricts tumor antigen presentation and cytokine secretion, defining a  cold tumor environment
C_LIO_LIPSME4 drives tumor immune evasion and is associated with resistance to immunotherapy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmueli, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodziejczyk, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litchfield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bab-Dinitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadok, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiens, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radomir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf-Levy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg-Lerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste Rego, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacher-Priehse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. A. da Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiners, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.464690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proteasome regulator PSME4 drives immune evasion and abrogates anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial coding in the hippocampus of flying owls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The elucidation of spatial coding in the hippocampus requires exploring diverse animal species. While robust place-cells are found in the mammalian hippocampus, much less is known about spatial coding in the hippocampus of birds - and nothing is known about avian spatial representation during flight. Here we used a wireless-electrophysiology system to record single neurons in the hippocampus and related pallial structures from freely flying barn owls (Tyto alba) - a central-place nocturnal predator species with excellent navigational abilities. The owls 3D position was monitored while it flew back and forth between two perches. We found place cells - neurons that robustly represented the owls location during flight, and its flight-direction - as well as neurons that coded the owls perching position between flights. Spatial coding was invariant to changes in lighting conditions and to the position of a salient object in the room. Place cells were found in the anterior hippocampus and in the adjacent posterior hyperpallium apicale, and to a much lesser extent in the visual Wulst (visual-cortex homologue). The finding of place-cells in flying owls suggests commonalities in spatial coding across a variety of species - including rodents, bats and owls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derdikman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulanovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutfreund, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.465553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial coding in the hippocampus of flying owls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infection switches the balance between bacterial and eukaryotic recyclers of organic matter during algal blooms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algal blooms are hotspots of marine primary production and play central roles in microbial ecology and global nutrient cycling. When blooms collapse, organic carbon is transferred to higher trophic levels, microbial respiration or sinking in proportions that depend on the dominant mortality agent. Viral infection can lead to bloom termination, but its impact on the fate of carbon remains an open question. Here, we characterized the consequences of viral infection on the microbiome composition and biogeochemical landscape of marine ecosystems by conducting a large-scale mesocosm experiment. Moniroting of seven induced coccolithophore blooms, which showed different degrees of viral infection, revealed that only high levels of viral infection caused significant shifts in the composition of free-living bacterial and eukaryotic assemblages. Intriguingly, viral infection favored the growth of eukaryotic heterotrophs (thraustochytrids) over bacteria as potential recyclers of organic matter. By combining modeling and quantification of active viral infection at a single-cell resolution, we estimate that viral infection can increase per-cell rates of extracellular carbon release by 2-4.5 fold. This happened via production of acidic polysaccharides and particulate inorganic carbon, two major contributors to carbon sinking into the deep ocean. These results reveal the impact of viral infection on the fate of carbon through microbial recyclers of organic matter in large-scale coccolithophore blooms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera-Brudau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sichert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Melgosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak-Gavish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masdeu-Navarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egge, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heheman, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrase, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, O. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infection switches the balance between bacterial and eukaryotic recyclers of organic matter during algal blooms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen experience relaxes the organisational structure of the T cell receptor repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The creation and evolution of the T cell receptor repertoire within an individual combines stochastic and deterministic processes. We systematically examine the structure of the repertoire in different T cell subsets in young, adult and LCMV infected mice, from the perspective of variable gene usage, nucleotide sequences and amino acid motifs. Young individuals share a high level of organization, especially in the frequency distribution of variable genes and amino acid motifs. In adult mice, this structure relaxes and is replaced by idiotypic evolution of the effector and regulatory repertoire. The repertoire of CD4+ regulatory T cells was more similar to naive cells in young mice, but became more similar to effectors with age. Finally, we observed a dramatic restructuring of the repertoire following infection with LCMV. We hypothesize that the stochastic process of recombination and thymic selection initially impose a strong structure to the repertoire, which gradually relaxes following asynchronous responses to different antigens during life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen experience relaxes the organisational structure of the T cell receptor repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic cell ICAM-1 strengthens immune synapses but is dispensable for effector and memory responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocyte priming in lymph nodes (LNs) depends on the formation of functional TCR specific immune synapses (ISs) with antigen (Ag) presenting dendritic cells. The high affinity LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1 has been implicated in different ISs studied in vitro. The in vivo roles of DC ICAM-1 in Ag stimulated T cell differentiation have been unclear. In newly generated DC conditional ICAM-1 knockout mice, we report that under Th1 polarizing conditions, ICAM-1 deficient DCs could not engage in stable conjugates with newly generated CD8 blasts. Nevertheless, these DCs triggered normal lymphocyte priming, proliferation and differentiation into functional cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and central memory lymphocytes (Tcm) in both vaccinated and virus infected skin. Single cell RNAseq analysis confirmed that Tcm were normally generated in these mice and gave rise to normal T effectors during a recall skin response. Our results suggest that although CD8 T cell blasts tightly bind DC-ICAM-1, strongly adhesive DC-T ISs are not necessary for functional TCR dependent DC mediated CD8 T cell proliferation and differentiation into productive effector and memory lymphocytes.

SummarySapoznikov et al generated a new genetic murine model deficient in dendritic cell expression of the key adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and found that CD8 lymphocytes do not require strong adhesion to dendritic cells for antigen-dependent differentiation into effector and memory T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapoznikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigelson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidzohn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovich-Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic cell ICAM-1 strengthens immune synapses but is dispensable for effector and memory responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coccolith Sr/Ca is a Robust Temperature and Growth Rate Indicator that Withstands Dynamic Microbial Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccolithophores are a diverse group of calcifying microalgae that have left a prominent fossil record on Earth. Various coccolithophore relics, both organic and inorganic, serve as proxies for reconstruction of past oceanic conditions.

Emiliania huxleyi is the most widely distributed representative of the coccolithophores in modern oceans, and is known to engage in dynamic interactions with bacteria. Algal-bacterial interactions influence various aspects of algal physiology and alter algal alkenone unsaturation (UK37), a frequently used organic coccolithophore-derived paleotemperature proxy. Whether algal-bacterial interactions influence inorganic coccolithophore-derived paleo-proxies, is yet unknown.

A commonly used inorganic proxy for past productivity and sea surface temperature is the Sr/Ca ratio of the coccolith calcite. Interestingly, during interactions between bacteria and a population of calcifying algae, bacteria were shown to physically attach only to non-calcified algal cells, suggesting an influence on algal calcification.

In this study we explore the effects of algal-bacterial interactions on calcification and coccolith Sr/Ca ratios. We find that while bacteria attach only to non-calcified algal cells, coccolith cell coverage and overall calcite production in algal populations with and without bacteria, is similar. Furthermore, we find that Sr/Ca values are impacted only by water temperature and algal growth rate, regardless of bacterial influences on algal physiology. Our observations reinforce the robustness of coccolith Sr/Ca ratios as a paleo-proxy independent of microbial interactions, and highlight a fundamental difference between organic and inorganic paleo-proxies.

Summary StatementThe current research investigates the effect of microbial interactions on coccolith Sr/Ca ratio and overall calcification in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. We co-cultured E. huxleyi with the marine bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens and compared coccolith Sr/Ca between different growth stages in a range of temperatures. Our results indicate that coccolith Sr/Ca depends on temperature and algal growth rate, and remains robust despite significant bacterial influences on algal physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliason, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coccolith Sr/Ca is a Robust Temperature and Growth Rate Indicator that Withstands Dynamic Microbial Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing neuronal activity is required for developmental circuit remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal refinement of neuronal connectivity shapes the mature nervous system. Pruning of exuberant connections involves both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as neuronal activity. While the role of neuronal activity in the plasticity of excitatory synapses has been extensively studied, the involvement of inhibition is less clear. Furthermore, the role of activity during stereotypic developmental remodeling, where competition is not as apparent, is not well understood.

Here we use the Drosophila mushroom body as a model to show that regulated silencing of neuronal activity is required for developmental axon pruning of the {gamma}-Kenyon cells. We demonstrate that silencing neuronal activity is mechanistically achieved by cell autonomous expression of the inward rectifying potassium channel (irk1) combined with inhibition by the GABAergic APL neuron. These results support the Hebbian-like rule  use it or lose it, where inhibition can destabilize connectivity and promote pruning while excitability stabilizes existing connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayseless, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachad, E.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing neuronal activity is required for developmental circuit remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed Single-Molecule Epigenetic Analysis of Plasma-Isolated Nucleosomes for Cancer Diagnostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma represents a rapidly advancing field in medicine, providing information on pathological processes in the body. Blood cfDNA is in the form of nucleosomes, which maintain their tissue- and cancer-specific epigenetic state. We developed EPINUC, a single-molecule multi-parametric assay to comprehensively profile the Epigenetics of Plasma Isolated Nucleosomes, DNA methylation and cancer-specific protein biomarkers. Our system allows high-resolution detection of six active and repressive histone modifications, their ratios and combinatorial patterns, on millions of individual nucleosomes by single-molecule imaging. In addition, it provides sensitive and quantitative data on plasma proteins, including detection of non-secreted tumor-specific proteins such as mutant p53. Applying this analysis to a cohort of plasma samples detected colorectal cancer at high accuracy and sensitivity, even at early stages. Finally, combining EPINUC with direct single-molecule DNA sequencing revealed the tissue-of-origin of colorectal, pancreatic, lung and breast tumors. EPINUC provides multi-layered clinical-relevant information from limited liquid biopsy material, establishing a novel approach for cancer diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fedyuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beresh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreishcheva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakai, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed Single-Molecule Epigenetic Analysis of Plasma-Isolated Nucleosomes for Cancer Diagnostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell epigenetic analysis reveals principles of chromatin states in H3.3-K27M gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells are highly heterogeneous at the transcriptional level and in their epigenetic state. Methods to study epigenetic heterogeneity are limited in throughput and information obtained per cell. Here, we adapted Cytometry by Time of Flight (CyTOF) to analyze a wide panel of histone modifications in primary tumor-derived lines of Diffused Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG). DIPG is a lethal glioma, driven by histone H3 lysine 27 mutation (H3-K27M). We identified two epigenetically distinct subpopulations in DIGP, reflecting inherent heterogeneity in expression of the mutant histone. These two subpopulations are robust across tumor lines derived from different patients and show differential proliferation capacity and expression of stem-cell and differentiation markers. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of this high-dimensional data to elucidate potential interactions between histone modifications and epigenetic alterations during the cell-cycle. Our work establishes new concepts for the analysis of epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer that could be applied to diverse biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harpaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beresh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell epigenetic analysis reveals principles of chromatin states in H3.3-K27M gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing and enhancing foldability in designed proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in protein-design methodology have led to a dramatic increase in reliability and scale. With these advances, dozens and even thousands of designed proteins are automatically generated and screened. Nevertheless, the success rate, particularly in design of functional proteins, is low and fundamental goals such as reliable de novo design of efficient enzymes remain beyond reach. Experimental analyses have consistently indicated that a major reason for design failure is inaccuracy and misfolding relative to the design model. To address this challenge, we describe complementary methods to diagnose and ameliorate suboptimal regions in designed proteins: first, we develop a Rosetta atomistic computational mutation scanning approach to detect energetically suboptimal positions in designs (available on a web server https://pSUFER.weizmann.ac.il); second, we demonstrate that AlphaFold2 ab initio structure prediction flags regions that may misfold in designed enzymes and binders; and third, we focus FuncLib design calculations on suboptimal positions in a previously designed low-efficiency enzyme improving its catalytic efficiency by 330 fold. Furthermore, applied to a de novo designed protein that exhibited limited stability, the same approach markedly improved stability and expressibility. Thus, foldability analysis and enhancement may dramatically increase the success rate in design of functional proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsh-Sokolik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing and enhancing foldability in designed proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.14.468512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aerobic Bacteria Produce Nitric Oxide via Denitrification and Trigger Algal Population Collapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.14.468512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial interactions govern marine biogeochemistry. These interactions are generally considered to rely on exchange of organic molecules. Here we report on a novel inorganic route of microbial communication, showing that algal-bacterial interactions are mediated through inorganic nitrogen exchange. Under oxygen-rich conditions, aerobic bacteria reduce algal-secreted nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) through denitrification, a well-studied anaerobic respiration mechanism. Bacteria secrete NO, triggering a cascade in algae akin to programmed cell death. During death, algae further generate NO, thereby propagating the signal in the algal population. Eventually, the algal population collapses, similar to the sudden demise of oceanic algal blooms. Our study suggests that the exchange of denitrification intermediates, particularly in oxygenated environments, is an overlooked yet ecologically significant route of microbial communication within and across kingdoms.

One Sentence SummaryAerobic bacteria activate denitrification in oxygenated conditions and produce nitric oxide that kills their algal partners
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmieli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang Zhang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babbin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.14.468512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aerobic Bacteria Produce Nitric Oxide via Denitrification and Trigger Algal Population Collapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Doppler Slicing for Ultrasound Super-Resolution Without Contrast Agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of the information needed for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease is found at scales below the resolution limit of classic ultrasound imaging. Recently introduced vascular super-localization methods provide more than a ten-fold improvement in spatial resolution by precisely estimating the positions of microbubble contrast agents. However, most vascular ultrasound scans are currently performed without contrast agents due to the associated cost, training, and post-scan monitoring. Here we show that super-resolution ultrasound imaging of dense vascular structures can be achieved using the natural contrast of flowing blood cells. Instead of relying on separable targets, we used Fourier-based decomposition to separate signals arising from the different scales of vascular structures while removing speckle noise using multi-ensemble processing. This approach enabled the use of compressed sensing for super-resolution imaging of the underlying vascular structures, improving resolution by a factor of four. Reconstruction of ultrafast mouse brain scans revealed details that could not be resolved in regular Doppler images, agreeing closely with bubble-based super-localization microscopy of the same fields of view. By combining multi-ensemble Doppler acquisitions with narrowband Fourier decomposition and computational super-resolution imaging, this approach opens new opportunities for affordable and scalable super-resolution ultrasound imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Doppler Slicing for Ultrasound Super-Resolution Without Contrast Agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural features within the NORAD long noncoding RNA underlie efficient repression of Pumilio activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly appreciated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) carry out important functions in mammalian cells, but how these are encoded in their sequences and manifested in their structures remains largely unknown. Some lncRNAs bind to and modulate the availability of RNA binding proteins, but the structural principles that underlie this mode of regulation are underexplored. Here, we focused on the NORAD lncRNA, which binds Pumilio proteins and modulates their ability to repress hundreds of mRNA targets. We probed the RNA structure and long-range RNA-RNA interactions formed by NORAD inside cells, under different stressful conditions. We discovered that NORAD structure is highly modular, and consists of well-defined domains that contribute independently to NORAD function. We discovered that NORAD structure spatially clusters the Pumilio binding sites along NORAD in a manner that contributes to the de-repression of Pumilio target proteins. Following arsenite stress, the majority of NORAD structure undergoes relaxation and forms inter-molecular interactions with RNAs that are targeted to stress granules. NORAD sequence thus dictates elaborated structural domain organization that facilitates its function on multiple levels, and which helps explain the extensive evolutionary sequence conservation of NORAD regions that are not predicted to directly bind Pumilio proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ziv, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farberov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural features within the NORAD long noncoding RNA underlie efficient repression of Pumilio activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASS-II KNOX genes coordinate spatial and temporal patterns of the tomato ripening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ripening is a complex developmental change of a mature organ, the fruit. In plants like a tomato, it involves softening, pigmentation, and biosynthesis of metabolites beneficial for the human diet. Examination of the transcriptional changes towards ripening suggests that redundant uncharacterized factors may be involved in the coordination of the ripening switch. Previous studies have demonstrated that Arabidopsis CLASS-II KNOX genes play a significant role in controlling the maturation of siliques and their transition to senescence. Here we examined the combined role of all four tomato CLASS-II KNOX genes in the maturation and ripening of fleshy fruits using an artificial microRNA targeting them simultaneously. As expected, the knockdown plants (35S::amiR-TKN-CL-II) exhibited leaves with increased complexity, reminiscent of the leaf phenotype of plants overexpressing CLASS-I KNOX, which antagonize CLASS-II KNOX gene functions. The fruits of 35S::amiR-TKN-CL-II plants were notably smaller than the control. While their internal gel/placenta tissue softened and accumulated the typical pigmentation, the pericarp color break took place ten days later than control, and eventually, it turned yellow instead of red.

Additionally, the pericarp of 35S::amiR-TKN-CL-II fruits remained significantly firmer than control even after three weeks of shelf storage. Strikingly, the 35S::amiR-TKN-CL-II fruits showed early ethylene release and respiration peak, but these were correlated only with liquefaction and pigmentation of the internal tissues. Our findings suggest that CLASS-II KNOX genes are required to coordinate the spatial and temporal patterns of tomato fruit ripening.

One sentence summaryTomato CLASS-II KNOX genes play antagonistic roles in the regulation of ripening at the internal fruit domains and pericarp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keren-Keiserman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalupowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furumizu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, J. p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsellem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuvia-Alkalai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efroni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldshmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASS-II KNOX genes coordinate spatial and temporal patterns of the tomato ripening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic Outcomes in Fibrous Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, cells round up and generate outward forces to create space and orient the mitotic spindles. Here, using suspended ECM-mimicking nanofiber networks, we recapitulate in vivo adhesion organization and confinement to interrogate mitotic outcomes for various interphase cell shapes. Elongated cells attached to single fibers through two focal adhesion clusters (FACs) at their extremities result in perfect spherical mitotic cell bodies that undergo large 3D displacement while being held by retraction fibers. Increasing the number of parallel fibers increases cellular extremity FACs and retraction fiber-driven stability, leading to reduced 3D cell-body movement, metaphase plate rotations, and significantly faster division times. Interestingly, interphase kite shapes on a crosshatch pattern of four fibers undergo mitosis resembling single-fiber outcomes due to rounded bodies being primarily held in position by retraction fibers from two perpendicular suspended fibers. We develop a cortex-astral microtubule analytical friction and force model to capture retraction-fiber-driven stability of the metaphase plate rotations. We report that reduced orientational stability results in increased monopolar mitotic defects. In the case of cells attached to two parallel fibers, rounded mitotic cells can get confined between the suspended fibers, allowing estimation of the mitotic forces through measurement of the outward deflection of the fibers. Interestingly, confinement causes rotated mitotic spindles similar to those reported in dense tissues. Overall, we establish dynamics of mitosis in fibrous environments governed by fiber arrangement and architecture-driven differences in interphase cell shapes, adhesion geometries, and varying levels of mechanical confinement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deluca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic Outcomes in Fibrous Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilization of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain by Protein Core Redesign and Deep Mutational Scanning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stabilizing antigenic proteins as vaccine immunogens or diagnostic reagents is a stringent case of protein engineering and design as the exterior surface must maintain recognition by receptor(s) and antigen--specific antibodies at multiple distinct epitopes. This is a challenge, as stability-enhancing mutations must be focused on the protein core, whereas successful computational stabilization algorithms typically select mutations at solvent-facing positions. In this study we report the stabilization of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan Hu-1 Spike receptor binding domain (S RBD) using a combination of deep mutational scanning and computational design, including the FuncLib algorithm. Our most successful design encodes I358F, Y365W, T430I, and I513L RBD mutations, maintains recognition by the receptor ACE2 and a panel of different anti-RBD monoclonal antibodies, is between 1-2{degrees}C more thermally stable than the original RBD using a thermal shift assay, and is less proteolytically sensitive to chymotrypsin and thermolysin than the original RBD. Our approach could be applied to the computational stabilization of a wide range of proteins without requiring detailed knowledge of active sites or binding epitopes, particularly powerful for cases when there are multiple or unknown binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erbse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilization of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain by Protein Core Redesign and Deep Mutational Scanning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable and functionally diverse versatile peroxidases by computational design directly from sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White-rot fungi secrete a repertoire of high-redox potential oxidoreductases to efficiently decompose lignin. Of these enzymes, versatile peroxidases (VPs) are the most promiscuous biocatalysts. VPs are attractive enzymes for research and industrial use, but their recombinant production is extremely challenging. To date, only a single VP has been structurally characterized and optimized for recombinant functional expression, stability and activity. Computational enzyme optimization methods can be applied to many enzymes in parallel, but they require accurate structures. Here, we demonstrate that model structures computed by deep-learning based ab initio structure prediction methods are reliable starting points for one-shot PROSS stability-design calculations. Four designed VPs encoding as many as 43 mutations relative to the wild type enzymes are functionally expressed in yeast whereas their wild type parents are not. Three of these designs exhibit substantial and useful diversity in reactivity profile and tolerance to environmental conditions. The reliability of the new generation of structure predictors and design methods increases the scale and scope of computational enzyme optimization, enabling efficient discovery and exploitation of the functional diversity in natural enzyme families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber-Zucker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.469886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable and functionally diverse versatile peroxidases by computational design directly from sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global analysis of human-to-mouse intercellular RNA transfer in cell culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Full-length mRNAs can transfer between adjacent mammalian cells via direct cell-to-cell connections called tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). However, the extent of mRNA transfer at the transcriptome-wide level (the transferome) is unknown. Here, we analyzed whole transcriptome mRNA and lncRNA transfer between heterogeneous human-mouse cell populations in in vitro co-culture using RNA-sequencing. Our data indicate that mRNA transfer is non-selective, prevalent across the human transcriptome, and that the amount of transfer to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) strongly correlates with the endogenous level of gene expression in donor human breast cancer cells (MCF7). These results were validated by both quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, and analysis shows that typically <1% of endogenous mRNAs and lncRNAs undergo transfer. Non-selective expression-dependent RNA transfer was further validated using synthetic RNA reporters. Notably, significant differential changes in the native MEF transcriptome were observed in response to co-culture, including the upregulation of multiple cancer and cancer-associated fibroblast-related genes and pathways. Together, these results lead us to suggest that TNT-mediated RNA transfer could be a phenomenon of physiological importance under both normal and pathogenic conditions.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=183 SRC="FIGDIR/small/470233v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyagi, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landthaler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.28.470233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global analysis of human-to-mouse intercellular RNA transfer in cell culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaperones drive in vitro evolution of uracil glycosylase towards misfolded states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural evolution is driven by random mutations that improve fitness. In vitro evolution mimics this process, however, on a short time-scale and is driven by the given bait. Here, we used directed in vitro evolution of a random library of Uracil glycosylase (eUNG) displayed on yeast surface to select for binding to chaperones GroEL, DnaK+DnaJ+ATP (DnaKJ) or E.coli cell extract (CE). Using binding to the eUNG inhibitor Ugi as probe for native foldedess, the CE selected population was further divided to Ugi binders (+U) (native) or non-binders (-U). We found that GroEL, DnaKJ and CE-U select and enrich for mutations causing eUNG to misfold, with the three being enriched in mutations in buried and conserved positions, with a tendency to increase positive charge. Still, each selection, as well as CE+U and natural evolution of eUNG has its own trajectory. While GroEL and CE-U selected for mutants highly sensitive to protease cleavage, DnaKJ selected for partially structured misfolded species with a tendency to refold, making them less sensitive to proteases. CE+U selected for more neutral mutations than natural evolution. In a more general context, our results show that GroEL has a higher tendency to purge promiscuous misfolded protein mutants from the system, while DnaKJ binds mutants misfolding-prone species that are, upon chaperone release, more likely to natively refold. CE-U shares some of the properties of GroEL and DnaKJ selected populations, while harboring also unique properties, explained by the existence of additional chaperones in CE, such as Tig, HtpG and ClpB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melanker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloubinoff, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaperones drive in vitro evolution of uracil glycosylase towards misfolded states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neighbor-specific gene expression revealed from physically interacting cells during mouse embryonic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of multicellular organisms is orchestrated by persistent cell-cell communication between neighboring partners. Direct interaction between different cell types can induce molecular signals that dictate lineage specification and cell fate decisions. Current single cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) technology cannot adequately analyze cell-cell contact-dependent gene expression, mainly due to the loss of spatial information. To overcome this obstacle and resolve cell-cell contact-specific gene expression during embryogenesis, we performed RNA sequencing of physically interacting cells (PIC-seq) and assessed them alongside similar single cell transcriptomes derived from developing mouse embryos between embryonic day (E) 7.5 and E9.5. Analysis of the PIC-seq data identified novel gene expression signatures that were dependent on the presence of specific neighboring cell types. Our computational predictions, validated experimentally, demonstrated that neural progenitor (NP) cells overexpress Lhx5 and Nkx2-1 genes, when exclusively interacting with the definitive endoderm (DE) cell. Moreover, there was a reciprocal impact on the transcriptome of the DE cells, as they tend to overexpress Rax and Gsc genes when in contact with the NP cells. Using individual cell transcriptome data, we formulated a means of computationally predicting the impact of one cell type on the transcriptome of its neighboring cell types. We have further developed a distinctive spatial-tSNE to display the pseudo-spatial distribution of cells in a 2-dimensional space. In summary, we describe an innovative approach to study contact-specific gene regulation during embryogenesis with potential broader implication in other physiologically relevant processes.

SignificancePhysical contact between neighboring cells is known to induce transcriptional changes in the interacting partners. Accurate measurement of these cell-cell contact based influences on the transcriptome is a very difficult experimental task. However, determining such transcriptional changes will highly enhance our understanding for the developmental processes. Current scRNAseq technology isolates the tissue into individual cells, making it hard to determine the potential transcriptomic changes due to its interacting partners. Here, we combined PIC-seq and computational algorithms to identify cell-type contact dependent transcriptional profiles focusing on endoderm development. We have computationally identified and experimentally validated specific gene expression patterns depending upon the presence of specific neighboring cell types. Our study suggests a new way to study cell-cell interactions for embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajkarim, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neighbor-specific gene expression revealed from physically interacting cells during mouse embryonic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor binding and escape from Beta antibody responses drive Omicron-B.1.1.529 evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On the 24th November 2021 the sequence of a new SARS CoV-2 viral isolate spreading rapidly in Southern Africa was announced, containing far more mutations in Spike (S) than previously reported variants. Neutralization titres of Omicron by sera from vaccinees and convalescent subjects infected with early pandemic as well as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta are substantially reduced or fail to neutralize. Titres against Omicron are boosted by third vaccine doses and are high in cases both vaccinated and infected by Delta. Mutations in Omicron knock out or substantially reduce neutralization by most of a large panel of potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under commercial development. Omicron S has structural changes from earlier viruses, combining mutations conferring tight binding to ACE2 to unleash evolution driven by immune escape, leading to a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site which rebalance receptor affinity to that of early pandemic viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuekprakhon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginn, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duyvesteyn, H. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutalai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supasa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejnirattisai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijokaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temperton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongkolsapaya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Screaton, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor binding and escape from Beta antibody responses drive Omicron-B.1.1.529 evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatiotemporally resolved single cell atlas of the Plasmodium liver stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria infection involves an obligatory, yet clinically silent liver stage1,2. Hepatocytes operate in repeating units termed lobules, exhibiting heterogeneous gene expression patterns along the lobule axis3, but the effects of hepatocyte zonation on parasite development have not been molecularly explored. Here, we combine single-cell RNA sequencing4 and single-molecule transcript imaging5 to characterize the hosts and parasites temporal expression programs in a zonally-controlled manner for the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA. We identify differences in parasite gene expression in distinct zones, and a sub-population of periportally-biased hepatocytes that harbor abortive infections associated with parasitophorous vacuole breakdown. These  abortive hepatocytes up-regulate immune recruitment and key signaling programs. They exhibit reduced levels of Plasmodium transcripts, perturbed parasite mRNA localization, and may give rise to progressively lower abundance of periportal infections. Our study provides a resource for understanding the liver stage of Plasmodium infection at high spatial resolution and highlights heterogeneous behavior of both the parasite and the host hepatocyte.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afriat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuzarte-Luis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatiotemporally resolved single cell atlas of the Plasmodium liver stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.470227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease alters Pin1 phosphorylation and parathyroid hormone mRNA binding proteins leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.470227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium metabolism and bone strength. Chronic kidney disease leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) which increases morbidity and mortality. In experimental SHP, the increased PTH gene expression is due to enhanced PTH mRNA stability, mediated by changes in its interaction with stabilizing AUF1 and destabilizing KSRP. Pin1 isomerizes target proteins and leads to KSRP dephosphorylation. In SHP, Pin1 isomerase activity is decreased and phosphorylated KSRP fails to bind PTH mRNA, resulting in high PTH mRNA stability and levels. However, the up- and down-stream mechanisms by which kidney failure stimulates the parathyroid remain elusive. We now reveal a pathway where kidney failure induces parathyroid Pin1 phosphorylation, linking Pin1, KSRP and PTH mRNA stability as key players for the high PTH expression in SHP. We identified by mass-spectrometry, changes in rat parathyroid proteome and phosphoproteome profiles induced by impaired renal function, including KSRP phosphorylation at Pin1 target sites. Furthermore, both acute and chronic kidney failure led to parathyroid-specific Pin1 Ser16 and Ser71 phosphorylation, which disrupts Pin1 activity. Accordingly, pharmacologic Pin1 inhibition, that mimics the decreased Pin1 activity in SHP, increased PTH expression ex-vivo in parathyroid organ cultures and in transfected cells, through the PTH mRNA protein-interacting element and KSRP phosphorylation at potential Pin1-binding motifs. Therefore, kidney failure leads to loss of parathyroid Pin1 activity by inducing Pin1 phosphorylation. This predisposes parathyroids to increase PTH production through impaired PTH mRNA decay that is dependent on KSRP phosphorylation. Pin1 and KSRP phosphorylation and the Pin1-KSRP-PTH mRNA axis thus drive SHP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilav-Levin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nechama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dov, I. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.470227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic kidney disease alters Pin1 phosphorylation and parathyroid hormone mRNA binding proteins leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, environmental and intrinsic determinants of the human antibody epitope repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage-displayed immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq) has successfully enabled high-throughput profiling of human antibody profiles. However, a comprehensive overview of environmental and genetic determinants shaping human adaptive immunity is currently lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of genetic, environmental and intrinsic factors on the variation in human antibody repertoires. We characterized serological antibody repertoires against 344,000 peptides using PhIP-Seq libraries from a wide range of microbial and environmental antigens in 1,443 participants from a population cohort. We demonstrate individual-specificity, temporal consistency and co-housing similarities in antibody repertoire. Genetic analyses showed involvement of the HLA, IGHV and FUT2 regions. Furthermore, we uncovered associations between 48 phenotypic factors and 544 antibody-bound peptides, including age, cell counts, sex, smoking behavior and allergies, among others. Overall, our results indicate that human antibody epitope repertoires are shaped by both host genetics and environmental exposures and highlight unique signatures of distinct phenotypes and genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreu-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgonje, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leviatan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Moreno, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vich Vila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arends, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonkers, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifelines cohort study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijmenga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weersma, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, environmental and intrinsic determinants of the human antibody epitope repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-depth characterization of the serum antibody epitope repertoire in inflammatory bowel disease using phage-displayed immunoprecipitation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), e.g. Crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. A comprehensive overview of an IBD-specific antibody epitope repertoire is, however, lacking. We leveraged a high-throughput phage-displayed immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) workflow to identify antibodies against 344,000 antimicrobial, immune and food antigens in 497 IBD patients as compared to 1,326 controls. IBD was characterized by 373 differentially abundant antibodies (202 overrepresented and 171 underrepresented), with 17% shared by both IBDs, 55% unique to CD and 28% unique to UC. Antibodies against bacterial flagellins dominated in CD and were associated with ileal involvement, fibrostenotic disease and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody positivity, but not with fecal microbiome composition. Antibody epitope repertoires accurately discriminated CD from controls (AUC=0.89), and similar discrimination was achieved when using only ten antibodies (AUC=0.87). IBD patients thus show a distinct antibody repertoire against selected peptides, allowing patient stratification and discovery of immunological targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bourgonje, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreu-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacesa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leviatan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalka, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dullemen, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visschedijk, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festen, E. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faber, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijmenga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weersma, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-depth characterization of the serum antibody epitope repertoire in inflammatory bowel disease using phage-displayed immunoprecipitation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic multi-level analysis of an organelle proteome reveals new peroxisomal functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seventy years following the discovery of peroxisomes, their proteome remains undefined. Uncovering the complete peroxisomal proteome, the peroxi-ome, is crucial for understanding peroxisomal activities and cellular metabolism. We used high-content microscopy to uncover the peroxi-ome of the model eukaryote - Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This strategy enabled us to expand the known organellar proteome by [~]40% and paved the way for performing systematic, whole-organellar proteome assays. Coupled with targeted experiments this allowed us to discover new peroxisomal functions. By characterizing the sub-organellar localization and protein targeting dependencies into the organelle, we unveiled non-canonical targeting routes. Metabolomic analysis of the peroxi-ome revealed the role of several newly-identified resident enzymes. Importantly, we found a regulatory role of peroxisomes during gluconeogenesis, which is fundamental for understanding cellular metabolism. With the current recognition that peroxisomes play a crucial part in organismal physiology, our approach lays the foundation for deep characterization of peroxisome function in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yifrach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook-Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürgi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Othman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Roermund, C. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visser, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanders, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmanns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamboni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic multi-level analysis of an organelle proteome reveals new peroxisomal functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.471886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyclonal lymphoid expansion drives paraneoplastic autoimmunity in neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.471886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma is a lethal childhood solid tumor of developing peripheral nerves. Two percent of children with neuroblastoma develop Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome (OMAS), a paraneoplastic disease characterized by cerebellar and brainstem-directed autoimmunity, but typically with outstanding cancer-related outcomes. We compared tumor transcriptomes and tumor infiltrating T- and B-cell repertoires from 38 OMAS subjects with neuroblastoma to 26 non- OMAS associated neuroblastomas. We found greater B- and T-cell infiltration in OMAS- associated tumors compared to controls, but unexpectedly showed that both were polyclonal expansions. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) were enriched in OMAS-associated tumors. We identified significant enrichment of the MHC Class II allele HLA-DOB*01:01 in OMAS patients. OMAS severity scores were associated with the expression of several candidate autoimmune genes. We propose a model in which polyclonal autoreactive B lymphocytes act as antigen presenting cells and drive TLS formation, thereby crucially supporting both sustained polyclonal T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and paraneoplastic OMAS neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchkovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoni-Rugiu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Alarcon, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maris, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.471886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyclonal lymphoid expansion drives paraneoplastic autoimmunity in neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific topology of the nociceptive circuit shapes dimorphic behavior in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How sexually dimorphic behavior is encoded in the nervous system is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the dimorphic nociceptive behavior in C. elegans and study the underlying circuits, which are composed of the same neurons but are wired differently. We show that while sensory transduction is similar in the two sexes, the downstream network topology markedly shapes behavior. We fit a network model that replicates the observed dimorphic behavior in response to external stimuli, and use it to predict simple network rewirings that would switch the behavior between the sexes. We then show experimentally that these subtle synaptic rewirings indeed flip behavior. Strikingly, when presented with aversive cues, rewired males were compromised in finding mating partners, suggesting that network topologies that enable efficient avoidance of noxious cues have a reproductive "cost". Our results present a deconstruction of the design of a neural circuit that controls sexual behavior, and how to reprogram it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pechuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaubey, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bola, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endreson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reger, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific topology of the nociceptive circuit shapes dimorphic behavior in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple phage resistance systems inhibit infection via SIR2-dependent NAD+ depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defense-associated sirtuins (DSR) comprise a family of proteins that defend bacteria from phage infection via an unknown mechanism. These proteins are common in bacteria and harbor an N-terminal sirtuin (SIR2) domain. In this study we report that DSR proteins degrade nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) during infection, depleting the cell of this essential molecule and aborting phage propagation. Our data show that one of these proteins, DSR2, directly identifies phage tail tube proteins and then becomes an active NADase in Bacillus subtilis. Using a phage mating methodology that promotes genetic exchange between pairs of DSR2-sensitive and DSR2-resistant phages, we further show that some phages express anti-DSR2 proteins that bind and repress DSR2. Finally, we demonstrate that the SIR2 domain serves as an effector NADase in a diverse set of phage defense systems outside the DSR family. Our results establish the general role of SIR2 domains in bacterial immunity against phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaremba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siksnys, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple phage resistance systems inhibit infection via SIR2-dependent NAD+ depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sir2-domain associated short prokaryotic Argonautes provide defence against invading mobile genetic elements through NAD+ depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute (Ago) proteins are found in all three domains of life. The so-called long Agos are composed of four major domains (N, PAZ, MID, and PIWI) and contribute to RNA silencing in eukaryotes (eAgos) or defence against invading mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes (pAgos). The majority (~60%) of pAgos identified bioinformatically are shorter (comprised of only MID and PIWI domains) and are typically associated with Sir2, Mrr or TIR domain-containing proteins. The cellular function and mechanism of short pAgos remain enigmatic. Here, we show that Geobacter sulfurreducens short pAgo and the NAD+-bound Sir2-protein form a stable heterodimeric complex. The GsSir2/Ago complex presumably recognizes invading plasmid or phage DNA and activates the Sir2 subunit, which triggers endogenous NAD+ depletion and cell death, and prevents the propagation of invading DNA. We reconstituted NAD+ depletion activity in vitro and showed that activated GsSir2/Ago complex functions as a NADase that hydrolyses NAD+ to ADPR. Thus, short Sir2-associated pAgos provide defence against phages and plasmids and underscores the diversity of mechanisms of prokaryotic Agos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaremba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakineviciene, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovinas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankunas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruksenaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silanskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmontas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigaitis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timinskas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venclovas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siksnys, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sir2-domain associated short prokaryotic Argonautes provide defence against invading mobile genetic elements through NAD+ depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syntenic genomic loci on human chromosome 8 (hChr8) and mouse chromosome 15 (mChr15) code for LY6/Ly6 (lymphocyte antigen 6) family proteins. The 23 murine Ly6 family genes include eight genes that are flanked by the murine Ly6e and Ly6l genes and form an Ly6 subgroup referred to here as the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. Ly6a, also known as Sca1 (Stem Cell Antigen-1) and TAP (T-cell activating protein), is a member of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. No LY6 genes have been annotated within the syntenic LY6E to LY6L human locus. We report here on LY6S, a solitary human LY6 gene that is syntenic with the murine Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, and with which it shares a common ancestry. LY6S codes for the interferon-inducible GPI-linked LY6S-iso1 protein that contains only 9 of the 10 consensus LY6 cysteine residues and is most highly expressed in a non-classical cell population. Its expression leads to distinct shifts in patterns of gene expression, particularly of genes coding for inflammatory and immune response proteins, and LY6S-iso1 expressing cells show increased resistance to viral infection. Our findings reveal the presence of a previously un-annotated human interferon-stimulated gene, LY6S, which has a one to eight ortholog relationship with the genes of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, is most highly expressed in spleen cells of a non-classical cell-lineage and whose expression induces viral resistance and is associated with an inflammatory phenotype and with the activation of genes that regulate immune responses.

One Sentence SummaryLY6S is a newly discovered human interferon-inducible gene associated with inflammation and with resistance to viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmerling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smorodinsky, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi-Assif, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shargorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braschi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wreschner, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional hallmarks of intra-tumor heterogeneity across a thousand tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each tumor contains malignant cells that differ in genotype, phenotype, and in their interactions with the tumor micro-environment (TME). This results in distinct integrated cellular states that govern intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH), a central challenge of cancer therapeutics. Dozens of recent studies have begun to describe ITH by single cell RNA-seq, but each study typically profiledonly a small number of tumors and provided a narrow view of transcriptional ITH. Here, we curate, annotate and integrate the data from 77 different studies to reveal the patterns of ITH across 1,163 tumor samples covering 24 tumor types. Focusing on the malignant cells, we find thousands of transcriptional ITH programs that can be described by 41 consensus meta-programs (MPs), each consisting of dozens of genes that are coordinately upregulated in subpopulations of cells within many different tumors. The MPs cover diverse cellular processes and differ in their cancer-type distribution. General MPs associated with processes such as cell cycle and stress vary within most tumors, while context-specific MPs reflect the unique biology of particular cancer types, often resembling developmental cell types and suggesting the co-existence of variable differentiation states within tumors. Some of the MPs are further associated with overall tumor proliferation or immune state, highlighting their potential clinical significance. Based on functional similarities among MPs, we propose a set of 11 hallmarks that together account for the majority of observed ITH programs. Given the breadth and scope of the investigated cohort, the MPs and hallmarks described here reflect the first comprehensive pan-cancer description of transcriptional ITH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovarsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Castro, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanoch-Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mints, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional hallmarks of intra-tumor heterogeneity across a thousand tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.472748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin Signaling Regulates the Homeostatic Response to Cold Stress in Poikilothermic Vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.472748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When exposed to low temperature, homeothermic vertebrates maintain internal body temperature by activating thermogenesis and by altered metabolism, synchronized by neuroendocrine responses. Although such physiological responses also occur in poikilothermic vertebrates, the prevailing notion is that their reactions are passive. Here, we explored molecular hypothalamic and physiological responses to cold stress in the tropical poikilotherm Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We show that cold exposed tilapia exhibit complex homeostatic responses, including increased hypothalamic oxytocin, plasma glucose and cortisol concomitant with reduced plasma lactate and metabolic rate. Pharmacological or genetic blockage of oxytocin signaling further affected metabolic rate in two cold-exposed poikilothermic models. This indicates that oxytocin, a known thermoregulator in homeotherms, actively regulates temperature-related homeostasis in poikilotherms. Overall, our findings show that the brain of poikilotherms actively responds to cold temperature by regulating metabolic physiology. Moreover, we identify oxytocin signaling as an adaptive and evolutionarily conserved metabolic regulator of temperature-related homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krispin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olthof, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanadia, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cnaani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.472748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin Signaling Regulates the Homeostatic Response to Cold Stress in Poikilothermic Vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neonatal enthesis healing involves non-inflammatory formation of acellular scar through ECM secretion by resident cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wound healing is a well-orchestrated process that typically recruits the immune and vascular systems to restore the structure and function of the injured tissue. Injuries to the enthesis, a hypocellular and avascular tissue, often result in fibrotic scar formation and loss of mechanical properties, thereby severely affecting musculoskeletal function and life quality. This raises questions about the healing capabilities of the enthesis.

Here, we established an injury model to the Achilles entheses of neonatal mice to study the possibility that at an early age, the enthesis can heal more effectively. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed an atypical process that did not involve inflammation or angiogenesis. Instead, neonatal enthesis healing was mediated by secretion of collagen types I and II by resident cells, which formed a permanent hypocellular and avascular scar. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cellular response to injury, including ER stress, autophagy and cell death, varied between the tendon and cartilage ends of the enthesis. Single-molecule in situ hybridization, immunostaining, and TUNEL assays verified these differences. Finally, gait analysis showed that these processes effectively restored function of the injured leg.

Collectively, these findings reveal a novel healing mechanism in neonatal entheses, whereby local ECM secretion by resident cells forms an acellular ECM deposit in the absence of inflammation markers, allowing gait restoration. These insights into the healing mechanism of a complex transitional tissue may lead to new therapeutic strategies for adult enthesis injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinestock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenthal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaraf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neonatal enthesis healing involves non-inflammatory formation of acellular scar through ECM secretion by resident cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of protein crowders on small molecule drug diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crowded environments are known to affect the diffusion of macromolecules but their effects on the diffusion of small molecules, such as drugs, are largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigate how three macromolecular protein crowders, bovine serum albumin (BSA), hen egg-white lysozyme and myoglobin, influence the translational diffusion rates and interactions of four low molecular-weight compounds: the diagnostic marker fluorescein, and three drugs, doxorubicin, glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor SB216763 and quinacrine. Using Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching in Line mode (Line- FRAP), Brownian dynamics simulations and molecular docking, we find that the diffusive behavior of the small molecules is highly affected by self-aggregation, interactions with the proteins, and surface adhesion. The diffusion of fluorescein is decreased by protein crowders due to its interactions with the proteins and their surface adsorption. In contrast, the presence of protein crowders increases the diffusion rate of doxorubicin by reducing surface interactions. SB216763 shows a third scenario, where BSA, but not lysozyme or myoglobin , reduces self-aggregation, resulting in faster diffusion. Quinacrine was the only compound whose diffusion was not affected by the presence of protein crowders. The mechanistic insights gained here into the effects of interactions of small molecules with proteins and surfaces on the translational diffusion of small molecules can assist in optimizing the design of compounds for higher mobility and lower occlusion in complex macromolecular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes-Alves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of protein crowders on small molecule drug diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.474741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Mucin Is a Chaperone of Multivalent Copper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.474741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucus protects the body by many mechanisms, but a role in managing toxic transition metals was not previously known. Here we report that secreted mucins, the major mucus glycoproteins coating the respiratory and intestinal epithelia, are specific copper-binding proteins. Most remarkably, the intestinal mucin, MUC2, has two juxtaposed copper binding sites, one that accommodates Cu2+ and the other Cu1+, which can be formed in situ by reduction with vitamin C. Copper is an essential trace metal because it is a cofactor for a variety of enzymes catalyzing electron transfer reactions, but copper damages macromolecules when unregulated. We observed that MUC2 protects against copper toxicity while permitting nutritional uptake into cells. These findings introduce mucins, produced in massive quantities to guard extensive mucosal surfaces, as extracellular copper chaperones and potentially important players in physiological copper homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reznik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridmann-Sirkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairner, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.02.474741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Mucin Is a Chaperone of Multivalent Copper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical model of efficient phagocytosis driven by curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytosis is the process of engulfment and internalization of comparatively large particles by the cell, that plays a central role in the functioning of our immune system. We study the process of phagocytosis by considering a simplified coarse grained model of a three-dimensional vesicle, having uniform adhesion interaction with a rigid particle, in the presence of curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeletal forces. Complete engulfment is achieved when the bending energy cost of the vesicle is balanced by the gain in the adhesion energy. The presence of curved (convex) proteins reduces the bending energy cost by self-organizing with higher density at the highly curved leading edge of the engulfing membrane, which forms the circular rim of the phagocytic cup that wraps around the particle. This allows the engulfment to occur at much smaller adhesion strength. When the curved proteins exert outwards protrusive forces, representing actin polymerization, at the leading edge, we find that engulfment is achieved more quickly and at lower protein density. We consider spherical as well as non-spherical particles, and find that non-spherical particles are more difficult to engulf in comparison to the spherical particles of the same surface area. For non-spherical particles, the engulfment time crucially depends upon the initial orientation of the particles with respect to the vesicle. Our model offers a mechanism for the spontaneous self-organization of the actin cytoskeleton at the phagocytic cup, in good agreement with recent high-resolution experimental observations.

Significance StatementPhagocytosis is an important process that plays a central role in our immune system, and also during nutrient uptake, drug delivery and pathogen invasion. Despite its biological importance, it is still not understood how the actin cytoskeleton is coordinated spatio-temporally during the phagocytosis process. We present a simple model that explains the dynamics and self-organization of the membrane and the actin cytoskeleton during the engulfment process, based on curved membrane activators of actin polymerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barger, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical model of efficient phagocytosis driven by curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of major bacterial survival strategies by transcript sequestration in a membraneless organelle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins was shown in recent years to regulate spatial organization of cell content without the need for membrane encapsulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Yet evidence for the relevance of LLPS for bacterial cell functionality is largely missing. Here we show that the sugar metabolism-regulating clusters, recently shown by us to assemble in the E. coli cell poles by means of the novel protein TmaR, are formed via LLPS. A mutant screen uncovered residues and motifs in TmaR that are important for its condensation. Upon overexpression, TmaR undergoes irreversible liquid-to-solid transition, similar to the transition of disease-causing proteins in human, which impairs bacterial cell morphology and proliferation. Not only does RNA contribute to TmaR phase separation, but by ensuring polar localization and stability of flagella-related transcripts, TmaR enables cell motility and biofilm formation, thus providing a linkage between LLPS and major survival strategies in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albocher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberger, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsheshet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum-Shochat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster-Choder, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of major bacterial survival strategies by transcript sequestration in a membraneless organelle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic structure of a wild wheat population has remained associated with microhabitats over 36 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term genetic studies of wild populations are very scarce, but are essential for connecting ecological and population genetics models, and for understanding the dynamics of biodiversity. We present a study of a wild wheat population sampled over a 36-year period at high spatial resolution. We genotyped 832 individuals from regular sampling along transects during the course of the experiment. Genotypes were clustered into ecological microhabitats over scales of tens of metres, and this clustering was remarkably stable over the 36 generations of the study. Simulations show that it is difficult to explain this spatial and temporal stability using only limited dispersal, suggesting a role for fine-scale local adaptation to ecological parameters. Using a common-garden experiment, we showed that the genotypes found in distinct microhabitats differ phenotypically, further supporting the hypothesis of local adaptation. Our results provide a rare insight into the population genetics of a natural population over a long monitoring period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahan-Meir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manisterski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avivi-Ragolsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anikster, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordborg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic structure of a wild wheat population has remained associated with microhabitats over 36 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial lifestyle switch in response to algal metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unicellular algae, termed phytoplankton, greatly impact the marine environment by serving as the basis of marine food webs and by playing central roles in biogeochemical cycling of elements. The interactions between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria affect the fitness of both partners. It is becoming increasingly recognized that metabolic exchange determines the nature of such interactions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we investigated the molecular and metabolic basis for the bacterial lifestyle switch, from coexistence to pathogenicity, in Sulfitobacter D7 during its interaction with Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan bloom-forming phytoplankter. To unravel the bacterial lifestyle switch, we profiled bacterial transcriptomes in response to infochemicals derived from algae in exponential and stationary growth, which induced the Sulfitobacter D7 coexistence and pathogenicity lifestyles, respectively. We found that algal dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was a pivotal signaling molecule that mediated the transition between the lifestyles. However, the coexisting and pathogenic lifestyles were evident only in the presence of additional algal metabolites. In the pathogenic mode, Sulfitobacter D7 upregulated flagellar motility and many transport systems, presumably to maximize assimilation of E. huxleyi-derived metabolites released by algal cells upon cell death. Specifically, we discovered that algae-produced benzoate promoted the growth of Sulfitobacter D7, and negated the DMSP-inducing lifestyle switch to pathogenicity, demonstrating that benzoate is important for maintaining the coexistence of algae and bacteria. We propose that bacteria can sense the physiological status of the algal host through changes in the metabolic composition, which will determine the bacterial lifestyle during the interactions.

Significance StatementMicroorganisms in the marine environment play crucial roles in the regulation of Earths climate and elemental cycling. Understanding microbial interactions and the metabolic exchange that drives them is necessary for disentangling the complexity of the marine ecosystem. Here we demonstrate how the opportunistic pathogen Sulfitobacter D7 switches its lifestyle from coexistence to pathogenicity in response to metabolites released by Emiliania huxleyi, a bloom-forming unicellular alga. By mapping bacterial transcriptional profiles, we show that the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an important signaling molecule in the marine environment, is essential for the bacterial lifestyle switch. However, the activity of DMSP depended on additional algal signals. This work emphasizes how metabolic crosstalk can influence the nature and fate of microbial interactions, which have cascading effects on large-scale oceanic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barak-Gavish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial lifestyle switch in response to algal metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontogenetic Color Switching in Lizards as a by-Product of Guanine Cell Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals undergo dramatic changes in colour during development1,2. Changes in predation risk during ontogeny are associated with spectacular switches in defensive colours, typically involving the replacement of skin or the production of new pigment cells3. Ontogenetic colour systems are ideal models for understanding the evolution and formation mechanisms of animal colour which remain largely enigmatic2. We show that defensive colour switching in lizards arises by reorganization of a single photonic system, as an incidental by-product of chromatophore maturation. The defensive blue tail colour of hatchling A. beershebensis lizards is produced by light scattering from premature guanine crystals in underdeveloped iridophore cells. Camouflaged adult tail colours emerge upon reorganization of the guanine crystals into a photonic reflector during chromatophore maturation. The substituent guanine crystals form by the attachment of individual nanoscopic plates, which coalesce during growth to form single crystals. Our results show that the blue colour of hatchlings is a fortuitous, but necessary, precursor to the development of adult colour. Striking functional colours in animals can thus arise not as distinct evolutionary innovations but via exploitation of the timing of naturally occurring changes in chromatophore cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yallapragada, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClelland, H. L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawlena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontogenetic Color Switching in Lizards as a by-Product of Guanine Cell Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory signals from fatty bone marrow supports the early stages of DNMT3a driven clonal hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age related cancer is not only due to the random accumulation of mutations, but also how phenotypes are selected by the aging environment. While fatty bone marrow (FBM), is one of the hallmarks of bone marrow ageing, it is unknown whether FBM can modify the evolution of the early stages of leukemia and clonal hematopoiesis (CH). To address this question, we established FBM mice models and transplanted both human and mice preleukemic hematopoietic stem cells (PreL-HSCs) carrying DNMT3A mutations. We demonstrate that castration which models age related andropenia result in FBM. A significant increase in self-renewal was found when DNMT3AMut - preL-HSPCs were exposed to FBM. To better understand the mechanisms of the FBM-preL-HSPCs interaction, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing on HSPCs three days after FBM exposure. A 20-50 fold increase in DNMT3AMut-preL-HSCs was observed under FBM conditions in comparison to other conditions. PreL-HSPCs exposed to FBM exhibited an activated inflammatory signaling (IL-6 and INF{gamma}). Cytokine analysis of BM fluid demonstrated increased IL-6 levels under FBM conditions. Anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibodies significantly reduced the selective advantage of DNMT3AMut-preL-HSPCs exposed to FBM. Overall, age related paracrine FBM inflammatory signals promote DNMT3A-driven clonal hematopoiesis, which can be inhibited by blocking the IL-6 receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zioni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal-Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>.Sacma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Tidow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory signals from fatty bone marrow supports the early stages of DNMT3a driven clonal hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De-tensioning of collagen fibers optimizes endometrial receptivity and improves the rate of embryo implantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful embryo implantation within the uterine wall requires intricate endometrial remodeling. Impaired endometrial receptivity, a common cause of infertility, often results from ineffective remodeling processes. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of human collagenase-1 administered into the mouse uterus enhances embryo implantation rates. Mechanistically, collagenase-1 induces remodeling of the endometrial extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to the degradation of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This process releases matrix-bound bioactive factors, such as VEGF, which facilitates local vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Furthermore, collagenase-1 treatment increases NK cell infiltration and elevates levels of the cytokine LIF, a key factor in embryo implantation. Remarkably, the overall structural integrity of the uterine tissue remains uncompromised, even in the presence of reduced tension in endometrial collagen fibers. To assess pre-clinical potential, in-uteri application of collagenase-1 successfully rescued implantation in mouse models subjected to heat stress and embryo transfer, conditions known for their adverse impact on implantation rates. Importantly, ex-vivo exposure of human uterine tissue to collagenase-1 induced collagen de-tensioning and the release of VEGF, demonstrating similar processes observed in the mouse settings, and the potential relevance of this treatment to human conditions. Our findings underscore the immense clinical potential and feasibility of collagenase treatment to enhance uterine receptivity for embryo implantation, offering a controlled and minimally invasive intervention. This innovative approach not only demonstrates the potential to enhance efficiency in livestock breeding but, more importantly, signifies a substantial promise in supporting medical interventions for human reproduction in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zehorai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodij, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De-tensioning of collagen fibers optimizes endometrial receptivity and improves the rate of embryo implantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and Protein-Protein Interactions of Ice Nucleation Proteins Drive Their Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTMicrobially-produced ice nucleating proteins (INpro) are unique molecular structures with the highest known catalytic efficiency for ice formation. Their critical role in rain formation and frost damage of crops together with their diverse commercial applications warrant an in-depth under-standing of their inherent ice nucleation mechanism. We used the machine-learning based software Al-phaFold to develop the first ab initio structural model of a bacterial INpro which is a novel beta-helix structure consisting of repeated stacks of two beta strands connected by two sharp turns. Using the synchrotron radiation circular dichroism, we validated the {beta}-strand content of the model. Combining functional studies of purified recombinant INpro, electron microscopy and modeling, we further demonstrate that the formation of dimers and higher-order oligomers is key to INpro activity. This work presents a major advance in understanding the molecular foundation for bacterial ice-nucleation activity and the basis for investigating the mechanistic role of INpro-induced ice formation in the atmosphere, and for commercial design and production of ice-nucleating particles for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyer, L. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finster, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grawe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drace, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedermeier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wex, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santl-Temkiv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and Protein-Protein Interactions of Ice Nucleation Proteins Drive Their Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The scotopic band: primate detailed scotopic vision and perceptual uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates perceive detailed images in photopic (daylight) vision via a preferred-processing, high-acuity pathway, made up of a small photopic center (the fovea), and dedicated eye movements, whose function is to shift images of target objects to the fovea and keep them while foveal cones sense the image. Thus, the preferred processing pathway processes images serially, not in parallel. No such pathway is known for scotopic (night-light) vision or mesopic (twilight) vision - though details are informative in dim light, even vital; it remains unclear whether and how scotopic vision of details is accomplished. Here we show that primates do have a scotopic preferred-processing pathway. It consists of a  scotopic center, located on a  scotopic band, and eye movements that shift target images not to the fovea but directly to the scotopic center. In contrast to the stationary fovea, the scotopic center can relocate over the scotopic band. The scotopic center relocates to match changing visual conditions and contextual needs. Ambient light intensity is mapped monotonically onto the scotopic band, with mesopic vision at one end. The dimmer the light is, the more dorsal the scotopic center relocates on the scotopic band. Importantly, the scotopic center relocates (or  set) not only in passive response to ambient light but also actively, driven by internal factors. In near-threshold conditions the scotopic center relocates to a more dorsal band location than in salient conditions. That the same relocation of the scotopic center can be instigated both by dimming the ambient light and by reducing the detectability of targets indicates that, at the core, the longitudinal axis of the scotopic band encodes the level of perceptual uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The scotopic band: primate detailed scotopic vision and perceptual uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two AGO proteins with transposon-derived sRNA cargo mark the germline in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphIn sexually propagating organisms, genetic and epigenetic mutations are evolutionarily relevant only if they occur in the germline and provide inherited information to the next generation. In contrast to most animals, plants are thought to lack an early segregating germline, implying that somatic cells can contribute genetic information to the progeny. Here we demonstrate that two ARGONAUTE proteins, AGO5 and AGO9, mark an early-segregating germline. Both AGOs are loaded with dynamically changing populations of small RNAs derived from highly methylated, pericentromeric, long transposons. Sequencing single nuclei revealed that many of these transposons are co-expressed within an AGO5/9 expression domain of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). This indicates a host-parasite tug of war and specific silencing pathways along the plant germline throughout development. Our results open the path to investigate transposon biology and epigenome dynamics at cellular resolution in the SAM stem cell niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradamante, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incarbone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bente, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittelsten Scheid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutzat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two AGO proteins with transposon-derived sRNA cargo mark the germline in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress resilience is established during development and is regulated by complement factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals in a population respond differently to stressful situations. While resilient individuals recover efficiently, others are susceptible to the same stressors. However, it remains challenging to identify resilience in mammalian embryos to determine if stress resilience is established as a trait during development or acquired later in life. Using a new behavioural paradigm in zebrafish larvae, we show that resilience is a trait that is determined and exhibited early in life. Resilient and susceptible individuals retained these traits throughout life and passed them on to the next generation. Resilient larvae showed higher expression of resilience-associated genes and larvae lacking neuropeptide Y and miR218 were significantly under-represented in the resilient population. Unbiased transcriptome analysis revealed that multiple factors of the innate immune complement cascade were downregulated in resilient larvae in response to stressors. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockouts of critical complement factors led to an increase in resilience. We conclude that resilience is established early during development as a stable trait, and that neuropeptides and the complement pathway play positive and negative roles in determining resilience respectively.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/478444v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (59K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@359261org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11d1e62org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b5d346org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@141bae1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Why some individual individuals recover better than others from stressful situations is unclear. We show that resilience to stress is established during zebrafish development as a stable and heritable trait. Resilience is augmented by brain-derived neuropeptides and attenuated by innate immune complement factors specifically expressed in the liver.

HighlightsO_LIWildtype zebrafish larvae show differences in their dynamics of recovering from stress, with some being more resilient than others.
C_LIO_LIResilience is a stable and heritable trait.
C_LIO_LIResilient fish show specific stress-responsive transcriptional changes.
C_LIO_LINeuropeptide Y and miRNA218 positively affect resilience, while innate immune complement factors attenuate resilience.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbalagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress resilience is established during development and is regulated by complement factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active site center redesign increases protein stability preserving catalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stabilization of natural proteins is a long-standing desired goal in protein engineering. Optimizing the hydrophobicity of the protein core often results in extensive stability enhancements. However, the presence of totally or partially buried catalytic charged residues, essential for protein function, has limited the applicability of this strategy. Here, focusing on the thioredoxin, we aimed to augment protein stability by removing buried charged residues in the active site without loss of catalytic activity. To this end, we performed a charged-to-hydrophobic substitution of a buried and functional group, resulting in a significant stability increase yet abolishing catalytic activity. Then, to simulate the catalytic role of the buried ionizable group, we designed a combinatorial library of variants targeting a set of seven surface residues adjacent to the active site. Notably, more than 50% of the library variants restored, to some extent, the catalytic activity. The combination of experimental study of 2% of the library with the prediction of the whole mutational space by Partial Least-squares regression revealed that a single point mutation at the protein surface is sufficient to fully restore the catalytic activity without thermostability cost. As a result, we engineered one of the highest thermal stability reported for a protein with a natural occurring fold (138 {degrees}C). Further, our hyperstable variant preserves the catalytic activity both in vitro and in vivo.

SIGNIFICANCEThe major driving force of protein folding is the hydrophobic effect, and increasing the protein core hydrophobicity essentially increases protein stability. Active sites often contain buried ionizable groups, which can be essential for function but dramatically reduce protein stability. Thus, increasing the protein core hydrophobicity cannot be applied to enzyme active sites without a functional cost. We propose a method to enhance protein stability by overcoming this obstacle. We show that catalytic properties of buried charges can be mimicked with surface mutations, thus paving the way to unlock the optimization of the hydrophobic core to stabilize enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero-Romero, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Seisdedos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra-Molero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active site center redesign increases protein stability preserving catalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the targeting specificity of the selective peroxisomal targeting factor Pex9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting proteins to their correct cellular location is a fundamental process that allows them to carry out their cellular functions. Peroxisomes utilize two paralog targeting factors, Pex5 and Pex9, for proteins with a Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 1 (PTS1). However, in spite of their similarity, Pex9 targets only a subset of Pex5 cargo proteins. Here, we studied the properties that facilitate the targeting specificity of Pex9, both by unbiased screens and by site-directed mutagenesis of the PTS1 motifs of either binders or non-binders. We find that the binding specificity of Pex9 is largely determined by the hydrophobic nature of the amino acid preceding the PTS1 tripeptide of its cargos. This is in line with structural modeling of the PTS1-binding cavity of the two factors, showing that while Pex5 has large negative electrostatic patches at the area surrounding the PTS1 binding cavity, Pex9 is mostly hydrophobic. Our work outlines the mechanism by which targeting specificity is achieved, enabling dynamic rewiring of the peroxisomal proteome in changing metabolic needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yifrach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz Zaragoza, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schliebs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the targeting specificity of the selective peroxisomal targeting factor Pex9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated cognitive decline in obese mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is linked to sialic acid-driven immune deregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic immunity supports healthy brain homeostasis. Accordingly, conditions causing systemic immune deregulation may accelerate onset of neurodegeneration in predisposed individuals. Here we show that, in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimers disease (AD), high-fat diet-induced obesity accelerated cognitive decline, which was associated with immune deviations comprising increased splenic frequencies of exhausted CD4+ T effector memory cells and CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Non-targeted plasma metabolomics identified N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), the predominant sialic acid, as the major obesity-induced metabolite in 5xFAD mice, the levels of which directly correlated with Tregs abundance and inversely correlated with cognitive performance. Visceral adipose tissue macrophages were identified by sNuc-Seq as one potential source of NANA. Exposure to NANA led to immune deregulation in middle-aged wild-type mice, and ex vivo in human T cells. Our study identified diet-induced immune deregulation, potentially via sialic acid, as a previously unrecognized link between obesity and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohnert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaiuta, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahalon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slyper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.05.479219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated cognitive decline in obese mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is linked to sialic acid-driven immune deregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tongue immune compartment analysis reveals spatial macrophage heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tongue is a unique muscular organ situated in the oral cavity where it is involved in taste sensation, mastication and articulation. As a barrier organ, which is constantly exposed to environmental pathogens, the tongue is expected to host an immune cell network ensuring local immune defence. However, the composition and the transcriptional landscape of the tongue immune system are currently not completely defined. Here we characterised the tissue-resident immune compartment of the murine tongue during development, health and disease, combining single cell RNA-sequencing with in situ immunophenotyping. We identified distinct local immune cell populations and described two specific subsets of tongue-resident macrophages occupying discrete anatomical niches. Cx3cr1+ macrophages were located specifically in the highly innervated lamina propria beneath the tongue epidermis and at times in close proximity to fungiform papillae. Folr2+ macrophages were detected in deeper muscular tissue. The two macrophage subsets originate from a common proliferative precursor during early postnatal development and responded differently to systemic LPS in vivo. Our description of the under-investigated tongue immune system sets a starting point to facilitate research on tongue immune-physiology and pathology including cancer and taste disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mildner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyras, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovav, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenzel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommerich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tongue immune compartment analysis reveals spatial macrophage heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional LINC complex maintains epigenetic landscape and decondenses DNA in mature muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show here that the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is needed to minimize chromatin repression. The genomic binding profile of Polycomb, Heterochromatin Protein1 (HP1a) repressors, and of RNA-Pol II were studied in Drosophila larval muscles lacking functional LINC complex. A significant increase in the binding of Polycomb, and parallel reduction of RNA-Pol-II binding to a set of muscle genes was observed. Consistently, enhanced tri-methylated H3K9 and H3K27 repressive modifications, and reduced chromatin activation by H3K9 acetylation were found. Furthermore, larger tri-methylated H3K27me3 repressive clusters, and chromatin redistribution from the nuclear periphery towards nuclear center, were detected in live LINC mutant larval muscles. Computer simulation indicated that the observed dissociation of the chromatin from the nuclear envelope promotes growth of tri-methylated H3K27 repressive clusters. Thus, we suggest that by promoting chromatin-nuclear envelope binding, the LINC complex restricts the size of repressive H3K27 tri-methylated clusters, thereby limiting the binding of Polycomb transcription repressor, directing robust transcription in muscle fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amiad Pavlov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnikannan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional LINC complex maintains epigenetic landscape and decondenses DNA in mature muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rtt109 promotes nucleosome replacement ahead of the replicating fork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication perturbs chromatin by triggering the eviction, replacement and incorporation of nucleosomes. How this dynamic is orchestrated in time and space is poorly understood. Here, we apply a recently established sensor for histone exchange to follow the time-resolved histone H3 exchange profile in budding yeast cells undergoing synchronous replication. We find that new histones are incorporated not only behind, but also ahead of the replication fork. We provide evidence that Rtt109, the S phase-specific acetyltransferase, stabilizes nucleosomes behind the fork, but promotes H3 replacement ahead of the fork. Unexpectedly, increased replacement ahead of the fork is independent of the primary Rtt109 acetylation target H3K56, and rather results from Rtt109 activity towards the H3 N-terminus. Our results suggest that selective incorporation of differentially modified H3s behind and ahead of the replication fork results in opposing effects on histone exchange, which may contribute to genome stability by overcoming replication-associated challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rtt109 promotes nucleosome replacement ahead of the replicating fork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyZebrascope: an open-source platform for brain-wide neural activity imaging in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neurons interact across the brain to control animal behaviors is one of the central goals in neuroscience. Recent developments in fluorescent microscopy and genetically-encoded calcium indicators led to the establishment of whole-brain imaging methods in zebrafish, which records neural activity across a brain-wide volume with single-cell resolution. Pioneering studies of whole-brain imaging used custom light-sheet microscopes, and their operation relied on commercially developed and maintained software that is not available globally. Hence it has been challenging to disseminate and develop the technology in the research community. Here, we present PyZebrascope, an open-source Python platform designed for neural activity imaging in zebrafish using light-sheet microscopy. PyZebrascope has intuitive user interfaces and implements essential features for whole-brain imaging, such as two orthogonal excitation beams and eye damage prevention. Its modular architecture allows the inclusion of advanced algorithms for microscope control and image processing. As a proof of concept, we implemented an automatic algorithm for maximizing the image resolution in the brain by precisely aligning the excitation beams to the image focal plane. PyZebrascope enables whole-brain neural activity imaging in fish behaving in a virtual reality environment with a stable high data throughput and low CPU and memory consumption. Thus, PyZebrascope will help disseminate and develop light-sheet microscopy techniques in the neuroscience community and advance our understanding of whole-brain neural dynamics during animal behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantharaju, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haruvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyZebrascope: an open-source platform for brain-wide neural activity imaging in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soon after the emergence and global spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron lineage, BA.1 (ref1, 2), another Omicron lineage, BA.2, has initiated outcompeting BA.1. Statistical analysis shows that the effective reproduction number of BA.2 is 1.4-fold higher than that of BA.1. Neutralisation experiments show that the vaccine-induced humoral immunity fails to function against BA.2 like BA.1, and notably, the antigenicity of BA.2 is different from BA.1. Cell culture experiments show that BA.2 is more replicative in human nasal epithelial cells and more fusogenic than BA.1. Furthermore, infection experiments using hamsters show that BA.2 is more pathogenic than BA.1. Our multiscale investigations suggest that the risk of BA.2 for global health is potentially higher than that of BA.1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamasoba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morioka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butlertanaka, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuramochi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakada, T.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaori-Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.479934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rock inhibitors target SRSF2 leukemia by disrupting cell mitosis and nuclear morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.479934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spliceosome machinery mutations are common early mutations in myeloid malignancies, however effective targeted therapies against them are still lacking. In the current study, we used an in vitro high-throughput drug screen among four different isogenic cell lines and identified ROCK inhibitors (ROCKi) as selective inhibitors of SRSF2 mutants. ROCKi targeted SRSF2 Mut primary human samples in a xenografts model and were not toxic to mice nor human cells. ROCKi induced mitotic catastrophe through their apparent effects on microtubules and nuclear organization. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that SRSF2 mutations induce deep nuclear indentation and segmentation, driven by microtubule-rich cytoplasmic intrusions, which were exacerbated by ROCKi. The severe nuclear deformation driven by the combination of SRSF2 Mut and ROCKi prevent cells from completing mitosis. These findings shed light on new ways to target SRSF2 and on the role of the microtubule system in SRSF2 Mut cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosheva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horev, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olszewska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal-Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papapetrou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.479934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rock inhibitors target SRSF2 leukemia by disrupting cell mitosis and nuclear morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent regulation of ant foraging frequency through a computationally inexpensive forager movement rule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Ant colonies regulate foraging in response to their collective hunger, yet the mechanism behind this distributed regulation remains unclear. Previously, by imaging food flow within ant colonies we showed that the frequency of foraging events declines linearly with colony satiation ([1]). Our analysis implied that as a forager distributes food in the nest, two factors affect her decision to exit for another foraging trip: her current food load and its rate of change. Sensing these variables can be attributed to the foragers individual cognitive ability. Here, new analyses of the foragers trajectories within the nest imply a different way to achieve the observed regulation. Instead of an explicit decision to exit, foragers merely tend toward the depth of the nest when their food load is high and toward the nest exit when it is low. Thus, the colony shapes the foragers trajectory by controlling her unloading rate, while she senses only her current food load. Using an agent-based model and mathematical analysis, we show that this simple mechanism robustly yields emergent regulation of foraging frequency. These findings demonstrate how the embedding of individuals in physical space can reduce their cognitive demands without compromising their computational role in the group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baltiansky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent regulation of ant foraging frequency through a computationally inexpensive forager movement rule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polysome-CAGE of TCL1-driven chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed multiple N-terminally altered epigenetic regulators and a translation stress signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transformation of normal to malignant cells is accompanied by substantial changes in gene expression programs through diverse mechanisms. Here we examined the changes in the landscape of transcription start sites (TSSs) and alternative promoter (AP) usage and their impact on the translatome in TCL1-driven chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our findings revealed a marked elevation of APs in CLL cells from E{micro}-Tcl1 transgenic mice, which are particularly enriched with intragenic promoters that generate N-terminally truncated or modified proteins. Intragenic promoter activation is mediated by (i) loss of function of  closed chromatin epigenetic regulators due to the generation of inactive N-terminally modified isoforms or reduced expression; (ii) upregulation of transcription factors, including c-Myc, targeting the intragenic promoters and associated enhancers. Exogenous expression of Tcl1 in MEFs is sufficient to induce intragenic promoters of epigenetic regulators and promote c- Myc expression. We further found a dramatic translation downregulation of transcripts bearing CNY cap-proximal tri-nucleotides, reminiscent of cells undergoing metabolic stress. These findings uncovered the role of Tcl1 oncogenic function in altering promoter usage and mRNA translation in leukemogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havkin-Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker-Herman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polysome-CAGE of TCL1-driven chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed multiple N-terminally altered epigenetic regulators and a translation stress signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unique mineralizing pool of Gli1+ stem cells builds the tendon enthesis and demonstrates therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enthesis, a fibrocartilaginous transition between tendon and bone, is necessary for the transfer of force from muscle to bone to produce joint motion. The enthesis is prone to injury due to mechanical demands, and it cannot regenerate. A better understanding of how the enthesis develops will lead to more effective therapies to prevent pathology and promote regeneration. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to define the development transcriptome of the entheses over postnatal stages. Six resident cell types, including enthesis progenitors and mineralizing chondrocytes, were identified along with their transcription factor regulons and temporal regulation. Following our prior discovery of the necessity of Gli1-lineage cells for enthesis development and healing, we then examined their transcriptomes at single cell resolution and demonstrated their clonogenicity and multipotency. Transplantation of these Gli1- lineage cells to enthesis injuries improved healing, demonstrating their therapeutic potential for enthesis regeneration.

HighlightsO_LIThe transcriptome and differentiation trajectory of enthesis stem cells during postnatal development are defined at single cell resolution.
C_LIO_LITranscription factor regulons drive enthesis stem cell differentiation.
C_LIO_LIGli1-lineage enthesis stem cells demonstrate in vivo and in vitro clonogenicity and multipotency.
C_LIO_LITransplantation of Gli1-lineage enthesis stem cells to enthesis injuries improves healing.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unique mineralizing pool of Gli1+ stem cells builds the tendon enthesis and demonstrates therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic architecture and function of a mechanosensory circuit in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How sensory perception is processed by the two sexes of an organism is still only partially understood. Despite some evidence for sexual dimorphism in auditory and olfactory perception, whether touch is sensed in a dimorphic manner has not been addressed. Here we find that the neuronal circuit for tail mechanosensation in C. elegans is wired differently in the two sexes and employs a different combination of sex-shared sensory neurons and interneurons in each sex. Reverse genetic screens uncovered cell- and sex-specific functions of the alpha-tubulin mec-12 and the sodium channel tmc-1 in sensory neurons, and of the glutamate receptors nmr-1 and glr-1 in interneurons, revealing the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate tail mechanosensation. Moreover, we show that only in males, the sex-shared interneuron AVG is strongly activated by tail mechanical stimulation, and accordingly is crucial for their behavioral response. Importantly, sex reversal experiments demonstrate that the sexual identity of AVG determines both the behavioral output of the mechanosensory response and the molecular pathways controlling it. Our results present for the first time extensive sexual dimorphism in a mechanosensory circuit at both the cellular and molecular levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Setty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berent-Barzel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic architecture and function of a mechanosensory circuit in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conditional null allele of Dync1h1 enables targeted analyses of dynein roles in neuronal length sensing and neurological disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Size homeostasis is one of the most fundamental aspects of biology and it is particularly important for large cells as neurons. We have previously proposed a motor-dependent length-sensing and growth-regulating mechanism wherein a partial reduction in the levels of microtubule motor proteins should lead to accelerated neuronal growth. This prediction was originally validated in sensory neurons heterozygous for the Loa point mutation in dynein heavy chain 1 (Dync1h1Loa). Here we describe a new mouse model with a conditional allele allowing deletion of exons 24-25 in Dync1h1. Homozygous Islet1-Cre deletion of Dync1h1 is embryonic lethal, but heterozygous animals (Isl1-Dync1h1+/-) survive to adulthood with approximately 50% dynein expression in targeted cell types. Isl1-Dync1h1+/- adult sensory neurons reveal an accelerated growth phenotype, similar to that previously reported in Dync1h1Loa neurons. Moreover, Isl1-Dync1h1+/- mice show mild impairments in gait, proprioception and tactile sensation; and slightly impaired recovery from peripheral nerve injury. Thus, conditional deletion of Dync1h1 exons 24-25 enables targeted studies of the role of dynein in neuronal growth and neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Pizio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvaldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birling, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okladnikov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conditional null allele of Dync1h1 enables targeted analyses of dynein roles in neuronal length sensing and neurological disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redifferentiated cardiomyocytes retain residual dedifferentiation signatures and are protected against ischaemic injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocyte renewal by dedifferentiation and proliferation has fueled the field of regenerative cardiology in recent years, while the reverse process of redifferentiation remains largely unexplored. Redifferentiation is characterised by the restoration of function that is lost during dedifferentiation and is key to the healing process following injury. Previously, we showed that ERBB2-mediated heart regeneration has these two distinct phases: dedifferentiation, followed by redifferentiation. Here, using temporal RNAseq and proteomics, we survey the landscape of the dedifferentiation-redifferentiation process in the adult mouse heart. We find well characterised dedifferentiation pathways, such as reduced oxphos, increased proliferation and increased EMT-like features, largely return to normal, though elements of residual dedifferentiation remain, even after contractile function is restored. These hearts appeared rejuvenated and showed robust resistance to ischaemic injury. We find that redifferentiation is driven by negative feedback signalling, notably through LATS1/2 Hippo pathway activity. Disabling LATS1/2 in dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes augments dedifferentiation in vitro and prevents redifferentiation in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal the non-trivial nature of redifferentiation, whereby elements of dedifferentiation linger in a surprisingly beneficial manner. This cycle of dedifferentiation-redifferentiation protects against future insult, in what could become a novel prophylactic treatment against ischemic heart disease for at-risk patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrover, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiringhelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divinsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendengolts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gepstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redifferentiated cardiomyocytes retain residual dedifferentiation signatures and are protected against ischaemic injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell atlas of the neonatal small intestine with necrotizing enterocolitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal complication of premature infants with high rates of morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive view of the cellular changes and aberrant interactions that underlie this disease is lacking. Here, we combine single cell RNA sequencing, T Cell Receptor beta (TCR{beta}) analysis, bulk transcriptomics, and imaging to characterize cell identities, interactions and zonal changes in NEC. We find that inflammatory macrophages are abundant in NEC and that T cells exhibit increased expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines accompanied by an increase in TCR{beta} clonal expansion. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells increase in proportion and exhibit a switch to an activated pro-inflammatory state. Villus tip epithelial cell identity is substantially reduced in NEC and the remaining epithelial cells up-regulate pro-inflammatory genes. We establish a detailed map of aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal-immune interactions that may be driving inflammation in NEC mucosa. Our analyses highlight the cellular changes underlying NEC disease pathogenesis and identify potential targets for biomarker discovery and therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaloye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pober, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shouval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell atlas of the neonatal small intestine with necrotizing enterocolitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual deprivation induces a CRF independent stress response and decreases resistance to stressors in Drosophila via a subpopulation of Neuropeptide F receptor-expressing neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living in a changing environment composed of other behaving animals entails both opportunities and challenges to obtain resources and mating partners. Actions that promote survival and reproduction are reinforced by the brain reward systems, whereas coping with the challenges associated with obtaining these rewards are mediated by stress response pathways. The activation of the latter can impair health and shorten lifespan. Although similar responses to social opportunity and challenge exist across the animal kingdom, little is known about the mechanisms that process reward and stress under different social conditions. Here, we studied the interplay between deprivation of sexual reward and stress response in Drosophila melanogaster and discovered that repeated failures to obtain sexual reward induces a frustration-like state that is characterized by increased arousal, persistent sexual motivation, and impaired ability to cope with starvation and oxidative stressors. We show that this increased arousal and sensitivity to starvation is mediated by disinhibition of neurons that express receptors for the fly homologue of neuropeptide Y (neuropeptide F, NPF). We furthermore demonstrate the existence of an anatomical overlap between stress and reward systems in the fly brain in the form of neurons that co-express receptors for NPF (NPFR) and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like homologue Diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44), and that deprivation of sexual reward leads to translocation of forkhead box-subgroup O (FoxO) to the cytoplasm in these neurons. Nevertheless, the activity of Dh44 neurons alone does not mediate sensitivity to starvation and aroused behavior following sexual deprivation, instead, these responses are mediated by disinhibition of ~12-16 NPFR-expressing neurons via a dynamin-independent synaptic signaling mechanism, suggesting the existence of a NPFR mediated stress pathway which is Dh44-independent. This paves the path for using simple model organisms to dissect mechanisms behind anticipation of reward, and more specifically, to determine what happens when expectations to obtain natural and drug rewards are not met.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryvkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmueli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentzur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agranovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat-Ophir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual deprivation induces a CRF independent stress response and decreases resistance to stressors in Drosophila via a subpopulation of Neuropeptide F receptor-expressing neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Duplex Structure of SARM1 Octamers Induced by a New Inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, there has been growing interest in SARM1 as a potential breakthrough drug target for treating various pathologies of axon degeneration. SARM1-mediated axon degeneration relies on its TIR domain NADase activity, but recent structural data suggest that the non-catalytic ARM domain could also serve as a pharmacological site as it has an allosteric inhibitory function. Here, we screened for synthetic small molecules that inhibit SARM1 by stabilizing the ARM-dependent inactive, compact octamer ring conformation, and tested a selected set of these compounds in a DRG axon degeneration assay. Using cryo-EM, we found that one of the newly discovered inhibitors, a Calmidazolium designated TK106, not only stabilizes the previously reported inhibited conformation of the octamer, but also promotes the formation of a meta-stable structure: a duplex of octamers (16 protomers), which we have now determined to 4.0 [A] resolution. In the duplex, each ARM domain protomer is not only engaged in lateral interactions with neighboring protomers but is further stabilized by contralateral contacts with the opposing octamer ring. Mutagenesis of the duplex contact sites leads to SARM1 activation in cultured cells. Based on our data we propose that the duplex assembly constitutes an additional auto-inhibition mechanism that tightly prevents pre-mature activation and axon degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khazma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan-Vaishenker, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guez-Haddad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Duplex Structure of SARM1 Octamers Induced by a New Inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of musculoskeletal tissues such as tendon, enthesis, and bone relies on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Gli1+ cells have been described as putative stem cells in several tissues and are presumed to play critical roles in tissue formation and maintenance. For example, the enthesis, a fibrocartilage tissue that connects tendon to bone, is mineralized postnatally by a pool of Gli1+ progenitor cells. These cells are regulated by hedgehog signaling, but it is unclear if TGF{beta} signaling, necessary for tenogenesis, also plays a role in their behavior. To examine the role of TGF{beta} signaling in Gli1+ cell function, the receptor for TGF{beta}, TbR2, was deleted in Gli1-lineage cells in mice at P5. Decreased TGF{beta} signaling in these cells led to defects in enthesis formation by P56, including deficient bone morphometry underlying the enthesis and decreased mechanical properties. In vitro experiments using Gli1+ cells isolated from mouse tail tendons demonstrated that TGF{beta} controls cell proliferation and differentiation through canonical and non-canonical pathways and that TGF{beta} directly controls the tendon transcription factor scleraxis by binding to its distant enhancer. These results have implications in the development of treatments for tendon and enthesis pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An amphipathic helix in Brl1 is required for membrane fusion during nuclear pore complex biogenesis in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the central portal for macromolecular exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In all eukaryotes, NPCs assemble into an intact nuclear envelope (NE) during interphase, but the process of NPC biogenesis remains poorly characterized. Furthermore, little is known about how NPC assembly leads to the fusion of the outer and inner NE, and no factors have been identified that could trigger this event. Here we characterize the transmembrane protein Brl1 as an NPC assembly factor required for NE fusion in budding yeast. Brl1 preferentially associates with NPC assembly intermediates and its depletion halts NPC biogenesis, leading to NE herniations that contain inner and outer ring nucleoporins but lack the cytoplasmic export platform. Furthermore, we identify an essential amphipathic helix in the luminal domain of Brl1 that mediates interactions with lipid bilayers. Mutations in this amphipathic helix lead to NPC assembly defects, and cryo-ET analyses reveal multi-layered herniations of the inner nuclear membrane with NPC-like structures at the neck, indicating a failure in NE fusion. Taken together, our results identify a role for Brl1 in NPC assembly and suggest a function of its amphipathic helix in mediating the fusion of the inner and outer nuclear membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kralt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtynek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agote-Aran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dultz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarek-Nossol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onischenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An amphipathic helix in Brl1 is required for membrane fusion during nuclear pore complex biogenesis in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anthroponumbers.org: A Quantitative Database Of Human Impacts on Planet Earth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human Impacts Database (www.anthroponumbers.org) is a curated searchable resource housing quantitative data relating to the diverse anthropogenic impacts on our planet, with topics ranging from sea level rise, to livestock populations, greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer use, and beyond. Each entry in the database relates a quantitative value (or a time-series of values) along with clear referencing of the primary source, the method of measurement or estimation, an assessment of uncertainty, links to the underlying data, as well as a permanent identifier called an Human Impacts ID ("HuID"). While there are other databases that house some of these values, they are typically focused on a single topic area like energy usage or greenhouse gas emissions. The Human Impacts Database provides centralized access to quantitative information about the myriad ways in which humans impact the Earth, giving links to more specialized databases for interested readers. Here, we outline the structure of the database and describe our curation procedures. Finally, we use this database to generate a graphical summary of the current state of human impacts on the Earth, illustrating both their numerical values and their dense interconnections.

The Bigger PictureOver the last 10,000 years, human activities have transformed the Earth through farming, forestry, mining and industry. The complex results of these activities are now observed and quantified as "human impacts" on Earths atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and geochemistry. While myriad studies have explored facets of human impacts on the planet, they are necessarily technical and often tightly-focused. Thus, finding reliable quantitative information requires a significant investment of time to assess each quantity, its methods of determination, and associated uncertainty. We present the Human Impacts Database (www.anthroponumbers.org), which houses a diverse array of such quantities. We review a subset of these values and how they help build intuition for understanding the Earth-human system. While collation alone does not tell us how to best ameliorate human impacts, we contend that any future plans should be made in light of a quantitative understanding of the interconnected ways in which humans impact the planet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chure, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarai, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gomez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anthroponumbers.org: A Quantitative Database Of Human Impacts on Planet Earth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired single-cell host profiling with multiplex-tagged bacterial mutants reveals intracellular virulence-immune networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encounters between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens lead to complex phenotypes that determine the outcome of infection. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) are increasingly used to study the host factors underlying diverse cellular phenotypes. But current approaches do not permit the simultaneous unbiased study of both host and bacterial factors during infection. Here, we developed scPAIR-seq, an approach to analyze both host and pathogen factors during infection by combining multiplex-tagged mutant bacterial library with scRNA-seq to identify mutant-specific changes in host transcriptomes. We applied scPAIR-seq to macrophages infected with a library of Salmonella Typhimurium secretion system effector mutants. We developed a pipeline to independently analyze redundancy between effectors and mutant-specific unique fingerprints, and mapped the global virulence network of each individual effector by its impact on host immune pathways. ScPAIR-seq is a powerful tool to untangle bacterial virulence strategies and their complex interplay with host defense strategies that drive infection outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heyman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehezkel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciolli Mattioli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired single-cell host profiling with multiplex-tagged bacterial mutants reveals intracellular virulence-immune networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIS1 RNA-binding orchestrates the mechanosensitive properties of embryonic stem cells in AGO2-dependent and independent ways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) is associated with neurodevelopmental diseases and is known to regulate the activity of the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein. Here we show that LIS1 is essential for the viability of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and it regulates the physical properties of these cells. LIS1 dosage substantially affects gene expression, and we uncovered an unexpected interaction of LIS1 with RNA and RNA-binding proteins, most prominently the Argonaute complex. We demonstrate that LIS1 overexpression partially rescued the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and mechanosensitive genes conferring stiffness to Argonaute null mESCs. Collectively, our data transforms the current perspective on the roles of LIS1 in post- transcriptional regulation underlying development and mechanosensitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kshirsagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorelik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuboi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argoetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Gutfreund, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaibuchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIS1 RNA-binding orchestrates the mechanosensitive properties of embryonic stem cells in AGO2-dependent and independent ways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tradeoffs in bacterial physiology determine the efficiency of antibiotic killing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics can kill or stop the growth of bacteria, and their effectiveness depends on many factors. It is important to understand the relation between bacterial physiology, the environment and antibiotic action. While many of the mechanistic details of antibiotic action are known, the connection between death rate and bacterial physiology is poorly understood. Death rate in antibiotics has often been shown to rise linearly with growth rate; however, it remains unclear how environmental factors, in concert with whole-cell physiological properties, affect bactericidal activity. To address this, we developed a high-throughput assay to precisely measure antibiotic-mediated bacterial death. We found that death rate is linear in growth rate, but the slope depends on environmental conditions. Specifically, stressors lower the death rate compared to a non-stressed environment with the same growth rate. To understand the role of stress, we developed a mathematical model of bacterial death based on resource allocation that takes into account a newly defined stress-response sector; we identify this sector using RNA-seq. Our model accurately predicts the death rate and minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics across a wide range of conditions, including a previously unknown increase in the stress response and protection from death at very low levels of cAMP. The present death-growth model suggests conditions that may improve antibiotic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tradeoffs in bacterial physiology determine the efficiency of antibiotic killing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary safety of death by mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoside analogs are a major class of antiviral drugs. Some act by increasing the viral mutation rate causing "death by mutagenesis" of the virus. Their mutagenic capacity, however, may lead to an evolutionary safety concern. We define evolutionary safety as a probabilistic assurance that the treatment will not generate an increased number of epidemiologically concerning mutated virus progeny. We develop a mathematical framework to estimate the total mutant load produced with and without mutagenic treatment. We predict rates of appearance of virus mutants as a function of the timing of treatment and the immune competence of patients, employing various assumptions about the vulnerability of the viral genome and its potential to generate undesired phenotypes. We focus on the case study of Molnupiravir, which is an FDA-approved treatment against COVID-19. We estimate that Molnupiravir is narrowly evolutionarily safe, subject to the current estimate of parameters. Evolutionary safety can be improved by restricting treatment to individuals with a low clearance rate and by designing treatments that lead to a greater increase in mutation rate. We report a simple rule to determine the fold-increase in mutation rate required to obtain evolutionary safety which is also applicable to other pathogen-treatment combinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobinska, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary safety of death by mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has been widely adopted for its ability to record from large neuronal populations. To summarize the time course of neural activity, dimensionality reduction methods, which have been applied extensively to population spiking activity, may be particularly useful. However, it is unclear if the dimensionality reduction methods applied to spiking activity are appropriate for calcium imaging. We thus carried out a systematic study of design choices based on standard dimensionality reduction methods. We also developed a novel method to perform deconvolution and dimensionality reduction simultaneously (termed CILDS). CILDS most accurately recovered the single-trial, low-dimensional time courses from calcium imaging that would have been recovered from spiking activity. CILDS also outperformed the other methods on calcium imaging recordings from larval zebrafish and mice. More broadly, this study represents a foundation for summarizing calcium imaging recordings of large neuronal populations using dimensionality reduction in diverse experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.480682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify novel regulators of wild-type and mutant p53 stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumour suppressor p53 (TP53) is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. Several hotspot p53 mutants not only lose tumour suppressive capabilities, but also function in a dominant-negative manner, suppressing canonical wild-type p53 function. Furthermore, some hotspot p53 mutants promote oncogenesis by gain-of-function mechanisms. Levels of p53 are regulated predominantly through regulation of protein stability and while wild-type p53 is normally kept at very low levels at steady-state, p53 mutants are often stabilized in tumours, which may be vital for their oncogenic properties. Here, we systematically profiled the factors that regulate protein stability of wild-type and mutant p53 using marker-based genome-wide CRISPR screens. We found that most proteins that regulate wild-type p53 also regulate a subset of p53 mutants with the exception of p53 R337H regulators, which are largely private to this mutant. Mechanistically, we identified FBXO42 as a novel positive regulator of a subset of p53 mutants comprising R273H, R248Q and R248W. We show that FBXO42 acts together with CCDC6 to regulate USP28-mediated p53 stabilization. Our work also identifies C16orf72 as a negative regulator of the stability of wild-type p53 and of all p53 mutants tested. C16orf72 is amplified in breast cancer, and we show that C16orf72 regulates p53 levels in mammary epithelium of mice and its overexpression results in accelerated breast cancer with reduced p53 levels. Together, this work provides a network view of the processes that regulate p53 stability, which might provide clues for reinforcing wild-type p53 or targeting mutant p53 in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzlez-Foutel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Zahrani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashton-Prolla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durocher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify novel regulators of wild-type and mutant p53 stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Ccr4-Not complex is most well known as the major eukaryotic deadenylase. However, several studies have uncovered roles of the complex, in particular of the Not subunits, unrelated to deadenylation and relevant for translation. In particular, the existence of Not condensates that regulate translation elongation dynamics have been reported. Typical studies that evaluate translation efficiency rely on soluble extracts obtained after disruption of cells and ribosome profiling. Yet cellular mRNAs in condensates can be actively translated and may not be present in such extracts.

ResultsIn this work, by analyzing soluble and insoluble mRNA decay intermediates in yeast, we determine that insoluble mRNAs are enriched for ribosomes dwelling at non-optimal codons compared to soluble mRNAs. mRNA decay is higher for soluble RNAs, but the proportion of co-translational degradation relative to the overall mRNA decay is higher for insoluble mRNAs. We show that depletion of Not1 and Not4 inversely impact mRNA solubilities and, for soluble mRNAs, ribosome dwelling according to codon optimality. Depletion of Not4 solubilizes mRNAs with lower non-optimal codon content and higher expression that are rendered insoluble by Not1 depletion. By contrast, depletion of Not1 solubilizes mitochondrial mRNAs, which are rendered insoluble upon Not4 depletion.

ConclusionOur results reveal that mRNA solubility defines dynamics of co-translation events and is oppositely regulated by Not1 and Not4, a mechanism that we additionally determine may already be set by Not1 promoter association in the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panasenko, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanyi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaughency, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelechano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collart, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing the role of NSP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite its urgency, we still do not fully understand the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and its ability to antagonize innate immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 leads to shutoff of cellular protein synthesis and over-expression of nsp1, a central shutoff factor in coronaviruses, inhibits cellular gene translation. However, the diverse molecular mechanisms nsp1 employs as well as its functional importance in infection are still unresolved. By overexpressing various nsp1 mutants and generating a SARS-CoV-2 mutant in which nsp1 does not bind ribosomes, we untangle the effects of nsp1. We uncover that nsp1, through inhibition of translation and induction of mRNA degradation, is the main driver of host shutoff during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we find the propagation of nsp1 mutant virus is inhibited specifically in cells with intact interferon (IFN) response as well as in-vivo, in infected hamsters, and this attenuation is associated with stronger induction of type I IFN response. This illustrates that nsp1 shutoff activity has an essential role mainly in counteracting the IFN response. Overall, our results reveal the multifaceted approach nsp1 uses to shut off cellular protein synthesis and uncover the central role it plays in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, explicitly through blockage of the IFN response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fisher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Halfmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom-Ronen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K Tseng, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternn-Ginnosar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing the role of NSP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Magnetic Resonance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine and biomedical research. Over the past several decades, the speed and precision of in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) have increased by leaps and bounds, by utilizing sophisticated excitation and acquisition techniques, from parallel imaging and compressed sensing to magnetic resonance fingerprinting. However, these approaches have all been static in nature, fixing measurement parameters in advance, in anticipation of a wide range of expected tissue parameter values, and are therefore sub-optimal for any given subject. We depart from the conventional framework of magnetic resonance and propose a new approach - termed adaptive magnetic resonance - which binds acquisition and excitation, by using the measured signal to update and fine-tune the measurement parameters in real time. This targets the specific tissue characteristics of the subject while they are being scanned. Adaptive magnetic resonance provides a completely new and previously-untapped avenue for improving the sensitivity and specificity of in-vivo magnetic resonance across all tissue contrast mechanisms. Equivalently, it can accelerate data acquisition compared to non-adaptive schemes, by obtaining the same precision using fewer, optimally tuned excitations. We demonstrate that an adaptive pulse sequence for measuring the transverse relaxation time (T2) of metabolites in-vivo improves upon the precision of static approaches by a factor of {approx} 1.7 - or, alternatively, accelerates acquisition 2.5-fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beracha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seginer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Magnetic Resonance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.482385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TATTOO-seq delineates spatial and cell type-specific regulatory programs during limb patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.482385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated differentiation of progenitor cells into specialized cell types and their spatial organization into distinct domains is central to embryogenesis. Here, we applied a new unbiased spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomics method to identify the genetic programs that underlie the emergence of specialized cell types during limb development and their integration in space. We uncovered combinations of transcription factors whose expression patterns are predominantly associated with cell type specification or spatial position, enabling the deconvolution of cell fate and position identity. We demonstrate that the embryonic limb undergoes a complex multi-scale re-organization upon perturbation of one of its spatial organizing centers, including the loss of specific cell populations, specific alterations in the molecular identities of other pre-existing cell states and changes in their relative spatial distribution. Altogether, our study shows how multi-dimensional single-cell and spatially resolved molecular atlases could reveal the interconnected genetic networks that regulate the intricacies of organogenesis and its reorganization upon genetic alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudemont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.482385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TATTOO-seq delineates spatial and cell type-specific regulatory programs during limb patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When challenged with an invading pathogen, the host defense response is engaged to eliminate the pathogen (resistance) and to maintain health in the presence of the pathogen (disease tolerance). However, the identification of distinct molecular programs underpinning disease tolerance and resistance remained obscure. We exploited transcriptional and physiological monitoring across 33 mouse strains, during in vivo influenza virus infection, to identify two host-defense gene programs - one is associated with hallmarks of disease tolerance and the other with hallmarks of resistance. Both programs constitute generic responses in multiple mouse and human cell types. Our study describes the organizational principles of these programs and validates Arhgdia as a regulator of disease-tolerance states in epithelial cells. We further reveal that the baseline disease-tolerance state in macrophages is associated with the pathophysiological response to injury and infection. Our framework provides a paradigm for the understanding of disease tolerance and resistance at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankovitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peshes-Yaloz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuerman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frishberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Hamilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Iraqi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new monoclonal antibody enables BAR analysis of subcellular importin β1 interactomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Importin {beta}1 (KPNB1) is a nucleocytoplasmic transport factor with critical roles in both cytoplasmic and nucleocytoplasmic transport, hence there is keen interest in the characterization of its subcellular interactomes. We found limited efficiency of BioID in detection of importin complex cargos, and therefore generated a highly specific and sensitive anti-KPNB1 monoclonal antibody to enable Biotinylation by Antibody Recognition (BAR) analysis of importin {beta}1 interactomes. The monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope comprising residues 301-320 of human KPBN1, and strikingly is highly specific for cytoplasmic KPNB1 in diverse applications, with little or no reaction with KPNB1 in the nucleus. BAR with this novel antibody revealed numerous new interactors of importin {beta}1, expanding the KPNB1 interactome to cytoplasmic and signaling complexes that highlight potential new functions for the importins complex beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032728.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albus, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamawi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new monoclonal antibody enables BAR analysis of subcellular importin β1 interactomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically engineered MRI-trackable extracellular vesicles as SARS-CoV-2 mimetics for mapping ACE2 binding in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The elucidation of viral-receptor interactions and an understanding of virus-spreading mechanisms are of great importance, particularly in the era of pandemic. Indeed, advances in computational chemistry, synthetic biology, and protein engineering have allowed precise prediction and characterization of such interactions. Nevertheless, the hazards of the infectiousness of viruses, their rapid mutagenesis, and the need to study viral-receptor interactions in a complex in vivo setup, call for further developments. Here, we show the development of biocompatible genetically engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) that display the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 on their surface as coronavirus mimetics (EVsRBD). Loading EVsRBD with iron oxide nanoparticles makes them MRI-visible, and thus, allows mapping of the binding of RBD to ACE2 receptors non-invasively in live subjects. Importantly, the proposed mimetics can be easily modified to display the RBD of SARS-CoV-2mutants, namely Delta and Omicron, allowing rapid screening of newly raised variants of the virus. The proposed platform thus shows relevance and cruciality in the examination of quickly evolving pathogenic viruses in an adjustable, fast, and safe manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allouche-Arnon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morandi, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Karam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Shir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically engineered MRI-trackable extracellular vesicles as SARS-CoV-2 mimetics for mapping ACE2 binding in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicle fusion visualized by cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer bioactive molecules between cells in a process reminiscent of enveloped viruses. EV cargo delivery is thought to occur by protein-mediated and pH-dependent membrane fusion of the EV and the cellular membrane. However, there is a lack of methods to identify the fusion proteins and resolve their mechanism. We developed and benchmarked an in vitro biophysical assay to investigate EV membrane fusion. The assay was standardized by directly comparing EV- and viral-fusion with liposomes. We show that EVs and retroviruses fuse with liposomes mimicking the membrane composition of the late endosome in a pH and protein-dependent manner. Moreover, we directly visualize the stages of membrane fusion using cryo-electron tomography. We find that, unlike most retroviruses, EVs remain fusogenic after acidification and re-neutralization. These results provide novel insights into the EV cargo delivery mechanism and an experimental approach to identify the EV fusion machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morandi, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozer-Partuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarfati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz-Alon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Karam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napso Shogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicle fusion visualized by cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Quaternary Structures in Solution are a Mixture of Multiple forms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over half the proteins form homo or hetero-oligomeric structures. Experimentally determined structures are often considered in determining a proteins oligomeric state, but static structures miss the dynamic equilibrium between different quaternary forms. The problem is exacerbated in homo-oligomers, where the oligomeric states are challenging to characterize. Here, we re-evaluated the oligomeric state of 17 different bacterial proteins across a broad range of protein concentrations and solutions by native mass-spectrometry (MS), mass photometry (MP), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), finding that most exhibit several oligomeric states. Surprisingly, many proteins did not show mass-action driven equilibrium between the oligomeric states. For approximately half the proteins, the predicted oligomeric forms described in publicly available databases underestimated the complexity of protein quaternary structures in solution. Conversely, AlphaFold Multimer provided an accurate description of the potential multimeric states for most proteins, suggesting that it could help resolve uncertainties on the solution state of many proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debabrata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonn-Segev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Quaternary Structures in Solution are a Mixture of Multiple forms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined drought resistance strategies and the hydraulic limit in co-existing Mediterranean woody species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIWoody species employ various strategies to cope with drought stress. We investigated similarities and differences in response to chronic drought to understand resistance strategies in co-occurring Mediterranean species.
C_LIO_LIWe studied five predominant Mediterranean species; Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus lycioides, and Phillyrea latifolia over two summers at three sites with different aridities. We measured key hydraulic and osmotic traits related to drought resistance, including resistance to embolism ({Psi}50), carbon isotope signature ({delta}13C), pre-dawn ({Psi}PD) and mid-day ({Psi}MD) water potentials, and native ({Psi}s) and full turgor ([Pcy]0) osmotic potentials.
C_LIO_LISignificant differences among species appeared in resistance to embolism. The species also showed differences in the water potential plastic response over the dry season. This interspecific variation increased at the end of the dry season and resulted in very narrow hydraulic safety margins (HSM). Consequently, predicted loss of hydraulic conductivity revealed species with significant native embolism. Two of the species also had seasonal changes in osmotic adjustment.
C_LIO_LIOur detailed analysis indicates that co-existing Mediterranean woody species combine various drought resistance strategies to minimize mortality risk. However, all of them risk mortality as they approach their hydraulic limit near the dry margin of their distribution.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukyanov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rog, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David-Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined drought resistance strategies and the hydraulic limit in co-existing Mediterranean woody species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike S375F mutation characterizes the Omicron BA.1 variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have revealed the unique virological characteristics of Omicron, the newest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, such as pronounced resistance to vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies, less efficient cleavage of the spike protein, and poor fusogenicity. However, it remains unclear which mutation(s) in the spike protein determine the virological characteristics of Omicron. Here, we show that the representative characteristics of the Omicron spike are determined by its receptor-binding domain. Interestingly, the molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the acquisition of the spike S375F mutation was closely associated with the explosive spread of Omicron in the human population. We further elucidate that the F375 residue forms an interprotomer pi-pi interaction with the H505 residue in another protomer in the spike trimer, which confers the attenuated spike cleavage efficiency and fusogenicity of Omicron. Our data shed light on the evolutionary events underlying Omicron emergence at the molecular level.

HighlightsO_LIOmicron spike receptor binding domain determines virological characteristics
C_LIO_LISpike S375F mutation results in the poor spike cleavage and fusogenicity in Omicron
C_LIO_LIAcquisition of the spike S375F mutation triggered the explosive spread of Omicron
C_LIO_LIF375-H505-mediated {pi}-{pi} interaction in the spike determines the phenotype of Omicron
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamasoba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butlertanaka, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaori-Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 spike S375F mutation characterizes the Omicron BA.1 variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perivascular SPP1 Mediates Microglial Engulfment of Synapses in Alzheimers Disease Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are phagocytes of the brain parenchyma, where they interact with neurons to engulf synapses in a context-dependent manner. Genetic studies in Alzheimers disease (AD) highlight dysfunctional phagocytic signaling in myeloid cells as disease-associated pathway. In AD models, there is a region-specific reactivation of microglia-synapse phagocytosis involving complement; however, what drives microglia-synapse engulfment remains unknown. Here, we show that SPP1 (Osteopontin), a glycoprotein associated with inflammation, is regionally upregulated and modulates microglial synaptic engulfment in AD mouse models. Ultrastructural examination revealed SPP1 expression predominantly by perivascular macrophages, a subtype of border-associated macrophages, in the hippocampus of mice and patient tissues. Cell-cell interaction networks of single-cell transcriptomics data suggested that perivascular SPP1 drives microglial functional states in the hippocampal microenvironment of AD mice. Absence of Spp1 expression resulted in failure of microglia to mediate synaptic phagocytosis. This study suggests a critical role for perivascular SPP1 in neuroimmune crosstalk in AD-relevant context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Schepper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garceau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burden, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigerio, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perivascular SPP1 Mediates Microglial Engulfment of Synapses in Alzheimers Disease Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information theory characteristics improve the prediction of lithium response in bipolar disorder patients using an SVM classifier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder with a high morbidity and death rate. Lithium (Li), a prominent mood stabilizer, is fully effective in roughly 30% of BD patients. The remaining patients respond partially or do not respond at all. Another drug used to treat BD patients is valproate (VPA). Plenty of efforts has been made to understand how these drugs affect the patients neurons. We have performed electrophysiological recordings in patient-derived dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons for three groups: control individuals, BD patients who respond to Li treatment (LR), and BD patients who do not respond to Li treatment (NR). The recordings were analyzed by the statistical tools of modern information theory, which enabled us to recognize new relationships between the electrophysiological features. These added features included the entropy of several electrophysiological measurements and the mutual information between different types of electrophysiological measurements. Information theory features provided further knowledge about the distribution of the electrophysiological entities, which improved basic classification schemes. These newly added features enabled a significant improvement in our ability to distinguish the BD patients from the control individuals (an improvement from 60% accuracy to 74% accuracy) and the Li responders from the non-responders in the BD population using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithms (an improvement from 81% accuracy to 99% accuracy). These new tools showed that LR neurons are less distinguishable from control neurons after Li treatment but not after VPA treatment, whereas NR neurons become more distinguishable from control neurons after Li treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information theory characteristics improve the prediction of lithium response in bipolar disorder patients using an SVM classifier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide-RNA Coacervates as a Cradle for the Evolution of Folded Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide-RNA coacervates can result in the concentration and compartmentalization of simple biopolymers. Given their primordial relevance, peptide-RNA coacervates may have also been a key site of early protein evolution. However, the extent to which such coacervates might promote or suppress the exploration of novel peptide conformations is fundamentally unknown. To this end, we used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to characterize the structure and dynamics of an ancient and ubiquitous nucleic acid binding element, the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif, alone and in the presence of RNA, with which it forms coacervates. Double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy applied to singly labeled peptides containing one HhH motif reveals the presence of dimers, even in the absence of RNA, and transient -helical character. Moreover, dimer formation is promoted upon RNA binding and was detectable within peptide-RNA coacervates. The distance distributions between spin labels are consistent with the symmetric (HhH)2-Fold, which is generated upon duplication and fusion of a single HhH motif and traditionally associated with dsDNA binding. These results support the hypothesis that coacervates are a unique testing ground for peptide oligomerization and that phase-separating peptides could have been a resource for the construction of complex protein structures via common evolutionary processes, such as duplication and fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil-Ktorza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S Tawfik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Longo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide-RNA Coacervates as a Cradle for the Evolution of Folded Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INRI-seq enables global cell-free analysis of translation initiation and off-target effects of antisense inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) is a powerful method for the transcriptome-wide assessment of protein synthesis rates and the study of translational control mechanisms. Yet, Ribo-seq also has limitations. These include difficulties with detection of low abundance transcripts and analysis of translation-modulating molecules such as antibiotics, which are often toxic or challenging to deliver into living cells. Here, we have developed in vitro Ribo-seq (INRI-seq), a cell-free method to analyze the translational landscape of a fully customizable synthetic transcriptome. Using Escherichia coli as an example, we show how INRI-seq can be used to analyze the translation initiation sites of a transcriptome of interest. We also study the global impact of direct translation inhibition by antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to analyze PNA off-target effects. Overall, INRI-seq presents a scalable, sensitive method to study translation initiation in a transcriptome-wide manner without the potentially confounding effects of extracting ribosomes from living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hör, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Đurica-Mitic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquist, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INRI-seq enables global cell-free analysis of translation initiation and off-target effects of antisense inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top-down modulation of the retinal code via histaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian retina is considered an autonomous circuit, yet work dating back to Ramon y Cajal indicates that it receives inputs from the brain. How such inputs affect retinal processing has remained unknown. We identified brain-to-retina projections of histaminergic neurons from the mouse hypothalamus, which densely innervated the dorsal retina. Histamine application, or chemogenetic activation of histaminergic axons, altered spontaneous and light-evoked activity of various retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), including direction-selective RGCs. These cells exhibited broader directional tuning and gained responses to high motion velocities. Such changes could improve vision when objects move fast across the visual field (e.g. while running), which fits with the known increased activity of histaminergic neurons during arousal. In humans, an antihistamine drug non-uniformly modulated visual sensitivity across the visual field, indicating an evolutionary conserved function of the histaminergic system. Our findings expose a previously unappreciated role for brain-to-retina projections in modulating retinal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warwick, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccitelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heukamp, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilead, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parness-Yossifon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin-Etzion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top-down modulation of the retinal code via histaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox for systematic discovery of stable and transient protein interactors in baker's yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of both stable and transient interactions is essential for understanding protein function and regulation. While assessing stable interactions is more straightforward, capturing transient ones is challenging. In recent years, sophisticated tools have emerged to improve transient interactor discovery, with many harnessing the power of evolved biotin ligases for proximity labelling. However, biotinylation-based methods have lagged behind in the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, possibly due to the presence of several abundant, endogenously biotinylated proteins. In this study, we optimised robust biotin- ligation methodologies in yeast and increased their sensitivity by creating a bespoke technique for downregulating endogenous biotinylation which we term ABOLISH (Auxin- induced BiOtin LIgase diminiSHing). We used the endoplasmic reticulum insertase complex (EMC) to demonstrate our approaches and uncover new substrates. To make these tools available for systematic probing of both stable and transient interactions, we generated five full-genome collections of strains in which every yeast protein is tagged with each of the tested biotinylation machineries; some on the background of the ABOLISH system. This comprehensive toolkit enables functional interactomics of the entire yeast proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fenech, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox for systematic discovery of stable and transient protein interactors in baker's yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.489999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-situ energy budget of needle-leaves reveals shift from evaporative to 'air cooling' under drought 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.489999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe modulation of the leaf energy budget and the balance between its sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes is vital for vegetation functioning and survival, as it is linked to maintaining leaf temperature below the thermal threshold, an increasingly important mechanism under a drying and warming climate, when evaporative cooling is suppressed.
C_LIO_LICombining measurements and theoretical estimates using a new methodology, we obtained rare and comprehensive energy budgets of leaves on twigs under field conditions in droughted and non-droughted plots of a semi-arid pine forest with low and high evapotranspiration rates, respectively.
C_LIO_LIAn examination of all components of the needle-leaf energy budget indicated that under the same radiative load, leaf cooling shifts from nearly equal contributions to H and LE in non-droughted trees to almost exclusively H in droughted ones while maintaining a similar leaf temperature.
C_LIO_LIThis LE-to-H shift in leaves of droughted trees highlights the efficiency of the  air cooling mechanism in maintaining temperature, which can enhance the resilience of trees to drying conditions. Additionally, leaf energy budgets are a fundamental tool to help understand leaf cooling and aerodynamic resistance under field conditions, and to improve modelling of ecosystem activity and its effect on the climate system.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarinov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.489999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-situ energy budget of needle-leaves reveals shift from evaporative to 'air cooling' under drought]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular orientational fluctuations, rotational diffusion and nematic order under periodic driving 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of living cells to sense the physical properties of their microenvironment and to respond to dynamic forces acting on them plays a central role in regulating their structure, function and fate. Of particular importance is the cellular sensitivity and response to periodic driving forces in noisy environments, encountered in vital physiological conditions such as heart beating, blood vessels pulsation and breathing. Here, we first test and validate two predictions of a mean-field theory of cellular reorientation under periodic driving, which combines the minimization of cellular anisotropic elastic energy with active remodeling forces. We then extend the mean-field theory to include uncorrelated, additive nonequilibrium fluctuations, and show that the theory quantitatively agrees with the experimentally observed stationary probability distributions of the cell body orientation, under a range of biaxial periodic driving forces. The fluctuations theory allows to extract the dimensionless active noise amplitude of various cell types, and consequently their rotational diffusion coefficient. We then focus on intra-cellular nematic order, i.e. on orientational fluctuations of actin stress fibers around the cell body orientation, and show experimentally that intra-cellular nematic order increases with both the magnitude of the driving forces and the biaxiality strain ratio. These results are semi-quantitatively explained by applying the same cell body fluctuations theory to orientationally correlated actin stress fiber domains. The implications of these findings, which make the quantitative analysis of cell mechanosensitivity more accessible, are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.30.490160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular orientational fluctuations, rotational diffusion and nematic order under periodic driving]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viruses inhibit TIR gcADPR signaling to overcome bacterial defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a key component of immune receptors that identify pathogen invasion in bacteria, plants, and animals. In the bacterial antiphage system Thoeris, as well as in plants, recognition of infection stimulates TIR domains to produce an immune signaling molecule whose molecular structure remained elusive. This molecule binds and activates the Thoeris immune effector, which then executes the immune function. We identified a large family of phage-encoded proteins, denoted here Thoeris anti-defense 1 (Tad1), that inhibit Thoeris immunity. We found that Tad1 proteins are "sponges" that bind and sequester the immune signaling molecule produced by TIR-domain proteins, thus decoupling phage sensing from immune effector activation and rendering Thoeris inactive. A high-resolution crystal structure of Tad1 bound to the signaling molecule revealed that its chemical structure is 1'-2' glycocyclic ADPR (gcADPR), a unique molecule not previously described in other biological systems. Our results define the chemical structure of a central immune signaling molecule, and reveal a new mode of action by which pathogens can suppress host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehouse, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viruses inhibit TIR gcADPR signaling to overcome bacterial defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Colon Mucosal Sialylglycome Is Redox-Regulated by the Golgi Enzyme QSOX1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucus shields the intestinal epithelium from pathogens and provides a supportive environment for commensal bacteria. Mucus is composed of enormous, heavily glycosylated proteins called mucins, which become disulfide crosslinked in a multi-step biosynthetic pathway culminating in the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules of goblet cells. We observed that knockout mice lacking the Golgi-localized disulfide catalyst QSOX1 produced poorly protective colon mucus, were hypersensitive to induced colitis, and had an altered microbiome. The initial hypothesis arising from these observations was that QSOX1 catalyzes disulfide crosslinking of mucins. Contrary to this hypothesis, the disulfide-mediated polymerization of mucins and related glycoproteins proceeded normally without QSOX1. Instead, we found that QSOX1 forms regulatory disulfides in Golgi glycosyltransferases and thereby promotes effective sialylation of the colon glycome. Our findings reveal that enzymatic control of Golgi redox state impacts glycan elaboration in goblet cells, and that this pathway is crucial for maintaining mucosal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansky, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Colon Mucosal Sialylglycome Is Redox-Regulated by the Golgi Enzyme QSOX1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic approach to study protein-substrate specificity enables the identification of Ssh1 substrate range 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cellular functions are carried out by protein pairs, or families, providing robustness alongside functional diversity. For such processes, it remains a challenge to map the degree of specificity versus promiscuity. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) can be used to inform on these matters as they highlight cellular locals, regulation and, in cases where proteins affect other proteins - substrate range. However, methods to study transient PPIs systematically are underutilized. In this study we create a novel approach to study stable as well as transient PPIs in yeast. Our approach, Cel-lctiv (CELlular biotin-Ligation for Capturing Transient Interactions in Vivo), uses high- throughput pairwise proximity biotin ligation for uncovering PPIs systematically and in vivo. As a proof of concept we study the homologous translocation pores Sec61 and Ssh1. We show how Cel-lctiv can uncover the unique substrate range for each translocon allowing us to pinpoint a specificity determinator driving interaction preference. More generally this demonstrates how CEl-lctiv can provide direct information on substrate specificity even for highly homologous proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic approach to study protein-substrate specificity enables the identification of Ssh1 substrate range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlas of mouse limb development reveals a complex spatiotemporal dynamics of skeleton formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limb development has long served as a model system for coordinated spatial patterning of progenitor cells. Here, we identify a population of naive limb progenitors and show that they differentiate progressively to form the skeleton in a complex nonconsecutive three-dimensional pattern.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of the developing mouse forelimb revealed three progenitor states: naive, proximal and autopodial, as well as Msx1 as a marker for the naive progenitors. In vivo lineage tracing confirmed this role and localized the naive progenitors to the outer margin of the limb, along the anterior-posterior axis. Sequential pulse-chase experiments showed that the progressive transition of Msx1+ naive progenitors into proximal and autopodial progenitors coincides with their differentiation to Sox9+ chondroprogenitors, which occurs along all the forming skeletal segments.

Indeed, tracking the spatiotemporal sequence of differentiation showed that the skeleton forms progressively in a complex pattern. These findings suggest a new model for limb skeleton development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.490557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlas of mouse limb development reveals a complex spatiotemporal dynamics of skeleton formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial anti-phage defense systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming defense islands. This genomic property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems based on their genomic co-localization with known systems, but the full arsenal of anti-phage mechanisms in bacteria is still unknown. In this study we report the discovery of 21 new defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage infection experiments. We find multiple systems with protein domains known to be involved in eukaryotic anti-viral immunity, including ISG15-like proteins, dynamin-like proteins, and SEFIR domains, and show that these domains participate in bacterial defense against phages. Additional systems include protein domains predicted to manipulate DNA and RNA molecules, as well as multiple toxin-antitoxin systems shown here to function in anti-phage defense. The systems we discovered are widely distributed in bacterial and archaeal genomes, and in some bacteria form a considerable fraction of the immune arsenal. Our data substantially expand the known inventory of defense systems utilized by bacteria to counteract phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hör, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochhauser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokar-Avihail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voichek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The homodimeric structure of the LARGE1 dual glycosyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LARGE1 is a bifunctional glycosyltransferase responsible for generating a long linear polysaccharide termed matriglycan that links the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix and is required for proper muscle function. This matriglycan polymer is made with an alternating pattern of xylose and glucuronic acid monomers. Mutations in the LARGE1 gene have been shown to cause life-threatening dystroglycanopathies through the inhibition of matriglycan synthesis. Despite its major role in muscle maintenance, the structure of the LARGE1 enzyme and how it assembles in the Golgi are unknown. Here we present the structure of LARGE1, obtained by a combination of X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-EM. We found that LARGE1 homo-dimerizes in a configuration that is dictated by its coiled-coil stem domain. The structure shows that this enzyme has two canonical GT-A folds with each of its catalytic domains. In the context of its dimeric structure, the two types of catalytic domains are brought into close proximity from opposing monomers to allow efficient shuttling of the substrate between the two domains. Together with putative retention of matriglycan by electrostatic interactions, this dimeric organization offers a possible mechanism for the high processivity of LARGE1. The structural information further reveals the mechanisms in which disease-causing mutations disrupt the activity of LARGE1. Collectively, these data shed light on how matriglycan is synthesized alongside the functional significance of glycosyltransferase oligomerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The homodimeric structure of the LARGE1 dual glycosyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partner-assisted artificial selection of a secondary function for efficient bioremediation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial enzymes have a broad potential to address many current needs, such as detoxification of harmful toxins and waste, but their native performance often does not match specific applications of interest. In attempting to evolve strains for a specific need, one challenge is that our functions of interest may not confer a fitness effect on the producer. As a result, a conventional selection scheme cannot be used to improve such secondary functions. We propose an alternative approach, partner-assisted artificial selection (PAAS), in which an assisting population acts as an intermediate to create a feedback from the function of interest to the fitness of the producer. We use a simplified model to examine how well and under what conditions such a scheme leads to improved enzymatic function, focusing on degradation of a toxin as a case example. We find that selection for improved growth in this scheme successfully leads to improved degradation performance, even in the presence of other sources of stochasticity. We find that standard selection considerations apply in PAAS: a more restrictive bottleneck leads to stronger selection but adds uncertainty. We also examine how much stochasticity in other traits can be tolerated in PAAS. Our findings offer a roadmap for successful implementation of PAAS to evolve improved functions of interest such as detoxification of harmful compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaccaria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandlin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momeni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partner-assisted artificial selection of a secondary function for efficient bioremediation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense pairing and SNORD13 structure guide RNA cytidine acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is an RNA nucleobase found in all domains of life. Establishment of ac4C in helix 45 (h45) of human 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) requires the combined activity of the acetyltransferase NAT10 and the box C/D snoRNA SNORD13. However, the molecular mechanisms governing RNA-guided nucleobase acetylation in humans remain unexplored. Here we report two assays that enable the study of SNORD13-dependent RNA acetylation in human cells. First, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of SNORD13 rescues h45 in a SNORD13 knockout cell line. Next, we show mutant snoRNAs can be used in combination with nucleotide resolution ac4C sequencing to define structure and sequence elements critical for SNORD13 function. Finally, we develop a second method that reports on the substrate specificity of endogenous NAT10-SNORD13 via mutational analysis of an ectopically-expressed pre-rRNA substrate. By combining mutational analysis of these reconstituted systems with nucleotide resolution ac4C sequencing, our studies reveal plasticity in the molecular determinants underlying RNA-guided cytidine acetylation that is distinct from deposition of other well-studied rRNA modifications (e.g. pseudouridine). Overall, our studies provide a new approach to reconstitute RNA-guided cytidine acetylation in human cells as well as nucleotide resolution insights into the mechanisms governing this process.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thalalla Gamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolin-Cavaille, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaille, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense pairing and SNORD13 structure guide RNA cytidine acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffraction contrast in cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography reveals the boundary of hemozoin crystals in situ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite infects human red blood cells (RBC) and derives nutrition by catabolism of hemoglobin. As amino acids are assimilated from the protein component, the toxic heme is released. Molecular heme is detoxified by rapid sequestration to physiologically insoluble hemozoin crystals within the parasites digestive vacuole (DV). Common antimalarial drugs interfere with this crystallization process, leaving the parasites vulnerable to the by-product of their own metabolism. A fundamental debate with important implications on drug mechanism regards the chemical environment of crystallization in vivo, whether aqueous or lipid. This issue had been addressed previously by cryogenic soft X-ray tomography. We employ cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET) to probe parasite cells throughout the life cycle in a fully hydrated, vitrified state at higher resolution. During the acquisition of CSTET data, Bragg diffraction from the hemozoin provides a uniquely clear view of the crystal boundary at nanometer resolution. No intermediate medium, such as a lipid coating or shroud, could be detected surrounding the crystals. The present study describes a unique application of CSTET in the study of malaria. The findings can be extended to evaluate new drug candidates affecting hemozoin crystal growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzikowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffraction contrast in cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography reveals the boundary of hemozoin crystals in situ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kynurenic acid, a key L-tryptophan-derived metabolite, protects the heart from an ischemic damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRenal injury induces major changes in plasma and cardiac metabolites. We sought to identify a key metabolite that may affect cardiac mitochondria following an acute kidney injury (AKI) that may be harnessed to protect the heart following an acute ischemic event.

Methods and ResultsMetabolomics profiling of cardiac lysates and plasma samples derived from rats that underwent AKI 1 or 7 days earlier by 5/6 nephrectomy versus sham-operated controls was performed. We detected only 26 differential metabolites in both heart and plasma samples at the two selected time points, relative to sham. Out of which, kynurenic acid (kynurenate, KYNA) seemed most relevant. Interestingly, KYNA given at 10 mM concentration significantly rescued the viability of H9C2 cardiac myoblast cells grown under anoxic conditions and largely improved their mitochondrial structure and function as determined by flow cytometry and cell staining with MitoTracker dyes. Moreover, KYNA diluted in the drinking water of animals induced with an acute myocardial infarction, highly enhanced their cardiac recovery according to echocardiography and histopathology.

Conclusion and translational aspectKYNA may represent a key metabolite absorbed by the heart following AKI. This metabolite can enhance cardiac cell viability following an ischemic event in a mechanism that is mediated, at least in part, by the protection of the cardiac mitochondria. A short-term administration of KYNA may be highly beneficial in the treatment of the acute phase of kidney disease in order to attenuate progression to CRS and in ischemic cardiac conditions to reduce ischemic myocardial damage.

HighlightsO_LIThe levels of the L-Tryptophan-derived metabolite, Kynurenic acid (KYNA), are significantly elevated in the heart and the plasma of animals induced with an acute kidney disease.
C_LIO_LIKYNA rescues the viability of cardiac cells from an ischemic damage both in vitro and in vivo.
C_LIO_LIKYNA can protect the structure & function of cardiac mitochondria in H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells upon exposure to anoxia.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=140 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/492275v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f2a49aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14a501org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15d016aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10800e7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichinuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abashidze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entin Meer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kynurenic acid, a key L-tryptophan-derived metabolite, protects the heart from an ischemic damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ER translocation of suboptimal targeting sequences depends on Sec61β/Sbh1 and its phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein translocation channel subunit Sec61{beta}/Sbh1 is non-essential, but contains multiple phosphorylation sites suggesting a regulatory role in ER protein import. We show here that mutating two N-terminal, proline-flanked, phosphorylation sites in the Sbh1 cytosolic domain phenocopies the temperature-sensitivity of a yeast strain lacking SBH1/SBH2, and results in reduced translocation into the ER of an Sbh1-dependent substrate, Gls1. In a microscopic screen we show that about 12% of GFP-tagged secretory proteins depend on Sbh1 for translocation. Sbh1-dependent proteins have targeting sequences with less pronounced hydrophobicity and often no or an inverse charge bias. A subset of these proteins was dependent on N-terminal phosphorylation of Sbh1 and on the phospho-S/T-specific proline isomerase Ess1 (PIN1 in mammals) for ER import. We conclude that Sbh1 promotes ER translocation of substrates with suboptimal targeting sequences and that its activity is regulated by a conformational change induced by N-terminal phosphorylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupusella, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanes, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ER translocation of suboptimal targeting sequences depends on Sec61β/Sbh1 and its phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human primed and naive PSCs are both competent indifferentiating into bona fide trophoblast stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells of the trophoblast lineage constitute the major part of placental tissues in higher mammals. Recent derivation of human trophoblast stem cells (TSC) from placental cytotrophoblasts (CT) and from human naive PSCs opens new opportunities for studying development and function of human placenta. Several recent reports have suggested that naive human PSCs retain an exclusive potential to give rise to bona fide TSCs. Here we report that inhibition of TGF{beta} pathway and avoiding WNT stimulation, leads to direct and robust conversion of primed human pluripotent stem cells into TSCs. Systematic side by side comparative analysis showed that the latter are equivalent to previously derived TSC lines. Primed PSC derived TSC lines exhibit self-renewal, are able to differentiate into the main trophoblast lineages, and present RNA and epigenetic profiles that are indistinguishable from the TSC lines derived from placenta or naive PSCs. Our findings underscore a residual plasticity in primed human PSCs that allows converting directly into pre-implantation extra-embryonic cell lineages.

HighlightsO_LIPrimed human PSCs readily convert into TSCs upon inhibition of TGF pathway
C_LIO_LICHIR inhibits conversion to TSC in primed but not in naive hPSCs
C_LIO_LIPrimed human PSC derived TSCs line are indistinguishable from placental and naive derived TSCs
C_LIO_LIYAP is sufficient for TSC induction from hPSCs and necessary for TSC maintenance.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human primed and naive PSCs are both competent indifferentiating into bona fide trophoblast stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The petrous bone contains high concentrations of osteocytes: one possible reason why ancient DNA is better preserved in this bone. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The characterization of ancient DNA in fossil bones is providing invaluable information on the genetics of past human and other animal populations. These studies have been aided enormously by the discovery that ancient DNA is relatively well preserved in the petrous bone compared to most other bones. The reasons for this better preservation are however not well understood. Here we examine the hypothesis that one reason for better DNA preservation in the petrous bone is that fresh petrous bone contains more DNA than other bones. We therefore determined the concentrations of osteocyte cells occluded inside lacunae within the petrous bone and compared these concentrations to other bones from the domestic pig using high resolution microCT. We show that the concentrations of osteocyte lacunae in the inner layer of the pig petrous bone adjacent to the otic chamber are about three times higher than in the temporal bone, as well as the cortical bone of the femur. The sizes and shapes of the lacuna in the inner layer of the petrous bone are similar to those in the femur. We also confirm that the petrous bone lacunae do contain osteocytes using a histological stain for DNA. We therefore conclude that one possible reason for better preservation of ancient DNA in the petrous bone is that this bone initially contains up to three times more DNA than other bones, and hence during diagenesis more DNA is likely to be preserved. We also note that the osteocytes in the inner layer of the petrous bone may have a function in hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boaretto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The petrous bone contains high concentrations of osteocytes: one possible reason why ancient DNA is better preserved in this bone.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin filaments couple the protrusive tips to the nucleus through the I-BAR domain protein IRSp53 for migration of elongated cells on 1D fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell migration cycle proceeds with shaping the membrane to form new protrusive structures and redistribution of contractile machinery. The molecular mechanisms of cell migration are well-studied in 2D, but membrane shape-driven molecular migratory landscape in 3D fibrous matrices remains poorly described. 1D fibers recapitulate 3D migration, and here, we examined the role of membrane curvature regulator IRSp53 as a coupler between actin filaments and plasma membrane during cell migration on suspended 1D fibers. Cells attached, elongated, and migrated on the 1D fibers with the coiling of their leading-edge protrusions. IRSp53 depletion reduced cell-length spanning actin stress fibers, reduced protrusive activity, and contractility, leading to uncoupling of the nucleus from cellular movements. Using a theoretical model, the observed transition of IRSp53 depleted cells from rapid stick-slip migration to smooth, and slower migration was predicted to arise from reduced actin polymerization at the cell edges, which was verified by direct measurements of retrograde actin flow using speckle microscopy. Overall, we trace the effects of IRSp53 deep inside the cell from its actin-related activity at the cellular tips, thus demonstrating a unique role of IRSp53 in controlling cell migration in 3D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanawa-Suetsugu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behkam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suetsugu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin filaments couple the protrusive tips to the nucleus through the I-BAR domain protein IRSp53 for migration of elongated cells on 1D fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coiling of cellular protrusions around extracellular fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protrusions at the leading-edge of a cell play an important role in sensing the extracellular cues, during cellular spreading and motility. Recent studies provided indications that these protrusions wrap (coil) around the extra-cellular fibers. The details of this coiling process, and the mechanisms that drive it, are not well understood. We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of the coiling of cellular protrusions on fibers of different geometry. Our theoretical model describes membrane protrusions that are produced by curved membrane proteins that recruit the protrusive forces of actin polymerization, and identifies the role of bending and adhesion energies in orienting the leading-edges of the protrusions along the azimuthal (coiling) direction. Our model predicts that the cells leading-edge coils on round fibers, but the coiling ceases for a fiber of elliptical (flat) cross-section. These predictions are verified by 3D visualization and quantitation of coiling on suspended fibers using Dual-View light-sheet microscopy (diSPIM). Overall, we provide a theoretical framework supported by high spatiotemporal resolution experiments capable of resolving coiling of cellular protrusions around extracellular fibers of varying diameters.

Significance StatementCells adhere and migrate in environments that are composed of fibrous structures, such as the thin filaments of the extracellular matrix, or the wider axons and dendrites of neurons. In recent experiments, cells have been observed to form leading edge protrusions on such surfaces, that seem to coil around the extracellular fibers. However, the mechanism responsible for the formation of such coiling protrusions is not understood. Here, we provide a combined experimental and theoretical approach to explain the emergence of coiling protrusions. Our model is based on the self-organization of curved proteins that recruit actin polymerization at the leading edge of the cell, when spreading over an adhesive fiber.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Padilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbach, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behkam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igli\v{c}, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coiling of cellular protrusions around extracellular fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open science resources from the Tara Pacific expedition across coral reef and surface ocean ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe Tara Pacific expedition (2016-2018) sampled coral ecosystems around 32 islands in the Pacific Ocean and the ocean surface waters at 249 locations, resulting in the collection of nearly 58,000 samples. The expedition was designed to systematically study warm coral reefs and included the collection of corals, fish, plankton, and seawater samples for advanced biogeochemical, molecular, and imaging analysis. Here we provide a complete description of the sampling methodology, and we explain how to explore and access the different datasets generated by the expedition. Environmental context data were obtained from taxonomic registries, gazetteers, almanacs, climatologies, operational biogeochemical models, and satellite observations. The quality of the different environmental measures has been validated not only by various quality control steps but also through a global analysis allowing the comparison with known environmental large-scale structures. Such a wide released datasets opens the perspective to address a wide range of scientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>lombard, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boissin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clampitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiglione, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hume, B. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalabert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMinds, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meriguet, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz Garciax, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrotti, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujo Pay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reverdin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voolstra, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwankow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaigs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcioli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galand, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open science resources from the Tara Pacific expedition across coral reef and surface ocean ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virological characteristics of the novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants including BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 lineage, some BA.2-related variants that acquire mutations in the L452 residue of spike protein, such as BA.2.9.1 and BA.2.13 (L452M), BA.2.12.1 (L452Q), and BA.2.11, BA.4 and BA.5 (L452R), emerged in multiple countries. Our statistical analysis showed that the effective reproduction numbers of these L452R/M/Q-bearing BA.2-related Omicron variants are greater than that of the original BA.2. Neutralization experiments revealed that the immunity induced by BA.1 and BA.2 infections is less effective against BA.4/5. Cell culture experiments showed that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 replicate more efficiently in human alveolar epithelial cells than BA.2, and particularly, BA.4/5 is more fusogenic than BA.2. Furthermore, infection experiments using hamsters indicated that BA.4/5 is more pathogenic than BA.2. Altogether, our multiscale investigations suggest that the risk of L452R/M/Q-bearing BA.2-related Omicron variants, particularly BA.4 and BA.5, to global health is potentially greater than that of original BA.2.

HighlightsO_LISpike L452R/Q/M mutations increase the effective reproduction number of BA.2
C_LIO_LIBA.4/5 is resistant to the immunity induced by BA.1 and BA.2 infections
C_LIO_LIBA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 more efficiently spread in human lung cells than BA.2
C_LIO_LIBA.4/5 is more pathogenic than BA.2 in hamsters
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamasoba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitoma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki-Tabata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanamune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuramochi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virological characteristics of the novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants including BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis thaliana induces multigenerational stress tolerance against biotic and abiotic stressors and memorization of host colonization in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus subtilis is a beneficial bacterium that supports plant growth and protects it from bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Here using a simplified system of B. subtilis, and Arabidopsis thaliana interactions, we found that history-dependent behavior is a potentially important manifestation of host colonization, worth classifying and quantifying. To study history-dependent adaptation to plant hosts, we develop a simple framework for measuring the physiological memory of B. subtilis following its interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that A. thaliana secretions reduce the lag time in pre-exposed bacteria compared with naive B. subtilis cells, even after their complete removal. Pre-exposed B. subtilis cells colonized plant roots more efficiently than naive bacteria, and were more resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors such as salicylic acid, and high salinity. Descendants of bacteria treated with plant secretions had an advantage in the competition against unexposed bacteria for root colonization. The effect of plant secretions was independent of their roles as nitrogen and carbon sources. Transcriptome analysis of both ancestors and descendants revealed that a specific set of plant-induced processes, among them c-di-AMP homeostasis, and the general stress response, maintain the signature of association with the plant in descendants of pre-exposed bacteria. Consistently, plant secretions compensated for the loss of c-di-AMP cyclases but required the general stress response and the master regulator Spo0A to exert their short and long-term effects.

Overall, our work demonstrates that bacterial memory manifested by multigenerational reversible adaptation to plant hosts confirms an advantage to symbiotic bacteria during competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis thaliana induces multigenerational stress tolerance against biotic and abiotic stressors and memorization of host colonization in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.492398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGRL1A redox states alleviate photoinhibition in Arabidopsis during step changes in light intensity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.492398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-motile plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis for optimal growth. Responses to environmental changes in light are particularly important not only during the diurnal transition from night to day but also to react to light changes caused by passing clouds or by wind. Thioredoxins rapidly orchestrate redox control during environmental change by modifying cysteine residues. Here, we assign a function to regulatory cysteines of PGRL1A, a constituent of the ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron flow (Fd-CEF) pathway and show their role in the regulation of proton motive force (PMF) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). During step increase of low light intensity (10-60 E*m-2*s-1), the intermolecular disulfide of the PGRL1A 59-kDa complex is reduced transiently within seconds to the 28 kDa form. In contrast, step increases to higher light intensity (60-600 E*m-2*s-1) stimulated a stable partially reduced redox state in PGRL1A. Measurements of NPQ, PMF and resultant photosynthetic controls Y(ND) and Y(NA) were found to correlate with the redox state of PGRL1A during step increases in light intensity but not in PGRL1mutant plants pgrl1ab or PGRL1A cysteine mutant (PGRL1AC1,2A). Continuous light regimes did not affect mutant growth; however, fluctuating regimes of light intensity showed significant growth reduction in the mutants. Inhibitors of photosynthesis placed control of the PGRL1A redox state as dependent on the penultimate ferredoxin redox state that fuels reducing equivalents to the large set of chloroplasts thioredoxins. Our results showed that redox state changes in PGRL1A are crucial to the optimization of photosynthesis and are regulated by the photosynthetic electron flux.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluhr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.492398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGRL1A redox states alleviate photoinhibition in Arabidopsis during step changes in light intensity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From pseudotime to true dynamics: reconstructing a real-time axis for T cells differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous methods have recently emerged for ordering single cells along developmental trajectories. However, accurate depiction of developmental dynamics can only be achieved after rescaling the trajectory according to the relative time spent at each developmental point. We formulate a model which estimates local cell densities and fluxes, and incorporates cell division and apoptosis rates, to infer the real time dimension of the developmental trajectory. We validate the model using mathematical simulations, and apply it on experimental high dimensional cytometry data obtained from the mouse thymus to construct the true time-profile of the thymocyte developmental process. Our method can easily be implemented in any of the existing tools for trajectory inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From pseudotime to true dynamics: reconstructing a real-time axis for T cells differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The defence island repertoire of the Escherichia coli pan-genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years it has become clear that anti-phage defence systems cluster non-randomly within bacterial genomes in so-called "defence islands". Despite serving as a valuable tool for the discovery of novel defence systems, the nature and distribution of defence islands themselves remain poorly understood. In this study, we comprehensively mapped the repertoire of defence islands within >1,300 strains of Escherichia coli, the most widely studied organism in terms of phage-bacteria interactions. We found that defence islands preferentially integrate at several dozens of dedicated integration hotspots in the E. coli genome. Defence islands are usually carried on mobile genetic elements including prophages, integrative conjugative elements and transposons, as well as on other genetic elements whose nature of mobilisation is unclear. Each type of mobile genetic element has a preferred integration position but can carry a diverse variety of defensive cargo. On average, an E. coli genome has 4.5 genomic hotspots occupied by a defence system-containing mobile element, with some strains possessing up to eight defensively occupied hotspots. Our data show that the overwhelming majority of the E. coli pan-immune system is carried on mobile genetic elements that integrate at a discrete set of genomic hotspots, and explains why the immune repertoire substantially varies between different strains of the same species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hochhauser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The defence island repertoire of the Escherichia coli pan-genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary history of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases indicates early statistical translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How protein translation evolved from a simple beginning to its complex and accurate contemporary state is unknown. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) define the genetic code by activating amino acids and loading them onto cognate tRNAs. As such, their evolutionary history can shed light on early translation. Using structure-based alignments of the conserved core of Class I AARSs, we reconstructed their phylogenetic tree and ancestral states. Unexpectedly, AARSs charging amino acids that are assumed to have emerged later - such as TrpRS and TyrRS or LysRS and CysRS - appear as the earliest splits in the tree; conversely, those AARSs charging abiotic, early-emerging amino acids, e.g. ValRS, seem to have diverged most recently. Furthermore, the inferred Class I ancestor (excluding TrpRS and TyrRS) lacks the residues that mediate selectivity in contemporary AARSs, and appears to be a generalist that could charge a wide range of amino acids. This ancestor subsequently diverged to two clades: "charged" (which gave rise to ArgRS, GluRS, and GlnRS) and "hydrophobics", which includes CysRS and LysRS as its outgroups. The ancestors of both clades maintain a wide-accepting pocket that could readily diverge to the contemporary, specialized families. Overall, our findings suggest a "generalist-maintaining" model of class I AARS evolution, in which early statistical translation was kept active by a generalist AARS while the evolution of a specialized, accurate translation system took place.

SignificanceAminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) define the genetic code by linking amino acids with their cognate tRNAs. While contemporary AARSs leverage exquisite molecular recognition and proofreading to ensure translational fidelity, early translation was likely less stringent and operated on a different pool of amino acids. The co-emergence of translational fidelity and the amino acid alphabet, however, is poorly understood. By inferring the evolutionary history of Class I AARSs we found seemingly conflicting signals: Namely, the oldest AARSs apparently operate on the youngest amino acids. We also observed that the early ancestors had broad amino acid specificities, consistent with a model of statistical translation. Our data suggests that a generalist AARS was actively maintained until complete specialization, thereby resolving the age paradox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun-Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruic-Sovulj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary history of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases indicates early statistical translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiral growth of adherent filopodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherent filopodia are elongated finger-like membrane protrusions, extending from the edges of diverse cell types and participating in cell adhesion, spreading, migration and environmental sensing. The formation and elongation of filopodia are driven by the polymerization of parallel actin filaments, comprising the filopodia cytoskeletal core. Here, we report that adherent filopodia, formed during the spreading of cultured cells on galectin-8-coated substrates, tend to change the direction of their extension in a chiral fashion, acquiring a left-bent shape. Cryo-electron tomography examination indicated that turning of the filopodia tip to the left is accompanied by the displacement of the actin core bundle to the right of the filopodia midline. Reduction of the adhesion to galectin-8 by treatment with thiodigalactoside abolished the filopodia chirality. By modulating the expression of a variety of actin-associated filopodia proteins, we identified myosin-X and formin DAAM1 as major filopodia chirality promoting factors. Formin mDia1, actin filament elongation factor VASP, and actin filament crosslinker fascin were also shown to be involved. Thus, the simple actin cytoskeleton of filopodia, together with a small number of associated proteins are sufficient to drive a complex navigation process, manifested by the development of left-right asymmetry in these cellular protrusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiral growth of adherent filopodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural plate progenitors give rise to both anterior and posterior pituitary cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pituitary is the master neuroendocrine gland, which regulates body homeostasis. It consists of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis (AH), which harbors hormones producing cells and the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis (NH), which relays the direct passage of hormones from the brain to the periphery. It is widely accepted that the AH originates from the oral ectoderm (Rathkes pouch) whereas the neural ectoderm contributes to the NH. Using single cell transcriptomics of the zebrafish pituitary we characterized cyp26b1-positive pituicyte of the NH and prop1-positive adenohypophyseal progenitors. We found that these cell types expressed common markers implying lineage relatedness. Genetic tracing revealed that in contrast to the prevailing dogma, neural plate precursors of both zebrafish (her4.3+) and mouse (Sox1+) contribute to both the neurohypophyseal and adenohypophyseal cells. We further show that pituicytes and prop1+ progenitors reside in close anatomical proximity and pituicyte-derived RA-degrading enzyme Cyp26b1 fine-tunes differentiation of prop1+ progenitors into hormone-producing cells. These results challenge the notion that AH cells are exclusively derived from non-neural ectoderm and demonstrate that a cross-talk between neuro- and adeno-hypophyseal cells fine-tunes the development of pituitary neuroendocrine cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Impel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte-Merker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural plate progenitors give rise to both anterior and posterior pituitary cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid-sensitive period of corticotroph development -- implications in early life stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corticotrophs are intermediaries in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a crucial role in vertebrates stress response. The HPA axis displays an intricate mode of negative feedback regulation, whereby the peripheral effector, cortisol inhibits the secretion of its upstream regulator, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing cells in the pituitary. While the feedback regulation of the HPA axis is well characterized in the adult organism, the effect of feedback regulation on the development of corticotrophs is poorly understood. Here, we study the effect of glucocorticoids on the development of POMC-expressing cells in the zebrafish pituitary. The development of POMC cells displayed striking robustness in terms of their steady increase in numbers between 2-6 days post fertilization. Inhibition of endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis resulted in an increase in POMC cell number due to reduced developmental feedback inhibition of cortisol on POMC cells. Conversely, addition of exogenous dexamethasone at a critical developmental window led to a decrease in POMC cell number, mimicking greater feedback control. Finally, developmental dysregulation of ACTH levels resulted in impaired anxiety-like and stress-coping behaviours. Hence, we identified a sensitive developmental window for the effect of glucocorticoids on corticotrophs and demonstrate the downstream effect on stress-responsive behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid-sensitive period of corticotroph development -- implications in early life stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance of gene-silencing is maintained by a self-tuning mechanism based on resource competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems can maintain memories over long timescales, with examples including memories in the brain and immune system. It is currently unknown how functional properties of memory systems, such as memory persistence, can be established by biological circuits. To address this question, we focus on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans. In response to a trigger, worms silence a target gene for multiple generations, resisting strong dilution due to growth and reproduction. Silencing may also be maintained indefinitely upon selection according to silencing levels. We show that these properties imply fine-tuning of biochemical rates in which the silencing system is positioned near the transition to bistability. We demonstrate that this behavior emerges from a generic mechanism based on competition for synthesis resources, which leads to self-organization around a critical state with broad silencing timescales. The theory makes distinct predictions and offers insights into the design principles of long-term memory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic inheritance of gene-silencing is maintained by a self-tuning mechanism based on resource competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness advantage of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron capsular polysaccharide is dependent on the resident microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microbiota-based therapeutics rely on our ability to introduce a microbe of choice into an already-colonized intestine. However, we remain largely blind to the quantitative effects of processes determining colonization success. In this study, we used genetically-barcoded Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B.theta) strains in combination with mathematical modeling to quantify population bottlenecks experienced by B.theta during gut colonization. Integrating population bottlenecks sizes with careful quantification of net growth rates in vivo and in vitro allows us to build models describing the events during intestinal colonization in the context of gnotobiotic and complex microbiotas. Using these models, we estimated the decrease in niche size for B.theta colonization with increasing microbiota complexity. In addition, our system can be applied to mechanistically dissect colonization defects of mutant strains. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that the competitive disadvantage of a B.theta mutant lacking capsular polysaccharide is due to a combination of an increased lag-phase before growth initiation in the gut, combined with an increased clearance rate. Crucially, the requirement for the B.theta capsule depended strongly on microbiota composition, suggesting that the dominant role may be protection from bacterial or phage aggression rather than from host-induced bactericidal mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoces, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnoldini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berent, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolinko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansept, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Häfliger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loverdo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness advantage of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron capsular polysaccharide is dependent on the resident microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed high-redox potential laccases exhibit high functional diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White-rot fungi secrete an impressive repertoire of high-redox potential laccases (HRPLs) and peroxidases for efficient oxidation and utilization of lignin. Laccases are attractive enzymes for green-chemistry applications due to their broad substrate range and low environmental impact. Since expression of functional recombinant HRPLs is challenging, however, iterative directed evolution protocols have been applied to improve their expression, activity and stability. We implement a rational, stabilize-and-diversify strategy to two HRPLs that we could not functionally express: first, we use the PROSS stability-design algorithm to allow functional expression in yeast. Second, we use the stabilized enzymes as starting points for FuncLib active-site design to improve their activity and substrate diversity. Four of the FuncLib designed HRPLs and their PROSS progenitor exhibit substantial diversity in reactivity profiles against high-redox potential substrates, including lignin monomers. Combinations of 3-4 subtle mutations that change the polarity, solvation and sterics of the substrate-oxidation site result in orders of magnitude changes in reactivity profiles. These stable and versatile HRPLs are a step towards the generation of an effective lignin-degrading consortium of enzymes that can be secreted from yeast. More broadly, the stabilize-and-diversify strategy can be applied to other challenging enzyme families to study and expand the utility of natural enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber-Zucker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateljak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed high-redox potential laccases exhibit high functional diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Future is 2D: Spectral-Temporal Fitting of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data Provides Exponential Gains in Precision Over Conventional Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSMany MRS paradigms produce 2D spectral-temporal datasets, including diffusion-weighted, functional, hyperpolarized and enriched (13C, 2H) experiments. Conventionally, temporal parameters - such as T2, T1, or diffusion constants - are assessed by first fitting each spectrum independently, and subsequently fitting a temporal model (1D fitting). We investigated whether simultaneously fitting the entire dataset using a single spectral-temporal model (2D fitting) would improve the precision of the relevant temporal parameter.

MethodsWe derived a Cramer Rao Lower Bound for the temporal parameters for both 1D and 2D approaches, for two experiments: A multi-echo (MTE) experiment, designed to estimate metabolite T2s; And a functional (fMRS) experiment, designed to estimate fractional change ({delta}) in metabolite concentrations. We investigated the dependence of the relative standard deviation of T2 in MTE and{delta} in fMRS.

ResultsWhen peaks were spectrally distant, 2D fitting improved precision by approximately 20% relative to 1D fitting, regardless of the experiment and other parameter values. These gains increased exponentially as peaks drew closer. Dependence on temporal model parameters was weak to negligible.

ConclusionOur results strongly support a 2D approach to MRS fitting where applicable, and particularly in nuclei such as 1H and 2H, which exhibit substantial spectral overlap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Future is 2D: Spectral-Temporal Fitting of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data Provides Exponential Gains in Precision Over Conventional Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the involvement of the Hippo pathway co-regulators, YAP/TAZ in invadopodia formation and matrix degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invadopodia are adhesive, actin-rich protrusions, formed by metastatic cancer cells that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate invasion. They support the metastatic cascade by a spatially and temporally coordinated process whereby invading cells bind to the matrix, degrade it by specific metalloproteinases, and mechanically penetrate diverse tissue barriers by forming actin-rich extensions. However, despite the apparent involvement of invadopodia in the metastatic process, the molecular mechanisms that regulate invadopodia formation and function are still largely unclear. In this study, we have explored the involvement of the key Hippo pathway co-regulators, namely YAP, and TAZ, in invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Towards that goal, we tested the effect of depletion of YAP, TAZ, or both on invadopodia formation and activity in multiple human cancer cell lines. We report that knockdown of YAP and TAZ or their inhibition by verteporfin induce a significant elevation in matrix degradation and invadopodia formation in several cancer cell lines. Conversely, overexpression of these proteins strongly suppresses invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of MDA-MB-231 cells, following co-knockdown of YAP and TAZ, revealed a significant change in the levels of key invadopodia-associated proteins, including the crucial proteins Tks5 and MT1-MMP (MMP14). Collectively, our findings show that YAP and TAZ act as negative regulators of invadopodia formation in diverse cancer lines, most likely by reducing the levels of essential invadopodia components. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of invadopodia formation in cancer invasion may eventually reveal novel targets for therapeutic applications against invasive cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venghateri, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreberk-Shaked, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the involvement of the Hippo pathway co-regulators, YAP/TAZ in invadopodia formation and matrix degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exon-intron architecture determines mRNA stability by dictating m6A deposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a widespread destabilizing mark on mRNA, is non-uniformly distributed across the transcriptome, yet the basis for its selective deposition is unknown. Here, we uncover that m6A deposition is not selective. Instead, m6A distribution is exclusion-based: m6A-consensus harboring sites are methylated by default, unless they are within a window of up to [~]200 nt from an exon-intron junction. A simple model, relying exclusively on presence of m6A motifs and exon-intron architecture allows high accuracy recapitulation of experimentally-measured m6A profiles and of all m6A hallmarks. We further establish that m6A serves as the long-sought mechanism underlying the strong association between exon-intron architecture and mRNA stability. Our findings establish a mechanism by which the memory of nuclear RNA splicing is covalently etched on an mRNA, in the form of m6A, and determines its cytoplasmic stability, with broad implications on the regulation, function, and evolution of both m6A and mRNA stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uzonyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exon-intron architecture determines mRNA stability by dictating m6A deposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RORc expressing immune cells support pro-tumorigenic functions of tertiary lymphoid structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formed in many cancer types and have been correlated with better prognosis and response to immunotherapy. In liver cancer, TLSs have been reported to be pro-tumorigenic as they harbor tumor progenitor cells and nurture their growth. The processes involved in TLS development and the acquisition of a pro- or anti-tumorigenic phenotype in cancer are largely unknown. RORc expressing immune cells have been previously implicated in TLS formation, however we find that they are not necessary for TLS neogenesis in the context of inflammation-associated liver cancer. On the contrary, RORc expressing cells negatively regulate TLS formation, since in their absence TLSs form in excess. CD4 cells are essential for liver TLS formation whereas B cells are required for TLS formation specifically in the absence of RORc expressing cells. Importantly, in chronically inflamed livers lacking RORc expressing cells, TLSs become anti-tumorigenic, resulting in reduced tumor load. Comparing liver pro- and anti-tumorigenic TLSs by transcriptional, proteomic and immunohistochemical analyses, revealed enrichment of exhausted CD8 cells that retained effector functions as well as germinal center B cells and plasma cells in anti-tumorigenic TLSs. Cell depletion experiments revealed a role mainly for B cells in limiting tumor development, possibly via tumor directed antibodies. Thus, RORc expressing cells negatively regulate B cell responses, and facilitate the pro-tumorigenic functions of hepatic TLSs.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/498540v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@385067org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@126c45corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@25ad06org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1829326_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shovman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Neriah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.02.498540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RORc expressing immune cells support pro-tumorigenic functions of tertiary lymphoid structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of von Willebrand Factor Tubules with in Vivo Helical Parameters Requires A1 Domain Insertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The von Willebrand factor (VWF) glycoprotein is stored in tubular form in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) prior to secretion from endothelial cells into the bloodstream. The organization of VWF in the tubules promotes formation of covalently linked VWF polymers and enables orderly secretion without polymer tangling. Recent studies have described the high-resolution structure of helical tubular cores formed in vitro by the D1D2 and D'D3 amino-terminal protein segments of VWF. Here we show that formation of tubules with the helical geometry observed for VWF in intracellular WPBs requires also the VWA1 (A1) domain. We reconstituted VWF tubules from segments containing the A1 domain and discovered it to be inserted between helical turns of the tubule, altering helical parameters and explaining the increased robustness of tubule formation when A1 is present. The conclusion from this observation is that the A1 domain has a direct role in VWF assembly, along with its known activity in hemostasis post-secretion.

Key pointsO_LIA cryo-EM structure shows that the A1 domain is necessary for forming VWF helical tubules matching those in Weibel-Palade bodies.
C_LIO_LIThe A1 domain has a role in intracellular VWF supramolecular assembly in addition to platelet binding following secretion and activation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of von Willebrand Factor Tubules with in Vivo Helical Parameters Requires A1 Domain Insertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solanum lycopersicum CLASS-II KNOX genes regulate fruit anatomy via gibberellin-dependent and independent pathways. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pericarp is the predominant tissue determining the structural characteristics of most fruits. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms controlling pericarp development remain only partially understood. Previous studies have identified that CLASS-II KNOX genes regulate fruit size, shape, and maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. Here we characterized the roles of the Solanum lycopersicum CLASS-II KNOX (TKN-II) genes in pericarp development via a detailed histological, anatomical, and karyotype analysis of the TKN-II knockdown (35S:amiR-TKN-II) fruits. We identify that 35S:amiR-TKN-II pericarps contain more cells around their equatorial perimeter and fewer cell layers than the control. In addition, the cell sizes but not the ploidy levels of these pericarps were dramatically reduced.

Further, we demonstrate that fruit shape and pericarp layer number phenotypes of the 35S:amiR-TKN-II fruits can be overridden by the procera mutant, known to induce a constitutive response to the plant hormone gibberellin. However, neither the procera mutation nor exogenous gibberellin application can fully rescue the reduced pericarp width and cell size phenotype of 35S:amiR-TKN-II pericarps. Our findings establish that TKN-II genes regulate tomato fruit anatomy, acting via gibberellin to control fruit shape but utilizing a gibberellin-independent pathway to control the size of pericarp cells.

HighlightTomato CLASS-II KNOX genes regulate fruit and pericarp anatomy via GA-dependent and independent pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shtern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Keiserman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauxion, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furumizu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsellem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkalai-Tuvia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldshmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solanum lycopersicum CLASS-II KNOX genes regulate fruit anatomy via gibberellin-dependent and independent pathways.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.498730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a multipotent lung progenitor for lung regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.498730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently showed that intravenous infusion of mouse or human, fetal or adult lung cells following conditioning of recipient mice leads to lung chimerism within alveolar and bronchiolar lineages, in distinct patches containing both epithelial and endothelial cells. We show here, using R26R-Confetti mice as donors, that these multi-lineage patches are derived from a single lung progenitor. FACS of adult mouse lung cells revealed that the putative patch-forming progenitors co-express the endothelial marker CD31 (PECAM-1) and the epithelial marker CD326 (EPCAM). Transplantation of lung cells from transgenic Cre/lox mice expressing nuclear GFP under the VEcad promoter (VEcad-Cre-nTnG), led to GFP+ patches comprising both GFP+ endothelial and epithelial cells in vivo, and in ex-vivo culture of CD326+CD31+ progenitors. Single cell RNA sequencing of CD326+CD31+ lung cells revealed a subpopulation expressing canonical epithelial and endothelial genes. Such double positive GFP+NKX2.1+SOX17+ cells were also detected by immunohistological staining in lungs of VEcad-Cre-nTnG (expressing nuclear GFP) mice in proximity to blood vessels. These findings provide new insights on lung progenitors and lung development and suggest a potential novel approach for lung regeneration.

SummaryWe show in the present study, that multi-lineage regenerative patches in our transplantation model are derived from a single lung progenitor, co-expressing the endothelial marker CD31 and the epithelial marker CD326. These findings provide new insights on lung progenitors and lung development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetzen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milman -Krentsis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orgad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eventov-Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.498730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a multipotent lung progenitor for lung regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating the proliferative and cytotoxic properties of human TIL by a synthetic immune niche of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major challenge in developing an effective adoptive cancer immunotherapy, is the ex-vivo generation of tumor-reactive cells, in sufficient numbers and with enhanced cytotoxic potential. It was recently demonstrated, that culturing of activated murine CD8+ T-cells on a "Synthetic Immune Niche" (SIN), consisting of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM-1, enhances T-cell expansion, increases cytotoxicity against cultured cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth in vivo [1, 2]. In the study reported here, we have tested the effect of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, on the expansion and cytotoxic phenotype of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL), following activation with immobilized anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, or commercial activation beads. The majority of TIL tested, displayed higher expansion when cultured on the coated SIN compared to cells incubated on uncoated substrate. Comparable enhancement of TIL proliferation was obtained by the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, in a clinical setting that includes a 14-day rapid expansion procedure (REP), initiated with feeder cells, anti CD3 and IL-2. Co-incubation of post-REP TIL with matching target cancerous cells, demonstrated increased IFN{gamma} secretion beyond baseline in most of the TILs and a significant increase in granzyme B levels following activation on SIN. The SIN did not significantly alter the relative frequency of CD8/CD4 populations, as well as the expression of CD28, CD25 and several exhaustion markers. These results demonstrate the potential capacity of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN to reinforce TIL-based immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yunger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating the proliferative and cytotoxic properties of human TIL by a synthetic immune niche of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yeast Mitochondrial Derived Vesicles (MDVs) have membrane potential and contain a functional ATP synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vesicular transport is a means of communication. While cells can communicate between each other via secretion of extracellular vesicles, less is known regarding organelle-to organelle communication, in particularly in the case of mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for the production of energy and for essential metabolic pathways in the cell, as well as fundamental processes such as apoptosis and aging. Here we show that functional mitochondria, isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae release vesicles, independent of the fission machinery. We were then able for the first time to isolate these Mitochondrial Derived Vesicles (MDVs) and found that they are relatively uniform in size, of about 100nm and carry selective protein cargo including enrichment of ATP synthase subunits. Remarkably, we further found that these MDVs harbor a functional ATP synthase complex. Moreover, we demonstrate that these vesicles have a membrane potential, produce ATP, and seem to fuse with naive mitochondria. Our findings reveal a possible delivery mechanism of ATP producing vesicles, which can potentially regenerate ATP deficient mitochondria and may participate in organelle to organelle communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hazan (Ben-Menachem), R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lintzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Ami Pilo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karniely, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pines, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yeast Mitochondrial Derived Vesicles (MDVs) have membrane potential and contain a functional ATP synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning reveals conserved chromatin patterns determining meiotic recombination sites in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distribution of meiotic recombination events in plants has been associated with local chromatin and DNA characteristics, chromosome landmark proximity, and other features1-7. However, relative importance of these characteristics is unclear and it is unknown if they are sufficient to unambiguously determine recombination landscape8. Here, we analyzed over 40 DNA sequence, chromatin, and chromosome location features of maize and Arabidopsis recombination sites using machine learning9,10. We discovered that a combination of just three features, CG methylation, CHG methylation, and nucleosome occupancy, enabled identification of exact crossover site with 90% accuracy. These results imply redundancy of most recombination site characteristics. Recombination takes place in a small fraction of the genome with chromatin features distinct from those of genome at large. Surprisingly, crossover sites show elevated heterochromatin histone marks despite low DNA methylation. Crossover site features show broad evolutionary conservation, which will enable creating genetic maps in species where conventional mapping is unfeasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoshani-Hechel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed-Bessudo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marand, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianian, P. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianian, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlowski, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning reveals conserved chromatin patterns determining meiotic recombination sites in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent differences in the functional responses of Lactobacillaeca strains to fermentable sugars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacillaceae are Gram-positive rods, facultative anaerobes, and belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that frequently serve as probiotics. We systematically compared five LAB strains for the effects of different carbohydrates on their free-living and biofilm lifestyles. We found that fermentable sugars triggered a heterogeneous response in LAB strains, frequently manifested specifically in altered carrying capacity during planktonic growth and colony development. The fermentation capacities of the strains were compatible and could not account for heterogeneity in their differential carrying capacity in liquid and on a solid medium. Among tested LAB strains, L. paracasei, and L. rhamanosus GG survived self-imposed acid stress while L. acidophilus was extremely sensitive to its own glucose utilization acidic products. The addition of a buffering system during growth on a solid medium significantly improved the survival of most tested probiotic strains during fermentation. We suggest that the optimal performance of the beneficial microbiota members belonging to lactobacilli is heterogeneous and varies as a function of the growth model and the dependency on a buffering system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suissa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oved, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent differences in the functional responses of Lactobacillaeca strains to fermentable sugars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of the intact muscle spindle using a multi-omics approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proprioceptive system is essential for the control of coordinated movement, posture and skeletal integrity. The sense of proprioception is produced in the brain using peripheral sensory input from receptors such as the muscle spindle, which detects changes in the length of skeletal muscles. Despite its importance, the molecular composition of the muscle spindle is largely unknown. In this study, we generated comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic datasets of the entire muscle spindle. We then associated differentially expressed genes with the various tissues composing the spindle using bioinformatic analysis. Immunostaining verified these predictions, thus establishing new markers for the different spindle tissues. Utilizing these markers, we identified the differentiation stages the spindle capsule cells undergo during development. Together, these findings provide comprehensive molecular characterization of the intact spindle as well as new tools to study its development and function in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of the intact muscle spindle using a multi-omics approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.498499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolated correlates of somatosensory perception in the mouse posterior cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.498499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To uncover the neural correlates of stimulus perception, experimenters commonly use tasks in which subjects are repeatedly presented with a weak stimulus and instructed to report, via movement, if they perceived the stimulus. The difference in neural activity between reported stimulus (hit) and unreported stimulus (miss) trials is then seen as potentially perception-related. However, recent studies found that activity related to the report spreads throughout the brain, calling into question to what extent such tasks conflate perception-related activity with report-related activity. To isolate perception-related activity, we developed a paradigm in which the same mice were trained on both a regular go/no-go whisker stimulus detection task and a reversed contingencies version, in which they reported the absence of a whisker stimulus. By comparing no-report trials across the two tasks, we located perception-related activity within a posterior network of cortical regions contralateral to the stimulus. In addition, we found this activity was on average an order of magnitude lower than report-related activity and began after the low-level stimulus response. In summary, our study revealed the mouse cortical areas associated with the perception of a sensory stimulus independently of a perceptual report.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokoletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungarish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.498499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolated correlates of somatosensory perception in the mouse posterior cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminal tail of CSNAP attenuates the CSN complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation is one of the essential mechanisms that enables reshaping of the proteome landscape in response to various stimuli. The largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family that targets proteins to degradation by catalyzing ubiquitnation is the cullin-RING ligases (CRL). Many of the proteins that are regulated by CRLs are central to tumorigenesis and tumour progression, and dysregulation of the CRL family is frequently associated with cancer. The CRL family comprises [~]300 complexes all of which are regulated by the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN). Therefore, the CSN is considered an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Research efforts for targeted CSN inhibition have been directed towards inhibition of the complex enzymatic subunit, CSN5. Here, we have taken a fresh approach focusing on CSNAP, the smallest CSN subunit. Our results show that the C-terminal region of CSNAP is tightly packed within the CSN complex, in a groove formed by CSN3 and CSN8. We show that a 16 amino acid C-terminal peptide, derived from this CSN interacting region, can displace the endogenous CSNAP subunit from the complex. This, in turn, leads to a CSNAP null phenotype that attenuates CSN activity and consequently CRLs function. Overall, our findings emphasize the potential of a CSNAP-based peptide for CSN inhibition as a new therapeutic avenue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Füzesi-Levi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayouka, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminal tail of CSNAP attenuates the CSN complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acanthamoeba polyphaga de novo transcriptome and its dynamics during Mimivirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (Mimivirus) is a giant virus that infects Acanthamoeba species - opportunistic human pathogens. We applied long- and short-read sequencing to generate a de novo transcriptome of the host and followed the dynamics of both host and virus transcriptomes over the course of infection. The assembled transcriptome of the host included 22,604 transcripts and 13,043 genes, with N50 = 2,372 nucleotides. Functional enrichment analysis revealed major changes in the host transcriptome, namely, enrichment in downregulated genes associated with cytoskeleton homeostasis and DNA replication, repair, and nucleotide synthesis. These modulations, together with those implicated by other enriched processes, indicate cell cycle arrest, an event we demonstrated experimentally. We also observed upregulation of host genes associated with transcription, secretory pathways and, as reported here for the first time, peroxisomes and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In Mimivirus, the early stages of infections were marked by upregulated genes related to DNA replication, transcription, translation, and nucleotide metabolism, and the later stages, by enrichment in genes associated with lipids metabolism, carbohydrates, and proteases. Some of the changes observed in the amoebal transcriptome likely point to Mimivirus infection causing the dismantling of the host cytoskeleton, the translocation of endoplasmic reticulum membranes to viral factory areas, and cell cycle arrest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridmann-Sirkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acanthamoeba polyphaga de novo transcriptome and its dynamics during Mimivirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer dynamics relates chromosome mixing to temporal changes in biological contact maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomes are arranged in distinct territories within the nucleus of animal cells. Recent experiments have shown that these territories overlap at their edges, suggesting partial mixing during interphase. Genomewide, biological contact maps in humans and Drosophila show only a low degree of contact between different chromosomes; however, the mixing in yeast is considerably higher. Recent theoretical estimates considered topological mixing of chromosomes by polymer reptation, and suggested that the time scale for chromosome mixing is years. This implies that a cell will typically divide before its chromosomes mix by reptation. Here, we use a generic polymer simulation to quantify the dynamics of chromosome mixing over time. We introduce the chromosome mixing index that quantifies the mixing of distinct chromosomes in the nucleus. We find that the chromosome mixing index increases as a power-law with time, and the scaling exponent varies non-monotonically with self-interaction and volume fraction. By comparing the chromosome mixing index with both subdiffusion due to (nontopological) intermingling of chromosomes as well as longer-time reptation, we show that the scaling exponent of the chromosome mixing index is related to intermingling for relatively small chromosome attractions and to reptation for large attractions. The model is extended to realistic biological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer dynamics relates chromosome mixing to temporal changes in biological contact maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Methylation is stable after MMEJ and NHEJ double strand break repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are a major source of mutations. Both non-homologous-end-joining (NHEJ) and microhomology-mediated-end-joining (MMEJ) DSB repair pathways are error prone and produce deletions, which can lead to cancer. DSBs also lead to epigenetic changes, including demethylation, which is involved in carcinogenesis. Of specific interest is the MMEJ repair pathway, as it requires methylation restoration around the break, as a result of the resection and formation of single stranded (ssDNA) intermediates. While, methylation patterns after homologous recombination (HR) have been partially studied, the methylation status after MMEJ and NHEJ remains poorly reported, and can be relevant for cancer. To study methylation patterns around DSB after NHEJ and MMEJ repair, we used targeted bisulfite-sequencing (BS-seq) to quantify methylation of dozens of single cell clones after induction of DSB by CRISPR. Each single cell clone was classified according to the sequence signature to a specific repair mechanism: NHEJ or MMEJ. Comparison of single cell clones after DSB to control cells, without DSB, demonstrated correct restoration of the methylation levels. No difference in methylation patterns was noticed when comparing NHEJ to MMEJ. Methylation levels in gene body, highly methylated CpGs (n=61, 4000 base pairs around DSB) and in low methylation CpGs (n=19), remained stable after both MMEJ and NHEJ. Gene body methylation persisted even on the background of DNMT3A R882C mutation, the most prevalent preleukemic mutation, in which the de novo methylation machinery is compromised. An exception observed in a single CpG site (ASXL1 995) which demonstrated elevated methylation rate after DSB repair only in the presence of WT DNMT3A. In summary, DNA methylation restoration demonstrated high fidelity after DSB both in methylated and unmethylated gene body, even in cases where DNA resections and deletions occurred.

Author SummaryDNA holds the genetic information. Modifications on the DNA molecule such as DNA methylation are crucial for the genetic regulation. DNA damage is harmful to the cell and needs to be repaired. Different repair mechanisms may result in mutations that can be identified according to their sequence signature. In the work presented here we examined changes in DNA methylation after different types of DNA repair, MMEJ and NHEJ. We found that DNA methylation is highly stable after DNA repair regardless to the repair mechanism and genomic context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bnaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedidim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azogy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal-Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Methylation is stable after MMEJ and NHEJ double strand break repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dually targeted proteins regulate proximity between peroxisomes and partner organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes play a central role in fatty acid metabolism. To correctly target to peroxisomes, proteins require specialized targeting signals. One mystery in the field is sorting of proteins that carry both a targeting signal for peroxisomes as well as for other organelles such as mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Exploring several of these dually localized proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we observed that they can act as dynamic tethers bridging organelles together through an affinity for organelle-destined targeting factors. We show that this mode of tethering involves the peroxisome import machinery, the ER- mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) in the case of mitochondria and the GET complex in the case of the ER. Depletion of each of the targeting factors resulted in the accumulation of smaller peroxisomes. We propose that dual targeting of proteins occurs at contact sites and that protein import per se contributes to the maintenance of these membrane proximities. This introduces a previously unexplored concept of how targeting of dual affinity proteins can support organelle attachment, growth and communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stehlik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harberding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymons, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bölker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dually targeted proteins regulate proximity between peroxisomes and partner organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How talin allosterically activates vinculin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The talin-vinculin axis is a key mechanosensing component of cellular focal adhesions. How talin and vinculin respond to forces and regulate one another remains unclear. By combining single molecule magnetic tweezer experiments, Molecular Dynamics simulations, actin bundling assays, and adhesion assembly experiments in live cells, we here discover a two-ways allosteric network within vinculin as a regulator of the talin-vinculin interaction. We directly observe a maturation process of vinculin upon talin binding which reinforces the binding to talin at a rate of 0.03 s-1. This allosteric transition can compete with force-induced dissociation of vinculin from talin only at 7-10 pN. Mimicking the allosteric activation by mutation yields a vinculin molecule that bundles actin and localizes to focal adhesions in a force-independent manner. Hence, the allosteric switch confines talin-vinculin interactions and focal adhesion build-up to intermediate force levels. The  allosteric vinculin mutant is a valuable molecular tool to further dissect the mechanical and biochemical signalling circuits at focal adhesions and elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-Katz, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boujemaa-Paterski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponte-Santamaria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Manyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grater, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How talin allosterically activates vinculin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prosperity of the commons: Generalist mycorrhizal species dominate a mixed forest and may promote forest diversity by mediating resource sharing among trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of host-microbe interactions and their direct impact on both parties have been extensively researched, however, much less is known on the effect of these interactions on the ecology of the host-community. Here we investigate tree-fungi mycorrhizal interactions, focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated resource sharing among trees, while examining the dynamics between specialist and generalist fungi and their implications on the forest ecology. Using genetic meta-barcoding, we identified the fungal community colonizing different trees in a mixed forest, and generated an extensive mapping connecting fungal sequences to their tree hosts. The mycorrhizal fungal community diverged between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular host trees, but, unexpectedly, multiple ectomycorrhizal species colonized roots of non-ectomycorrhizal host trees. We complemented these findings by a novel computational framework, modeling competition between generalist and specialist mycorrhizal fungi, accounting for fungal-mediated resource sharing among neighboring trees. The analysis of the model revealed that generalist mycorrhizal networks may affect the entire tree community, and contribute to the maintenance of forest diversity in the long run. Furthermore, higher initial spatial mixing of trees can promote the evolution of generalist mycorrhizal species. These novel belowground interactions among trees and fungi may significantly impact forest biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rog, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne-Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prosperity of the commons: Generalist mycorrhizal species dominate a mixed forest and may promote forest diversity by mediating resource sharing among trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse-embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergo neurulation and heart development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several in vitro models have been developed to recapitulate mouse embryogenesis solely from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Despite mimicking many aspects of early development, they fail to capture the interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a mouse ESC-based in vitro model that reconstitutes the pluripotent ESC lineage and the two extra-embryonic lineages of the post-implantation embryo by transcription factor-mediated induction. This unified model recapitulates developmental events from embryonic day 5.5 to 8.5, including gastrulation, and formation of the anterior-posterior axis, brain, a beating heart structure, and the development of extraembryonic tissues, including yolk sac and chorion. Comparing single-cell RNA sequencing from individual structures with time-matched natural embryos identified remarkably similar transcriptional programs across lineages, but also showed when and where the model diverges from the natural program. Our findings demonstrate an extra-ordinary plasticity of ESCs to self-organize and generate a whole embryo-like structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantner, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amadei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zernicka-Goetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse-embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergo neurulation and heart development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual stability reflected in neuronal pattern similarities in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The magnitude of neuronal activation is commonly considered a critical factor for conscious perception of visual content. However, this dogma contrasts with the phenomenon of rapid adaptation, in which the magnitude of neuronal activation drops dramatically in a rapid manner, while the visual stimulus and the conscious experience it elicits remain stable. Here we report that the profiles of multi-site activation patterns and their relational geometry -i.e. the similarity distances between activation patterns, as revealed using iEEG recordings, are sustained during extended stimulation despite the major magnitude decrease. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that conscious perceptual content is associated with the neuronal pattern profiles and their similarity distances, rather than by the overall activation magnitude, in human visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual stability reflected in neuronal pattern similarities in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do Newly Born Orphan Proteins Resemble Never Born Proteins?A Study using Deep Learning Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Newly Born proteins, devoid of detectable homology to any other proteins, known as orphan proteins, occur in a single species or within a taxonomically restricted gene family. They are generated by expression of novel Open Reading Frames, and appear throughout evolution. We were curious if the three recently developed programs for predicting protein structures, viz., AlphaFold2, RoseTTAFold, and ESMFold, might be of value for comparison of such  Newly Born proteins to random polypeptides with amino acid content similar to that of native proteins, which have been called  Never Born proteins. The programs were used to compare the structures of two sets of  Never Born proteins that had been expressed - Group 1, which had been shown experimentally to possess substantial secondary structure, and Group 3, which had been shown to be intrinsically disordered. Overall, the models generated were scored as being of low quality but revealed some general principles. Specifically, all four members of Group 1 were predicted to be compact by all three algorithms. The members of Group 3 were predicted to be very extended, as would be expected for intrinsically disordered proteins. The three programs were then used to predict the structures of three orphan proteins whose crystal structures had been solved, two of which display novel folds. Finally, they were used to predict the structures of seven orphan proteins with well-identified biological functions, whose 3D structures are not known. Two proteins, which were predicted to be disordered based on their sequences, are predicted by all three structure algorithms to be extended structures. The other five were predicted to be compact structures with two exceptions in the case of AlphaFold2. All three prediction algorithms make remarkably similar and high-quality predictions for one large protein, HCO_11565, from a nematode. It is conjectured that this is due to many homologs in the taxonomically restricted family of which it is a member and to the fact that the Dali server revealed several non-related proteins with similar folds. Overall, orphan and taxonomically restricted proteins are often predicted to have compact 3D structures, sometimes with a novel fold that is a consequence of their novel sequences, which are associated with the appearance of new biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do Newly Born Orphan Proteins Resemble Never Born Proteins?A Study using Deep Learning Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.500424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Store-operated Ca2+ entry regulatory factor (SARAF) alters murine metabolic state in an age-dependent manner via hypothalamic pathways. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.500424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a vital process aimed at refilling cellular internal Ca2+ stores, and a primary cellular-signaling driver of transcription factors entry to the nucleus. SARAF (SOCE associated regulatory factor)/TMEM66 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident transmembrane protein that promotes SOCE inactivation and prevents Ca2+ overfilling of the cell. Here we demonstrate that mice deficient in SARAF develop age-dependent sarcopenic obesity with decreased energy expenditure, lean mass and locomotion without affecting food consumption. Moreover, SARAF ablation reduces hippocampal proliferation, modulates the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and mediates changes in anxiety-related behaviors. Interestingly, selective SARAF ablation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus protects from old age-induced obesity and preserves locomotion, lean mass and energy expenditure, suggesting an opposing, site-specific role for SARAF. Lastly, SARAF ablation in hepatocytes leads to elevated SOCE, elevated vasopressin-induced Ca2+ oscillations, and an increased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, thus providing insights into the cellular mechanisms that may affect the global phenotypes. These effects may be mediated via the liver X receptor (LXR) and IL-1 signaling metabolic regulators explicitly altered in SARAF ablated cells. In short, our work supports both central and peripheral roles of SARAF in regulating metabolic, behavioral, and cellular responses.

HighlightsO_LILoss/absence of SARAF facilitates age-dependent obesity with decreased metabolic rate, lean mass, and locomotion, without affecting food consumption.
C_LIO_LILoss of SARAF leads to lipid droplet hypertrophy, BAT whitening and age-dependent hepatic steatosis.
C_LIO_LIMice lacking SARAF expression in the PVN have an increased metabolic rate, decreased BAT whitening, and are protected from sarcopenic obesity.
C_LIO_LISARAF ablation in hepatocytes increases SOCE, elevates Ca2+ oscillation in response to vasopressin, and increases the mitochondrias spare respiratory capacity.
C_LIO_LILoss of SARAF leads to decreased hippocampal proliferation, sensitized HPA-axis and changes in anxiety-related behavior.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gataulin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshcheriakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.500424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Store-operated Ca2+ entry regulatory factor (SARAF) alters murine metabolic state in an age-dependent manner via hypothalamic pathways.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic drivers of chromosomal integron stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are adaptive bacterial devices that rearrange promoter less gene cassettes into variable ordered arrays under stress conditions, to sample combinatorial phenotypic diversity. Chromosomal integrons often carry hundreds of silent gene cassettes, with integrase-mediated recombination leading to rampant DNA excision and integration, posing a potential threat to genome integrity. How this activity is regulated and controlled, particularly through selective pressures, to maintain such large cassette arrays is unknown. Here we show a key role of promoter-containing toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes as abortive systems that kill the cell when the overall cassette excision rate is too high. These results highlight the importance of TA cassettes regulating the cassette recombination dynamics and provide insight into the evolution and success of integrons in bacterial genomes.

TeaserThe accumulation of cassette functions in integrons is ensured by toxin-antitoxin systems which kill the cell when the cassette excision rate is too high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriss, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapaillerie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parissi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovgaard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic drivers of chromosomal integron stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 emerged in May 2022. BA.2.75 is a BA.2 descendant but is phylogenetically different from BA.5, the currently predominant BA.2 descendant. Here, we showed that the effective reproduction number of BA.2.75 is greater than that of BA.5. While the sensitivity of BA.2.75 to vaccination- and BA.1/2 breakthrough infection-induced humoral immunity was comparable to that of BA.2, the immunogenicity of BA.2.75 was different from that of BA.2 and BA.5. Three clinically-available antiviral drugs were effective against BA.2.75. BA.2.75 spike exhibited a profound higher affinity to human ACE2 than BA.2 and BA.5 spikes. The fusogenicity, growth efficiency in human alveolar epithelial cells, and intrinsic pathogenicity in hamsters of BA.2.75 were comparable to those of BA.5 but were greater than those of BA.2. Our multiscale investigations suggest that BA.2.75 acquired virological properties independently of BA.5, and the potential risk of BA.2.75 to global health is greater than that of BA.5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosugi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamasoba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadamasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaori-Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.503115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable energy-based antibody humanization and stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humanization is an essential step in developing animal-derived antibodies into therapeutics, and approximately one third of approved antibodies have been humanized. Conventional humanization approaches graft the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the animal antibody onto several homologous human frameworks. This process, however, often drastically lowers stability and antigen binding, demanding iterative mutational fine-tuning to recover the original antibody properties. Here, we present Computational hUMan AntiBody design (CUMAb), a web-accessible method that starts from an experimental or model antibody structure, systematically grafts the animal CDRs on thousands of human frameworks, and uses Rosetta atomistic simulations to rank the designs by energy and structural integrity (http://CUMAb.weizmann.ac.il). CUMAb designs of five independent antibodies exhibit similar affinities to the parental animal antibody, and some designs show marked improvement in stability. Surprisingly, nonhomologous frameworks are often preferred to the highest-homology ones, and several CUMAb designs that use different human frameworks and differ by dozens of mutations are functionally equivalent. Thus, CUMAb presents a general and streamlined approach to optimizing antibody stability and expressibility while increasing humanness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tennenhouse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khmelnitsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noronha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaretsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridmann Sirkis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galon-Wolfenson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable energy-based antibody humanization and stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A local sequence signature defines a subset of heterochromatin-associated CpGs with minimal loss of methylation in healthy tissues but extensive loss in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global loss of DNA methylation in mammalian genomes occurs during aging and cancer, primarily in heterochromatin-associated Partially Methylated Domains (PMDs). It has previously been shown that local sequence context (100bp) has a strong influence on the rate of demethylation of individual CpG dinucleotides within PMDs. Here, we train a deep learning model to capture this sequence dependence, finding that methylation loss in healthy tissues and cancer can be predicted with high accuracy based on the 150bp surrounding a CpG. We use a published whole-genome map of the re-methylation rate of newly synthesized DNA during mitosis to show that CpGs with a "slow-loss" sequence context are efficiently re-methylated, while CpGs with a "fast-loss" sequence context are inefficiently re-methylated. Intriguingly, we find that the 10% most slow-loss CpGs lose almost no DNA methylation in healthy cell types, but lose significant DNA methylation in many cancer types. This finding suggests that loss of DNA methylation at slow-loss CpGs could underlie some cancer-specific transcriptional deregulation that has been linked to DNA hypomethylation, including the derepression of cancer antigens and transposable elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A local sequence signature defines a subset of heterochromatin-associated CpGs with minimal loss of methylation in healthy tissues but extensive loss in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characteristic energy scales of active fluctuations in adherent cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion play important roles in a wide variety of physiological processes, from the single cell level to the large scale, multicellular organization of tissues. Cells actively apply forces to their environment, either extracellular matrix or neighboring cells, as well as sense its biophysical properties. The fluctuations associated with these active processes occur on an energy scale much larger than that of ordinary thermal equilibrium fluctuations, yet their statistical properties and characteristic scales are not fully understood. Here, we compare measurements of the energy scale of active cellular fluctuations -- an effective cellular temperature -- in four different biophysical settings, involving both single cell and cell aggregates experiments under various control conditions, different cell types and various biophysical observables. The results indicate that a similar energy scale of active fluctuations might characterize the same cell type in different settings, though it may vary among different cell types, being approximately 6 to 8 order of magnitude larger than the ordinary thermal energy at room temperature. These findings call for extracting the energy scale of active fluctuations over a broader range of cell types, experimental settings and biophysical observables, and for understanding the biophysical origin and significance of such cellular energy scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characteristic energy scales of active fluctuations in adherent cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the RADAR supramolecular anti-phage defense complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RADAR is a two-protein bacterial defense system which was reported to defend against phage by  editing messenger RNA. Here we determine cryo-EM structures of the RADAR defense complex, revealing RdrA as a heptameric, two-layered AAA+ ATPase and RdrB as a dodecameric, hollow complex with twelve surface-exposed deaminase active sites. RdrA and RdrB join to form a giant assembly up to 10 MDa, with RdrA docked as a funnel over the RdrB active site. Surprisingly, our structures reveal a RdrB active site that targets mononucleotides, not RNA. We show that RdrB catalyzes ATP-to-ITP conversion in vitro and induces the accumulation of inosine mononucleotides during phage infection in vivo, limiting phage replication. Our results define ATP mononucleotide deamination as a determinant of RADAR immunity and reveal supramolecular assembly of a nucleotide-modifying machine as a novel mechanism of anti-phage defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan-Lowey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the RADAR supramolecular anti-phage defense complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.21.504672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial antigen presentation controls commensal-specific intraepithelial T-cells in the gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.21.504672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of MHCII by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) determines the severity of intestinal immunopathological reactions. However, the function of MHCII on IEC under homeostatic conditions remains elusive. Here we report that MHCII expression on IECs is a hallmark of an adaptive wave of homeostatic intestinal immune responses to commensal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Focusing on SFB-driven responses, we describe the expression pattern of MHCII and the associated antigen processing machinery among IEC subpopulations along with the cellular network that regulates MHCII induction. Furthermore, we show that SFB induce the accumulation of SFB-specific intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that originate from conventional CD4+ T-cells. Importantly, induced IELs are dependent on the epithelial MHCII. Finally, we demonstrate that both epithelial MHCII and the IEL functionality regulate the epithelial turnover. This study describes the organization of a commensal-targeted, IEL-driven immune response that is controlled by IEC antigen presentation and ultimately regulates IEC turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brabec, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobesova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacakova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srutkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Splichalova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.21.504672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial antigen presentation controls commensal-specific intraepithelial T-cells in the gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy transfer in ubiquitous rhodopsin pumps with xanthophyll antennas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy transfer from light-harvesting ketocarotenoids to light-driven proton pumps xanthorhodopsins has been previously demonstrated in two unique cases: an extreme halophilic bacterium1 and a terrestrial cyanobacterium2. Attempts to find carotenoids that bind and transfer energy to rhodopsin proton pumps from the abundant marine and freshwater photoheterotrophs have thus far failed3-5. Here, using functional metagenomics combined with chromophore extraction from the environment, we detected light energy transfer from the widespread hydroxylated carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein to the retinal moiety of xanthorhodopsins and proteorhodopsins. The light-harvesting carotenoids transfer up to 42% of the harvested energy in the violet/blue-light range to the green-light absorbing retinal chromophore. Our data suggest that these antennas have a significant impact on rhodopsin phototrophy in the worlds lakes, seas and oceans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chazan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shihoya, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Marquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pushkarev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malakar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe-Yoshizumi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nureki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy transfer in ubiquitous rhodopsin pumps with xanthophyll antennas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A network of mixed actin polarity in the leading edge of spreading cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physical interactions of cells with the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) play key roles in multiple cellular processes, such as tissue morphogenesis, cell motility, wound healing, cancer invasion and metastasis. The actin cytoskeletal network is a central driver and regulator of cellular dynamics, that produces membrane protrusions such as lamellipodia and filopodia. In this study, we examined actin organization in the expanding lamellipodia during the early stages of cell spreading. To gain insight into the 3D actin organization, at a molecular resolution, we plated cultured fibroblasts on galectin-8 coated EM grids, an ECM protein presents in disease states. We then combined cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) with advanced image processing tools for reconstructing the structure of F-actin in the lamellipodia. This approach enabled us to resolve the polarity and orientation of the filaments, and the structure of the Arp2/3 complexes associated with F-actin branches. We show here that F-actin in lamellipodial protrusions forms a dense network with three distinct sub-domains. One consists primarily of radial filaments, with their barbed ends pointing towards the membrane, the other is enriched with parallel filaments that run between the radial fibers, in addition to an intermediate sub-domain. Surprisingly, a minor, yet significant ([~]10%) population of actin filaments, are oriented with their barbed ends towards the cell center. Our results provide novel structural insights into F-actin assembly and dynamic reorganization in the leading edge of spreading cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eibauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boujemaa-Paterski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A network of mixed actin polarity in the leading edge of spreading cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of phage determinants that confer sensitivity to bacterial immune systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few years, numerous anti-phage defense systems have been discovered in bacteria. While the mechanism of defense for some of these systems is understood, a major unanswered question is how these systems sense phage infection. To systematically address this question, we isolated 192 phage mutants that escape 19 different defense systems. In many cases, these escaper phages were mutated in the gene sensed by the defense system, enabling us to map the phage determinants that confer sensitivity to bacterial immunity. Our data identify specificity determinants of diverse retron systems and reveal phage-encoded triggers for multiple abortive infection systems. We find general themes in phage sensing and demonstrate that mechanistically diverse systems have converged to sense either the core replication machinery of the phage, phage structural components, or host takeover mechanisms. Combining our data with previous findings, we formulate key principles on how bacterial immune systems sense phage invaders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stokar-Avihail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtania, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of phage determinants that confer sensitivity to bacterial immune systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gUMI-BEAR, a modular, unsupervised population barcoding method to track variants and evolution at high resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular lineage tracking provides a means to observe population makeup at the clonal level, allowing exploration of heterogeneity, evolutionary and developmental processes and individual clones relative fitness. It has thus contributed significantly to understanding microbial evolution, organ differentiation and cancer heterogeneity, among others. Its use, however, is limited because existing methods are highly specific, expensive, labour-intensive, and, critically, do not allow the repetition of experiments. To address these issues, we developed gUMI-BEAR (genomic Unique Molecular Identifier Barcoded Enriched Associated Regions), a modular, cost-effective method for tracking populations at high resolution. We first demonstrate the systems application and resolution by applying it to track tens of thousands of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lineages growing together under varying environmental conditions applied across multiple generations, revealing fitness differences and lineage-specific adaptations. Then, we demonstrate how gUMI-BEAR can be used to perform parallel screening of a huge number of randomly generated variants of the Hsp82 gene. We further show how our method allows isolation of variants, even if their frequency in the population is low, thus enabling unsupervised identification of modifications that lead to a behaviour of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rezenman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knafo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsigalnitski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kapon, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gUMI-BEAR, a modular, unsupervised population barcoding method to track variants and evolution at high resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global profiling of the RNA and protein complexes of Escherichia coli by size exclusion chromatography followed by RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry (SEC-seq) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New methods for the global identification of RNA-protein interactions have led to greater recognition of the abundance and importance of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in bacteria. Here, we expand this tool kit by developing SEC-seq, a method based on a similar concept as the established Grad-seq approach. In Grad-seq, cellular RNA and protein complexes of a bacterium of interest are separated in a glycerol gradient, followed by high-throughput RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses of individual gradient fractions. New RNA-protein complexes are predicted based on the similarity of their elution profiles. In SEC-seq, we have replaced the glycerol gradient with separation by size exclusion chromatography, which shortens operation times and offers greater potential for automation. Applying SEC-seq to Escherichia coli, we find that the method provides a higher resolution than Grad-seq in the lower molecular weight range up to [~]500 kDa. This is illustrated by the ability of SEC-seq to resolve two distinct, but similarly sized complexes of the global translational repressor CsrA with either of its antagonistic small RNAs, CsrB and CsrC. We also characterized changes in the SEC-seq profiles of the small RNA MicA upon deletion of its RNA chaperones Hfq and ProQ and investigated the redistribution of these two proteins upon RNase treatment. Overall, we demonstrate that SEC-seq is a tractable and reproducible method for the global profiling of bacterial RNA-protein complexes that offers the potential to discover yet-unrecognized associations between bacterial RNAs and proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerovac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hör, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global profiling of the RNA and protein complexes of Escherichia coli by size exclusion chromatography followed by RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry (SEC-seq)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine viruses play a key role in regulating phytoplankton populations, greatly affecting the biogeochemical cycling of major nutrients in the ocean. Resistance to viral infection has been reported for various phytoplankton species under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, the occurrence of resistant cells in natural populations is underexplored due to the lack of sensitive tools to detect these rare phenotypes. Consequently, our current understanding of the ecological importance of resistance and its underlying mechanisms is limited. Here, we sought to discover lipid biomarkers for the resistance of the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi to its specific virus, E. huxleyi virus (EhV). We identified novel glycosphingolipids (GSLs) that characterize resistant E. huxleyi strains by applying an untargeted lipidomics approach. Further, we detected these lipid biomarkers in E. huxleyi isolates that were recently collected from E. huxleyi blooms and used them to detect resistant cells in the demise phase of an open ocean E. huxleyi bloom. Lastly, we show that the GSL composition of E. huxleyi cultures that recover following infection and gain resistance to the virus resembles that of resistant strains. These findings highlight the metabolic plasticity and co-evolution of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and underscore its central part in this host-virus arms race.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trophic pyramid revisited: most animal classes have more predator than herbivore species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to the trophic pyramid, a large array of herbivores (primary consumers) feed an increasingly narrower array of predators, from secondary consumers to top predators. However, the partitioning between herbivory and predation across the animal kingdom has not yet been tested at the global scale.

Here, we use a survey of 33,762 animal species across ten major taxonomic groups (five vertebrates and five invertebrates) to partition food sources at the class and phylum levels. We use this partitioning, together with class-level biomass estimates, to create a global trophic pyramid of biomass.

We show that: (1) the diet of eight of the ten groups of animals is dominated by prey rather than plants, accounting for 64-99% of the diet mass; (2) collectively across the terrestrial and marine environments, secondary consumers (invertivores; [~]1200 Mt C) have higher biomass than primary consumers (herbivores; [~]500 Mt C); (3) the two major exceptions, feeding mostly on plants, are mammals and insects; the latter form the major food source for terrestrial animals.

For animal species in most classes, plants are not a food source, but rather invertebrates, mostly arthropods. Secondary consumers (invertivores) link primary consumers and top predators, and are hence pivotal to almost all food-webs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne-Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trophic pyramid revisited: most animal classes have more predator than herbivore species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The differential regulation of placenta trophoblast bisphosphoglycerate mutase in fetal growth restriction: preclinical study in mice and observational histological study of human placenta. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pregnancy complication in which a newborn fails to achieve its growth potential, increasing the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Chronic maternal gestational hypoxia, as well as placental insufficiency are associated with increased FGR incidence; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying FGR remain unknown.

MethodsIn a case control study of murine and human control and FGR placentae, we implied MR imaging, IHC and metabolomics to assess the levels of BPGM and 2,3 BPG to elucidate the impact of maternal gestational hypoxia, and the molecular mechanisms underlying human FGR.

ResultsWe show that murine acute and chronic gestational hypoxia recapitulates FGR phenotype and affects placental structure and morphology. Gestational hypoxia decreased labyrinth area, increased the incidence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the labyrinth while expanding the placental spiral arteries (SpA) diameter. Hypoxic placentae exhibited higher hemoglobin-oxygen affinity compared to the control. Placental abundance of bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) was upregulated in the syncytiotrophoblast and spiral artery trophoblast cells (SpA TGCs) in the murine gestational hypoxia groups compared to the control. In contrast, human FGR placentae exhibited reduced BPGM levels in the syncytiotrophoblast layer compared to placentae from healthy uncomplicated pregnancies. Levels of 2,3 BPG, the product of BPGM, were lower in cord serum of human FGR placentae compared to control. Polar expression of BPGM, was found in both human and mouse placentae syncytiotrophoblast, with higher expression facing the maternal circulation. Moreover, in the murine SpA TGCs expression of BPGM was concentrated exclusively in the apical cell side, in direct proximity to the maternal circulation.

ConclusionsThis study suggests a possible involvement of placental BPGM in maternal-fetal oxygen transfer, and in the pathophysiology of FGR.

FundingThis work was supported by the Weizmann - Ichilov (Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center) Collaborative Grant in Biomedical Research (to MN) and by the Israel Science Foundation KillCorona grant 3777/19 (to MN, MK).

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=167 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/507932v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@500160org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8a68a9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd60c3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fbb209_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stroganov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellus-Alyagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Moyal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitman Mayo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biron-Shental, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The differential regulation of placenta trophoblast bisphosphoglycerate mutase in fetal growth restriction: preclinical study in mice and observational histological study of human placenta.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D electron diffraction reveals the chiral nature of the malaria pigment crystal hemozoin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detoxification of heme in Plasmodium depends on its crystallization into hemozoin. This pathway is a major target of antimalarial drugs. X-ray powder diffraction has established that the unit cell contains a cyclic hematin dimer, yet the pro-chiral nature of heme supports formation of four distinct stereoisomers, two centrosymmetric and two chiral enantiomers. Here we apply emerging methods of in situ cryo-electron tomography and diffraction to obtain a definitive structure of biogenic hemozoin. Individual crystals take a striking polar morphology. Diffraction analysis, supported by density functional theory, indicates a compositional mixture of one centrosymmetric and one chiral dimer, whose absolute configuration has been determined on the basis of crystal morphology and interaction with the aqueous medium. Structural modeling of the heme detoxification protein suggests a mechanism for dimer selection. The refined structure of hemozoin should serve as a guide to new drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klar, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruene, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houben, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzikowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatinus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D electron diffraction reveals the chiral nature of the malaria pigment crystal hemozoin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new technology for isolating organellar membranes provides fingerprints of lipid bilayer stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological membranes have a stunning ability to adapt their composition in response to physiological stress and metabolic challenges. Little is known how such perturbations affect individual organelles in eukaryotic cells. Pioneering work provided insights into the subcellular distribution of lipids, but the composition of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, which also crucially regulates lipid metabolism and the unfolded protein response, remained insufficiently characterized. Here we describe a method for purifying organellar membranes from yeast, MemPrep. We demonstrate the purity of our ER preparations by quantitative proteomics and document the general utility of MemPrep by isolating vacuolar membranes. Quantitative lipidomics establishes the lipid composition of the ER and the vacuolar membrane. Our findings have important implications for understanding the role of lipids in membrane protein insertion, folding, and their sorting along the secretory pathway. Application of the combined preparative and analytical platform to acutely stressed cells reveals dynamic ER membrane remodeling and establishes molecular fingerprints of lipid bilayer stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinhard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberkant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammaren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhorst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stumpf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new technology for isolating organellar membranes provides fingerprints of lipid bilayer stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlphaFold2-based fusion design deciphers crucial role of the E3 UFL1 N-terminal helix in E2 UFC1 binding and ufmylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ufmylation, a protein modification by Ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein UFM1, plays a crucial role in several cellular processes including DNA damage response, protein translation and ER homeostasis. To date, little is known how the enzymes responsible for this modification coordinate their action. Here we have studied the details of UFL1 (E3) activity, its binding to UFC1 (E2), and its relation to UBA5 (E1), using a combination of structural modeling with Alphafold2, X-ray crystallography, NMR, and in vitro biochemical activity assays. Guided by an Alphafold2 model, we generated an active UFL1 fusion construct that includes its cofactor DDRGK1, and solved the first crystal structure of this critical interaction. This fusion construct also unveiled the importance of the N-terminal helix of UFL1 for its binding to UFC1, which was validated by ITC and NMR experiments. Importantly, the binding site suggested by our structural model of the UFL1-UFC1 interaction reveals a conserved interface, and suggests a competition for binding to UFC1 between UFL1 and UBA5, which we reconfirmed by NMR. Altogether, our study reveals a novel, terminal helix-mediated regulatory mechanism which coordinates the cascade of E1-E2-E3 mediated transfer of UFM1 to its substrate, and provides new leads to target this important modification.

Significance statementUfmylation is an important post-translational modification, but little is known about the mechanistic details of its machinery, and in particular how the UFM1 E3 ligase (UFL1) binds and functions together with the E2 conjugating enzyme (UFC1). We combined AlphaFold2 modeling, X-ray crystallography, NMR and biochemical experiments to reveal crucial elements that govern UFL1 activity and ufmylation. We discover a crucial role for the UFL1 N-terminal helix in binding to UFC1 and productive ufmylation. This helix competes with the E1 (UBA5) C-terminal helix for binding to UFC1. Altogether, our findings uncover a new, helix-mediated regulatory mechanism in ufmylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlphaFold2-based fusion design deciphers crucial role of the E3 UFL1 N-terminal helix in E2 UFC1 binding and ufmylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modularly designed protein fragments combine into thousands of active and structurally diverse enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Design of structurally diverse enzymes is constrained by long-range interactions that are needed for accurate folding. We introduce an atomistic and machine-learning strategy for Combinatorial Assembly and Design of ENZymes, CADENZ, to design fragments that combine with one another to generate diverse, low-energy structures with stable catalytic constellations. We applied CADENZ to endoxylanases and used activity-based protein profiling to recover thousands of active and structurally diverse enzymes. Functional designs exhibit high active-site preorganization and more stable and compact packing outside the active site. Implementing these lessons into CADENZ led to a tenfold improved hit rate and >10,000 active enzymes. This design-test-learn loop can be applied, in principle, to any modular protein family, yielding huge diversity and general lessons on protein design principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipsh-Sokolik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khersonsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overkleeft, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modularly designed protein fragments combine into thousands of active and structurally diverse enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large variations in afforestation-related climate cooling and warming effects across short distances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate-related benefits of afforestation depend on the balance of the often-contrasting effects of biogeochemical (carbon sequestration) and biogeophysical (energy balance) effects. These effects are known to vary at the continental scale (e.g., from boreal to tropical regions). Here, we show based on a four-year study that the biogeochemical vs. biogeophysical balance in paired forested and non-forested ecosystems across short distances and steep aridity gradient ([~]200Km, aridity index 0.64 to 0.18) can change dramatically. The required time for the forestation cooling effects via carbon sequestration, to surpass its warming effects, associated with the forests reduced albedo and suppressed longwave radiation, decreased from >200 years in the driest sites to [~]70 years in the intermediate and [~]40 years in the wettest sites. Climate-related benefits of forestation, previously considered at large-spatial scales, should be considered at high-spatial resolutions in climate-change mitigation programs aimed at taking advantage of the vast non-forested dry regions.

TeaserClimate-related effects of afforestation can vary between cooling and warming effects across 200 km.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohatyn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarinov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.18.508428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large variations in afforestation-related climate cooling and warming effects across short distances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics Landscape of Proteins in Mammalian Cells Revealed by In-cell NMR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Governing function, half life and subcellular localization, the 3D structure and dynamics of proteins are in nature constantly changing in a tightly regulated manner to fulfill the physiological and adaptive requirements of the cells. To find evidence for this hypothesis, we applied in-cell NMR to three folded model proteins and propose that the splitting of cross peaks are due to distinct structural states that arise from multiple target binding co-existing inside mammalian cells as a result of subcellular localisation including distinct cell compartments. In addition to peak splitting, we observed NMR signal intensity attenuations indicative of transient interactions with other molecules and dynamics on the microsecond to millisecond time scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadavath, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prymaczok, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics Landscape of Proteins in Mammalian Cells Revealed by In-cell NMR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.508492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative single cell and spatial transcriptomics of colorectal cancer reveals multicellular functional units that support tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.508492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While advances in single cell genomics have helped to chart the cellular components of tumor ecosystems, it has been more challenging to characterize their specific spatial organization and functional interactions. Here, we combine single cell RNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics by Slide-seq, and in situ multiplex RNA analysis, to create a detailed spatial map of healthy and dysplastic colon cellular ecosystems and their association with disease progression. We profiled inducible genetic CRC mouse models that recapitulate key features of human CRC, assigned cell types and epithelial expression programs to spatial tissue locations in tumors, and computationally used them to identify the regional features spanning different cells in the same spatial niche. We find that tumors were organized in cellular neighborhoods, each with a distinct composition of cell subtypes, expression programs, and local cellular interactions. Comparing to scRNA-seq and Slide-seq data from human CRC, we find that both cell composition and layout features were conserved between the species, with mouse neighborhoods correlating with malignancy and clinical outcome in human patient tumors, highlighting the relevance of our findings to human disease. Our work offers a comprehensive framework that is applicable across various tissues, tumors, and disease conditions, with tools for the extrapolation of findings from experimental mouse models to human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham-Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mages, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klughammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorey, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.508492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative single cell and spatial transcriptomics of colorectal cancer reveals multicellular functional units that support tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent oscillations during cellular directional decision-making on junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motile cells inside living tissues often encounter junctions, where their path branches into several alternative directions of migration. We present a theoretical model of cellular polarization for cells migrating along one-dimensional lines, arriving at a symmetric Y-junction and extending protrusions along the different paths that emanate from the junction. The model predicts the spontaneous emergence of deterministic oscillations between competing protrusions, whereby the cellular polarization and growth alternates between the competing protrusions. The oscillations are modified by cellular noise, but remain as a dominant feature which affects the time it takes the cell to migrate across the junction. These predicted oscillations in the cellular polarization during the directional decision making process at the junction are found experimentally for two different cell types, non-cancerous endothelial and cancerous glioma cells, migrating on patterned network of thin adhesive lanes with junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ron, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kux, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent oscillations during cellular directional decision-making on junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of BclxL inhibitors that target transmembrane domain interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several methods have been developed to explore interactions among water-soluble proteins or regions of proteins. However, techniques to target transmembrane domains have not been examined thoroughly. Here we developed a novel computational approach to design transmembrane sequences that specifically modulate protein-protein interactions in the membrane. To illustrate this method we demonstrated that BclxL can interact with other members of the Bcl2 family through the transmembrane domain and that these interactions are necessary for BclxL control of cell death. Next, we designed sequences that specifically recognize and sequester the transmembrane domain of BclxL. Hence, we were able to prevent BclxL intra-membrane interactions and cancel its anti-apoptotic effect. These results advance our understanding of protein-protein interactions in membranes and provide new means to modulate them. Moreover, the success of our approach may trigger the development of a new generation of inhibitors targeting interactions between transmembrane domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadea-Salom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of BclxL inhibitors that target transmembrane domain interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fragment-Based Hit Discovery via Unsupervised Learning of Fragment-Protein Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of finding molecules that bind to a target protein is a challenging first step in drug discovery. Crystallographic fragment screening is a strategy based on elucidating binding modes of small polar compounds and then building potency by expanding or merging them. Recent advances in high-throughput crystallography enable screening of large fragment libraries, reading out dense ensembles of fragments spanning the binding site. However, fragments typically have low affinity thus the road to potency is often long and fraught with false starts. Here, we take advantage of high-throughput crystallography to reframe fragment-based hit discovery as a denoising problem - identifying significant pharmacophore distributions from a fragment ensemble amid noise due to weak binders - and employ an unsupervised machine learning method to tackle this problem. Our method screens potential molecules by evaluating whether they recapitulate those fragment-derived pharmacophore distributions. We retrospectively validated our approach on an open science campaign against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), showing that our method can distinguish active compounds from inactive ones using only structural data of fragment-protein complexes, without any activity data. Further, we prospectively found novel hits for Mpro and the Mac1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 3. More broadly, our results demonstrate how unsupervised machine learning helps interpret high throughput crystallography data to rapidly discover of potent chemical modulators of protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCorkindale, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correy, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fragment-Based Hit Discovery via Unsupervised Learning of Fragment-Protein Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization-Based Decoding of Imaging Spatial Transcriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationImaging Spatial Transcriptomics (iST) techniques characterize gene expression in cells in their native context by imaging barcoded probes for mRNA with single molecule resolution. However, the need to acquire many rounds of high-magnification imaging data limits the throughput and impact of existing methods.

ResultsWe describe the Joint Sparse method for Imaging Transcriptomics (JSIT), an algorithm for decoding lower magnification IT data than that used in standard experimental workflows. JSIT incorporates codebook knowledge and sparsity assumptions into an optimization problem which is less reliant on well separated optical signals than current pipelines. Using experimental data obtained by performing Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (MERFISH) on tissue from mouse motor cortex, we demonstrate that JSIT enables improved throughput and recovery performance over standard decoding methods.

Contactyonina.eldar@weizmann.ac.il, sfarhi@broadinstitute.org, bcleary@bu.edu

Availability and ImplementationSoftware implementation of JSIT, together with example files, are available at https://github.com/jpbryan13/JSIT.

Supplementary InformationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization-Based Decoding of Imaging Spatial Transcriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lncRNA landscape of cardiac resident macrophages and identification of Schlafenlnc as a regulator of macrophage migratory function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac resident macrophages (crMPs) were recently shown to exert pivotal functions in cardiac homeostasis and disease, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as important regulatory molecules in a number of cell types, but neither the identity nor the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in crMPs are known. Here, we have employed deep RNA-seq and single cell RNA sequencing to resolve the crMP lncRNA landscape from healthy and diseased murine myocardium. CrMPs express previously unknown and highly cell type-specific lncRNAs, among which one lncRNA, termed Schlafenlnc, was particularly abundant and enriched in crMPs. We found Schlafenlnc to be necessary for migration-associated gene expression in macrophages in vitro and in vivo and essential for their adhesion and migration. Collectively, our data provide a basis to the systematic characterization of lncRNAs in crMPs and establish Schlafenlnc as a critical regulator of macrophage migratory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dueck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althaus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfandyari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayguen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagneur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knolle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leisegang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzonyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Supprian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lncRNA landscape of cardiac resident macrophages and identification of Schlafenlnc as a regulator of macrophage migratory function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny and biogeography of the algal DMS-releasing enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytoplankton produce the volatile dimethyl sulfide (DMS), an important infochemical, which is emitted to the atmosphere and affecting the global climate. Albeit the enzymatic source for DMS in eukaryotes was elucidated, namely a DMSP lyase (DL) called Alma1, we still lack basic knowledge regarding its taxonomy and biogeographic distribution. We defined unique sequence motifs which enable the identification of DL homologs (DLHs) in model systems and environmental populations. We used these motifs to predict DLHs in diverse algae by analyzing hundreds of genomic and transcriptomic sequences from model systems under stress conditions and from environmental samples. Our findings show that the DL enzyme is more taxonomically widespread than previously thought, as it is encoded by known algal taxa as haptophytes and dinoflagellates, but also by chlorophytes, pelagophytes and diatoms, which were conventionally considered to lack the DL enzyme. By exploring the Tara Oceans database, we showed that DLHs are widespread across the oceans and are predominantly expressed by dinoflagellates. Certain dinoflagellate DLHs were differentially expressed between the euphotic and mesopelagic zones, suggesting a functional specialization and an involvement in the metabolic plasticity of mixotrophic dinoflagellates. In specific regions as the Southern Ocean, DLH expression by haptophytes and diatoms was correlated with environmental drivers such as nutrient availability. The expanded repertoire of putative DL enzymes from diverse microbial origins and geographic niches suggests new potential players in the marine sulfur cycle and provides a foundation to study the cellular function in marine microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny and biogeography of the algal DMS-releasing enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mega-scale experimental analysis of protein folding stability in biology and protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in DNA sequencing and machine learning are illuminating protein sequences and structures on an enormous scale. However, the energetics driving folding are invisible in these structures and remain largely unknown. The hidden thermodynamics of folding can drive disease, shape protein evolution, and guide protein engineering, and new approaches are needed to reveal these thermodynamics for every sequence and structure. We present cDNA display proteolysis, a new method for measuring thermodynamic folding stability for up to 900,000 protein domains in a one-week experiment. From 1.8 million measurements in total, we curated a set of ~850,000 high-quality folding stabilities covering all single amino acid variants and selected double mutants of 354 natural and 188 de novo designed protein domains 40-72 amino acids in length. Using this immense dataset, we quantified (1) environmental factors influencing amino acid fitness, (2) thermodynamic couplings (including unexpected interactions) between protein sites, and (3) the global divergence between evolutionary amino acid usage and protein folding stability. We also examined how our approach could identify stability determinants in designed proteins and evaluate design methods. The cDNA display proteolysis method is fast, accurate, and uniquely scalable, and promises to reveal the quantitative rules for how amino acid sequences encode folding stability.

One-Sentence SummaryMassively parallel measurement of protein folding stability by cDNA display proteolysis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsuboyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocklin, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mega-scale experimental analysis of protein folding stability in biology and protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.524522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p16-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 impairs immunosurveillance of senescent cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.524522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of senescent cells promotes aging, but a molecular mechanism that senescent cells use to evade immune clearance and accumulate remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that p16-positive senescent cells upregulate the immune checkpoint protein programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to accumulate in aging and chronic inflammation. p16-mediated inhibition of CDK4/6 promotes PD-L1 stability in senescent cells via the downregulation of ubiquitin-dependent degradation. p16 expression in infiltrating macrophages induces an immunosuppressive environment that can contribute to an increased burden of senescent cells. Treatment with immunostimulatory anti-PD-L1 antibody enhances the cytotoxic T cell activity and leads to the elimination of p16, PD-L1-positive cells. Our study uncovers a molecular mechanism of p16-dependent regulation of PD-L1 protein stability in senescent cells and reveals the potential of PD-L1 as a target for treating senescence-mediated age-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majewska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roitman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landsberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzenelenbogen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanojevic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.524522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p16-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 impairs immunosurveillance of senescent cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic hyper-resistance in a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase with altered active site signature motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics target key biological processes that include protein synthesis. Bacteria respond by developing resistance, which increases rapidly due to antibiotics overuse. Mupirocin, a clinically used natural antibiotic, inhibits isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IleRS), an enzyme that links isoleucine to its tRNAIle for protein synthesis. Two IleRSs, mupirocin-sensitive IleRS1 and resistant IleRS2, coexist in bacteria. The latter may also be found in resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Here, we describe the structural basis of mupirocin resistance and unravel a mechanism of hyper-resistance evolved by some IleRS2 proteins. We surprisingly find that an up to 103-fold increase in resistance originates from alteration of the HIGH motif, a signature motif of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to which IleRSs belong. The structural analysis demonstrates how an altered HIGH motif could be adopted in IleRS2 but not IleRS1, providing insight into an elegant mechanism for coevolution of the key catalytic motif and associated antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brkic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibundgut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Car, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic-Perokovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsavelski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruic-Sovulj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic hyper-resistance in a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase with altered active site signature motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.530392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic synaptic scaling optimizes learning in network models of neural population codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.530392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying and understanding the code of large neural populations hinge on accurate statistical models of population activity. A novel class of models, based on learning to weigh sparse non-linear Random Projections (RP) of the population, has demonstrated high accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. Importantly, these RP models have a clear and biologically-plausible implementation as shallow neural networks. We present a new class of RP models that are learned by optimizing the randomly selected sparse projections themselves. This "reshaping" of projections is akin to changing synaptic connections in just one layer of the corresponding neural circuit model. We show that Reshaped RP models are more accurate and efficient than the standard RP models in recapitulating the code of tens of cortical neurons from behaving monkeys. Incorporating more biological features and utilizing synaptic normalization in the learning process, results in accurate models that are more efficient. Remarkably, these models exhibit homeostasis in firing rates and total synaptic weights of projection neurons. We further show that these sparse homeostatic reshaped RP models outperform fully connected neural network models. Thus, our new scalable, efficient, and highly accurate population code models are not only biologically-plausible but are actually optimized due to their biological features. These findings suggest a dual functional role of synaptic normalization in neural circuits: maintaining spiking and synaptic homeostasis while concurrently optimizing network performance and efficiency in encoding information and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.530392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic synaptic scaling optimizes learning in network models of neural population codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure and function of neural connectomes are shaped by a small number of design principles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The map of synaptic connectivity among neurons in the brain shapes the computations that neural circuits may perform. Inferring the design principles of neural connectomes is, therefore, fundamental for understanding brain development and architecture, neural computations, learning, and behavior. Here, we learn probabilistic generative models for the connectomes of the olfactory bulb of zebrafish, part of the mouse visual cortex, and of C. elegans. We show that, in all cases, models that rely on a surprisingly small number of simple biological and physical features are highly accurate in replicating a wide range of properties of the measured circuits. Specifically, they accurately predict the existence of individual synapses and their strength, distributions of synaptic indegree and outdegree of the neurons, frequency of sub-network motifs, and more. Furthermore, we simulate synthetic circuits generated by our model for the olfactory bulb of zebrafish and show that they replicate the computation that the real circuit performs in response to olfactory cues. Finally, we show that specific failures of our models reflect missing design features that we uncover by adding latent features to the model. Thus, our results reflect surprisingly simple design principles of real connectomes in three different systems and species, and offer a novel general computational framework for analyzing connectomes and linking structure and function in neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure and function of neural connectomes are shaped by a small number of design principles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Transcriptional Landscape during Cytomegalovirus Latency with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in a lifelong infection due to its ability to establish latent infection, one characterized viral reservoir being hematopoietic cells. Although reactivation from latency causes serious disease in immunocompromised individuals, our molecular understanding of latency is limited. Here, we delineate viral gene expression during natural HCMV persistent infection by analyzing the massive RNA-seq atlas generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. This systematic analysis reveals that HCMV persistence in-vivo is prevalent in diverse tissues. Unexpectedly, we find only viral transcripts that resemble gene expression during stages of lytic infection with no evidence of any highly restricted latency-associated viral gene expression program. To further define the transcriptional landscape during HCMV latent infection, we also used single cell RNA-seq and a tractable experimental latency model. In contrast to current views on latency, we also find no evidence for a specific restricted latency-associated viral gene expression program. Instead, we reveal that latency-associated gene expression largely mirrors a late lytic viral program albeit at much lower levels of expression. Overall, our work has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of HCMV persistence and suggests that latency is governed mainly by quantitative changes, with a limited number of qualitative changes, in viral gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shnayder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binyamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Transcriptional Landscape during Cytomegalovirus Latency with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of migrating entheses involves replacement of progenitor populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attachment sites of tendons to bones, called entheses, are essential for proper musculoskeletal function. They are formed embryonically by Sox9+ progenitors and undergo a developmental process that continues into the postnatal period and involves Gli1 lineage cells. During bone elongation, some entheses maintain their relative positions by actively migrating along the bone shaft, while others, located at the bones extremities, remain stationary. Despite their importance, we lack information on the developmental transition from embryonic to mature enthesis and on the relation between Sox9+ progenitors and Gli1 lineage cells. Here, by performing a series of lineage tracing experiments, we identify the onset of Gli1 lineage contribution to different entheses during embryogenesis. We show that Gli1 expression is regulated by SHH signaling during embryonic development, whereas postnatally it is maintained by IHH signaling. Interestingly, we found that unlike in stationary entheses, where Sox9+ cells differentiate into the Gli1 lineage, in migrating entheses the Sox9 lineage is replaced by Gli1 lineage and do not contribute to the mature enthesis. Moreover, we show that these Gli1+ progenitors are pre-specified embryonically to form the different cellular domains of the mature enthesis.nnOverall, these findings demonstrate a developmental strategy whereby one progenitor population establishes a simple, embryonic tissue, whereas another population is responsible for its maturation into a complex structure during its migration. Moreover, they suggest that different cell populations may be considered for cell-based therapy of enthesis injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felsenthal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryce, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of migrating entheses involves replacement of progenitor populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 20S proteasome receptor for degradation of intrinsically disordered proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degradation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) by the 20S proteasome, unlike ubiquitin-dependent 26S proteasomal degradation, does not require proteasomal targeting by polyubiquitin. However, how these proteins are recognized by the proteasome was unknown. We report here on a mechanism of 20S proteasome targeting. Analysis of protein interactome datasets revealed that the proteasome subunit PSMA3 interacts with many IDPs. By employing in vivo and cell-free experiments we demonstrated that the PSMA3 C-terminus binds p21, c-Fos and p53, all IDPs and 20S proteasome substrates. A 69 amino-acids long fragment is autonomously functional in interacting with IDP substrates. Remarkably, this fragment in isolation blocks the degradation of a large number of IDPs in vitro and increases the half-life of proteins in vivo. We propose a model whereby the PSMA3 C-terminal region plays a role of substrate receptor in the process of proteasomal degradation of many IDPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broennimann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 20S proteasome receptor for degradation of intrinsically disordered proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic addiction to high 26S proteasome levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteasomes are large intracellular complexes responsible for the degradation of cellular proteins. The altered protein homeostasis of cancer cells results in increased dependency on proteasome function. There are several different proteasome complexes that may be assembled in cells, with the 20S catalytic core common to them all. 20S proteasomes can function in isolation, or as part of larger complexes (26S) with regulatory particles (RP) such as the 19S that is needed for the targeting and processing of ubiquitinated substrates. Proteasome inhibitors target the catalytic barrel (20S) and thus this inhibition does not allow the deconvolution of the distinct roles of 20S vs. 26S proteasomes in cancer progression. We examined the degree of dependency of cancer cells specifically to the level of the 26S proteasome complex. We found that oncogenic transformation of human and mouse immortalized cells with mutant Ras induced a strong increase in the translation of the 26S proteasome subunits, giving rise to high 26S complex levels. We show that depletion of a single subunit of the 19S RP was sufficient to significantly reduce the 26S proteasome level and lower the cellular 26S/20S ratio. We further demonstrate that the accumulated 26S proteasome was essential for the viability of the transformed cells. Moreover, the viability of 20 different cancer cell lines, but not normal human fibroblasts, was severely compromised upon specific 26S proteasome suppression regardless of their p53 status. Suppression of 26S activated the UPR and Caspase-3, which at least partially explains the cell-killing effect. Morphologically, suppression of the 26S proteasome resulted in cytoplasm shrinkage and nuclear deformation. Thus, the tumor cell-specific addiction to high 26S proteasome levels sets the stage for future strategies in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsvetkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic addiction to high 26S proteasome levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient CRISPR/Cas-mediated homologous recombination in the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas enables targeted genome editing in many different plant and algal species including the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. However, efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination (HR) to date is only reported for photosynthetic organisms in their haploid life-cycle phase and there are no examples of efficient nuclease-meditated HR in any photosynthetic organism. Here, a CRISPR/Cas construct, assembled using Golden Gate cloning, enabled highly efficient HR for the first time in a diploid photosynthetic organism. HR was induced in T. pseudonana by means of sequence specific CRISPR/Cas, paired with a donor matrix, generating substitution of the silacidin gene by a resistance cassette (FCP:NAT). Approximately 85% of NAT resistant T. pseudonana colonies screened positive for HR using a nested PCR approach and confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products. The knockout of the silacidin gene in T. pseudonana caused a significant increase in cell size, confirming the role of this gene for cell-size regulation in centric diatoms. Highly efficient gene targeting by HR makes T. pseudonana as genetically tractable as Nannochloropsis and Physcomitrella, hence rapidly advancing functional diatom biology, bionanotechnology and any biotechnological application targeted on harnessing the metabolic potential of diatoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belshaw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grouneva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient CRISPR/Cas-mediated homologous recombination in the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation and disassembly of a contractile actomyosin network mediates content release from large secretory vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secretion of adhesive glycoproteins to the lumen of Drosophila larval salivary glands is carried out by contraction of an actomyosin network that is assembled around large secretory vesicles, following their fusion to the apical membranes. We have identified a cycle of actin coat nucleation and disassembly that is independent of myosin. Recruitment of active Rho1 to the fused vesicle triggers activation of the formin Diaphanous and nucleation of linear actin. This, in turn, leads to actin-dependent localization of a RhoGAP protein that locally shuts off Rho1, promoting disassembly of the actin coat. Recruitment of the branched actin nucleation machinery is also required for effective Rho1 inactivation. Interestingly, different blocks to actin coat disassembly arrested vesicle contraction, indicating that actin turnover is an integral part of the actomyosin contraction cycle. The capacity of F-actin to trigger a negative feedback on its own production may be utilized in a variety of scenarios, to coordinate a succession of morphogenetic events or maintain homeostasis.nnSummaryThis work identified a cycle of actin assembly and disassembly in large secretory vesicles of Drosophila salivary glands. Actin disassembly is triggered by actin-dependent recruitment of a RhoGAP protein, and is essential for the contractility of the vesicle leading to content release to the lumen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schejter, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation and disassembly of a contractile actomyosin network mediates content release from large secretory vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing gene expression by adapting splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can splicing be used by cells to adapt to new environmental challenges? While various adaptation mechanisms for regulating gene expression have been revealed for transcription and translation, the role of splicing and how it evolves to optimize gene-expression patterns has not been thoroughly investigated. To tackle this question, we employed a lab-evolution experimental approach that challenged yeast cells to increase expression levels of a gene that carries an inefficiently-spliced intron. We followed the evolution of multiple lines and found independent routes by which cells adapted. Surprisingly, we did not observe an intron loss event, a mechanism believed to be common in intron evolution. Instead, we identified mutations in cis that improved the introns splicing efficiency and increased the overall expression level of the entire gene. One of these cis-acting mutations occurred in an adjacent exon and hampered the functionality of the gene that was not under selection - demonstrating that adaptation of splicing efficiency may sometimes come at the expense of protein activity. Additionally, we observed adaptations in trans, which increased the cellular availability of the splicing machinery. These adaptations were achieved either by elevated expression levels of the splicing apparatus or, unexpectedly, by reduced expression levels of other intron-containing genes that are the natural consumers of this process. Ultimately, our work reveals novel molecular means by which the splicing machinery is changed by natural selection to optimize gene-expression patterns of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frumkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yofe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voichek, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing gene expression by adapting splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-efficiency optogenetic silencing with soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic silencing allows time-resolved functional interrogation of defined neuronal populations. However, the limitations of inhibitory optogenetic tools impose stringent constraints on experimental paradigms. The high light power requirement of light-driven ion pumps and their effects on intracellular ion homeostasis pose unique challenges, particularly in experiments that demand inhibition of a widespread neuronal population in vivo. Guillardia theta anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (GtACRs) are promising in this regard, due to their high single-channel conductance and favorable photon-ion stoichiometry. However, GtACRs show poor membrane targeting in mammalian cells, and the activity of such channels can cause transient excitation in the axon due to an excitatory chloride reversal potential in this compartment. Here we address both problems by enhancing membrane targeting and subcellular compartmentalization of GtACRs. The resulting GtACR-based optogenetic tools show improved photocurrents, greatly reduced axonal excitation, high light sensitivity and rapid kinetics, allowing highly efficient inhibition of neuronal activity in the mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Kashi Malina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Printz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oring, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-efficiency optogenetic silencing with soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide resource for high-throughput genomic tagging of yeast ORFs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe a C-SWAT library for high-throughput tagging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs. It consists of 5661 strains with an acceptor module inserted after each ORF, which can be efficiently replaced with tags or regulatory elements. We validate the library with targeted sequencing and demonstrate its use by tagging the yeast proteome with bright fluorescent proteins, determining how sequences downstream of ORFs influence protein expression and localizing previously undetected proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meurer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sass, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kats, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchmuller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dederer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirrmaier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Laer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemberg, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khmelinskii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide resource for high-throughput genomic tagging of yeast ORFs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AWARENESS OF THE OUTCOME OF SELF-INITIATED POINTING ACTIONS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Are we aware of the outcome of our actions? The participants pointed rapidly at a screen location marked by a transient visual target (T), with and without seeing their hand, and were asked to estimate (E) their landing location (L) using the same finger but without time constraints. We found that L and E are systematically and idiosyncratically shifted away from their corresponding targets (T, L), suggesting unawareness. Moreover, E was biased away from L, toward T (21% and 37%, with and without visual feedback), in line with a putative Bayesian account of the results, assuming a strong prior in the absence of vision. However, L (the assumed prior) and E (the assumed posterior) precisions were practically identical, arguing against such an account of the results. Instead, the results are well accounted for by a simple model positing that the participants E is set to the planned rather than the actual L. When asked to estimate their landing location, participants appeared to reenact their original motor plan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granjon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AWARENESS OF THE OUTCOME OF SELF-INITIATED POINTING ACTIONS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simplifying the combined use of CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-loxP technologies for the efficient generation of targeted conditional gene knockouts in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene knockout technologies have contributed fundamentally to our understanding of the cellular functions of various genes. Two prevalent systems used for the efficient elimination of the expression of specific genes are the Cre-LoxP system and the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Here we present a simple method that combines the use of CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-loxP for the conditional deletion of essential genes in mammalian cells. First, an inducible Cre recombinase is stably expressed in the cells. Next CRISPR-Cas9 is used to knockout an essential gene, whose function is complemented by stable expression of a FLAG-tagged version of the same protein encoded from a floxed transcription unit containing silent mutations, making it refractory to the CRISPR-Cas9 guide. This FLAG-tagged protein can be deleted by activating the expressed Cre protein enabling evaluation of the cellular consequences of its deletion. We have further used this system to evaluate potential mutants of the tested gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simplifying the combined use of CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-loxP technologies for the efficient generation of targeted conditional gene knockouts in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time visual interactions across the boundary of awareness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between our conscious experiences of the visual world and the neuronal processes involved in the processing of visual information is a central theme of current research. However, it is not yet known whether conscious experiences possess unique quantitative or qualitative processing features. Recently we have shown that two visual stimuli, one consciously experienced and one not, interact as function of features and objects similarity, pointing to preserved visual representations in the absence of perceptual awareness. Here we ask whether these representations can be modified in the absence of perceptual awareness by testing interactions while the unperceived stimulus is being modified outside of ones awareness. Observers performed a Motion Induced Blindness task, wherein a plaid  Target was morphed into a Gabor patch once disappearance was reported. Reappearances of the morphed target were induced by a visible  Cue. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of the cue depends on the target representation during the time of suppression. Reappearance rates were highest when the morphed target and the cue share the same orientations. Our findings indicate that the target-cue interactions do not depend on memory-stored representations, but rather on the current state of the consciously unavailable target. We conclude that visual representations can be modified in the absence of conscious perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meital-Kfir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time visual interactions across the boundary of awareness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of High-Order Organization of Guanine-Based Reflectors Underlies the Dual Functionality of the Zebrafish Iris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many marine organisms have evolved a reflective iris to prevent unfocused light from reaching the retina. The fish iris has a dual function, both to camouflage the eye and serving as a light barrier. Yet, the mechanism that enables this dual functionality and the benefits of using a reflective iris have remained unclear. Using synchrotron micro-focused diffraction, cryo-SEM imaging and optical analyses on zebrafish at different stages of development, we show that the complex optical response of the iris is facilitated by the development a high-order organization of multilayered guanine-based crystal reflectors and pigments. We further demonstrate how the efficient light reflector is established during development to allow the optical functionality of the eye, already at early developmental stages. These results shed light on the evolutionary drive for developing a compact reflective iris, which is widely used by many animal species.nnSignificance StatementThe fish iris is an exquisite example of natures remarkable engineering where specialized cells, dubbed iridophores, produce an efficient light reflector made of guanine-based crystals. This unique structure of the fish iris serves a dual function: In addition to its role as a light barrier, the iris has a second role of camouflaging the eye by creating a silvery reflectance, which merges with the fish skin. The underlying mechanism that enables the aforementioned dual functionality of the fish iris as well as the structural morphogenesis of the guanine reflector during embryonic development, remained unclear. We show that complex optical response of the iris is facilitated by the establishment of a high-order organization of multilayered guanine-based crystal reflectors and pigments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Elli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of High-Order Organization of Guanine-Based Reflectors Underlies the Dual Functionality of the Zebrafish Iris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoxanthopterin: An Optically Functional Biogenic Crystal in the Eyes of Decapod Crustaceans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eyes of some aquatic animals form images through reflective optics. Shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and prawns possess reflecting superposition compound eyes, composed of thousands of square-faceted eye-units (ommatidia). Mirrors in the upper part of the eye (the distal mirror) reflect light collected from many ommatidia onto the underlying photosensitive elements of the retina, the rhabdoms. A second reflector, the tapetum, underlying the retina, back-scatters dispersed light onto the rhabdoms. Using microCT and cryo-SEM imaging accompanied by in situ micro-X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy, we investigated the hierarchical organization and materials properties of the reflective systems at high resolution and under close to physiological conditions. We show that the distal mirror consists of three or four layers of sparse plate-like nano-crystals. The tapetum is a diffuse reflector composed of hollow nanoparticles constructed from concentric lamellae of crystals. Isoxanthopterin, a pteridine analog of guanine, forms both the reflectors in the distal mirror and in the tapetum. The crystal structure of isoxanthopterin was determined from crystal structure prediction calculations and verified by comparison with experimental X-ray diffraction. The extended hydrogen bonded layers of the molecules results in an extremely high calculated refractive index in the H-bonded plane, n = 1.96, which makes isoxanthopterin crystals an ideal reflecting material. The crystal structure of isoxanthopterin, together with a detailed knowledge of the reflector superstructures, provide a rationalization of the reflective optics of the crustacean eye.nnSignificanceAquatic animals use reflectors in their eyes either to form images or to increase photon capture. Guanine is the most widespread molecular component of these reflectors. Here we show that crystals of isoxanthopterin, a pteridine analogue of guanine, form both the image-forming  distal mirror and the intensity-enhancing tapetum reflector in the compound eyes of some decapod crustaceans. The crystal structure of isoxanthopterin was determined, providing an explanation for why these crystals are so well suited for efficient reflection. Pteridines were previously known only as pigments and our discovery raises the question of which other organic molecules may be used to form crystals with superior reflective properties either in organisms or in artificial optical devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aflalo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoxanthopterin: An Optically Functional Biogenic Crystal in the Eyes of Decapod Crustaceans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On a non-trivial application of Algebraic Topology to Molecular Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brouwers fixed point theorem, a fundamental theorem in algebraic topology proved more than a hundred years ago, states that given any continuous map from a closed, simply connected set into itself, there is a point that is mapped unto itself. Here we point out the connection between a one-dimensional application of Brouwers fixed point theorem and a mechanism proposed to explain how extension of single-stranded DNA substrates by recombinases of the RecA superfamily facilitates significantly the search for homologous sequences on long chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braslavsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On a non-trivial application of Algebraic Topology to Molecular Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane potential correlates of network decorrelation and improved SNR by cholinergic activation in the somatosensory cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus basalis (NB) projects cholinergic axons to the cortex where they play a major role in arousal, attention and learning. Cholinergic inputs shift cortical dynamics from synchronous to asynchronous and improves the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of sensory response. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Using simultaneous extracellular and whole cell patch recordings in layer 4 barrel cortex we show that activation of the cholinergic system has a differential effect on ongoing and sensory evoked activities. Cholinergic activation eliminated the large and correlated spontaneous synaptic fluctuations in membrane potential while sparing the synaptic response to whisker stimulation. This differential effect of cholinergic activation provides a unified explanation for the increased SNR of sensory response and for the reduction in both trial to trial variability and noise correlations as well as explaining the shift into desynchronized cortical state which are the hallmarks of arousal and attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane potential correlates of network decorrelation and improved SNR by cholinergic activation in the somatosensory cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary tradeoffs and the structure of allelic polymorphisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Populations of organisms show prevalent genetic differences called polymorphisms. Understanding the effects of polymorphisms is of central importance in biology and medicine. Here, we ask which polymorphisms occur at high frequency when organisms evolve under tradeoffs between multiple tasks. Multiple tasks present a problem, because it is not possible to be optimal at all tasks simultaneously and hence compromises are necessary. Recent work indicates that tradeoffs lead to a simple geometry of phenotypes in the space of traits: phenotypes fall on the Pareto front, which is shaped as a polytope: a line, triangle, tetrahedron etc. The vertices of these polytopes are the optimal phenotypes for a single task. Up to now, work on this Pareto approach has not considered its genetic underpinnings. Here, we address this by asking how the polymorphism structure of a population is affected by evolution under tradeoffs. We simulate a multi-task selection scenario, in which the population evolves to the Pareto front: the line segment between two archetypes or the triangle between three archetypes. We find that polymorphisms that become prevalent in the population have pleiotropic phenotypic effects that align with the Pareto front. Similarly, epistatic effects between prevalent polymorphisms are parallel to the front. Alignment with the front occurs also for asexual mating. Alignment is reduced when drift or linkage is strong, and is replaced by a more complex structure in which many perpendicular allele effects cancel out. Aligned polymorphism structure allows mating to produce offspring that stand a good chance of being optimal multi-taskers in at least one of the locales available to the species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheftel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/244210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary tradeoffs and the structure of allelic polymorphisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic detection of amino acid substitutions in proteome reveals a mechanistic basis of ribosome errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation errors limit the accuracy of information transmission from DNA to proteins. Selective pressures shape the way cells produce their proteins: the translation machinery and the mRNA sequences it decodes co-evolved to ensure that translation proceeds fast and accurately in a wide range of environmental conditions. Our understanding of the causes of amino acid misincorporations and of their effect on the evolution of protein sequences is largely hindered by the lack of experimental methods to observe errors at the full proteome level. Here, we systematically detect and quantify errors in entire proteomes from mass spectrometry data. Following HPLC MS-MS data acquisition, we identify E. coli and S. cerevisiae peptides whose mass and fragment ion spectrum are consistent with that of a peptide bearing a single amino acid substitution, and verify that such spectrum cannot result from a post-translational modification. Our analyses confirm that most substitutions occur due to codon-to-anticodon mispairing within the ribosome. Patterns of errors due to mispairing were similar in bacteria and yeast, suggesting that the error spectrum is chemically constrained. Treating E. coli cells with a drug known to affect ribosomal proofreading increased the error rates due to mispairing at the wobble codon position. Starving bacteria for serine resulted in specific patterns of substitutions reflecting the amino acid deficiency. Overall, translation errors tend to occur at positions that are less evolutionarily conserved, and that minimally affect protein energetic stability, indicating that they are selected against. Genome wide ribosome density data suggest that errors occur at sites where ribosome velocity is relatively high, supporting the notion of a trade-off between speed and accuracy as predicted by proofreading theories. Together our results reveal a mechanistic basis for ribosome errors in translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehonadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnabas, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic detection of amino acid substitutions in proteome reveals a mechanistic basis of ribosome errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial growth law out of steady-state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial growth depends on numerous reactions, and yet follows surprisingly simple laws that inspired biologists for decades. Growth laws until now primarily dealt with steady-state exponential growth in constant conditions. However, bacteria in nature often face fluctuating environments, with nutritional upshifts and downshifts. We therefore ask whether there are growth laws that apply to changing environments. We derive a law for strong upshifts using an optimal resource-allocation model that was previously calibrated at steady-state growth: the post-shift growth rate equals the geometrical mean of the pre-shift growth rate and the growth rate on saturating carbon. We test this using chemostat and robotic batch culture experiments, as well as previous data from several species, and find good agreement with the model predictions. The increase in growth rate after an upshift indicates that ribosomes have spare capacity. We demonstrate theoretically that spare ribosomal capacity has the cost of slow steady-state growth, but is beneficial in fluctuating environments because it prevents large overshoots in intracellular metabolites after an upshift and allows rapid response to change. We also provide predictions for downshifts for future experimental tests. Spare capacity appears in diverse biological systems, and the present study quantifies the optimal degree of spare capacity, which rises the slower the growth rate, and suggests that it can be precisely regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial growth law out of steady-state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming protein abundance fluctuations in single cells by degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isogenic cells living in the same environment show a natural heterogeneity associated with fluctuations in gene expression. When these fluctuations propagate through cellular regulatory networks, they can give rise to noise regulons, whereby multiple genes fluctuate in a coordinated fashion in single cells. The propagation of these fluctuations has been extensively characterized at the transcriptional level. For example, variations in transcription factor concentration induce correlated fluctuations in the abundance of target gene products. Here, we find that such noise regulons can also stem from protein degradation. We expressed pairs of yellow and red fluorescent proteins, subjected them to differential translation or degradation, and analyzed their fluctuations in single cells. While differential translation had little impact on fluctuations, protein degradation was found to be a dominant contributor. A mathematical model to decompose fluctuations arising from multiple sources of regulation revealed that cells with higher protein production capacity also exhibited higher protein degradation capacity. This association uncouples fluctuations in protein abundance from fluctuations in production rate, and can generate orthogonal noise regulons even for proteins relying on the same transcriptional program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matalon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sass, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming protein abundance fluctuations in single cells by degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interplay of synaptic plasticity and scaling enables the self-organized allocation of multiple memory representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is commonly assumed that memories about experienced stimuli are represented by groups of highly interconnected neurons called cell assemblies. This requires allocating and storing information in the neural circuitry, which happens through synaptic weight adaptation. It remains, however, largely unknown how memory allocation and storage can be achieved and coordinated to allow for a faithful representation of multiple memories without disruptive interference between them. In this theoretical study, we show that the interplay between conventional synaptic plasticity and homeostatic synaptic scaling organizes synaptic weight adaptations such that a new stimulus forms a new memory and where different stimuli are assigned to distinct cell assemblies. The resulting dynamics can reproduce experimental in-vivo data, focusing on how diverse factors as neuronal excitability and network connectivity, influence memory formation. Thus, the here presented model suggests that a few fundamental synaptic mechanisms may suffice to implement memory allocation and storage in neural circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auth, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachstedt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetzlaff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interplay of synaptic plasticity and scaling enables the self-organized allocation of multiple memory representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial reconstruction of single enterocytes uncovers broad zonation along the intestinal villus axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is a highly structured tissue composed of repeating crypt-villus units1,2. Enterocytes, which constitute the most abundant cell type, perform the diverse tasks of absorbing a wide range of nutrients while protecting the body from the harsh bacterial-rich environment. It is unknown if these tasks are equally performed by all enterocytes or whether they are spatially zonated along the villus axis3. Here, we performed whole-transcriptome measurements of laser-capture-microdissected villus segments to extract a large panel of landmark genes, expressed in a zonated manner. We used these genes to localize single sequenced enterocytes along the villus axis, thus reconstructing a global spatial expression map. We found that most enterocyte genes were zonated. Enterocytes at villi bottoms expressed an anti-bacterial Reg gene program in a microbiome-dependent manner, potentially reducing the crypt pathogen exposure. Translation, splicing and respiration genes steadily decreased in expression towards the villi tops, whereas distinct mid-top villus zones sub-specialized in the absorption of carbohydrates, peptides and fat. Enterocytes at the villi tips exhibited a unique gene-expression signature consisting of Klf4, Egfr, Neat1, Malat1, cell adhesion and purine metabolism genes. Our study exposes broad spatial heterogeneity of enterocytes, which could be important for achieving their diverse tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massasa, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial reconstruction of single enterocytes uncovers broad zonation along the intestinal villus axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long time-scales in primate amygdala neurons support aversive learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associative learning forms when there is temporal relationship between a stimulus and a reinforcer, yet the inter-trial-interval (ITI), which is usually much longer than the stimulus-reinforcer-interval, contributes to learning-rate and memory strength. The neural mechanisms that enable maintenance of time between trials remain unknown, and it is unclear if the amygdala can support time scales at the order of dozens of seconds. We show that the ITI indeed modulates rate and strength of aversive-learning, and that single-units in the primate amygdala and dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex signal confined periods within the ITI, strengthen this coding during acquisition of aversive-associations, and diminish during extinction. Additionally, pairs of amygdala-cingulate neurons synchronize during specific periods suggesting a shared circuit that maintains the long temporal gap. The results extend the known roles of this circuit and suggest a mechanism that maintains trial-structure and temporal-contingencies for learning. It further suggests a novel model for maladaptive behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long time-scales in primate amygdala neurons support aversive learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tradeoffs and cultural diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culture is humanitys prime adaptation. Which cultural traits contribute to adaptive value at the level of cultural groups, and how they do so, is, however, unclear and debated. Here, we apply an approach from systems biology, known as Pareto task inference (ParTI), to bring a fresh perspective to these questions. ParTI considers systems that need to perform multiple tasks. No system can be optimal at all tasks at once, leading to a fundamental tradeoff. These tradeoffs result in specific patterns in multivariate trait data: data falls inside polygons in trait space, whose vertices are trait combinations that are adaptive for each of the tasks. ParTI can infer the number of adaptive tasks and their nature without need for a-priori assumptions, based on the vertices of these polygons. Here, we applied ParTI to two datasets of cultural traits, on Austronesian cultures and modern hunter-gatherers, adjusting for phylogeny and spatial diffusion effects. We find evidence that these independent datasets show a tradeoff between the same three tasks. We identify the tasks as resource defense, resource competition, and mobility/exchange. Specific combinations of cultural traits are adaptive for each of these tasks. This approach can be widely applied to any large multivariate dataset to study trade-offs in cultural evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tradeoffs and cultural diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Central dogma rates and the trade-off between precision and economy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steady-state protein abundance is set by four rates: transcription, translation, mRNA decay and protein decay. A given protein abundance can be obtained from infinitely many combinations of these rates. This raises the question of whether the natural rates for each gene result from historical accidents, or are there rules that give certain combinations a selective advantage? We address this question using high-throughput measurements in rapidly growing cells from diverse organisms to find that about half of the rate combinations do not exist: genes that combine high transcription with low translation are strongly depleted. This depletion is due to a trade-off between precision and economy: high transcription decreases stochastic fluctuations but increases transcription costs. Our theory quantitatively explains which rate combinations are missing, and predicts the curvature of the fitness function for each gene. It may guide the design of gene circuits with desired expression levels and noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hausser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Central dogma rates and the trade-off between precision and economy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamines support myogenesis by facilitating myoblast migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regeneration of the muscle tissue relies on the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes, to create myotubes and myofibers. Disruption of key events in this process may interfere with the correct formation or repair of muscle tissue. Polyamines, ubiquitous polycations that are essential for fundamental cellular processes, were demonstrated necessary for myogenesis; however, the mechanism by which polyamines contribute to this process has not yet been deciphered. In the present study, we examined the effect of polyamine depletion on the muscle regeneration model of C2C12 myoblasts. Our results reveal a requirement for polyamines at the very beginning of the muscle differentiation process. Myogenesis is accompanied by polyamine synthesis, even though the myoblasts contain high levels of polyamines at the moment of induction. Polyamine depletion at the time of induction, or inability to synthesize more polyamines during the first 24 hours of the process, inhibited myogenesis. Polyamine depletion inhibited the expression of all tested myogenic markers (Pax7, MyoD, Myogenin, Myf5 and Myosin heavy chain), as well as the cells migration and fusion abilities. Real time PCR analysis revealed two key early activation and migration factors, HGF and Annexin A1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiler, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamines support myogenesis by facilitating myoblast migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles of G1 cyclins in the temporal organization of yeast cell cycle - a transcriptome-wide analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillating gene expression is crucial for correct timing and progression through cell cycle. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, G1 cyclins Cln1-3 are essential drivers of the cell cycle and have an important role for temporal fine-tuning. We measured time-resolved transcriptome-wide gene expression for wild type and cyclin single and double knockouts over cell cycle with and without osmotic stress. Clustering of expression profiles, peak-time detection of oscillating genes, integration with transcription factor network dynamics, and assignment to cell cycle phases allowed us to quantify the effect of genetic or stress perturbations on the duration of cell cycle phases. Cln1 and Cln2 showed functional differences, especially affecting later phases. Deletion of Cln3 led to a delay of START followed by normal progression through later phases. Our data and network analysis suggest mutual effects of cyclins with the transcriptional regulators SBF and MBF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teufel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tummler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flöttmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klipp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles of G1 cyclins in the temporal organization of yeast cell cycle - a transcriptome-wide analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast calcium transients in neuronal spines is driven by extreme statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extreme statistics describe the distribution of rare events that can define the timescales of transduction within cellular microdomains. We combine biophysical modeling and analysis of live-cell calcium imaging to explain the fast calcium transient in spines. We show that in the presence of a spine apparatus (SA), which is an extension of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), calcium transients during synaptic inputs rely on rare and extreme calcium ion trajectories. Using numerical simulations, we predicted the asymmetrical distributions of Ryanodine receptors and SERCA pumps that we confirmed experimentally. When calcium ions are released in the spine head, the fastest ions arriving at the base determine the transient timescale through a calcium-induced calcium release mechanism. In general, the fastest particles arriving at a small target are likely to be a generic mechanism that determines the timescale of molecular transduction in cellular neuroscience.nnSignificance statementIntrigued by fast calcium transients of few milliseconds in dendritic spines, we investigated its underlying biophysical mechanism. We show here that it is generated by the diffusion of the fastest calcium ions when the spine contains a Spine Apparatus, an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum. This timescale is modulated by the initial number of released calcium ions and the asymmetric distribution of its associated calcium release associated Ryanodyne receptors, present only at the base of a spine. This novel mechanism of calcium signaling that we have unraveled here is driven by the fastest particles. To conclude, the rate of arrival of the fastest particles (ions) to a small target receptor defines the timescale of activation instead of the classical forward rate of chemical reactions introduced by von Smoluchowski in 1916. Applying this new rate theory to transduction should refine our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms underlying molecular signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basnayake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkotian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast calcium transients in neuronal spines is driven by extreme statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monkeys use the rod-dense retinal region rather than the fovea to visually fixate small targets in scotopic vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monkeys appear to visually fixate targets in scotopic conditions. The function fixations fulfill in photopic vision, keeping the targets image on the fovea, is nullified in scotopic vision, because the fovea, with its cones, is desensitized in dim light. Here we followed the hypothesis that a previously described retinal region, the locus of maximal rod density, functionally replaces the fovea; we found that with dark background, most of the fixations direct the fovea above the target, so that the targets image appears to fall on the line connecting the fovea with the locus of maximal rod density. There is considerable trial-by-trial variation in the fixation positions along this line. On the whole, the closer the visual conditions are to full scotopic, the higher is this gaze upshift, indicating the closer does the target fall to the locus of maximal rod density. Mesopic background induces low mean upshift. Full (45-min) dark adaptation was essential to achieving high upshift values. There is no analogous photopic effect - 45-min  bright adaptation did not shift the locus of photopic fixation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spivak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monkeys use the rod-dense retinal region rather than the fovea to visually fixate small targets in scotopic vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a secretion-enhancing cis regulatory targeting element (SECReTE) involved in mRNA localization and protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Earlier dogma states that mRNAs encoding secreted and membrane protein (mSMPs) reach the ER in a translation-dependent manner through the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. In this pathway, the signal sequence of the translation product is recognized by SRP and the mRNA-ribosome-nascent-chain-SRP complex is recruited to the ER via the interaction with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SRP receptor. This model suggests that the translation product dictates the delivery of mRNAs to the ER and that the mRNA is a passive passenger. However, new evidence challenges this model and implies the existence of both translation - and SRP-independent mRNA localization to the ER, raising the possibility that mRNAs have an active role in determining their localization to the ER.nnBesides serving as a template for protein translation, mRNAs carry information required for other regulatory processes such as mRNA processing, translation and transcription efficiency, degradation and localization. In yeast, mRNA localization governed by cis-acting sequence elements has been characterized for asymmetrically (e.g. bud) localized mRNAs that localize to, and are transported with, cortical ER. Now, we identify a cis motif in mSMPs that targets mRNAs mainly to the nuclear ER in yeast and increases both protein synthesis and secretion. Termed SECReTE, for secretion-enhancing cis regulatory targeting element, this motif was identified by computational analysis of genes encoding secretome proteins. SECReTE consists of [&ge;]10 repetitive triplets enriched with pyrimidines (i.e. Cs and Us) every third base (i.e. NNY, N - any nucleotide, Y - pyrimidine), and is found particularly in mRNAs coding for cell wall proteins. To study the physiological relevance of SECReTE, we introduced synonymous mutations that either elevate or decrease its overall score in genes coding for secreted proteins, without changing the protein sequence, and examined the physiological effects in yeast. An increase in the SECReTE score elevated the synthesis and secretion of endogenous proteins while, in contrast, a reduction led to less secretion and physiological defects. Importantly, the addition of SECReTE to the 3UTR of an exogenous protein (e.g. SS-GFP) led to its increased secretion from yeast. SECReTE is present all through evolution and, thus, constitutes a novel RNA targeting motif found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Zontag, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, L. Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a secretion-enhancing cis regulatory targeting element (SECReTE) involved in mRNA localization and protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
M1A within cytoplasmic mRNAs at single nucleotide resolution: A reconciled transcriptome-wide map 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following synthesis, RNA can be modified with over 100 chemically distinct modifications, and in recent years it was shown that processing, localization, stability and translation of mRNAs can be impacted by an increasing number of these modifications. A modification that recently gained attention is N1-methyladenosine (m1A), which is present across all three domains of life. Recently, two studies - one of them ours - developed conceptually similar approaches to map m1A in a transcriptome-wide manner and at single nucleotide resolution. Surprisingly, the two studies diverged quite substantially in terms of their estimates of the abundance, whereabouts and stoichiometry of this modification within internal sites in cytosolic mRNAs: One study reported it to be a very rare modification, present at very low stoichiometries, and invariably catalyzed by TRMT6/61A. The other found it to be present at >470 sites, in dozens of which at relatively high levels, and in the vast majority of cases these sites were highly unlikely to be substrates of TRMT6/61A, suggesting that additional methyltransferases are active on cytosolic mRNAs. Here we aim to reconcile the contradictions between the two studies, primarily by reanalyzing and re-annotating the set of sites identified in the latter study. We find that the vast majority of sites detected in this study originate from duplications, misannotations, mismapping, SNPs, sequencing errors, and a set of sites originating from the very first transcribed base ( TSS sites). We raise concerns as to whether the TSS sites truly reflect m1A originating from the first transcribed base. We find that only 53 of the sites detected in this study likely reflect bona-fide internal modifications of cytoplasmically encoded mRNA molecules. The vast majority of these are likely to be TRMT6/TRMT61A substrates, and are typically modified at low to undetectable levels. We conclude that within cytosolic mRNAs, m1A is a rare internal modification where it is typically catalyzed at ultra-low stoichiometries via TRMT6/TRMT61A. Our findings offer a clear and consistent view on the abundance and whereabouts of this modification, and lays out key directions for future studies in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[M1A within cytoplasmic mRNAs at single nucleotide resolution: A reconciled transcriptome-wide map]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Development of Sesamoid Bones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGF{beta} and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles. We show that BMP4 was necessary specifically for differentiation of patella but not of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids, whereas BMP2 regulated the growth of all examined sesamoids. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially formed in juxtaposition to long bones, the lateral fabella formed independently at a distance. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that while patella detached from the femur by formation of a synovial joint, digit sesamoids detached from the phalanx by a fibrocartilage joint. Collectively, these findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, thereby advancing our understanding of their evolutionary plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Development of Sesamoid Bones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
\"In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging\" reveals a major metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids induced by host-virus interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tapping into the metabolic cross-talk between a host and its virus can reveal unique strategies employed during infection. Viral infection is a dynamic process that generates an evolving metabolic landscape. Gaining a continuous view into the infection process is highly challenging and is limited by current metabolomics approaches, which typically measure the average of the entire population at various stages of infection. Here, we took a novel approach to study the metabolic basis of host-virus interactions between the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific virus. We combined a classical method in virology, plaque assay, with advanced mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), an approach we termed  in plaque-MSI. Taking advantage of the spatial characteristics of the plaque, we mapped the metabolic landscape induced during infection in a high spatiotemporal resolution, unfolding the infection process in a continuous manner. Further unsupervised spatially-aware clustering, combined with known lipid biomarkers, revealed a systematic metabolic shift towards lipids containing the odd-chain fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) induced during infection. Applying  in plaque-MSI might pave the way for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds that mediate the chemical arms race of host-virus interactions in diverse model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meoded, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, E. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogachev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[\"In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging\" reveals a major metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids induced by host-virus interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin cytoskeleton self-organization in single epithelial cells and fibroblasts under isotropic confinement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We systematically investigated the principles of actin cytoskeleton self-organization in two cell types, fibroblasts and epitheliocytes, by confining isolated cells on isotropic adhesive islands of varying size. In fibroblasts, we previously described that an initially circular pattern of circumferential actin dynamically evolves into a radial pattern of actin bundles that spontaneously transforms into a chiral pattern, before finally producing parallel linear stress fibres. We now show that progression from circular to chiral actin patterns depends on cell projected area and rarely occurs on small islands. Epitheliocytes however, did not exhibit succession through all the actin patterns described above even on large islands. Upon confinement, the actin cytoskeleton in non-keratinocyte epitheliocytes is arrested at the circular stage, while in keratinocytes it can progress as far as the radial pattern but still cannot break symmetry. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition pushed actin cytoskeleton development from circular towards radial patterns but remains insufficient to cause chirality. Surprisingly, small doses of G-actin sequestering drug, latrunculin A, induced chiral swirling in keratinocytes. During this swirling, keratin filaments follow actin and also demonstrate chiral swirling movement. Elimination of the keratin network by genetic silencing of Type II keratins, however, did not affect the self-organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tee, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin cytoskeleton self-organization in single epithelial cells and fibroblasts under isotropic confinement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms in the human cingulate-cortex support reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is crucial for motivation, reward- and error-guided decision-making, yet its excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly explored in humans. In particular, the balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I), demonstrated to play a role in animal studies, is difficult to measure in behaving humans. Here, we used magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to examine these mechanisms during reinforcement learning with three different conditions: high cognitive load (uncertainty); probabilistic discrimination learning; and a control null-condition. Subjects learned to prefer the gain option in the discrimination phase and had no preference in the other conditions. We found increased GABA levels during the uncertainty condition, suggesting recruitment of inhibitory systems during high cognitive load when trying to learn. Further, higher GABA levels during the null (baseline) condition correlated with improved discrimination learning. Finally, excitatory and inhibitory levels were correlated during high cognitive load. The result suggests that availability of dACC inhibitory resources enables successful learning. Our approach establishes a novel way to examine the contribution of the balance between excitation and inhibition to learning and motivation in behaving humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bezalel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms in the human cingulate-cortex support reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production of spliced long noncoding RNAs specifies regions with increased enhancer activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active enhancers in mammals produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), that are bidirectionally transcribed, unspliced, and unstable noncoding RNAs. Enhancer regions are also enriched with long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which are typically spliced and are longer and substantially more stable than eRNAs. In order to explore the relationship between these two classes of RNAs and the implications of lncRNA transcription on enhancer functionality, we analyzed DNAse hypersensitive sites with evidence of bidirectional transcription, which we termed eRNA producing centers (EPCs). A subset of EPCs, which are found very close to the transcription start site of lncRNA genes, exhibit attributes of both enhancers and promoters, including distinctive DNA motifs and a characteristic landscape of bound proteins. These EPCs are associated with a subset of relatively highly active enhancers. This stronger enhancer activity is driven, at least in part, by the presence of evolutionary conserved, directional splicing signals that promote lncRNA production, pointing at a causal role of lncRNA processing in enhancer activity. Together, our results suggest a model whereby the ability of some enhancers to produce lncRNAs, which is conserved in evolution, enhances their activity in a manner likely mediated through maturation of the associated lncRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production of spliced long noncoding RNAs specifies regions with increased enhancer activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic variability in chloroplast redox state predicts cell fate in a marine diatom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are photosynthetic microorganisms of great ecological and biogeochemical importance, forming vast blooms in diverse aquatic ecosystems. Current understanding of phytoplankton acclimation to stress is based on population-level analysis, masking cell-to-cell variability. Here we investigated heterogeneity within Phaeodactylum tricornutum populations in response to oxidative stress, which is induced by environmental stress conditions. We combined flow cytometry and a microfluidics system for live imaging to measure redox dynamics at the single-cell level using the roGFP sensor. Chloroplast-targeted roGFP exhibited a light-dependent, bi-stable oxidation pattern in response to H2O2, revealing distinct subpopulations of sensitive oxidized cells and resilient reduced cells. Subpopulation proportions depended on growth phase, linking the bi-stable phenotype to proliferation. Oxidation of chloroplast-targeted roGFP preceded commitment to cell death and was used as a novel cell fate predictor. We propose that light-dependent metabolic heterogeneity results in differential stress responses that regulate cell fate within diatom populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff van Creveld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic variability in chloroplast redox state predicts cell fate in a marine diatom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of social representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in regulating social functions in mammals, and impairments in this region have been linked with social dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Yet little is known of how the PFC encodes social information and of how social representations may be altered in such disorders. Here, we show that neurons in the medial PFC (mPFC) of freely behaving mice preferentially respond to socially-relevant sensory cues. Population activity patterns in the mPFC differed considerably between social and nonsocial stimuli and underwent experience-dependent refinement. In Cntnap2 knockout mice, a genetic model of autism, both the categorization of sensory stimuli and the refinement of social representations were impaired. Noise levels in spontaneous population activity were higher in Cntnap2 mice, and correlated strongly with the degree to which social representations were disrupted. Our findings elucidate the encoding of social sensory cues in the mPFC, and provide an important link between altered prefrontal dynamics and autism-associated social dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/321182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of social representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial virulence against an oceanic bloom-forming phytoplankter is mediated by algal DMSP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emiliania huxleyi is a bloom forming microalga that impacts the global sulfur cycle by producing large amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its volatile metabolic product dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Top-down regulation of E. huxleyi blooms is attributed to viruses and grazers, however, the possible involvement of algicidal bacteria in bloom demise is still elusive. We isolated from a North Atlantic E. huxleyi bloom a Roseobacter strain, Sulfitobacter D7, which exhibited algicidal effects against E. huxleyi upon co-culturing. Both the alga and the bacterium were found to co-occur during a natural E. huxleyi bloom, therefore establishing this host-pathogen system as an attractive, ecologically relevant model for studying alga-bacterium interaction in the oceans. During interaction, Sulfitobacter D7 consumed and metabolized algal DMSP to produce high amounts of methanethiol, an alternative product of DMSP catabolism. We revealed a unique strain-specific response, in which E. huxleyi strains that exuded higher amounts of DMSP were more susceptible to Sulfitobacter D7 infection. Intriguingly, exogenous application of DMSP enhanced bacterial virulence and induced susceptibility in a resistant algal strain to the bacterial pathogen. This DMSP-dependent pathogenicity was highly specific as compared to supplementation of propionate and glycerol. We propose a novel function for DMSP, in addition to its central role in mutualistic interactions, as a mediator of bacterial virulence that may regulate E. huxleyi blooms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barak-Gavish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frada, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiTullio, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartvelishvily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheyn, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/321398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial virulence against an oceanic bloom-forming phytoplankter is mediated by algal DMSP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone Morphology is Regulated Modularly by Global and Regional Genetic Programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During skeletogenesis, a variety of protrusions of different shapes and sizes develop on the surfaces of long bones. These superstructures provide stable anchoring sites for ligaments and tendons during the assembly of the musculoskeletal system. Despite their importance, the mechanism by which superstructures are patterned and ultimately give rise to the unique morphology of each long bone is far from understood. In this work, we provide further evidence that long bones form modularly from Sox9+ cells, which contribute to their substructure, and from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors that give rise to superstructures. Moreover, we identify components of the genetic program that controls the patterning of Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors and show that this program includes both global and regional regulatory modules.nnUsing light sheet fluorescence microscopy combined with genetic lineage labeling, we mapped the broad contribution of the Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors to the formation of bone superstructures. Additionally, by combining literature-based evidence and comparative transcriptomic analysis of different Sox9+/Scx+ progenitor populations, we identified genes potentially involved in patterning of bone superstructures. We present evidence indicating that Gli3 is a global regulator of superstructure patterning, whereas Pbx1, Pbx2, Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 act as proximal and distal regulators, respectively. Moreover, by demonstrating a dose-dependent pattern regulation in Gli3 and Pbx1 compound mutations, we show that the global and regional regulatory modules work coordinately. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence for genetic regulation of superstructure patterning that further supports the notion that long bone development is a modular process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kult, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineault, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone Morphology is Regulated Modularly by Global and Regional Genetic Programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic interactions of type I cohesin modules fine-tune the structure of the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient degradation of plant cell walls by selected anaerobic bacteria is performed by large extracellular multienzyme complexes termed cellulosomes. The spatial arrangement within the cellulosome is organized by a protein called scaffoldin, which recruits the cellulolytic subunits through interactions between cohesin modules on the scaffoldin and dockerin modules on the enzymes. Although many structural studies of the individual components of cellulosomal scaffoldins have been performed, the role of interactions between individual cohesin modules and the flexible linker regions between them are still not entirely understood. Here, we report single-molecule measurements using Forster resonance energy transfer to study the conformational dynamics of a bimodular tandem cohesin segment of the scaffoldin protein CipA of Clostridium thermocellum. Our data reveal the existence of compacted structures in solution that persist on the timescale of milliseconds. The compacted conformation is found to be in dynamic equilibrium with an extended state that shows distance fluctuations on the microsecond timescale. Shortening of the inter-cohesin linker does not significantly alter the structural dynamics. Upon addition of dockerin-containing enzymes, an extension of the flexible state is observed but the cohesin-cohesin interactions persist. This suggests that the dockerin-binding interfaces are not involved in cohesin-cohesin interactions. The formation of cohesin-cohesin interactions is also observed in all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the system. From the simulations, we identify possible inter-cohesin binding modes, none of which show obstruction of the cohesin-dockerin binding interfaces. Our results go beyond the view of scaffoldin as "beads on a string". We propose that both the flexibility and cohesin-cohesin interactions are important factors for the precise spatial arrangement of the enzymatic subunits in the cellulosome that leads to the high catalytic synergy in these assemblies. Hence, the flexibility of the linker region and cohesin-cohesin interactions should be considered when designing cellulosomes for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic interactions of type I cohesin modules fine-tune the structure of the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Receptor Recognition by Lujo Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lujo virus (LUJV) has emerged as a novel and highly fatal human pathogen. Despite its membership among the Arenaviridae, LUJV does not classify with the known Old and New World groups of that viral family. Likewise, LUJV was recently found to use neuropilin-2 (NRP2) as a cellular receptor instead of the canonical -dystroglycan (-DG) or transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) utilized by Old World (OW) and New World (NW) arenaviruses, respectively. The emergence of a deadly new pathogen into human populations using an unprecedented entry route raises many questions regarding the mechanism of cell recognition and the risk that Arenaviruses are further diversifying their infection strategies. To provide the basis for combating LUJV in particular, and to increase our general understanding of the molecular changes that accompany an evolutionary switch to a new receptor for Arenaviruses, we used X-ray crystallography to reveal how the GP1 receptor-binding domain of LUJV (LUJVGP1) recognizes NRP2. Our structural data imply that LUJV is evolutionary closer to OW than to NW arenaviruses. Structural analysis supported by experimental validation further suggests that NRP2 recognition is metal ion dependent and that the complete NRP2 binding is formed in the context of the trimeric spike. Taken together, our data provide the mechanism for the cell attachment step of LUJV, the evolutionary relationship between the GP1 domain of this novel pathogen and other arenaviruses, and indispensable information for combating LUJV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilimnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Receptor Recognition by Lujo Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bistable bacterial growth dynamics in the presence of antimicrobial agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe outcome of a given antibiotic treatment on the growth capacity of bacteria is largely dependent on the initial population size (the Inoculum Effect, IE). For some specific classical antibiotic drugs this phenomenon is well established in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies, and its precise mechanisms, its clinical implications and its mathematical modelling are at the forefront of current research. Traditional view of the IE is that it is mainly attributed to {beta}-lactam antibiotics in relation to {beta}-lactamase producing bacteria, and that some antibiotics do not induce an IE at all. The study of antimicrobial peptides had emerged in the past two decades as a possible additional strategy for combatting infections, and their mechanism of operation and clinical implications are extensively studied. Yet, no previous studies addressed the possible induction of IE under the action of classical cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs).nnBased on mathematical reasoning regarding bacteria-neutrophils interaction, we hypothesized that CAMPs also induce an IE in bacterial growth, and questioned what are the similarities and differences between the IE induced by CAMPs and that induced by classical antibiotics. To this aim we also needed to better understand the characteristics of the IE induced by classical antibiotics.nnPrincipal FindingsWe characterized and built a model of in-vitro IE in E. coli cultures using a large variety of antimicrobials, including 6 conventional antibiotics, and for the first time, 4 cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). Each combination of bacterial initial load and antimicrobial concentration experiment was done in duplicate, with 48 such combinations in each experiment. Each experiment was repeated 4-6 times, sometimes with some adjustments in the tested concentrations to get better resolution of the IE. Each growth curve was processed independently, to correctly reflect the initial exponential growth that might lead to large deviations even between duplicates. By using Optical Density (OD) to monitor the bacterial density, we were able to gather growth curves from this extensive data set and from these curves extract, by data processing, the corresponding growth functions. We show that this process allows us to clearly differentiate between simple one-dimensional deterministic bacterial growth dynamics and more complex behaviour.nnIn all agents we tested, including all cationic antimicrobial peptides and all conventional antibiotics, independently of their biochemical mechanism of action, an "inoculum effect" was found. At a certain range of concentrations, which is specific for every drug and experimental setting, the system exhibits a bistable behaviour in which large loads survive and small loads are inhibited. Moreover, we characterized three distinct classes of drug-induced bi-stable growth dynamics and demonstrated that in rich medium, CAMPs correspond to the simplest class, bacteriostatic antibiotics to the second class and all other traditional antibiotics to the third, more complex class. In particular, for the first two classes, of cationic antimicrobial peptides and of the commercial bacteriostatic antibiotics, the bacterial growth can be explained by a very simple deterministic one-dimensional mathematical model. These findings provide a unifying universal framework to describe the dynamics of the inoculum effect induced by antimicrobials with inherently different killing mechanisms.nnLimitations of the results: The IE we detect is in-vitro, in rich medium, and the simple deterministic one dimensional models apply to this setting for the CAMPs and the bacteriostatic antibiotics only. While these findings can be used as a building block to more complex settings, with in-vivo being the most complex of all, it is clear that additional studies are needed in order to address these complexities. Another limitation is the OD methodology which does not clearly differentiate between live, dormant and dead cells and also does not detect small bacterial loads that are below the reader detection level. Nonetheless, since only live bacteria grow, the growth functions that we find experimentally are independent of the dead and dormant bacteria, and the bacterial density axis may be at most shifted by small amount due to this effect. The behaviour at small loads, below the OD detection level, is also irrelevant for the current study as we are concerned with the IE at high inoculum. Finally, this study is conducted at the population level only, with the point of view that IE is induced by deterministic non-linear interactions between the bacteria and the anti-microbial agent, without delving into the details of the particular molecular mechanisms that lead to this particular interaction. Such detailed nonlinear molecular mechanisms that induce IE are known to exist for some of the agents we use. Future studies are needed to better understand the detailed molecular mechanisms in the other cases.nnConclusions & SignificanceThe vast increase in bacterial resistance, highlights the need for new approaches to eradicate bacterial infections, by either the development of new antimicrobial agents, or new strategies of treatment. Developing treatment strategies requires a better understanding of the Inoculum Effect (IE). We demonstrate that IE is abundant in the application of both classical antimicrobial peptides and classical antibiotics to bacteria. Furthermore, we show that IE falls into three universality classes of bi-stable behaviours and that classical antimicrobial peptides form a class of their own - the simplest and most predictable class. These findings propose a new exciting viewpoint on the universality features of IE that may serve as building blocks for the design of better treatment strategies for infection.nnWe stress that the detection of IE in CAMPs may have important implications for their mode of operation, and this finding may lead to further explorations of this phenomenon both in terms of mechanistic models and in terms of clinical and biological implications.nnWhile bacterial IE was identified in previous studies of particular conventional antibiotic agents and bacteria, previous explanations of its appearance included genetic and/or phenotypic population heterogeneity and additional time-dependent factors. These were modelled, for example, by deterministic multi-dimensional equations of classical reaction kinetics. Here we show that for some cases (the bacteriostatic antibiotics) a one dimensional model can explain the resulting growth curves by density dependant mechanisms alone. By Ockhams razor principle, we assert that such models are adequate for describing the IE in bacteriostatic antibiotics. On the other hand, we also show that for all other cases (growth with all other classical antibiotics and growth in poor medium) simple one dimensional deterministic models cannot describe the dynamics, and thus multi-dimensional models may be needed to describe IE in these cases. Additionally, contrary to some other studies, we show that IE appears in every antibiotic we tested (in particular antibiotics that are not {beta}-lactams), so additional molecular mechanisms for creating the non-linear bacterial-drug interaction need to be identified.nnFinally, density dependent phenomena are abundant in biology and may appear in other pathogenesis systems, where densities matter. Here we demonstrated that such phenomena can sometimes be described by very simple growth dynamics. Such simple models may serve as building blocks to more complex models such as in-vivo ones and may also inspire detailed studies aimed at deciphering the specific dominant molecular mechanisms of the detected IE. We propose that the principles and methodologies developed here for studying IE by observing the population level dynamics may be applicable to diverse biological situations.nnAuthors SummaryThe vast increase in bacterial resistance highlights the need for new approaches to eradicate bacterial infections, by either the development of new antimicrobial agents, or new strategies of treatment. Since the outcome of a given antibiotic treatment on the growth capacity of bacteria is largely dependent on the initial population size (Inoculum Effect, IE), developing treatment strategies requires a better understanding of this effect. We characterized and built a model of this effect in E. coli cultures using a large variety of antimicrobials, including conventional antibiotics, and for the first time, cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). Our results show that all classes of antimicrobial drugs induce an inoculum effect. Moreover, we characterized three distinct classes of drug-induced bi-stable growth dynamics and demonstrated that in rich medium, CAMPs correspond to the simplest class, bacteriostatic antibiotics to the second class and all other traditional antibiotics to the third, more complex class. These findings provide a unifying universal framework to describe the dynamics of the inoculum effect induced by antimicrobials with inherently different killing mechanisms. These findings propose a new exciting viewpoint on the universality features of IE that may serve as building blocks for the design of better treatment strategies for infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saar Dover, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rom-Kedar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bistable bacterial growth dynamics in the presence of antimicrobial agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive osteopetrosis caused by giant, non-functional osteoclasts in R51Q SNX10 mutant mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms that regulate fusion of monocytes into functional osteoclasts are virtually unknown. We describe a knock-in mouse model for the R51Q mutation in sorting nexin 10 (SNX10) that exhibits osteopetrosis and related symptoms of patients of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis linked to this mutation. Osteopetrosis arises in homozygous R51Q SNX10 mice due to a unique combination of reduced numbers of osteoclasts that are non-functional. Fusion of mutant monocytes is deregulated and occurs rapidly and continuously to form giant, non-functional osteoclasts. Mutant osteoclasts mature quickly and survive poorly in vitro, possibly accounting for their scarcity in vivo. These cells also exhibit impaired ruffled borders, which are required for bone resorption, providing an additional basis for the osteopetrotic phenotype. More broadly, we propose that the maximal size of osteoclasts is actively determined by a genetically-regulated, cell-autonomous mechanism that limits precursor cell fusion, and for which SNX10 is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-Katz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepensky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive osteopetrosis caused by giant, non-functional osteoclasts in R51Q SNX10 mutant mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance and pleiotropy dominate genetic diversity in complex bacterial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does environmental complexity affect the evolution of single genes? Here, we measured the effects of a set of mutants of Bacillus subtilis glutamate dehydrogenase across 19 different environments - from homogenous single cell populations in liquid media to heterogeneous biofilms, plant roots and soil communities. The effects of individual gene mutations on organismal fitness were highly reproducible in liquid cultures. Strikingly, however, 84% of the tested alleles showed opposing fitness effects under different growth conditions (environmental pleiotropy). In biofilms and soil samples, different alleles dominated in parallel replica experiments. Accordingly, we found that in these heterogeneous cell communities the fate of mutations was dictated by a combination of selection and drift. The latter relates to programmed prophage excisions that occurred along biofilm development. Overall, per individual condition, by the combined action of selection, pleiotropy and chance, a wide range of glutamate dehydrogenase mutations persisted and sometimes fixated. However, across longer periods and multiple environments, nearly all this diversity would be lost - indeed, considering all environments and conditions we have tested, wild-type is the fittest allele.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noda-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korenblum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putintseva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/340828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance and pleiotropy dominate genetic diversity in complex bacterial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A matrix protein acts as a cue to preserve collective motility of B. subtilis biofilm cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria in nature are usually found in complex multicellular communities, termed biofilms. Biofilms are generally seen as sessile structures, resulting from downregulation of motility. However, during interspecies competition and predation, biofilm cells were shown to migrate towards competitor colonies. Here, we show that a specific extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, TasA, is essential for collective migration toward potential competitors and serves as a developmental cue that increases the formation of motile offspring from sessile chains. We reveal an effective strategy to maintain migration capacities in bacterial biofilms: besides providing a three-dimensional adhesive scaffold for the cells, TasA acts as a signal within the bacterial community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Teeffelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin-Gal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A matrix protein acts as a cue to preserve collective motility of B. subtilis biofilm cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIAM-1/GEF can shape somatosensory dendrites independently of its GEF activity by regulating F-actin localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of dendritic arbors is crucial for nervous system assembly, but the intracellular mechanisms that govern these processes remain incompletely understood. Here we show that the complex dendritic trees of PVD somatosensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans are patterned by distinct pathways downstream of the DMA-1 leucine rich transmembrane (LRR-TM) receptor. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor tiam-1/GEF and act-4/Actin function with the DMA-1/LRR-TM to pattern 4{degrees} higher order branches by localizing F-actin to the distal ends of developing dendrites. Biochemical experiments show that DMA-1/LRR-TM is part of a biochemical complex with TIAM-1/GEF and ACT-4/Actin. Surprisingly, TIAM-1/GEF appears to function independently of Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. Additionally, another pathway dependent on HPO-30/Claudin and TIAM-1/GEF is required for formation of 2{degrees} and 3{degrees} branches. Collectively, our experiments suggest that the DMA-1/LRR-TM receptor on PVD dendrites may control aspects of dendrite patterning by directly modulating F-actin dynamics, independently of TIAM-1/GEF enzymatic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Balzac, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Suarez, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro-Pena, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIAM-1/GEF can shape somatosensory dendrites independently of its GEF activity by regulating F-actin localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A repressor-decay timer for robust temporal patterning in embryonic Drosophila neuroblast lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological timers synchronize patterning processes during embryonic development. In the Drosophila embryo, neural progenitors (neuroblasts; NBs) produce a sequence of unique neurons whose identities depend on the sequential expression of temporal transcription factors (TTFs). The stereotypy and precision of the NB lineages indicate reproducible temporal progression of the TTF timer. To examine the basis of this robustness, we combine theory and experiments. The TTF timer is commonly described as a relay of activators, but its regulatory circuit is also consistent with a repressor-decay timer, in which expression of each TTF begins once its repressor is sufficiently reduced. We find that repressor-decay timers are more robust to parameter variations compared to activator-relay timers. This suggests that the in-vivo TTF sequence progresses primarily by repressor-decay, a prediction that we support experimentally. Our results emphasize the role of robustness in the evolutionary design of patterning circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A repressor-decay timer for robust temporal patterning in embryonic Drosophila neuroblast lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic assessment of GFP tag position on protein localization and growth fitness in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While protein tags are ubiquitously utilized in molecular biology, they harbor the potential to interfere with functional traits of their fusion counterparts. Systematic evaluation of the effect of protein tags on localization and function would promote accurate use of tags in experimental setups. Here we examine the effect of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagging at either the N or C terminus of budding yeast proteins on localization and functionality. We use a competition-based approach to decipher the relative fitness of two strains tagged on the same protein but on opposite termini and from that infer the correct, physiological localization for each protein and the optimal position for tagging. Our study provides a first of a kind systematic assessment of the effect of tags on the functionality of proteins and provides step towards broad investigation of protein fusion libraries.nnHighlightsO_LIProtein tags are widely used in molecular biology although they may interfere with protein function.nC_LIO_LIThe subcellular localization of hundreds of proteins in yeast is different when tagged at the N or the C terminus.nC_LIO_LIA competition based assay enables systematic deciphering of correct tagging terminus for essential proteins.nC_LIO_LIThe presented approach can be used to derive physiologically relevant tagged libraries.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avihou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic assessment of GFP tag position on protein localization and growth fitness in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engrafted parenchymal brain macrophages differ from host microglia in transcriptome, epigenome and responsiveness to challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are yolk sac-derived macrophages residing in the parenchyma of brain and spinal cord, where they interact with neurons and other glial cells by constantly probing their surroundings with dynamic extensions. Following different conditioning paradigms and bone marrow (BM) / hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, graft-derived cells seed the brain and persistently contribute to the parenchymal brain macrophage compartment. Here we establish that these cells acquire over time microglia characteristics, including ramified morphology, longevity, radio-resistance and clonal expansion. However, even following prolonged CNS residence, transcriptomes and epigenomes of engrafted HSC-derived macrophages remain distinct from yolk sac-derived host microglia. Furthermore, BM graft-derived cells display discrete responses to peripheral endotoxin challenge, as compared to host microglia. Also in human HSC transplant recipients, engrafted cells remain distinct from host microglia, extending our finding to clinical settings. Collectively, our data emphasize the molecular and functional heterogeneity of parenchymal brain macrophages and highlight potential clinical implications for patients treated by HSC gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grozovski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng Tay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volaski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suess, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardura-Fabregat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell-Maor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielecke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornils, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engrafted parenchymal brain macrophages differ from host microglia in transcriptome, epigenome and responsiveness to challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illuminating spatial A-to-I RNA editing signatures within the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAdenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, is a ubiquitous mechanism that generates transcriptomic diversity. This process is particularly important for proper neuronal function; however, little is known about how RNA editing is dynamically regulated between the many functionally distinct neuronal populations of the brain. In this resource paper, we present a spatial RNA editing map in the Drosophila brain and show that different neuronal populations possess distinct RNA editing signatures. After purifying and sequencing RNA from genetically marked neuronal nuclei, we identified a large number of novel editing sites and compared editing levels in hundreds of transcripts across nine functionally different neuronal populations. We found distinct editing repertoires for each population, including novel sites in repeat regions of the transcriptome and differential editing in highly conserved and likely functional regions of transcripts that encode essential neuronal genes. These changes are site-specific and not driven by changes in Adar expression, suggesting a complex, targeted regulation of editing levels in key transcripts. This fine-tuning of the transcriptome between different neurons by RNA editing may account for functional differences between distinct populations in the brain.nnSignificance StatementA fundamental question in contemporary neuroscience is how the remarkable cellular diversity required for the intricate function of the nervous system is achieved. In this manuscript, we bridge the gap between a cellular machinery that is known to diversify the transcriptome and the existence of distinct neuronal populations that compose Drosophila brain. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA-editing is a ubiquitous mechanism that generates transcriptomic diversity in cells by recoding certain adenosines within the pre-mRNA sequence into inosines. We present a spatial map of RNA editing across different neuronal populations in Drosophila brain. Each neuronal population has a distinct editing signature, with the majority of differential editing occurring in highly conserved regions of transcripts that encode ion channels and other essential neuronal genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapiro, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmueli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat-Ophir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illuminating spatial A-to-I RNA editing signatures within the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The correlated state in balanced neuronal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the magnitude and structure of inter-neuronal correlations and their relationship to synaptic connectivity structure is an important and difficult problem in computational neuroscience. Early studies show that neuronal network models with excitatory-inhibitory balance naturally create very weak spike train correlations. Later work showed that, under some connectivity structures, balanced networks can produce larger correlations between some neuron pairs, even when the average correlation is very small. All of these previous studies assume that the local neuronal network receives feedforward synaptic input from a population of uncorrelated spike trains. We show that when spike trains providing feedforward input are correlated, the downstream recurrent neuronal network produces much larger correlations. We provide an in-depth analysis of the resulting "correlated state" in balanced networks and show that, unlike the asynchronous state of previous work, it produces a tight excitatory-inhibitory balance consistent with in vivo cortical recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The correlated state in balanced neuronal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An alternative membrane topology permits lipid droplet localization of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (Far1) is an ubiquitously expressed peroxisomal membrane protein generating fatty alcohols required for the biosynthesis of ether lipids.nnLipid droplet localization of human Far1 was observed by fluorescence microscopy under conditions of increased triglyceride synthesis in tissue culture cells. This unexpected finding was supported further by correlative light electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation. Selective permeabilization and N-glycosylation tagging suggest that Far1 is able to assume two different membrane topologies, differing in the orientation of the short hydrophilic C-terminus towards the lumen or the cytosol, respectively. Two closely spaced hydrophobic domains are contained within the C-terminal region. When analyzed separately, the second domain was sufficient for the localization of a fluorescent reporter to lipid droplets. Targeting of Far1 to lipid droplets was not impaired in either pex19 or TRC40/ASNA1 CRISPR/Cas9 knockout cells.nnIn conclusion, our data suggest that Far1 is a novel member of the rather exclusive group of dual topology membrane proteins. At the same time, Far1 shows lipid metabolism-dependent differential subcellular localizations to peroxisomes and lipid droplets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Brey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifrach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Monroy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouboulis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stremmel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honsho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartenschlager, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poppelreuther, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuellekrug, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An alternative membrane topology permits lipid droplet localization of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale analysis of 3D nuclear morphology reveals new insights into growth plate organization in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of the nucleus is tightly associated with cell morphology, the mechanical environment, and differentiation and transcriptional states. Yet, imaging of nuclei in three dimensions while preserving the spatial context of the tissue has been highly challenging. Here, using the embryonic tibial growth plate as a model for cell differentiation, we study nuclear morphology by imaging cleared samples by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. Next, we quickly segmented tens of thousands of nuclei using several open-source tools including machine learning. Finally, segmented nuclei underwent morphometric analysis and 3D spatial reconstruction using newly designed algorithms. Our method revealed differences in nuclear morphology between chondrocytes at different differentiation stages. Additionally, we identified different morphological patterns in opposing growth plates, such as gradients of volume and surface area, as well as features characteristic of specific growth plate zones, such as sphericity and orientation. Altogether, this work supports a link between nuclear morphology and cell differentiation. Moreover, it demonstrates the suitability of our approach for studying the relationships between nuclear morphology and organ development.nnAuthor summaryThere has been a growing interest in the relationship between nuclear morphology and its regulation of gene expression. However, to study global patterns of nuclear morphology within a tissue we must address the problem of acquiring and analyzing multiscale data, ranging from the tissue level through to subcellular resolution. We have established a new pipeline that enables acquisition and segmentation of hundreds of thousands of nuclei at a resolution that allows quantitative analysis. Moreover we have developed new algorithms that allow superimposing morphological aspects of hundreds of thousands of nuclei onto a visual representation of the entire tissue, allowing us to study nuclear morphology at an organ level. Using mouse growth plates as a model for the relationship between nuclear morphology and tissue differentiation, we show that nuclei change different aspects of their morphology during chondrocyte differentiation. Growth plates are usually described generically in the literature, suggesting they lack unique characteristics. We challenge this dogma by showing that morphological features such as volume distribute differently in opposing growth plates. Altogether, this work highlights the possible role of nuclear shape in the regulation of cell differentiation and demonstrates that our approach enables the study of nuclear morphology patterns within a tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villoutreix, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale analysis of 3D nuclear morphology reveals new insights into growth plate organization in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal cancer tasks, evolutionary tradeoffs, and the functions of driver mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances have led to an appreciation of the vast molecular diversity of cancer. Detailed data has enabled powerful methods to sort tumors into groups with benefits for prognosis and treatment. We are still missing, however, a general theoretical framework to understand the diversity of tumor gene-expression and mutations. To address this, we present a framework based on multi-task evolution theory, using the fact that tumors evolve in the body, and that tumors are faced with multiple tasks that contribute to their fitness. In accordance with the theory, we find that tradeoff between tasks constrains tumor gene-expression to a continuum bounded by a polyhedron. The vertices of the polyhedron are gene-expression profiles each specializing in one task, allowing the tasks to be identified. We find five universal cancer tasks across tissue-types: cell-division, biomass & energy, lipogenesis, immune-interaction and invasion & tissue remodeling. Tumors whose gene-expression lies close to a vertex are task specialists. We find evidence that such specialists are more sensitive to drugs that interfere with this task. We find that driver mutations, but not passenger mutations, tune gene-expression towards specialization in specific tasks. This approach can integrate additional types of molecular data into a theoretically-based framework for understanding tumor diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hausser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheftel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal cancer tasks, evolutionary tradeoffs, and the functions of driver mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demography and behavior of polygyne nests of the supercolonial Cataglyphis niger: Does kinship matter? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basic ant colony is presumed to have evolved through kin selection. However, ants show a remarkable diversity in their social organization, from a monogynous-monandrous queen to the more derived states of polygyny with polyandrous queens. The existence of polygyny is an evolutionary enigma, since kin selection theory predicts that while queens should strive for reproductive monopoly, workers are predicted to favor their own matriline in rearing gynes. Using a barcoding system that enables tracking of individual interactions, along with polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers that indicate the matriline and patriline of all individuals, we demonstrate the complex social interactions in polygyne nests of Cataglyphis niger. C. niger is not only polygyne but also constitutes a supercolony at the study site. Our pioneering findings that both queens and workers are not necessarily related to each other support the supercolony structure of the population. Also in line with supercoloniality, we demonstrate that the workers contribute equally to the nest production and rearing of the queens. Unlike invasive supercolonial species, C. niger is native to Israel, raising questions about the driving forces, apart from kin selection, that stabilize this society.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiner Brodetzki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodetzki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demography and behavior of polygyne nests of the supercolonial Cataglyphis niger: Does kinship matter?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting splicing decisions and cell-to-cell variability with designed sequence libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human genes are alternatively spliced, allowing for a large expansion of the proteome.The multitude of regulatory inputs to splicing limits the potential to infer general principles from investigating native sequences. Here, we created a rationally designed library of >32,000 splicing events to dissect the complexity of splicing regulation through systematicsequence alterations. Measuring RNA and protein splice isoforms allowed us to investigate bothcause and effect of splicing decisions, quantify diverse regulatory inputs and accurately predict (R2=0.75-0.85) isoform ratios from sequence and secondary structure. By profiling individual cells, we measure the cell-to-cell variability of splicing decisions and show that it can be encoded in the DNA and influenced by regulatory inputs, opening the door for a novel,single-cell perspective on splicing regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting splicing decisions and cell-to-cell variability with designed sequence libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identity domains in complex behavior: Toward a biology of personality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Personality traits offer considerable insight into the biological basis of individual differences. However, existing approaches toward understanding personality across species rely on subjective criteria and limited sets of behavioral readouts, resulting in noisy and often inconsistent outcomes. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework for studying individual differences along dimensions with maximum consistency and discriminative power. We validate this framework in mice, using data from a system for high-throughput longitudinal monitoring of group-housed mice that yields a variety of readouts from all across an individuals behavioral repertoire. We describe a set of stable traits that capture variability in behavior and gene expression in the brain, allowing for better informed mechanistic investigations into the biology of individual differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forkosh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamihalev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anpilov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachskamm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplick, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identity domains in complex behavior: Toward a biology of personality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of a recombinant, 4’-Phosphopantetheinylated, active M. tuberculosis Fatty acid Synthase I in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid synthase 1 (FAS I) from Mycobacterium. tuberculosis (Mtb) is an essential protein and a promising drug target. FAS I is a multi-functional, multi-domain protein that is organized as a large (1.9 MDa) homohexameric complex. Acyl intermediates produced during fatty acid elongation are attached covalently to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain. This domain is activated by the transfer of a 4-Phosphopantetheine (4-PP, also termed P-pant) group from CoA to ACP catalyzed by a 4-PP transferase, termed acyl carrier protein synthase (AcpS). In order to obtain an activated FAS I in E. coli, we transformed E. coli with tagged Mtb fas1 and acpS genes encoded by a separate plasmid.nnWe induced the expression of Mtb FAS I following induction of AcpS expression. FAS I was purified by Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography. Activation of Mtb FAS I was confirmed by the identification of a bound P-pant group on serine at position 1808 by mass spectrometry. The purified FAS I displayed biochemical activity shown by spectrophotometric analysis of NADPH oxidation and by CoA production, using the Ellman reaction. The purified Mtb FAS I forms a hexameric complex shown by negative staining and cryo-EM. Purified hexameric and active Mtb FAS I is required for binding and drug inhibition studies and for structurefunction analysis of this enzyme. This relatively simple and short procedure for Mtb FAS I production should facilitate studies of this enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deweerd, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimhony, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of a recombinant, 4’-Phosphopantetheinylated, active M. tuberculosis Fatty acid Synthase I in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific detection of cell-free DNA derived from intestinal epithelial cells using methylation patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells of the intestine undergo rapid turnover and are thought to be cleared via stool. Disruption of tissue architecture, as occurs in colorectal cancer (CRC), results in the release of material from dying intestinal epithelial cells to blood. This phenomenon could be utilized for diagnosis and monitoring of intestinal diseases, if circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) derived from intestinal cells could be specifically identified. Here we describe two genomic loci that are unmethylated specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, allowing for sensitive and specific detection of DNA derived from such cells. As expected, intestinal DNA is found in stool, but not in plasma, of healthy individuals. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have minimal amounts of intestinal cfDNA in the plasma, whereas patients with advanced CRC show a strong signal. The intestinal markers are not elevated in plasma samples from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and a combination of intestine- and pancreas-specific markers allowed for robust differentiation between plasma cfDNA derived from CRC and PDAC patients. Intestinal DNA markers provide a mutation-independent tool for monitoring intestinal dynamics in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann-Werman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paweletz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magenheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piyanzin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grompe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific detection of cell-free DNA derived from intestinal epithelial cells using methylation patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-talk between the receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and ERBB3 regulates invadopodia formation in melanoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The invasive phenotype of metastatic cancer cells is accompanied by the formation of actin-rich invadopodia, which adhere to the extracellular matrix, and degrade it. In this study, we explored the role of the tyrosine kinome in the formation of invadopodia in metastatic melanoma cells. Using a microscopy-based siRNA screen, we identified novel invadopodia regulators, the knock-down of which either suppresses (e.g., TYK2, IGFR1, ERBB3, TYRO3, FES, ALK, PTK7) or enhances invadopodia formation and function (e.g., ABL2, AXL, CSK). Particularly intriguing was the discovery that the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL displays a dual regulatory function, manifested by enhancement of invadopodia function upon knock-down or long-term inhibition, as well as following its over-expression. We show here that this apparent contradiction may be attributed to the capacity of AXL to directly stimulate invadopodia; yet its suppression up-regulates the ERBB3 signaling pathway, which consequently activates core invadopodia regulators, and greatly enhances invadopodia function. Bioinformatic analysis of multiple melanoma cells points to an inverse expression pattern of AXL and ERBB3, with the apparent association of high-AXL melanomas, with high expression of invadopodia components and an invasive phenotype. The relevance of these results to melanoma metastasis in vivo, and to potential anti-invasion therapy, is discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Revach, O.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-talk between the receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and ERBB3 regulates invadopodia formation in melanoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The physiological butyrylcholinesterase tetramer is a dimer of dimers stabilized by a superhelical assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quaternary structures of the cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), are essential for their localisation and function. Of practical importance, BChE is a promising therapeutic candidate for intoxication by organophosphate nerve agents and insecticides, and for detoxification of addictive substances. Efficacy of the recombinant enzyme hinges on its having a long circulatory half-life; this, in turn, depends strongly on its ability to tetramerize. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the highly glycosylated native BChE tetramer purified from human plasma at 5.7 [A]. Our structure reveals that the BChE tetramer is organised as a staggered dimer of dimers. Tetramerization is mediated by assembly of the C-terminal tryptophan amphiphilic tetramerization (WAT) helices from each subunit as a superhelical assembly around a central anti-parallel polyproline II helix (PRAD). The catalytic domains within a dimer are asymmetrically linked to the WAT/PRAD. In the resulting arrangement, the tetramerization domain is largely shielded by the catalytic domains, which may contribute to the stability of the HuBChE tetramer. Our cryo-EM structure reveals the basis for assembly of the physiological tetramers, and has implications for the therapeutic applications of HuBChE. This mode of tetramerization is seen only in the cholinesterases, and may provide a promising template for designing other proteins with improved circulatory residence times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezouwen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schopfer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockridge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/431288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The physiological butyrylcholinesterase tetramer is a dimer of dimers stabilized by a superhelical assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CSNAP, the smallest CSN subunit, modulates proteostasis through cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL) family consists of ~250 complexes that catalyze ubiquitylation of proteins to achieve cellular regulation. All CRLs are inhibited by the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) through both enzymatic (deneddylation) and non-enzymatic (steric) mechanisms. The relative contribution of these two mechanisms is unclear. Here, we decouple the mechanisms using CSNAP, the recently discovered ninth subunit of the CSN. We find that CSNAP reduces the affinity of CSN toward CRL complexes. Removing CSNAP does not affect deneddylation, but leads to global effects on the CRL, causing altered reproductive capacity, suppressed DNA damage response, decreased viability, and delayed cell cycle progression. Thus, although CSNAP is only 2% of the CSN mass, it plays a critical role in the steric regulation of CRLs by the CSN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Füzesi-Levi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enchev, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CSNAP, the smallest CSN subunit, modulates proteostasis through cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical microinfarcts caused by single penetrating vessel occlusion lead to widespread reorganization across the entire brain in a CX3CR1 dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Results 3. Discussion 4. Methods and Materials 6. Author Contribution 7. Competing interests References Dementia, and the associated cognitive impairment that goes along with it, have been attributed to a plethora of different mechanisms. As proper brain function is tightly coupled with the on-demand supply of oxygen and nutrients to active areas, perturbation to blood flow and the resulting neurovas-cular uncoupling play a crucial role in the ethology of these pathologies [1, 2, 3], even before the onset of the clinical symptoms [4]. Although research has traditionally focused on systemic and large-scale perturbations such as hypertension and stroke, cortical microinfarcts emerge nowaday ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benbenishty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Har-Gil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gdalyahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical microinfarcts caused by single penetrating vessel occlusion lead to widespread reorganization across the entire brain in a CX3CR1 dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaCell: analysis of single cell RNA-seq data using k-NN graph partitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has become the method of choice for analyzing mRNA distributions in heterogeneous cell populations. scRNA-seq only partially samples the cells in a tissue and the RNA in each cell, resulting in sparse data that challenge analysis. We develop a methodology that addresses scRNA-seqs sparsity through partitioning the data into metacells: disjoint, homogenous and highly compact groups of cells, each exhibiting only sampling variance. Metacells constitute local building blocks for clustering and quantitative analysis of gene expression, while not enforcing any global structure on the data, thereby maintaining statistical control and minimizing biases. We illustrate the MetaCell framework by re-analyzing cell type and transcriptional gradients in peripheral blood and whole organism scRNA-seq maps. Our algorithms are implemented in the new MetaCell R/C++ software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoichman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaCell: analysis of single cell RNA-seq data using k-NN graph partitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid covalent-probe discovery by electrophile fragment screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covalent probes can display unmatched potency, selectivity and duration of action, however, their discovery is challenging. In principle, fragments that can irreversibly bind their target can overcome the low affinity that limits reversible fragment screening. Such electrophilic fragments were considered non-selective and were rarely screened. We hypothesized that mild electrophiles might overcome the selectivity challenge, and constructed a library of 993 mildly electrophilic fragments. We characterized this library by a new high-throughput thiol-reactivity assay and screened them against ten cysteine-containing proteins. Highly reactive and promiscuous fragments were rare and could be easily eliminated. By contrast, we found selective hits for most targets. Combination with high-throughput crystallography allowed rapid progression to potent and selective probes for two enzymes, the deubiquitinase OTUB2, and the pyrophosphatase NUDT7. No inhibitors were previously known for either. This study highlights the potential of electrophile fragment screening as a practical and efficient tool for covalent ligand discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>resnick, e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douangamath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krojer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geurink, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruda, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Saez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szommer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velupillai, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, K. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovaa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid covalent-probe discovery by electrophile fragment screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A redox-regulated type III metacaspase controls cell death in a marine diatom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed cell death (PCD) in marine phytoplankton was suggested as one of the mechanisms that facilitates large scale bloom demise. Yet, the molecular basis for algal PCD machinery is rudimentary. Metacaspases are considered ancestral proteases that regulate cell death, but their activity and role in algae are still elusive. Here we biochemically characterized a recombinant metacaspase 5 from the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtMC5), revealing calcium-dependent protease activity. This activity includes auto-processing and cleavage following arginine. PtMC5 overexpressing cells exhibited higher metacaspase activity and were more sensitive to a diatom-specific infochemical compared to WT cells. Mutagenesis of potential disulfide-forming cysteines decreased PtMC5 activity, suggesting redox regulation. This cysteine pair is widespread in diatom type III metacaspases, but was not found in any other taxa. The characterization of a cell death associated protein in marine phytoplankton will enable deeper understanding of the ecological significance of PCD in bloom dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graff van Creveld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcolombri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A redox-regulated type III metacaspase controls cell death in a marine diatom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Convolutional modeling of human face selective columns reveals their role in pictorial face representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the massive accumulation of systems neuroscience findings, their functional meaning remains tentative, largely due to the absence of realistically performing models. The discovery that deep convolutional networks achieve human performance in realistic tasks offers fresh opportunities for such modeling. Here we show that the face-space topography of face-selective columns recorded intra-cranially in 32 patients significantly matches that of a DCNN having human-level face recognition capabilities. Three modeling aspects converge in pointing to a role of human face areas in pictorial rather than person identification: First, the match was confined to intermediate layers of the DCNN. Second, identity preserving image manipulations abolished the brain to DCNN correlation. Third, DCNN neurons matching face-column tuning displayed view-point selective receptive fields. Our results point to a "convergent evolution" of pattern similarities in biological and artificial face perception. They demonstrate DCNNs as a powerful modeling approach for deciphering the function of human cortical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziv, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeagle, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuvis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Convolutional modeling of human face selective columns reveals their role in pictorial face representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread suppression of high-order visual cortex during blinks and external predictable visual interruptions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous eye blinks generate frequent potent interruptions to the retinal input and yet go unnoticed. As such, they provide an attractive approach to the study of the neural correlates of visual awareness. Here, we tested the potential role of predictability in generating blink-related effects using fMRI. While participants attentively watched still images of faces and houses, we monitored naturally occurring spontaneous blinks and introduced three kinds of matched visual interruptions: cued voluntary blinks, self-initiated (and hence, predictable) external darkenings, and physically similar but unpredictable external darkenings. These events impact was inspected using fMRI across the visual hierarchy. In early visual cortex, both spontaneous and voluntary blinks, as well as predictable and unpredictable external darkenings, led to largely similar positive responses in peripheral representations. In mid- and high-level visual cortex, all predictable conditions (spontaneous blinks, voluntary blinks, and self-initiated external darkenings) were associated with signal decreases. In contrast, unpredictable darkenings were associated with signal increases. These findings suggest that general-purpose prediction-related mechanisms are involved in producing a small but widespread suppression of mid- and high-order visual regions during blinks. Such suppression may down-regulate responses to predictable transients in the human visual hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread suppression of high-order visual cortex during blinks and external predictable visual interruptions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-Cell Structural Dynamics of an EGF Receptor during Ligand-induced Dimer-Oligomer Transition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a membrane protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, and is a drug target for cancer therapy. Ligand-induced activation of the EGFR kinase is generally regarded to require ligand-bound-dimers, while phosphorylation and downstream signalling is modulated by higher-order oligomers. Recent work has unveiled changes in EGFR dynamics from ligand-induced dimerization in membranes extracted from cells, however less is known about the changes in EGFR dynamics that accompany the ligand-induced dimer to tetramer transition in a live cell environment. In the present report, we determine the dynamics of a c-terminal GFP tag attached to EGFR in the unliganded dimer and in the liganded tetramer by means of dynamic depolarization microscopy. We made use of a novel analysis method, the single-frequency polarized phasor ellipse approach, to extract two correlation times on the subnanosecond and super-nanosecond timescales, respectively. EGF binding to the EGFR-GFP dimer lengthened the sub-nanosecond correlation time (from 0.1ns to 1.3ns), and shortened the supernanosecond correlation time (from 210ns to 56ns) of the c-terminal GFP probe. The sub-nanosecond depolarization processes were assigned to electronic energy migration between proximal GFPs in the EGFR dimer or oligomer, while the super-nanosecond correlation times were assigned to nanosecond fluctuations of the GFP probe in the EGFR complex. Accordingly, these results show that ligand binding to the extracellular domain increased the average separation between the c-terminal tags and increased their rotational mobility. We propose that the dynamics are linked to an inhibitory function of the c-terminal tail in the un-liganded dimer and to the requirement of facile stochastic switching between kinase activation and cytoplasmic adaptor/effector binding in the active tetramer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clayton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-Cell Structural Dynamics of an EGF Receptor during Ligand-induced Dimer-Oligomer Transition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A short HBV RNA region induces RNR-R2 expression in non-cycling cells and in primary human hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis B virus infects non-dividing cells in which dNTPs are scarce. HBV replication requires dNTPs. To cope with this constraint the virus induces the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway culminating in RNR-R2 expression and the generation of an active RNR holoenzyme, the key regulator of dNTP levels. Previously we reported that the HBx open reading frame (ORF) triggers this pathway. Unexpectedly however, we report here that the production of HBx protein is not essential. We found that a small region of 125 bases within the HBx transcript is sufficient to induce RNR-R2 expression in growth arrested HepG2 cells and in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). The observed HBx embedded regulatory element is named ERE. We demonstrate that ERE is functional as a positive strand RNA polymerase-II transcript. Remarkably, ERE is sufficient to induce the Chk1-E2F1-RNR-R2 DDR pathway, previously reported to be activated by HBV. Furthermore, we found that ERE activates ATR but not ATM in eliciting this DDR pathway in upregulating RNR-R2. These findings demonstrate the multitasking role of HBV transcripts in mediating virus-host cell interaction, a mechanism that explains how such a small genome effectively serves such a pervasive virus.nnAuthor summaryThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the human liver and over 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV and at risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer. HBV has a very small DNA genome with only four genes, much fewer than other viruses. For propagation the virus consumes dNTPs, the building blocks of DNA, in much higher amounts than the infected cells provide. To cope with this constraint, the virus manipulates the cells to increase the production of dNTPs. We found that the virus activates the cellular response to DNA damage upon which the cells increase the production of dNTPs, but instead of repairing cellular DNA, the virus uses them for production of its own DNA. Usually viruses manipulate host cells with one or more of their unique proteins, however the small HBV genome cannot afford having such a unique gene and protein. Instead, we found that here the virus relies on RNA to manipulate the host cells. Our findings highlight the unprecedented principle of a multitasking viral RNA that is not only designed to be translated into proteins but also harbors an independent role in activating the cellular DNA damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricardo-Lax, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broennimann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jong, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A short HBV RNA region induces RNR-R2 expression in non-cycling cells and in primary human hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell analysis reveals dynamics of transposable element transcription following epigenetic de-repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous or pharmacological loss of epigenetic repression exposes thousands of promoters encoded in transposable elements (TEs) for pervasive transcriptional activation. How TE responses differ between epigenetically relaxed cancer cells and what factors govern such variation remains however largely unknown. By quantifying TE transcription initiation at single cell and locus resolution in epigenetically targeted cancer cells, we characterize specific groups of co-regulated loci that drive over ten-fold variation in TE load per single cell. Such variable activity patterns are largely linked to cell cycle stages, stress response signatures, and immune pathways. Furthermore, cells with high levels of specific transcription factors show increased TE expression, while within such cells, multi-copy families are differentially regulated in response to local sequence divergence of binding sites and the locus repressive or active chromosomal contexts. Our data thereby implicates the regulation of potent promoters within TEs as an underestimated source of transcriptional heterogeneity following epigenetic therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brocks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell analysis reveals dynamics of transposable element transcription following epigenetic de-repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium channel regulators are differentially expressed in hippocampi of Ts65Dn and Tc1 Down syndrome mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDown syndrome remains the main genetic cause of intellectual disability, with an incidence rate of about 1 in 700 live births. The Ts65Dn mouse strain, with an extra murine chromosome that includes genes from chromosomes 10, 16 and 17 of the mouse and the Tc1 strain with an extra human chromosome 21, are currently accepted as informative and well-studied models for Down Syndrome. Using whole cell patch clamp we recently showed changes in several types of transmembrane currents in hippocampal neuronal cultures of Ts65Dn and Tc1 embryos. The associated genetic changes responsible for these changes in physiology were yet to be studied.nnMethodsWe used qPCR to measure RNA expression level of a few of the channel genes that we suspect are implicated in the previously reported changes of measured currents, and performed statistical analysis using Matlab procedures for the standard t-test and ANOVA and for calculating correlations between the RNA expression levels of several channel genes.nnResultsWe present differential gene expression levels measured using qPCR of the potassium channel regulators KCNE1 and KCNE2 in both Ts65Dn and Tc1 embryos and pups compared to controls. In Tc1, the human genes KCNJ6 and KCNJ15 are expressed in addition to a statistically insignificant increase of expression in the mouse genes KCNJ6 and KCNJ15. All channel genes that we have measured with large replication, have the same up-regulation or down-regulation in both mouse models, indicating that the transcription mechanism acts similarly in these two mouse models. The large dataset furthermore allows us to observe correlations between different channel genes. We find that, despite the significant changes in expression levels, channels that are known to interact have a high and significant correlation in expression both in controls and in the Down syndrome mouse model.nnConclusionsWe suggest the differential expression of KCNE1 and KCNE2 as a possible cause for our previously reported changes in potassium currents. We report a KCNJ6 and KCNJ15 overexpression, which plays a role in the increased input conductance and the reduced cell excitability that we previously reported in the Tc1 mouse model. The large and significant positive (KCNQ2-KCNQ3, KCNE1-KCNE2, KCNQ3-KCNE1, KCNQ2-KCNE1, KCNQ2-KCNE2, KCNQ3-KCNE2) and negative correlations (KCNE1-KCNJ15, KCNE2-KCNJ15) that we find between channel genes indicate that these genes probably work in a cooperative or in a mutually exclusive manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium channel regulators are differentially expressed in hippocampi of Ts65Dn and Tc1 Down syndrome mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive programmed ribosomal frameshifting in human as revealed by a massively parallel reporter assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed ribosomal frameshifting is the controlled slippage of the translating ribosome to an alternative frame. This tightly regulated process is widely employed by human viruses such as HIV and SARS coronavirus and is critical for their life cycle and virulence. It is also utilized from yeast to human to implement a feedback control mechanism to regulate polyamine levels. Here, we developed a high-throughput, fluorescence-based approach to assess the frameshifting potential of a sequence. We designed and tested >12,000 sequences based on 15 viral and human frameshifting events, allowing us to elucidate the rules governing ribosomal frameshifting in a systematic way and to discover novel regulatory inputs based on amino acid properties and tRNA availability. We assessed the natural variation in HIV gag-pol frameshifting rates by testing >500 clinical isolates and identified subtype-specific differences as well as associations between viral load in patients and the optimality of gag-pol frameshifting rates. We further devised computational models that accurately predict frameshifting potential (up to auROC=0.93) and frameshifting rates (up to Pearson r=0.81) of novel variants, including subtle differences between HIV clinical isolates (r=0.60). Taken together, this systematic approach can contribute to the development of antiviral agents acting on programmed ribosomal frameshifting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive programmed ribosomal frameshifting in human as revealed by a massively parallel reporter assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme in the biosphere and one of the best-characterized enzymes. Based on correlations between Rubisco kinetic parameters, it is widely posited that tradeoffs embedded in the catalytic mechanism constrain its specificity and maximum catalytic rate. However, the reasoning that established this view was based on data from {approx}20 organisms. We re-examine these tradeoff models using a dataset from {approx}300 organisms. Most correlations are substantially attenuated, with the inverse relationship between carboxylation kcat and specificity SC/O being a key example. Only one tradeoff model survives in our dataset. In this model, increasing catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for carboxylation requires increased catalytic efficiency for the competing oxygenation reaction, evidenced by strong power-law correlation between catalytic efficiencies. Our results imply that Rubisco evolution is constrained primarily by the physicochemical limits of O2/CO2 discrimination, which should reframe efforts to engineer this very central enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent cells and the dynamics of aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-identical organisms age at different rates, but the reason for this is unclear. The rate of aging is due to the accumulation of damage, such as senescent cells (SnC) which are a major driver of aging in mammals, but the accumulation dynamics of SnC are unknown. Here, we combine theory and experiments in mice and find that SnC are rapidly produced and removed with a half-life of days in young mice. In old mice SnC half-life grows to weeks, because SnC saturate their own removal process. This saturation leads to persistent fluctuations known as critical-slowing-down: fluctuations are amplified to long-lasting differences in SnC between individuals at old ages. Rapid turnover with saturating removal is a general framework that may apply to any aging-related form of damage, and can quantitatively explain the demographic laws of mortality in worms, flies, mice and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent cells and the dynamics of aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Flowering Hormone Florigen Accelerates Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis to Harmonize Vascular Maturation with Reproductive Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein hormone florigen is a universal systemic inducer of flowering and a generic growth terminator across meristems. To understand the developmental rational for its pleiotropic functions and to uncover the deep cellular systems mobilized by florigen beyond flowering we explored termination of radial expansion of stems. Employing the power of tomato genetics along with RNAseq and histological validations we show that endogenous, mobile, or induced florigen accelerates secondary cell wall biogenesis (SCWB), and hence vascular maturation, independently of flowering. This finding is supported by a systemic florigen antagonist from the non-flowering Ginkgo biloba, which arrests SCWB and by MADS and MIF genes downstream of florigen that similarly suppress or enhance, respectively, vascular maturation independent of flowering. We also show that florigen is remarkably stable and distributed to all organs regardless of existing endogenous levels. By accelerating SCWB, florigen reprograms the distribution of resources, signals and mechanical loads required for the ensuing reproductive phase it had originally set into motion.nnDevelopmental HighlightsO_LIFlorigen accelerates SCWB: A prime case for a long-range regulation of a complete metabolic network by a plant hormone.nC_LIO_LIThe dual acceleration of flowering and vascular maturation by Florigen provides a paradigm for a dynamic regulation of global, independent, developmental programs.nC_LIO_LIThe growth termination functions of florigen and the auto-regulatory mechanism for its production and distribution provide a communication network enveloping the shoot system.nC_LIO_LIA stable florigen provides a possible mechanism for the quantitative regulation of floweringnC_LIO_LILateral stimulation of xylem differentiation links the phloem-travelling florigen with the annual rings in trunks.nC_LIO_LIMADS genes are common relay partners in Florigen circuits; vascular maturation in stems and reproductive transition in apical meristems.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalit-Kaneh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eviatar-Ribak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifschitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Flowering Hormone Florigen Accelerates Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis to Harmonize Vascular Maturation with Reproductive Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning probabilistic representations with randomly connected neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain represents and reasons probabilistically about complex stimuli and motor actions using a noisy, spike-based neural code. A key building block for such neural computations, as well as the basis for supervised and unsupervised learning, is the ability to estimate the surprise or likelihood of incoming high-dimensional neural activity patterns. Despite progress in statistical modeling of neural responses and deep learning, current approaches either do not scale to large neural populations or cannot be implemented using biologically realistic mechanisms. Inspired by the sparse and random connectivity of real neuronal circuits, we present a new model for neural codes that accurately estimates the likelihood of individual spiking patterns and has a straightforward, scalable, efficiently learnable, and realistic neural implementation. This models performance on simultaneously recorded spiking activity of >100 neurons in the monkey visual and prefrontal cortices is comparable or better than that of current models. Importantly, the model can be learned using a small number of samples, and using a local learning rule that utilizes noise intrinsic to neural circuits. Slower, structural changes in random connectivity, consistent with rewiring and pruning processes, further improve the efficiency and sparseness of the resulting neural representations. Our results merge insights from neuroanatomy, machine learning, and theoretical neuroscience to suggest random sparse connectivity as a key design principle for neuronal computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maoz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteki, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkacik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/478545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning probabilistic representations with randomly connected neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/482216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organ transformation by environmental disruption of epigenetic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/482216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite major progress in mechanistic understanding of epigenetic reprogramming of cells, the basis of  organ reprograming by (epi-)gene-environment interactions remained largely obscured. Here we use the ether-induced haltere-to-wing transformations as a model for epigenetic "reprogramming" at the whole organism level. Our findings support a mechanistic chain of events explaining why and how brief embryonic exposure to ether leads to organ transformation manifested at the larval stage and on. We show that ether interferes with protein integrity in the egg leading to altered deployment of Hsp90 and repression of Trithorax-mediated establishment of H3K4 tri-methylations. This repression pre-disposes early methylated Ubx targets and wing genes for later up-regulation in the larval haltere disc, hence the wing-like outcome. Consistent with compromised protein integrity during the exposure, the severity of bithorax transformation is increased by genetic or chemical reduction of Hsp90 function. Moreover, a joint reduction in Hsp90 and trx gene dosage can cause bithorax transformations without exposure to ether. These findings implicate environmental disruption of protein integrity at the onset of histone methylations with a modification of epigenetic memory, which in turn, supports a morphogenetic shift towards an ancestral-like body plan. The morphogenetic impact of chaperone response during a major setup of epigenetic patterns may be a general scheme for organ reprogramming by environmental cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciabrelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviezer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/482216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organ transformation by environmental disruption of epigenetic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of the protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit to promoters by the dual-function transcription factor RFX1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummeryRFX proteins are a family of conserved DNA binding proteins involved in various, essential cellular and developmental processes. RFX1 is a ubiquitously expressed, dual-activity transcription factor capable of both activation and repression of target genes.nnThe exact mechanism by which RFX1 regulates its target is not known yet. In this work, we show that the C-terminal repression domain of RFX1 interacts with the Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase PP1c, and that interaction with RFX1 can target PP1c to specific sites in the genome. Given that PP1c was shown to de-phosphorylate several transcription factors, as well as the regulatory C-terminal domain of RNA Polymerase II the recruitment of PP1c to promoters may be a mechanism by which RFX1 regulates the target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubelsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of the protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit to promoters by the dual-function transcription factor RFX1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forces and constraints controlling podosome assembly and disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Podosomes are a singular category of integrin-mediated adhesions important in the processes of cell migration, matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. Despite a wealth of biochemical studies, the effects of mechanical forces on podosome integrity and dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we show that podosomes are highly sensitive to two groups of physical factors. First, we describe the process of podosome disassembly induced by activation of myosin-IIA filament assembly. Next, we find that podosome integrity and dynamics depends upon membrane tension and can be experimentally perturbed by osmotic swelling and deoxycholate treatment. We have also found that podosomes can be disrupted in a reversible manner by single or cyclic radial stretching of the substratum. We show that disruption of podosomes induced by osmotic swelling is independent of myosin-II filaments. Inhibition of the membrane sculpting protein, dynamin-II, but not clathrin, resulted in activation of myosin-IIA filament formation and disruption of podosomes. The effect of dynamin-II inhibition on podosomes was however independent of myosin-II filaments. Moreover, formation of organized arrays of podosomes in response to microtopographic cues (the ridges with triangular profile) was not accompanied by reorganization of myosin-II filaments. Thus, mechanical elements such as myosin-II filaments and factors affecting membrane tension/sculpting independently modulate podosome formation and dynamics, underlying a versatile response of these adhesion structures to intracellular and extracellular cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohd Rafiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forces and constraints controlling podosome assembly and disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Spaetzle morphogen shuttling in the Drosophila embryo shapes pattern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment of morphogen gradients in the early Drosophila embryo is challenged by a diffusible extracellular milieu, and rapid nuclear divisions that occur at the same time. To understand how a sharp gradient is formed within this dynamic environment, we followed the generation of graded nuclear Dorsal (Dl) protein, the hallmark of pattern formation along the dorso-ventral axis, in live embryos. We show that a sharp gradient is formed through extracellular, diffusion-based morphogen shuttling that progresses through several nuclear divisions. Perturbed shuttling in wntD mutant embryos results in a flat activation peak and aberrant gastrulation. Re-entry of Dl into the nuclei at each cycle refines the signaling output, by guiding graded accumulation of the T48 transcript that drives patterned gastrulation. We conclude that diffusion-based ligand shuttling, coupled with dynamic readout, establishes a refined pattern within the diffusible environment of early embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahimi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schejter, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, B.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Spaetzle morphogen shuttling in the Drosophila embryo shapes pattern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fundamental Law of Memory Recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free recall of random lists of words is a standard paradigm used to probe human memory. We proposed an associative search process that can be reduced to a deterministic walk on random graphs defined by the structure of memory representations. The corresponding graph model is different from the ones considered in the past but still can be solved analytically, resulting in a novel parameter-free prediction for the average number of memory items recalled (RC) out of M items in memory: [Formula]. This prediction was verified with a specially designed experimental protocol combining large-scale crowd-sourced free recall and recognition experiments with randomly assembled lists of words or common facts. Our theoretical and experimental results indicate that memory recall operates according to a stereotyped search process common to all people.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/510750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fundamental Law of Memory Recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orientation-selective adaptation improves perceptual grouping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of visual pattern adaptation, and learning, in spatial integration was investigated. Observers performed a perpetual grouping task in which they reported whether a grid of identical tilted bars (45{degrees} counterclockwise from the vertical) is perceived as rows or columns. Performance was measured multiple times during a testing session to determine the effects of repeated exposure to the stimuli. To test for possible effects of learning on the within-session dynamics, observers repeated the experiment on five different days. We found that repeated performance produced rapid within-day improvements, which were largely transient, and were not retained when tested on subsequent days. In addition, exposure to stimuli with equal orientation contributed to the within-session improvement, whereas stimuli having an orientation differing by 45{degrees} from the orientation used in the grouping task diminished the improvement previously obtained in the same session. Practice with the task, over days, resulted in faster improvements. The transient nature of these exposure-driven improvements and their susceptibility to interference by stimuli designed to reduce adaptation suggests that adaptation was the main cause for the observed improvements. Finally, to investigate the effects of adaptation on internal noise and on spatial integration, we employed an external noise paradigm, showing that internal noise reduction resulted from adaptation. Internal noise was reduced only when spatial integration was effective, suggesting that adaptation improved perception of global stimulus properties. Overall, our results suggest that the grouping task benefits from an adaptation process that rapidly adjusts the visual system to the statistics of the visual stimuli. We suggest that this effect is achieved through spatial decorrelation of neural responses. With practice, the visual system is able to adjust faster to changes in the statistics of the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinchuk-Yacobi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orientation-selective adaptation improves perceptual grouping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-causing mutations in subunits of OXPHOS complex I affect their physical interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial complex I (C1) is the largest multi-subunit oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein complex. Recent availability of a high-resolution human C1 structure, and from two non-human mammals, enabled predicting the impact of mutations on interactions involving each of the 44 C1 subunits. However, experimentally assessing the impact of the predicted interactions requires an easy and high-throughput method. Here, we created such a platform by cloning all 37 nuclear DNA (nDNA) and 7 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded human C1 subunits into yeast expression vectors to serve as both 'prey' and 'bait' in the split murine dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR) protein complementation assay (PCA). We first demonstrated the capacity of this approach and then used it to examine reported pathological OXPHOS C1 mutations that occur at subunit interaction interfaces. Our results indicate that a pathological frame-shift mutation in the MT-ND2 gene, causing the replacement of 126 C-terminal residues by a stretch of only 30 amino acids, resulted in loss of specificity in ND2-based interactions involving these residues. Hence, the split mDHFR PCA is a powerful assay for assessing the impact of disease-causing mutations on pairwise protein-protein interactions in the context of a large protein complex, thus revealing the mechanism underlying any associated pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barshad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlotinkov-Poznianski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishmar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-causing mutations in subunits of OXPHOS complex I affect their physical interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial sorting enables comprehensive characterization of liver zonation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian liver is composed of repeating hexagonal units termed lobules. Spatially-resolved single-cell transcriptomics revealed that about half of hepatocyte genes are differentially expressed across the lobule. Technical limitations impede reconstructing similar global spatial maps of other hepatocyte features. Here, we used zonated surface markers to sort hepatocytes from defined lobule zones with high spatial resolution. We applied transcriptomics, microRNA array measurements and Mass-spectrometry proteomics to reconstruct spatial atlases of multiple zonated hepatocyte features. We found that protein zonation largely overlapped mRNA zonation. We identified zonation of key microRNAs such as miR-122, and inverse zonation of microRNAs and their hepatocyte gene targets, implying potential regulation through zonated mRNA degradation. These targets included the pericentral Wnt receptors Fzd7 and Fzd8 and the periportal Wnt inhibitors Tcf7l1 and Ctnnbip1. Our approach facilitates reconstruction of spatial atlases of multiple cellular features in the liver and in other structured tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial sorting enables comprehensive characterization of liver zonation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centering based on active diffusion in mouse oocytes is non-specific 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism for nucleus centering in mouse oocytes results from a gradient of actin-positive vesicles. By microinjecting oil droplets and fluorescent beads, we analyze the consequences of the gradient of activity on transport of exogenous tracer particles of different sizes. We also use optical tweezers to probe rheological properties of the cytoplasm. We find that the gradient activity induces a general centering force, akin to an effective pressure gradient, leading to centering of oil droplets with velocities comparable to nuclear ones. High temporal resolution measurements reveal that passive particles, larger than 1{micro}m, experience the activity gradient by a biased diffusion towards the cell center. Unexpectedly, this general and size dependent mechanism is maintained in Meiosis I but contrasted by a further process that specifically off-centers the spindle. These antagonizing processes depend on myosin activity, thus we reconcile how the same molecular actors can have two opposite functions (centering versus off-centering).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verlhac, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratzin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almonacid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terret, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voituriez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueroui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centering based on active diffusion in mouse oocytes is non-specific]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Interaction of Mouse and Torpedo Acetylcholinesterase with Covalent Inhibitors Explain Their Differential Reactivity: Implications for Drug Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the three-dimensional structures of mouse and Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase are very similar, their responses to the covalent sulfonylating agents benzenesulfonyl fluoride and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride are qualitatively different. Both agents inhibit the mouse enzyme effectively by covalent modification of its active-site serine. In contrast, whereas the Torpedo enzyme is effectively inhibited by benzenesulfonyl fluoride, it is completely resistant to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. A bottleneck midway down the active-site gorge in both enzymes restricts access of ligands to the active site at the bottom of the gorge. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mouse enzyme is substantially more flexible than the Torpedo enzyme, suggesting that enhanced  breathing motions of the mouse enzyme relative to the Torpedo enzyme might explain why phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride can reach the active site in mouse acetylcholinesterase, but not in the Torpedo enzyme. Accordingly, we performed docking of the two sulfonylating agents to the two enzymes, followed by molecular dynamics simulations. Whereas benzenesulfonyl fluoride closely approached the active-site serine in both mouse and Torpedo acetylcholinesterase in such simulations, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was able to approach the active-site serine of mouse acetylcholinesterase - but remained trapped above the bottleneck in the case of the Torpedo enzyme. Our studies demonstrate that reliance on docking tools in drug design can produce misleading information. Docking studies should, therefore, also be complemented by molecular dynamics simulations in selection of lead compounds.

Author summaryEnzymes are protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms, and are essential for their physiological functions. Proteins have well defined three-dimensional structures, but display flexibility; it is believed that this flexibility, known as their dynamics, plays a role in their function. Here we studied the neuronal enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. The active site of this enzyme is deeply buried, and accessed by a narrow gorge. A particular inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, is known to inhibit mouse acetylcholinesterase, but not that of the electric fish, Torpedo, even though their structures are very similar. A theoretical technique called molecular dynamics (MD) shows that the mouse enzyme is more flexible than the Torpedo enzyme. Furthermore, when the movement of the inhibitor down the gorge towards the active site is simulated using MD, the phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride can reach the active site in the mouse enzyme, but not in the Torpedo enzyme, in which it remains trapped midway down the gorge. Our study emphasizes the importance of taking into account not only structure, but also dynamics, in designing drugs targeted towards proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandar, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Interaction of Mouse and Torpedo Acetylcholinesterase with Covalent Inhibitors Explain Their Differential Reactivity: Implications for Drug Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastases are prevalent in various types of cancer, and are often terminal given low efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, preventing them is of outmost clinical relevance and prophylactic treatments are perhaps the most efficient strategy. Here, we show that systemic prophylactic administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, is effective against brain metastases. Acute and chronic systemic administration of CpG-C reduced tumor cell seeding and growth in the brain in three tumor models in mice, including metastasis of human and mouse lung cancer, and spontaneous melanoma-derived brain metastasis. Studying mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CpG-C, we found that in the brain, unlike in the periphery, NK cells and monocytes are not involved in controlling metastasis. Next, we demonstrated that the systemically administered CpG-C is taken up by endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor brain extravasation. In vitro assays pointed to microglia, but not astrocytes, as mediators of CpG-C effects through increased tumor killing and phagocytosis, mediated by direct microglia-tumor contact. In vivo, CpG-C-activated microglia displayed elevated mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-inducing and phagocytosis-related genes. Intravital imaging showed that CpG-C-activated microglia cells contact, kill, and phagocytize tumor cells in the early stages of tumor brain invasion more than non-activated microglia. Blocking in vivo activation of microglia with minocycline, and depletion of microglia with a colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor, indicated that microglia mediate the anti-tumor effects of CpG-C. Overall, the results suggest prophylactic CpG-C treatment as a new intervention against brain metastasis, through an essential activation of microglia.

SummaryBrain metastases are prevalent and often terminal. Thus, reducing their occurrence could markedly improve cancer outcome. We show that systemic prophylactic and perioperative administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, reduced metastatic growth in experimental and spontaneous brain metastasis models, employing mouse and human tumors. CpG-C was taken up in the brain, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor extravasation. In vitro assays, imaging flow cytometry, and intravital imaging pointed to microglia as mediators of CpG-C effects through contact-dependent tumor killing and phagocytosis; corresponding with in vivo mRNA profile. In vivo depletion studies proved that microglia, but not NK cells or monocytes, mediated the beneficial effects of CpG-C; Also hindered by blocking microglial activation. In-toto, perioperative treatment with CpG-C should be considered clinically relevant.

SignificancePreventing brain metastases is paramount, as they are considered incurable and their incidence is on the rise due to prolonged survival of cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that systemic prophylactic treatment with CpG-C reduces peripheral and brain metastasis of mouse and human lung cancers. While traditional therapies are halted during the perioperative period, we found systemic CpG-C treatment during this time frame beneficial in a model of spontaneous brain metastases following excision of a primary melanoma tumor, comprehensively mimicking the clinical setting. Mechanistically, we show microglia activation with CpG-C results in tumor cell eradication, pointing to microglia as potential therapeutic targets. Importantly, CpG-ODNs have negligible toxicity in humans. Therefore, CpG-C may be used prophylactically and during the perioperative period in high-risk cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benbenishty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaashua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Eliyahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of CHD2 expression by the Chaserr long noncoding RNA is essential for viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic loci adjacent to genes encoding for transcription factors and chromatin remodelers are enriched for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), but the functional importance of this enrichment is largely unclear. Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (Chd2) is a chromatin remodeller with various reported functions in cell differentiation and DNA damage response. Heterozygous mutations in human CHD2 have been implicated in epilepsy, neurodevelopmental delay, and intellectual disability. Here we show that Chaserr, a highly conserved lncRNA transcribed from a region near the transcription start site of Chd2 and on the same strand, acts in concert with the CHD2 protein to maintain proper Chd2 expression levels. Loss of Chaserr in mice leads to early postnatal lethality in homozygous mice, and severe growth retardation in heterozygotes. Mechanistically, loss of Chaserr leads to substantially increased Chd2 mRNA and protein levels, which in turn lead to increased transcriptional interference by inhibiting promoters found downstream of highly expressed genes. We further show that Chaserr production represses Chd2 expression solely in cis, and that the phenotypic consequences of Chaserr loss are rescued when Chd2 is perturbed as well. Targeting Chaserr is thus a potentially viable strategy for increasing CHD2 levels in haploinsufficient individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tov Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of CHD2 expression by the Chaserr long noncoding RNA is essential for viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Targeted Memory Reactivation in Human Sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory consolidation can be promoted via Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) that re-presents training cues or context during sleep. Whether TMR acts locally or globally on cortical sleep oscillations remains unknown. Here we exploit the unique functional neuroanatomy of olfaction with its ipsilateral stimulus processing to perform local TMR in one brain hemisphere. Participants learned associations between words and locations in left or right visual fields with contextual odor throughout. During post-learning naps, odors were presented to one nostril throughout NREM sleep. We found improved memory for specific words processed in the cued hemisphere (ipsilateral to stimulated nostril). Unilateral odor cues locally modulated slow wave activity (SWA) such that regional SWA increase in the cued hemisphere negatively correlated with select memories for cued words. Moreover, local TMR improved slow wave-spindle coupling specifically in the cued hemisphere. Thus, TMR in human sleep transcends global action by selectively promoting specific memories associated with local sleep oscillations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Targeted Memory Reactivation in Human Sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual closed-loop dynamics via ocular drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision is obtained with a continuous motion of the eyes. The kinematic analysis of eye motion, during any visual or ocular task, typically reveals two (kinematic) components: saccades, which quickly replace the visual content in the retinal fovea, and drifts, which slowly scan the image after each saccade. While the saccadic exchange of regions of interest (ROIs) is commonly considered to be included in motor-sensory closed-loops, it is commonly assumed that drifts function in an open-loop manner, that is, independent of the concurrent visual input. Accordingly, visual perception is assumed to be based on a sequence of open-loop processes, each initiated by a saccade-triggered retinal snapshot. Here we directly challenged this assumption by testing the dependency of drift kinematics on concurrent visual inputs using real-time gaze-contingent-display. Our results demonstrate a dependency of the trajectory on the concurrent visual input, convergence of speed to condition-specific values and maintenance of selected drift-related motor-sensory controlled variables, all strongly indicative of drifts being included in a closed-loop brain-world process, and thus suggesting that vision is inherently a closed-loop process.

Author summaryOur eyes do not function like cameras; it has long been known that we are actively scanning our visual environment in order to see. Moreover, it is commonly accepted that our fast eye movements, saccades, are controlled by the brain and are affected by the sensory input. However, our slow eye movements, the ocular drifts, are often ignored when visual acquisition is analyzed. Accordingly, visual processing is typically assumed to be based on computations performed on saccade-triggered snapshots of the retinal state. Our work strongly challenges this model and provides significant evidence for an alternative model, a cybernetic one. We show that the dynamics of the ocular drifts do not allow, and cannot be explained by, open loop visual acquisition. Instead, our results suggest that visual acquisition is part of a closed-loop process, which dynamically and continuously links the brain to its environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruber, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual closed-loop dynamics via ocular drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep brain nuclei, such as the amygdala, nucleus basalis, and locus coeruleus, play a crucial role in cognition and behavior. Nonetheless, acutely recording electrical activity from these structures in head-fixed awake rodents has been very challenging due to the fact that head-fixed preparations are not designed for stereotactic accuracy. We overcome this issue by designing the DeepTarget, a system for stereotactic head-fixation and recording, which allows for accurately directing recording electrodes or other probes into any desired location in the brain. We then validated it by performing intracellular recordings from optogenetically-tagged amygdalar neurons followed by histological reconstruction, which revealed that it is accurate and precise to within [~]100 m. Moreover, in another group of mice we were able to target both the mammillothalamic tract and subthalamic nucleus. This approach can be adapted to any type of extracellular electrode, fiber optic or other probe in cases where high accuracy is needed in awake, head-fixed rodents.

Highlights> The Deep Target, new system for accurately targeting deep nuclei in head-fixed animals for electrophysiology and optogenetics.
> Accurate and precise to within 100 m following a one-time alignment.
> Validation: Opto-tagged Vm recordings in the amygdala of awake mice.
> Validation: Targeting multiple deep brain structures in the same mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing neural correlates of behavior without behavioral measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring neuronal tuning curves has been instrumental for many discoveries in neuroscience but requires a-priori assumptions regarding the identity of the encoded variables. We applied unsupervised learning to large-scale neuronal recordings in behaving mice from circuits involved in spatial cognition, and uncovered a highly-organized internal structure of ensemble activity patterns. This emergent structure allowed defining for each neuron an  internal tuning-curve that characterizes its activity relative to the network activity, rather than relative to any pre-defined external variable - revealing place-tuning in the hippocampus and head-direction tuning in the thalamus and postsubiculum, without relying on measurements of place or head-direction. Similar investigation in prefrontal cortex revealed schematic representations of distances and actions, and exposed a previously unknown variable, the  trajectory-phase. The structure of ensemble activity patterns was conserved across mice, allowing using one animals data to decode another animals behavior. Thus, the internal structure of neuronal activity itself enables reconstructing internal representations and discovering new behavioral variables hidden within a neural code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheintuch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brande-Eilat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinchasof, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing neural correlates of behavior without behavioral measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of hierarchical organization in memory for random material 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured information is easier to remember and recall than random one. In real life, information exhibits multi-level hierarchical organization, such as clauses, sentences, episodes and narratives in language. Here we show that multi-level grouping emerges even when participants perform memory recall experiments with random sets of words. To quantitatively probe brain mechanisms involved in memory structuring, we consider an experimental protocol where participants perform  final free recall (FFR) of several random lists of words each of which was first presented and recalled individually. We observe a hierarchy of grouping organizations of FFR, most notably many participants sequentially recalled relatively long chunks of words from each list before recalling words from another list. More-over, participants who exhibited strongest organization during FFR achieved highest levels of performance. Based on these results, we develop a hierarchical model of memory recall that is broadly compatible with our findings. Our study shows how highly controlled memory experiments with random and meaningless material, when combined with simple models, can be used to quantitatively probe the way meaningful information can efficiently be organized and processed in the brain, so to be easily retrieved.

Significance StatementInformation that people communicate to each other is highly structured. For example, a story contains meaningful elements of various degrees of complexity (clauses, sentences, episodes etc). Recalling a story, we are chiefly concerned with these meaningful elements and not its exact wording. Here we show that people introduce structure even when recalling random lists of words, by grouping the words into  chunks of various sizes. Doing so improves their performance. The so formed chunks closely correspond in size to story elements described above. This suggests that our memory is trained to create a structure that resembles the one it typically deals with in real life, and that using random material like word lists can be used to quantitatively probe these memory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recanatesi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of hierarchical organization in memory for random material]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-thinker consistency of language activations during abstract thoughts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain imaging typically employs structured and controlled tasks to avoid variable and inconsistent activation patterns. Here we argue against this assumption by showing that an extremely open-ended, high level cognitive task-loosely defined as "abstract thinking" leads to a precise, and highly consistent activation maps. Thus we show that activation maps generated during such cognitive process were precisely located relative to borders of well-known networks such as internal speech, visual and motor imagery. The activation patterns allowed decoding the thought condition at >95%. Surprisingly, the activated networks remained the same regardless of changes in thought content. Finally, we found a remarkably consistent activation map across individuals engaged in abstract thinking. The activation to abstract thinking bordered, but strictly avoided visual and motor networks. On the other hand, it partly overlapped with left lateralized language networks. These observations were supported by a quantitative neuronal distance metric analysis. Our results reveal that despite its high level, and varied content nature-abstract thinking activates surprisingly precise and consistent networks in the participants brains.

Thinker refers to: The agent of thought; Intellectual, one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas" (Wikipedia).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berkovich-Ohana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arieli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-thinker consistency of language activations during abstract thoughts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robo2 regulates synaptic oxytocin content by affecting actin state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulation of neuropeptide level at the site of release is essential for proper neurophysiological functions. We focused on a prominent neuropeptide, oxytocin (OXT), and used the zebrafish as an in vivo model to visualize and quantify OXT content at the resolution of a single synapse. We found that OXT-loaded synapses were surrounded by polymerized actin. Perturbation of actin filaments by cytochalasin-D resulted in decreased synaptic OXT levels. Live imaging of the actin probe, Lifeact-EGFP, showed reduced mobility in OXT synapses in robo2 mutants, which displayed decreased synaptic OXT content. Using a novel transgenic reporter line allowing real-time monitoring of OXT-loaded vesicles, we showed that robo2 mutants display slower rate of vesicles accumulation. OXT-specific expression of dominant-negative Cdc42, which is a key regulator of actin dynamics and a downstream effector of Robo2, led to a dose-dependent increase in OXT content in WT, and a dampened effect in robo2 mutants. Our results link Robo2-Cdc42 signalling, which controls local actin dynamics, with the maintenance of synaptic neuropeptide levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anbalagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robo2 regulates synaptic oxytocin content by affecting actin state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing, fast and slow: the effects of processing time on perceptual bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast and slow decisions exhibit distinct behavioral properties, such as the presence of decision bias in faster but not slower responses. This dichotomy is currently explained by assuming that distinct cognitive processes map to separate brain mechanisms. Here, we suggest an alternative, single-process account based on the stochastic properties of decision processes. Our experimental results show perceptual biases in a variety of tasks (specifically: learned priors, tilt illusion, and tilt aftereffect) that were much reduced with increasing reaction time. To account for this, we consider a simple yet general explanation: prior and noisy decision-related evidence are integrated serially, with evidence and noise accumulating over time (as in the standard drift diffusion model). With time, owing to noise accumulation, the prior effect is predicted to diminish. This illustrates that a clear behavioral separation - presence vs. absence of bias - may reflect a simple stochastic mechanism.

HighlightsO_LIPerceptual and decisional biases are reduced in slower decisions.
C_LIO_LISimple mechanistic single-process account for slow bias-free decisions.
C_LIO_LISignal detection theory criterion is ~zero in decision times>median.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing, fast and slow: the effects of processing time on perceptual bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A geometric representation unveils rule-learning dynamics in primate neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates can quickly and advantageously adopt new behaviors based on changing stimuli relationships. We studied acquisition of a classification task while recording single neurons in the dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex (dACC) and the Striatum. Monkeys performed trial-by-trial classification on a rich set of multi-cue patterns, allowing de-novo learning every few days. To examine neural dynamics during the learning itself, we represent each rule with a spanning set of the space formed by the stimuli features. Because neural preference can be expressed by feature combinations, we can track neural dynamics in geometrical terms in this space, allowing a compact description of neural trajectories by observing changes in either vector-magnitude and/or angle-to- rule. We find that a large fraction of cells in both regions follow the behavior during learning. Neurons in the dACC mainly rotate towards the policy, suggesting an increase in selectivity that approximates the rule; whereas in the Putamen we also find a prominent magnitude increase, suggesting strengthening of confidence. Additionally, magnitude increases in the striatum followed rotation in the dACC. Finally, the neural representation at the end of the session predicted next-day behavior. The use of this novel framework enables tracking of neural dynamics during learning and suggests differential yet complementing roles for these brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A geometric representation unveils rule-learning dynamics in primate neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fenestrae-associated protein Plvap regulates the rate of blood-borne proteins passage into the hypophysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To maintain body homeostasis, endocrine systems must detect and integrate a multitude of blood-borne peripheral signals. This is mediated by specialized permeable pores in the endothelial membrane, dubbed fenestrae. Plasmalemma vesicles-associated protein (Plvap) is located in the fenestral diaphragm and is thought play a role in the selective passage of proteins through the fenestrae. However, this suggested function has yet to be demonstrated directly. Here, we studied the development of fenestrated capillaries in a major neuroendocrine interface between the blood and brain, namely the hypophysis. Using a transgenic permeability biosensor to visualize the vascular excretion of a genetically tagged plasma protein (DBP-EGFP), we show that the developmental acquisition of vascular permeability is associated with differential expression of zebrafish plvap orthologs in the hypophysis versus brain. Ultrastructural analysis of the hypophyseal vasculature revealed that plvapb mutants display deficiencies in fenestral and stomatal diaphragms as well as increased density of fenestrae, but not of caveolae. Measurements of DBP-EGFP dynamics in live plvapb mutant larvae provided a direct proof that Plvap limits the rate of blood-borne protein passage through fenestrated endothelia. Overall, we present the regulatory role of Plvap in the development of blood-borne protein detection machinery in a major neuroendocrine interface between the brain and the general circulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand-Apte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fenestrae-associated protein Plvap regulates the rate of blood-borne proteins passage into the hypophysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the ‘m6A code’ via quantitative profiling of m6A at single-nucleotide resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification on mRNA, and is implicated in critical roles in development, physiology and disease. The ability to map m6A using immunoprecipitation-based approaches has played a critical role in dissecting m6A functions and mechanisms of action. Yet, these approaches are of limited specificity, unknown sensitivity, and unable to quantify m6A stoichiometry. These limitations have severely hampered our ability to unravel the factors determining where m6A will be deposited, to which levels (the  m6A code), and to quantitatively profile m6A dynamics across biological systems. Here, we used the RNase MazF, which cleaves specifically at unmethylated RNA sites, to develop MASTER-seq for systematic quantitative profiling of m6A sites at 16-25% of all m6A sites at single nucleotide resolution. We established MASTER-seq for orthogonal validation and de novo detection of m6A sites, and for tracking of m6A dynamics in yeast gametogenesis and in early mammalian differentiation. We discover that antibody-based approaches severely underestimate the number of m6A sites, and that both the presence of m6A and its stoichiometry are  hard-coded via a simple and predictable code within the extended sequence composition at the methylation sites. This code accounts for ~50% of the variability in methylation levels across sites, allows excellent de novo prediction of methylation sites, and predicts methylation acquisition and loss across evolution. We anticipate that MASTER-seq will pave the path towards a more quantitative investigation of m6A biogenesis and regulation in a wide variety of systems, including diverse cell types, stimuli, subcellular components, and disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Campos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelheit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossmanith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the ‘m6A code’ via quantitative profiling of m6A at single-nucleotide resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colony entropy - Allocation of goods in ant colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allocation of goods is a key feature in defining the connection between the individual and the collective scale in any society. Both the process by which goods are to be distributed, and the resulting allocation to the members of the society may affect the success of the population as a whole. One of the most striking natural examples of a highly successful cooperative society is the ant colony which often acts as a single superorganism. In particular, each individual within the ant colony has a "communal stomach" which is used to store and share food with the other colony members by mouth to mouth feeding. Sharing food between communal stomachs allows the colony as a whole to get its food requirements and, more so, allows each individual within the colony to reach its nutritional intake target. The vast majority of colony members do not forage independently but obtain their food through secondary interactions in which food is exchanged between individuals. The global effect of this exchange is not well understood. To gain better understanding into this process we used fluorescence imaging to measure how the collected food is distributed and homogenized within a Camponotus sanctus ant colony. Using entropic measures to quantify food-blending, we show that while collected food flows into all parts of the colony it homogenizes only partly. We show that mixing is controlled by the ants interaction rule in which only a fraction of the maximal potential is actually transferred. This rule leads to a robust blending process: i.e., neither the exact food volume that is transferred, nor the interaction schedule are essential to generate the global outcome. Finally, we show how the ants interaction rules may optimize a trade-off between fast dissemination and efficient mixing.nnAuthor summaryWe study how food is distributed in colonies of ants. Food collected by a small fraction of ants is distributed throughout the colony through a series of mouth-to-mouth interactions.nnAn interesting interplay exists between food dissemination and food mixing within the colony. High levels of dissemination are important as they ensure that any food type is available to any ant. On the other hand, high dissemination induces mixing and this reduces the required variety of nutritional choices within the colony.nnTracking fluorescent-labelled food and interpreting the results within concepts of information theory, we show that food collected by each forager reaches almost every ant in the colony. Nonetheless, it is not homogenized across workers, resulting in a limited level of mixing.nnWe suggest that the difference in food mixture held by each individuals can provide ants the potential to control their nutritional intake by interacting with different partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colony entropy - Allocation of goods in ant colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K+ channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage dependent potassium channels (Kvs) gate in response to changes in electrical membrane potential by coupling a voltage-sensing module with a K+-selective pore. Animal toxins targeting Kvs are classified to "pore-blockers" that physically plug the ion conduction pathway and "gating modifiers" that disrupt voltage sensor movements. A third group of toxins blocks K+ conduction by an unknown mechanism via binding to the channel turrets. Here we show that Cs1, a peptide toxin isolated from cone snail venom, binds at the turrets of Kv1.2 and targets a network of hydrogen bonds that govern water access to the peripheral cavities that surround the central pore. The resulting ectopic water flow triggers an asymmetric collapse of the pore by a process resembling that of inherent slow inactivation. Pore modulation by animal toxins exposes the peripheral cavity of K+ channels as a novel pharmacological target and provides a rational framework for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman-Gueta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szanto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer-Rogotner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K+ channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in chronic social stress models in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress creates an allostatic overload that may lead to mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Modern causes of chronic stress in humans are mostly social in nature, relating to work and relationship stress. Research into neural and molecular mechanisms of vulnerability and resilience following chronic social stress (CSS) is ongoing and uses animal models to discover efficient prevention strategies and treatments. To date, most CSS studies have neglected the female sex and used male-focused aggression-based animal models such as chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Accumulating evidence on sex differences suggests differences in the stress response, the prevalence of stress-related illness and the treatment response, indicating that researchers should expand CSS investigation to include female-focused protocols alongside the popular CSDS protocols. Here, we describe a novel female mouse model of CSS and a parallel modified male mouse model of CSDS in C57BL/6 mice. These new models enable the investigation of vulnerability, coping and downstream effectors mediating long-term consequences of CSS in both sexes. Our data demonstrate sex differences during CSS and for many weeks following CSS. Female mice are more prone to body weight loss during CSS and hyperactive anxious behavior following CSS. Both sexes show disturbances in social interaction, but only stressed male mice show long-term changes in neuroendocrine function and memory performance after fear conditioning. We discuss future avenues of research using these models to investigate mechanisms pertaining to sensitivity to CSS as well as treatment response profiles, in a sex-suitable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in chronic social stress models in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis identifies key molecular signatures underlying neurodevelopmental deficits in Fragile X Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an incurable neurodevelopmental disorder with no effective treatment. FXS is caused by epigenetic silencing of FMR1 and loss of FMRP expression. To investigate the consequences of FMRP deficiency in the context of human physiology, we established isogenic FMR1 knockout (FMR1KO) human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Integrative analysis of the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of hESC-derived FMRP-deficient neurons revealed several dysregulated pathways important for brain development including processes related to axon development, neurotransmission, and the cell cycle. We functionally validated alterations in a number of these pathways, showing abnormal neural rosette formation and increased neural progenitor cell proliferation in FMR1KO cells. We further demonstrated neurite outgrowth and branching deficits along with impaired electrophysiological network activity in FMRP-deficient neurons. Using isogenic FMR1KO hESC-derived neurons, we reveal key molecular signatures and neurodevelopmental abnormalities arising from loss of FMRP. We anticipate that the FMR1KO hESCs and the neuronal transcriptome and proteome datasets will provide a platform to delineate the pathophysiology of FXS in human neural cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utami, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotte, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusof, N. A. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Miralles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulescu, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaldaiopoulou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liany, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouladi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis identifies key molecular signatures underlying neurodevelopmental deficits in Fragile X Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of the 20S proteasome by a novel family of inhibitory proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein degradation machinery plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, preventing the accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins and controlling the levels of regulatory proteins. The 20S proteasome degradation machinery is able to cleave any protein with a partially unfolded region, however uncontrolled degradation of the myriad of potential substrates is improbable. Thus, there must exist a regulatory mechanism to control 20S proteasome mediated degradation. Here we have discovered a family of 20S proteasome regulators, named Catalytic Core Regulators (CCRs). They coordinate the function of the 20S proteasome and are involved in the oxidative stress response via Nrf2. The CCRs organize into a feed-forward loop regulatory circuit, with some members stabilizing Nrf2, others being induced by Nrf2, and all of them inhibiting the 20S proteasome. This provides a fine-tuned mechanism to carefully modulate the 20S proteasome, ensuring its proper functioning by controlling the degradative flux.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olshina, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar-Deshmukh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkind, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taranavsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissqan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of the 20S proteasome by a novel family of inhibitory proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling via GABAB receptors regulates early development and neurogenesis in the basal metazoan Nematostella vectensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabotropic gamma-amino-butyric acid B receptor (GABABR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that mediates neuronal inhibition by the neurotransmitter GABA. Here, we identified putative GABAB receptors and signaling modulators in the basal sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Activation of GABABR signaling reversibly arrests planula-to-polyp transformation during early development and affects the neurogenic program. We identified four Nematostella GABABR homologs that have the conserved 3D extracellular domains and residues needed for binding of GABA and the GABABR agonist baclofen. Transcriptomic analysis, combined with spatial analysis of baclofen-treated planulae, revealed that baclofen down-regulated pro-neural factors such as NvSoxB(2), NvNeuroD1 and NvElav1. Baclofen also inhibited neuron development and extended neurites, resulting in an under-developed and less organized nervous system. Our results shed light on cnidarian development and suggest an evolutionarily conserved function for GABABR in regulation of neurogenesis, highlighting Nematostella as a new model system to study GABABR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brekhman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosloff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling via GABAB receptors regulates early development and neurogenesis in the basal metazoan Nematostella vectensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene transcription as a limiting factor in protein production and cell growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth rate and cell size are principle characteristics of proliferating cells, whose values depend on cellular biosynthetic processes in a way poorly understood. Protein production is critical for growth, and we therefore examined for processes limiting this production. Burdening cells with an excess of inert protein changed endogenous gene expression similarly to transcription-perturbing mutants, was epistatic to these mutants, but did not deplete respective factors from gene promoters. Mathematical modeling, corroborated by experiments, attributed this signature to a feedback which proportionally increases all endogenous gene expression, but lags at fast initiating genes already transcribed close to the maximal possible rate. As a possible benefit of maximizing transcription rates, we discuss a conflict between cell growth rate and size, which emerges above a critical cell size set by transcript abundance. We propose that biochemical limits on protein and mRNA production define the characteristic values of cell size and division time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metzl-Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene transcription as a limiting factor in protein production and cell growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual variation of the dark-background-contingent upshift of gaze: effect of past habituation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the shift of gaze direction induced by dark background in monkeys. Faced with large inter-individual variability, we asked how common the upshift is, and how the upshift size is distributed. Furthermore, we sought to reckon processes influencing the variability. Approaching these questions necessitates a large sample. Here we report data from 10 rhesus monkeys recorded in Tubingen, together with reported data from 4 cynomolgus monkeys studied in Rehovot. In all 14 monkeys, dark background induced upshift - but no systematic horizontal shift. The upshift might be thought of as a simple sensorimotor response; nevertheless, surprisingly, the monkeys previous experience appeared to have a decisive role in influencing the upshifts size. All the monkeys were previously trained in tasks that involved vision and eye movements; by their previous training, the monkeys were naturally divided into two groups. Monkeys of the first,  bright-habituated group, previously trained in photopic, bright ambient-light conditions; monkeys of the second,  dark-habituated group previously trained mostly with isolated dots of light appearing in dim ambient lighting or in full darkness. The dark-habituated monkeys had a larger upshift than the bright-habituated: the groups were separated by a border-value such that 6/7 of the dark-habituated monkeys had upshift larger than the border, and 5/7 of the bright-habituated monkeys had upshift smaller than the border. Thus, the size of the dark-background-induced upshift largely reflects the extent to which a monkey is habituated to work in the dark. Though the upshift is reflex-like sensorimotor behavior, its amplitude largely reflects cumulative experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spivak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual variation of the dark-background-contingent upshift of gaze: effect of past habituation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electroporated recombinant proteins as tools for in vivo functional complementation, imaging, and chemical biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delivery of native or chemically modified recombinant proteins into mammalian cells shows promise for functional investigations and various technological applications, but concerns that sub-cellular localization and functional integrity of delivered proteins may be affected remain high. Here, we surveyed batch electroporation as a delivery tool for single polypeptides and multi-subunit protein assemblies of kinetochores, a spatially confined and well-studied subcellular structures. After electroporation in human cells, recombinant fluorescent Ndc80 and Mis12 multi-subunit complexes displayed native localization, physically interacted with endogenous binding partners, and functionally complemented depleted endogenous counterparts to promote mitotic checkpoint signaling and chromosome segregation. Farnesylation is required for kinetochore localization of the Dynein adaptor Spindly. In cells with chronically inhibited farnesyl transferase activity, in vitro farnesylation and electroporation reconstituted robust kinetochore localization of Spindly. Thus, electroporation is uniquely versatile for delivering synthetic and, as required, chemically modified functional mimics of endogenous proteins, and is therefore a promising tool for chemical and synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuiver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciossani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overlack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlgemuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musacchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maffini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electroporated recombinant proteins as tools for in vivo functional complementation, imaging, and chemical biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving noise-control conflict by gene duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication promotes adaptive evolution in two principle ways: allowing one duplicate to evolve a new function and resolving adaptive conflicts by splitting ancestral functions between the duplicates. In an apparent departure from both scenarios, low-expressing transcription factor (TF) duplicates commonly regulate similar sets of genes and act in overlapping conditions. To examine for possible benefits of such apparently redundant duplicates, we examined the budding yeast duplicated stress regulators Msn2 and Msn4. We show that Msn2,4 indeed function as one unit, inducing the same set of target genes in overlapping conditions, yet this two-factor composition allows its expression to be both environmental-responsive and with low-noise, thereby resolving an adaptive conflict that inherently limits expression of single genes. Our study exemplified a new model for evolution by gene duplication whereby duplicates provide adaptive benefit through cooperation, rather than functional divergence: attaining two-factor dynamics with beneficial properties that cannot be achieved by a single gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chapal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/634741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving noise-control conflict by gene duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gateway mechanism confers ultrasensitivity on motor’s function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological switches are wide spread in many biological systems. Among them, the switch of the bacterial flagellar motor has generated much interest because it affects a mechanical process rather than a chemical reaction, it controls the direction of rotation of a rotary motor rather than being an on/off switch, and it is exceptionally ultrasensitive. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying its function has remained unknown. Here we resolved unique features of this mechanism: On the one hand, it is tightly regulated by multiple means, involving three binding sites and two different covalent modifications, with the binding specificity being dictated by the type of covalent modification and by a strict binding sequence. On the other hand, it endows the motor with flexibility as it involves an intermediate stage of brief switches that provides a "go/no go" situation, in which the motor can either proceed to a stable rotation in the new direction or shift back to the original direction. This intermediate stage appears to be a means of the cell to produce angular deflection of swimming while maintaining directional persistence. Furthermore, we show by mathematical modeling that such a switching mechanism can provide ultrasensitivity. This unique combination of tight regulation, flexibility, and ultrasensitivity makes this switching mechanism of special interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afanzar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Paolo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plochowietz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gateway mechanism confers ultrasensitivity on motor’s function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo imaging of myonuclei during spontaneous muscle contraction reveals non-uniform nuclear mechanical dynamics in Nesprin/klar mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle contractions produce reiterated cytoplasmic mechanical variations, which impact the nuclear membrane and potentially influence nuclear mechanotransduction. It is unclear, however, whether the mechanical dynamics of individual myonuclei changes during each contractile wave, and whether mutants whose connection to the cytoskeleton is impaired are subjected to different mechanical input.nnTo monitor nuclear mechanical dynamics in vivo, we imaged myonuclei along muscles during multiple spontaneous muscle contractile events, within live and intact Drosophila wild-type or Nesprin/klar mutant larvae. The data were subsequently analyzed and quantified aiming to reveal potential changes in the mechanical parameters of nuclear dynamics during muscle contraction in the Nesprin/klar mutant. Our results show that all myonuclei in control larvae exhibited comparable dynamics in the course of multiple contractile events. In contrast, myonuclei of homozygous mutant larvae lacking the Nesprin-like gene klar displayed differential dynamics relative to wild type, and higher variability between myonuclei at distinct positions along individual myofibers. Estimation of the drag force applied on individual myonuclei revealed that force fluctuations in time were considerably higher in the Nesprin/klar mutant myonuclei relative to control, reflecting a significant variability in the mechanical dynamics of individual myonuclei during contractile waves. The variable mechanical dynamics along the muscle fiber and the higher variance of Nesprin/klar mutant myonuclei may lead to altered nuclear mechanotransduction. Since mutations in Nesprin genes lead to devastating muscle and cardiac human diseases, our findings may provide new insight into the mechanism underlying these pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo imaging of myonuclei during spontaneous muscle contraction reveals non-uniform nuclear mechanical dynamics in Nesprin/klar mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huntington phosphorylation governs BDNF homeostasis and improves the phenotype of Mecp2 knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene are responsible for Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder for which there is no treatment. Several studies have linked the loss of MeCP2 function to alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, but non-specific overexpression of BDNF only partially improves the phenotype of Mecp2-deficient mice. We and others have previously shown that huntingtin (HTT) scaffolds molecular motor complexes, transports BDNF-containing vesicles, and is under-expressed in Mecp2 knock-out brains. Here we demonstrate that promoting HTT phosphorylation at Ser421, either by a phospho-mimetic mutation or inhibition of the phosphatase calcineurin, restores endogenous BDNF axonal transport in vitro in the corticostriatal pathway, increases striatal BDNF availability and synaptic connectivity in vivo, and improves the phenotype and the survival of Mecp2 knockout mice--even though treatments were initiated only after the mice had already developed symptoms. Stimulation of endogenous cellular pathways may thus be a promising approach for the treatment of RTT patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehinger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruyere, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panayotis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abada, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saidi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matagne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaramuzzino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit Delatour, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huntington phosphorylation governs BDNF homeostasis and improves the phenotype of Mecp2 knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Related Changes in Neural Networks Supporting Complex Visual and Social Processing in Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite our differences, there is much about the natural visual world that almost all observers apparently perceive in common. This coherence across observers is evidenced by the finding that, across adults, approximately 30% of the brain is activated in a consistent fashion in response to viewing naturalistic input. The critical question addressed here is how does this consistency emerge and is this pattern of coherence apparent from early in development or does it evolve with time and/or experience? We focused our investigation at a key developmental juncture that might bridge the child and adult patterns, namely, the period of adolescence. We acquired fMRI BOLD data evoked by an 11-minute age-appropriate movie in younger (age 9-14 years) and older adolescents (age 15-19 years) and in adults. Using an intra-subject correlation approach, we characterized the consistency of the neural response within-individual (across two separate runs of the movie), and then, using an inter-subject correlation approach, evaluated the similarity of the response profile within individuals of the same age group and between age-groups. In primary sensory areas (A1+, V1) the response profiles in both groups of adolescents were highly similar to those of the adults, suggesting that these areas are functionally mature at earlier stages of the development. In contrast, some other regions exhibited higher within-age correlations in the adolescent groups than in the adult group. Last, we evaluated the brain responses across the whole cortex and identified the different patterns of maturation as reflected in different inter-subject correlations across the age groups. Together, these findings provide a fine-grained characterization of functional neural development. The approach offers the potential for careful tracking of the development of widespread cortical networks that support the emerging stereotypical responses to naturalistic visual and social stimuli and has important implications for future studies of cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lerner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Related Changes in Neural Networks Supporting Complex Visual and Social Processing in Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional extracellular-matrix analysis reveals a silent pre-clinical signature in inflammatory disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of early processes leading to complex tissue pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, poses a major scientific and clinical challenge that is imperative for improved diagnosis and treatment. Most studies of inflammation onset focus on cellular processes and signaling molecules, while overlooking the environment in which they take place, the continuously remodeled extracellular matrix. In this study, we used colitis models for investigating extracellular-matrix dynamics during disease onset, while treating the matrix as a complete and defined entity. Through the analysis of matrix structure, stiffness and composition, we unexpectedly revealed that even prior to the first clinical symptoms, the colon displays its own unique extracellular-matrix signature and found specific markers of clinical potential, which were also validated in human subjects. We also show that the emergence of this pre-symptomatic matrix is mediated by sub-clinical infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes bearing remodeling enzymes. Remarkably, whether the inflammation is chronic or acute, its matrix signature converges at pre-symptomatic states. We suggest that the existence of a pre-symptomatic extracellular-matrix is general and relevant to a wide range of diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puricelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouhadeb, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shouval, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podesta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchinat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional extracellular-matrix analysis reveals a silent pre-clinical signature in inflammatory disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Energetic Costs of Cellular Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cellular structures are assembled from molecular building blocks, and molecular building blocks incur energetic costs to the cell. In an energy-limited environment, the energetic cost of a cellular structure imposes a fitness cost and impacts a cells evolutionary trajectory. While the importance of energetic considerations was realized for decades, the distinction between direct energetic costs expended by the cell and potential energy that the cell diverts into cellular biomass components, which we define as the opportunity cost, was not explicitly made, leading to large differences in values for energetic costs of molecular building blocks used in the literature. We describe a framework that defines and separates various components relevant for estimating the energetic costs of molecular building blocks and the resulting cellular structures. This distinction among energetic costs is an essential step towards discussing the conversion of an energetic cost to a corresponding fitness cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudabadi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Energetic Costs of Cellular Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The inter-dimeric interface controls function and stability of Ureaplasma urealiticum methionine S-adenosyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine S-adenosyltransferases (MATs) are predominantly homotetramers, comprised of dimers of dimers. The highly conserved dimeric interface harbors two active sites, making the dimer the obligatory functional unit. Yet, functionality of the recently evolved inter-dimeric interface remains unknown. Here, we show that the inter-dimeric interface of U. urealiticum MAT has evolved to control the catalytic activity and structural integrity of the homotetramer in response to product accumulation. When all four active sites are occupied with the product, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), binding of four additional SAM molecules to the inter-dimeric interface prompts a [~]45{degrees} shift in the dimer orientation and a concomitant [~]60% increase in the interface area. This rearrangement inhibits the enzymatic activity by locking the flexible active site loops in a closed state and renders the tetramer resistant to proteolytic degradation. Our findings suggest that the inter-dimeric interfaces of MATs are recruited by evolution to tune the molecular properties of the entire homotetramer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmulevich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarivach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The inter-dimeric interface controls function and stability of Ureaplasma urealiticum methionine S-adenosyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles for simultaneous measurement of excitatory and inhibitory conductances of single cells in a single trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity is determined by the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory inputs of individual cells. Whether or not these inputs covary over time or between repeated stimuli remains unclear due to the lack of experimental methods for measuring both inputs at the same time. Current methods for conductance measurement are based on repeatedly stimulating neurons while holding their membrane potential at different levels so to reveal either excitation or inhibition, which can only provide the averaged relationship between the two. Here we develop a new framework for simultaneously measuring both the excitatory and inhibitory inputs of single cells in a single trial under current clamp. This method is based on theoretical analysis of passive circuits and can be practically achieved by injecting a high frequency sinusoidal current and then analysing the data using an optimization algorithm. We use simulations to demonstrate the ability of this approach to reveal the excitatory and inhibitory inputs of point neurons, in which we mimic adapting sensory inputs as well as an asynchronous balanced state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles for simultaneous measurement of excitatory and inhibitory conductances of single cells in a single trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strongly correlated spatiotemporal encoding and simple decoding in the prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the fine temporal structure of spiking patterns of groups of up to 100 simultaneously recorded units in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys performing a visual discrimination task. We characterized the vocabulary of population activity patterns using 10 ms time bins and found that different sets of population activity patterns (codebooks) are used in different task epochs and that spiking correlations between units play a large role in defining those codebooks. Models that ignore those correlations fail to capture the population codebooks in all task epochs. Further, we show that temporal sequences of population activity patterns have strong history-dependence and are governed by different transition probabilities between patterns and different correlation time scales, in the different task epochs, suggesting different computational dynamics governing each epoch. Together, the large impact of spatial and temporal correlations on the dynamics of the population code makes the observed sequences of activity patterns many orders of magnitude more likely to appear than predicted by models that ignore these correlations and rely only on the population rates. Surprisingly, however, models that ignore these correlations perform quite well for decoding behavior from population responses. The difference of encoding and decoding complexity of the neural codebook suggests that one of the goals of the complex encoding scheme in the prefrontal cortex is to accommodate simple decoders that do not have to learn correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karpas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strongly correlated spatiotemporal encoding and simple decoding in the prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Monocyte Differentiation into Colonic and Ileal Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocytes are circulating short-lived macrophage precursors that are recruited on demand from the blood to sites of inflammation and challenge. In steady state, classical monocytes give rise to vasculature-resident cells that patrol the luminal side of the endothelium. In addition, classical monocytes feed macrophage compartments of selected organs, including barrier tissues, such as the skin and intestine, as well as the heart. Monocyte differentiation under conditions of inflammation has been studied in considerable detail. In contrast, monocyte differentiation under non-inflammatory conditions remains less well understood. Here we took advantage of a combination of cell ablation and precursor engraftment to investigate the generation of gut macrophages from monocytes. Collectively, we identify factors associated with the gradual adaptation of monocytes to tissue residency. Moreover, comparison of monocyte differentiation into the colon and ileum-resident macrophages revealed the graduated acquisition of gut segment-specific gene expression signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gross-Vered, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernshtein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzebanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura-Halfon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell-Maor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Monocyte Differentiation into Colonic and Ileal Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple timescales account for adaptive responses across sensory cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems encounter remarkably diverse stimuli in the external environment. Natural stimuli exhibit timescales and amplitudes of variation that span a wide range. Mechanisms of adaptation, ubiquitous feature of sensory systems, allow for the accommodation of this range of scales. Are there common rules of adaptation across different sensory modalities? We measured the membrane potential responses of individual neurons in the visual, somatosensory and auditory cortices to discrete, punctate stimuli delivered at a wide range of fixed and nonfixed frequencies. We find that the adaptive profile of the response is largely preserved across these three areas, exhibiting attenuation and responses to the cessation of stimulation which are signatures of response to changes in stimulus statistics. We demonstrate that these adaptive responses can emerge from a simple model based on the integration of fixed filters operating over multiple time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awwad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelken, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple timescales account for adaptive responses across sensory cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Annotation of Human Long Non-Coding RNAs via Molecular Phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute the majority of transcripts in the mammalian genomes and yet, their functions remain largely unknown. We systematically knockdown 285 lncRNAs expression in human dermal fibroblasts and quantified cellular growth, morphological changes, and transcriptomic responses using Capped Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE). Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the same lncRNA exhibited global concordance, and the molecular phenotype, measured by CAGE, recapitulated the observed cellular phenotypes while providing additional insights on the affected genes and pathways. Here, we disseminate the largest to-date lncRNA knockdown dataset with molecular phenotyping (over 1,000 CAGE deep-sequencing libraries) for further exploration and highlight functional roles for ZNF213-AS1 and lnc-KHDC3L-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramilowski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulakovskiy, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, J. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuzawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abugessaisa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bono, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brombacher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannistraci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dostie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handoko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshbarger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Annotation of Human Long Non-Coding RNAs via Molecular Phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of Cell Circuits for Tissue Repair and Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-repair is a protective response after injury, but repetitive or prolonged injury can lead to fibrosis, a pathological state of excessive scarring. To pinpoint the dynamic mechanisms underlying fibrosis, it is important to understand the principles of the cell circuits that carry out tissue-repair. In this study, we establish a cell-circuit framework for the myofibroblast-macrophage circuit in wound-healing, including the accumulation of scar-forming extracellular matrix. We find that fibrosis results from multistability between three outcomes, which we term  hot fibrosis characterized by many macrophages,  cold fibrosis lacking macrophages, and normal wound-healing. The cell-circuit framework clarifies several unexplained phenomena including the paradoxical effect of macrophage depletion, the limited time-window in which removing inflammation leads to healing, the effects of cellular senescence, and why scar maturation takes months. We define key parameters that control the transition from healing to fibrosis, which may serve as potential targets for therapeutic reduction of fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meizlish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallenberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/710012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of Cell Circuits for Tissue Repair and Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retroactive Interference Model of Power-Law Forgetting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory and forgetting constitute two sides of the same coin, and although the first has been rigorously investigated, the latter is often overlooked. A number of experiments under the realm of psychology and experimental neuroscience have described the properties of forgetting in humans and animals, showing that forgetting exhibits a power-law relationship with time. These results indicate a counter-intuitive property of forgetting, namely that old memories are more stable than younger ones. We have devised a phenomenological model that is based on the principle of retroactive interference, such that stronger memories acquired after weaker ones erase the latter. The model has only one free integer parameter and can be solved analytically. Recognition experiments with long streams of words were performed, resulting in a good match to a five-dimensional version of the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/710269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retroactive Interference Model of Power-Law Forgetting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of CreER transgenic mice for the study of brain macrophages - a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conditional mutagenesis and fate mapping have contributed considerably to our understanding of physiology and pathology. Specifically, Cre recombinase-based approaches allow the definition of cell type-specific contributions to disease development and inter-cellular communication circuits in respective animals models. Here we compared Cx3cr1CreER and Sall1CreER transgenic mice and their use to decipher the brain macrophage compartment as a showcase to discuss recent technological advances. Specifically, we highlight the need to define the accuracy of Cre recombinase expression, as well as strengths and pitfalls of these particular systems that should be taken into consideration when applying these models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell-Maor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grozovski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura-Halfon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/725218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of CreER transgenic mice for the study of brain macrophages - a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Annotations of Human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B Genomes Reveal Novel and Conserved Genomic Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) A and B are highly ubiquitous betaherpesviruses, infecting the majority of the human population. Like other herpesviruses, they encompass large genomes and our understanding of their protein coding potential is far from complete. Here we employ ribosome profiling and systematic transcript analysis to experimentally define the HHV-6 translation products and to follow their temporal expression. We identify hundreds of new open reading frames (ORFs), including many upstream ORFs (uORFs) and internal ORFs (iORFs), generating a complete unbiased atlas of HHV-6 proteome. Furthermore, by integrating systematic data from the prototypic betaherpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, we uncover numerous uORFs and iORFs that are conserved across betaherpesviruses and we show that uORFs are specifically enriched in late viral genes. Using our transcriptome measurements, we identified three highly abundant HHV-6 encoded long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), one of which generates a non-polyadenylated stable intron that appears to be a conserved feature of betaherpesviruses. Overall, our work reveals the complexity of HHV-6 genomes and highlights novel features that are conserved between betaherpesviruses, providing a rich resource for future functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai-Schmiedel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Annotations of Human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B Genomes Reveal Novel and Conserved Genomic Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic control of cortical head-direction signal by angular velocity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of direction requires accurate tracking of head direction at different turning-velocities, yet it remains unclear how this is achieved in the mammalian brain. Here we recorded head-direction cells in bat dorsal presubiculum and found that, surprisingly, the head-direction signal in this cortical region was dynamically controlled by angular velocity. In most neurons, a sharp head-direction tuning emerged at some angular velocity, but was absent at other velocities - resulting in a 4-fold increase in head-direction cell abundance. The head-direction tuning changed as a function of angular velocity primarily via a redistribution of spikes between the neurons preferred and null directions - while keeping the average firing-rate constant. These results could not be explained by existing  ring-attractor models of the head-direction system. We propose a novel recurrent network model that accounts for the observed dynamics of head-direction cells. This model predicts that the new classes of cells we found can improve the sensitivity of the head-direction system to directional sensory cues, and support angular-velocity integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouault, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulanovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic control of cortical head-direction signal by angular velocity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MKPV (aka MuCPV) and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and encode novel accessory proteins p15 and NS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a member of the provisional Chapparvovirus genus that causes renal disease in immune-compromised mice, with a disease course reminiscent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in immune-suppressed kidney transplant patients. Here we map four MKPV transcripts, created by alternative splicing, to a common transcription initiation region, and use mass spectrometry to identify "p10" and "p15" as novel chapparvovirus accessory proteins produced in MKPV-infected kidneys. p15 and a splicing-dependent putative accessory protein NS2 are conserved in all near-complete tetrapod chapparvovirus genomes currently available (from mammals, birds and a reptile). In contrast, p10 may be encoded only by viruses with >60% amino acid identity to MKPV. We show that MKPV is kidney-tropic and that the bat chapparvovirus DrPV-1 and a non-human primate chapparvovirus, CKPV, are also found in the kidneys of their hosts. We propose, therefore, that chapparvoviruses with >60% VP1 amino acid identity to MKPV be classified into a genus dubbed Nephroparvovirus, which is consistent with nomenclature for the genus Erythroparvovirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaban, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, W. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. J.- L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roediger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MKPV (aka MuCPV) and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and encode novel accessory proteins p15 and NS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular contractile forces emerge from time and F-actin dependent non-mechanosensitive displacements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells ability to apply contractile forces to their environment and to sense its mechanical properties (e.g. rigidity) are among their most fundamental features. Yet, the interrelations between contractility and mechanosensing, in particular whether contractile force generation depends on mechanosensing, are not understood. We use theory and extensive experiments to study the time evolution of cellular contractile forces and show that they are generated by time-dependent actomyosin contractile displacements that are independent of the environments rigidity. Consequently, contractile forces are non-mechanosensitive. We further show that the force-generating displacements are directly related to the evolution of the actomyosin network, most notably to the time-dependent concentration of F-actin. The emerging picture of force generation and mechanosensitivity offers a unified framework for understanding contractility.nnOne Sentence SummaryCellular contractile forces are generated by rigidity-independent displacements that are determined by the time evolution of F-actin assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular contractile forces emerge from time and F-actin dependent non-mechanosensitive displacements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular switch for Cdc48 activity and localization during oxidative stress and aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Control over a healthy proteome begins with the birth of the polypeptide chain and ends with coordinated protein degradation. One of the major players in eukaryotic protein degradation is the essential and highly conserved ATPase, Cdc48 (p97/VCP in mammals). Cdc48 mediates clearance of misfolded proteins from the nucleus, cytosol, ER, mitochondria, and more. Here we dissect the crosstalk between cellular oxidation and Cdc48 activity by identification of a redox-sensitive site, Cys115. By integrating proteomics, biochemistry, microscopy, and bioinformatics, we show that removal of Cys115s redox-sensitive thiol group leads to accumulation of Cdc48 in the nucleus and consequently, results in severe defects in the oxidative stress response, mitochondrial fragmentation, and a decrease in ERAD and sterol biogenesis. We have thus identified a unique redox switch in Cdc48, which may provide a clearer picture of the importance of Cdc48s localization in maintaining a "healthy" proteome during oxidative stress and chronological aging in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reichmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radzinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesharim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brielle, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed-Book, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular switch for Cdc48 activity and localization during oxidative stress and aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared neural codes for eye-gaze and valence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eye-gaze of others is a prominent social cue in primates and crucial for communication1-7, and atypical processing occurs in several conditions as autism-spectrum-disorder (ASD)1,9-14. The neural mechanisms that underlie eye-gaze remain vague, and it is still debated if these computations developed in dedicated neural circuits or shared with non-social elements. In many species, eye-gaze signals a threat and elicits anxiety, yet can also serve as a predictor for the outcome of the encounter: negative or positive2,4,8. Here, we hypothesized and find that neural codes overlap between eye-gaze and valence. Monkeys participated in a modified version of the human-intruder-test8,15 that includes direct and averted eye-gaze and interleaved with blocks of aversive and appetitive conditioning16,17. We find that single-neurons in the amygdala encode gaze18, whereas neurons in the anterior-cingulate-cortex encode the social context19,20 but not gaze. We identify a shared amygdala circuitry where neural responses to averted and direct gaze parallel the responses to appetitive and aversive value, correspondingly. Importantly, we distinguish two shared coding mechanisms: a shared-intensity scheme that is used for gaze and the unconditioned-stimulus, and a shared-activity scheme that is used for gaze and the conditioned-stimulus. The shared-intensity points to overlap in circuitry, whereas the shared-activity requires also correlated activity. Our results demonstrate that eye-gaze is coded as a signal of valence, yet also as the expected value of the interaction. The findings may suggest new insights into the mechanisms that underlie the malfunction of eye-gaze in ASD and the comorbidity with impaired social skills and anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pryluk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared neural codes for eye-gaze and valence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social interactions drive efficient foraging and income equality in groups of fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The social interactions underlying group foraging and their benefits have been mostly studied using mechanistic models replicating qualitative features of group behavior, and focused on a single resource or a few clustered ones. Here, we tracked groups of freely foraging adult zebrafish with spatially dispersed food items and found that fish perform stereotypical maneuvers when consuming food, which attract neighboring fish. We then present a mathematical model, based on inferred functional interactions between fish, which accurately describes individual and group foraging of real fish. We show that these interactions allow fish to combine individual and social information to achieve near-optimal foraging efficiency and promote income equality within groups. We further show that the interactions that would maximize efficiency in these social foraging models depend on group size, but not on food distribution - suggesting that fish may adaptively pick the subgroup of neighbors they "listen to" to determine their own behavior.

Impact statementAnalysis and modeling of group behavior of adult zebrafish shows that a specialized social interaction mechanism increases foraging efficiency and equality within groups, under a variety of environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harpaz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social interactions drive efficient foraging and income equality in groups of fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Runx3 prevents spontaneous colitis by directingdifferentiation of anti-inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RUNX3 is one of three mammalian Runt-domain transcription factors (TFs) that regulate gene expression in several types of immune cells. Runx3-deficiency in mice is associated with a multitude of defects in the adaptive and innate immunity systems, including the development of early onset colitis. Our study reveals that conditional deletion of Runx3 specifically in mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) (MNPRunx3-/-) but not in T cells, recapitulates the early onset spontaneous colitis seen in Runx3-/- mice.nnWe show that Runx3 is expressed in colonic MNP, including resident macrophages (RM) and the dendritic cell cDC2 subsets and its loss results in impaired differentiation/maturation of both cell types. At the transcriptome level, loss of Runx3 in RM and cDC2 was associated with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes similar to those in the early onset IBD murine model of RMIl10r-/-. The impaired RM maturation in the absence of Runx3 was associated with a marked decrease in expression of anti-inflammatory and TGF{beta}-regulated genes. Similarly, the decreased expression of {beta}-catenin signaling associated genes in Runx3-deficient cDC2 indicates their impaired differentiation/maturation. Analysis of ChIP-seq data suggests that in both MNP cell types a significant fraction of these differentially expressed genes are high confidence Runx3 directly regulated genes. Interestingly, several of these putative Runx3 target genes harbor SNPs associated with IBD susceptibility in humans. Remarkably, the impaired maturation and pro-inflammatory phenotype of MNP lacking Runx3 was associated with a substantial reduction in the prevalence of colonic lamina propria Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and an increase in IFN{gamma}-producing CD4+ T cells, underscoring Runx3 critical role in establishing tolerogenic MNP.nnTogether, these data emphasize the dual role of Runx3 in colonic MNP, as a transcriptional repressor of pro-inflammatory genes and an activator of maturation-associated genes including anti-inflammatory genes. Our study highlights the significance of the current MNPRunx3-/- model for understanding of human MNP-associated colitis. It provides new insights into the crucial involvement of Runx3 in intestinal immune tolerance by regulating colonic MNP maturation through TGF{beta}R signaling and anti-inflammatory functions by Il10R signaling, befitting the identification of RUNX3 as a genome-wide associated risk gene for various immune-related diseases in humans including gastrointestinal tract diseases such as celiac and Crohns disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>hantisteanu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dicken, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negreanu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Runx3 prevents spontaneous colitis by directingdifferentiation of anti-inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell molecular and cellular architecture of neurohypophyseal cell types in the adult mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurohypophysis (NH), located at the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is a major neuroendocrine tissue, which mediates osmotic balance, blood pressure, reproduction, and lactation by means of releasing the neurohormones oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin from the brain into the peripheral blood circulation. The major cellular components of the NH are hypothalamic axonal termini, fenestrated endothelia and pituicytes, the resident astroglia. However, despite the physiological importance of the NH, the exact molecular signature defining neurohypophyseal cell types and in particular the pituicytes, remains unclear. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we captured seven distinct cell types in the NH and intermediate lobe (IL) of adult male mouse. We revealed novel pituicyte markers showing higher specificity than previously reported. Single molecule in situ hybridization revealed spatial organization of the major cell types implying intercellular communications. We present a comprehensive molecular and cellular characterization of neurohypophyseal cell-types serving as a valuable resource for further functional research.nnSignificance StatementThe neurohypophysis (NH) is a major neuroendocrine interface, which allows the brain to regulate the function of peripheral organs in response to specific physiological demands. Despite its importance, a comprehensive molecular description of cell identities in the NH is still lacking. Utilizing single cell RNA sequencing technology, we identified the transcriptomes of five major neurohypophyseal cell types in the adult male mice and mapped the spatial distribution of selected cell types in situ. We revealed an unexpected cellular heterogeneity of the neurohypophysis and provide novel molecular markers for neurohypophyseal cell types with higher specificity than previously reported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell molecular and cellular architecture of neurohypophyseal cell types in the adult mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mixture of three engineered phosphotriesterases enables rapid detoxification of the entire spectrum of known threat nerve agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve agents are organophosphates that potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase and their enzymatic detoxification has been a long-standing goal. Nerve agents vary widely in size, charge, hydrophobicity, and the cleavable ester bond. A single enzyme is therefore unlikely to efficiently hydrolyze all agents. Here, we describe a mixture of three previously developed variants of the bacterial phosphotriesterase (Bd-PTE) that are highly stable and nearly sequence identical. This mixture enables effective detoxification of a broad spectrum of known threat agents - GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GF (cyclosarin), VX, and Russian-VX. The potential for dimer dissociation and exchange that could inactivate Bd-PTE has minimal impact, and the three enzyme variants are as active in a mixture as they are individually. To our knowledge, this engineered enzyme  cocktail comprises the first solution for enzymatic detoxification of the entire range of threat nerve agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Despotovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubovetskyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leader, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mixture of three engineered phosphotriesterases enables rapid detoxification of the entire spectrum of known threat nerve agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AMPK regulates ESCRT-dependent microautophagy of proteasomes concomitant with proteasome storage granule assembly during glucose starvation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates numerous cellular processes and is central to protein homeostasis. In proliferating yeast and many mammalian cells, proteasomes are highly enriched in the nucleus. In carbon-starved yeast, proteasomes migrate to the cytoplasm and collect in phase-separated proteasome storage granules (PSGs). PSGs dissolve and proteasomes return to the nucleus within minutes of glucose refeeding. The mechanisms by which cells regulate proteasome homeostasis under these conditions remain largely unknown. Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) together with endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) drive a glucose starvation-dependent microautophagy pathway that preferentially sorts aberrant proteasomes into the vacuole, thereby biasing accumulation of functional proteasomes in PSGs. The proteasome core particle (CP) and regulatory particle (RP) are regulated differently. Without AMPK, the insoluble protein deposit (IPOD) serves as an alternative site that specifically sequesters CP aggregates. Our findings reveal a novel AMPK-controlled ESCRT-mediated microautophagy mechanism in the regulation of proteasome trafficking and homeostasis under carbon starvation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AMPK regulates ESCRT-dependent microautophagy of proteasomes concomitant with proteasome storage granule assembly during glucose starvation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking infection dynamics at single-cell level reveals highly resolved expression programs of a large virus infecting algal blooms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses have the largest genomes among all viruses and infect diverse eukaryotes across various ecosystems, but their expression regulation and infection strategies are not well understood. We profiled single-cell transcriptomes of the worldwide-distributed microalga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific coccolithovirus responsible for massive bloom demise. Heterogeneity in viral transcript levels detected among single cells was used to reconstruct the viral transcriptional trajectory and to map cells along a continuum of infection states. This enabled identification of novel viral genetic programs, which are composed of five kinetic classes with distinct promoter elements. The infection substantially changed the host transcriptome, causing rapid shutdown of protein-encoding nuclear transcripts at the onset of infection, while the plastid and mitochondrial transcriptomes persisted to mid- and late stages, respectively. Single-cell transcriptomics thereby opens the way for tracking host-pathogen infection dynamics at high resolution within microbial communities in the marine environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheyn, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking infection dynamics at single-cell level reveals highly resolved expression programs of a large virus infecting algal blooms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nasopalatine ducts of the mouse conserve a functional role in pheromone signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social communication in most mammals is mediated by chemosignals, collected by active sniffing and detected mainly by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). In reptiles, however, chemosignals are delivered to the VNO through the oral cavity via the nasopalatine ducts (NPDs) - two direct passageways connecting the nasal and the oral cavities. While the structure of the NPDs is highly conserved across terrestrial vertebrate, it is unclear whether they retain any functional role in mammalian chemosignaling. Here we assess the role of the mouse NPDs in VNO function and associated behavioral responses. By reconstructing the 3D morphological architecture of the mouse snout using micro CT, we identify a net of micro-tunnels forming a direct passageway connecting the NPDs to the nasal cavity and the vomeronasal organ. We further demonstrate that physical obstruction of the NPDs destructs VNO clearance, and reduces chemosignaling-evoked neuronal activation in the medial amygdala. Obstruction of the NPDs also impaired the innate male preference for female chemosignals as well as social approach behavior, indicating the crucial role of the murine nasopalatine ducts in pheromone sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilkha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nasopalatine ducts of the mouse conserve a functional role in pheromone signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can scientists fill the science journalism void? Online public engagement with science stories authored by scientists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many countries the publics main source of information about science and technology is the mass media. Unfortunately, in recent years traditional journalism has experienced a collapse, and science journalism has been a major casualty. One potential remedy is to encourage scientists to write for news media about science. On these general news platforms, scientists stories would have to compete for attention with other news stories on hard (e.g. politics) and entertaining (e.g. celebrity news) topics written by professional writers. Do they stand a chance?nnThis study aimed to quantitatively characterize audience interactions as an indicator of interest in science news stories authored by early career scientists (henceforth  scientists) trained to function as science reporters, as compared to news items written by reporters and published in the same news outlets.nnTo measure users behavior, we collected data on the number of clicks, likes, comments and average time spent on page. The sample was composed of 150 science items written by 50 scientists trained to contribute popular science stories in the Davidson Institute of Science Education reporters program and published on two major Israeli news websites - Mako and Ynet between July 2015 to January 2018. Each science item was paired with another item written by the websites organic reporter, and published on the same channel as the science story (e.g., tourism, health) and the same close time. Overall significant differences were not found in the publics engagement with the different items. Although, on one website there was a significant difference on two out of four engagement types, the second website did not have any difference, e.g., people did not click, like or comment more on items written by organic reporters than on the stories written by scientists. This creates an optimistic starting point for filling the science news void by scientists as science reporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barel-Ben David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baram-Tsabari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can scientists fill the science journalism void? Online public engagement with science stories authored by scientists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local network determinants of spontaneously emerging cortical maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneously emerging cortical maps related to the functional architecture of visual cortex have been observed initially in anesthetized cats and, subsequently, in monkey, albeit only under certain anesthetic regimes, and not in the awake state. Here we propose a network model that can accommodate these diverse findings. The model identifies two crucial determinants for the emergence of spontaneous map-like activity - local balance between excitatory and inhibitory activity, and the strength of feature-specific synaptic connections (e.g. orientation, ocularity). Our model further shows that dynamically, map-like activity patterns could be triggered either by standing or travelling waves, a mode of operation which is determined by the spatial extent of lateral connections within a given network. Our results suggest that careful pharmacological intervention can unveil the prevalence of maps - recurring spatial patterns of inhomogeneous lateral connectivity - in cortex without the need to explicitly identify area specific optimal features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fekete, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinvald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local network determinants of spontaneously emerging cortical maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERM-Dependent Assembly of T-Cell Receptor Signaling and Co-stimulatory Molecules on Microvilli Prior to Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryT-cell surfaces are covered with microvilli, actin-rich and flexible protrusions. We use super-resolution microscopy to show that [&ge;]90% T-cell receptor (TCR) complex molecules TCR{beta} and TCR{zeta}, as well as the co-receptor CD4 and the co-stimulatory molecule CD2 reside on microvilli of human T cells. Furthermore, TCR proximal signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the immune response, such as the protein tyrosine kinase Lck and the key adaptor molecule LAT, are also enriched on microvilli. Notably, phosphorylated proteins of the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family colocalize with these heterodimers as well as with actin filaments within the microvilli of resting T cells. This finding implies a role for one or more phosphorylated ERMs in linking the TCR complex to the actin cytoskeleton within microvilli. Indeed, expression of a dominant-negative ezrin fragment effectively redistributes TCR molecules over the whole T cell surface. Our results establish microvilli as key signaling hubs, in which the TCR complex and its proximal signaling molecules and adaptors are pre-assembled prior to activation in an ERM-dependent manner. The preformed positioning of these actin-binding TCR assemblies on individual microvilli can facilitate the local transmission of TCR signals seconds after TCR occupancy and impacts the slower subsequent events that lead to the assembly of immunological synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bartolo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartvelishvily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Feigelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERM-Dependent Assembly of T-Cell Receptor Signaling and Co-stimulatory Molecules on Microvilli Prior to Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right on time: prediction-errors bidirectionally bias time perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain updates internal representation of the environment by using the mismatch between the predicted state/outcome and the actual one, termed prediction-error. In parallel, time perception in the sub-second range is crucial for many behaviors such as movement, learning, memory, attention and speech. Both time-perception and prediction-errors are essential for everyday life function of an organism, and interestingly, the striatum was shown to be independently involved in both functions. We therefore hypothesized that the putative shared circuitry might induce behavioral interaction, namely that prediction-errors might bias time perception. To examine this, participants performed a time-duration discrimination task in the presence of positive and negative prediction-errors that were irrelevant and independent of the main task. We find that positive/negative prediction-errors induce a bias in time perception by increasing/decreasing the perceived time, respectively. Using functional imaging, we identify an interaction in Putamen activity between encoding of prediction-error and performance in the discrimination task. A model that accounts for the behavioral and physiological observations confirms that the interaction in regional activations for prediction-errors and time-estimation underlies the observed bias. Our results demonstrate that these two presumably independent roles of the striatum can actually interfere or aid one another in specific scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right on time: prediction-errors bidirectionally bias time perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide-based quorum sensing systems in Paenibacillus polymyxa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paenibacillus polymyxa is an agriculturally important plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. Many Paenibacillus species are known to be engaged in complex bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions, which in other species were shown to necessitate quorum sensing communication. However, to date no quorum sensing systems have been described in Paenibacillus. Here we show that the type strain P. polymyxa ATCC 842 encodes at least 16 peptide-based communication systems. Each of these systems is comprised of a pro-peptide that is secreted to the growth medium and processed to generate a mature short peptide. Each peptide has a cognate intracellular receptor of the RRNPP family, and we show that external addition of P. polymyxa communication peptides leads to reprogramming of the transcriptional response. We found that these quorum sensing systems are conserved across hundreds of species belonging to the Paenibacillaceae family, with some species encoding more than 25 different peptide-receptor pairs, representing a record number of quorum sensing systems encoded in a single genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voichek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroniger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide-based quorum sensing systems in Paenibacillus polymyxa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of metastases-associated fibroblasts in the lung microenvironment is driven by stage-specific transcriptional plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mortality from breast cancer is almost exclusively a result of tumor metastasis, and lungs are one of the main metastatic sites. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent players in the microenvironment of breast cancer. However, their role in the metastatic niche is largely unknown. In this study, we profiled the transcriptional co-evolution of lung fibroblasts isolated from transgenic mice at defined stage-specific time points of metastases formation. Employing multiple knowledge-based platforms of data analysis provided powerful insights on functional and temporal regulation of the transcriptome of fibroblasts. We demonstrate that fibroblasts in lung metastases are transcriptionally dynamic and plastic, and reveal stage-specific gene signatures that imply functional tasks, including extracellular matrix remodeling, stress response and shaping the inflammatory microenvironment. Furthermore, we identified Myc as a central regulator of fibroblast rewiring and found that stromal upregulation of Myc transcriptional networks is associated with worse survival in human breast cancer.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megides, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shacham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverbush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfaty, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of metastases-associated fibroblasts in the lung microenvironment is driven by stage-specific transcriptional plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin accessibility variations across pancreatic islet maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose-induced insulin secretion, a peculiar property of fully mature {beta}-cells, is only achieved after birth and is preceded by a phase of intense proliferation. These events occurring in the neonatal period are decisive for the establishment of an appropriate functional {beta}-cell mass that provides the required insulin throughout life. However, key regulators of gene expression involved in cellular reprogramming along pancreatic islet maturation remain to be elucidated. The present study addressed this issue by mapping open chromatin regions in newborn versus adult rat islets using the ATAC-seq assay. Accessible regions were then correlated with the expression profiles of mRNAs to unveil the regulatory networks governing functional islet maturation. This led to the identification of Scrt1, a novel transcriptional repressor controlling {beta}-cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sobel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Trejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menoud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regazzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin accessibility variations across pancreatic islet maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Space Fourier κFormula Filter for Motion Artifacts Compensation during Transcranial Fluorescence Brain Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intravital imaging of brain vasculature through the intact cranium in vivo is based on the evolution of the fluorescence intensity and provides an ability to characterize various physiological processes in the natural context of cellular resolution. The involuntary motions of the examined subjects often limit in vivo non-invasive functional optical imaging. Conventional imaging diagnostic modalities encounter serious difficulties in correction of artificial motions, associated with the rapid structural variations and fast high dynamics of the intensity values in the collected image sequences, when a common reference cannot be provided. In current report, we introduce an alternative solution that utilizes a Fourier Kappa-Omega filtering approach. We demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective for image stabilization of fast dynamic image sequences. The validation of the Fourier Kappa-Omega filtering was performed on the images obtaining during mouse transcranial brain imaging using fluorescent microscope as well as on the simulated sequences of images. The proposed technique can be used autonomously without supervision and assignation of a reference image.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molodij, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meglinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sdobnov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/789370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Space Fourier κFormula Filter for Motion Artifacts Compensation during Transcranial Fluorescence Brain Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy-based and energy-free food-consumption are correlated in captive non-human-primates: A novel dispenser for feeding and behavioral enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-human primates (NHP) provide an important model for studying biological mechanisms that underlie behavior and cognition, and are crucial for supplying translational knowledge that can aid the development of new clinical approaches. At the same time, the importance of the 3Rs to minimize suffering during experiments encouraged the development of environmental enrichment programs. Among them, tools for feeding and foraging are central. However, it remains unclear whether the behavioral enrichment tools are used by the animals only for feeding and to satisfy hunger (and hence for survival), or whether these feeding tools serve also as behavioral enrichment in itself (namely, the animals enjoy it per-se). To answer this, we designed a novel dispenser method - that requires significant yet reasonable energetic effort to obtain food - and tested food consumption via the dispenser compared to free-access, namely that did not require any effort on the animal side. We found that primates consumed food from both the dispenser and when presented in free-access, and importantly, that the consumption via the dispenser was in correlation with the consumption in free-access. This was similar across different subjects, different times during the day, and different types of food. We suggest that monkeys can benefit from using the dispenser for food consumption, but also benefit from it for play (i.e. as behavioral enrichment in itself). Such an approach allows non-human-primates to preserve their natural food procurement activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shohat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryluk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy-based and energy-free food-consumption are correlated in captive non-human-primates: A novel dispenser for feeding and behavioral enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive recruitment of BAF to the nuclear membrane inhibits nuclear E2F1 and Yap levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction has been implicated as an important factor in regulating cell cycle progression; however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here, we describe a novel mechano-sensitive component, namely barrier to autointegration factor, (BAF), which regulates DNA endocycling in Drosophila muscle fibers. We show that BAF negatively regulates DNA endoreplication by inhibiting of the nuclear entrance of E2F1 and Yap/Yorkie, two key components in cell cycle control. Furthermore, BAF localization at the nuclear membrane is mechanosensitive, as it was downregulated in LINC mutant larval muscles, or following nuclear deformation caused by disruption of nucleus-sarcomere connections. BAF forms a protein complex with E2F1, which is sensitive to BAF phosphorylation. Knockdown of BAF kinase VRK1/Ball disrupted localization of BAF at the nuclear membrane and resulted in increased E2F1 nuclear levels. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanosensitive pathway controlling BAF phosphorylation and localization at the nuclear membrane, which in turn, represses nuclear accumulation of positive cell cycle regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unnikannan, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunberg, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive recruitment of BAF to the nuclear membrane inhibits nuclear E2F1 and Yap levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}Polyglutamine-related aggregates serve as a potent antigen source for cross presentation by dendritic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protective MHC-I dependent immune responses require an overlap between repertoires of proteins directly presented on target cells and cross-presented by professional antigen presenting cells (APC), specifically dendritic cells (DCs). How stable proteins that rely on DRiPs for direct presentation are captured for cell-to-cell transfer remains enigmatic. Here we address this issue using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches involving stable and unstable versions of ovalbumin model antigens displaying DRiP-dependent and -independent antigen presentation, respectively. Apoptosis, but not necrosis of donor cells was found associated with robust p62-dependent global protein aggregate formation and captured stable proteins permissive for DC cross-presentation. Potency of aggregates to serve as antigen source was directly demonstrated using polyglutamine-equipped model substrates. Collectively, our data implicate global protein aggregation in apoptotic cells as a mechanism that ensures the overlap between MHC-I epitopes presented directly or cross-presented by APC and demonstrate the unusual ability of DC to process stable protein aggregates.nnSummaryProtective T cell immunity relies on the overlap of the antigen repertoire expressed by cells and the repertoire presented by dendritic cells that are required to trigger naive T cells. We suggest a mechanism that contributes to ensure this antigenic overlap. Our findings demonstrate that upon apoptosis stable proteins are aggregated in p62-dependent pathway and that dendritic cells are capable to efficiently process these aggregates to retrieve antigens for T cell stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnick-Cherny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmona, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[{-}{-}{-}{-}{-}Polyglutamine-related aggregates serve as a potent antigen source for cross presentation by dendritic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processing of a visual stimulus is known to be influenced by the statistics in recent visual history and by the stimulus visual surround. Such contextual influences lead to perceptually salient phenomena, such as the tilt aftereffect and the tilt illusion. Despite much research on the influence of an isolated context, it is not clear how multiple, possibly competing sources of contextual influence interact. Here, using psychophysical methods, we compared the combined influence of multiple contexts to the sum of the isolated context influences. The results showed large deviations from linear additivity for adjacent or overlapping contexts, and remarkably, clear additivity when the contexts were sufficiently separated. Specifically, for adjacent or overlapping contexts, the combined effect was often lower than the sum of the isolated component effects (sub-additivity), or was more influenced by one component than another (selection). For contexts that were separated in time (600 ms), the combined effect measured the exact sum of the isolated component effects (in degrees of bias). Overall, the results imply an initial compressive transformation during visual processing, followed by selection between the processed parts.

HighlightsO_LINon-linear sub-additivity for increased context area or contrast
C_LIO_LINon-linear selection between overlapping or adjacent, dissimilar contexts
C_LIO_LILinear additivity for combinations of temporally separated contexts
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Studying the precuneus reveals structure-function-affect correlation in long-term meditators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between brain structure, function and self-reports has hardly been addressed until now in meditation research. Here we demonstrate such relationship, using Mindfulness meditation (MM). MM aims to reduce thought-related processes and enhance bodily awareness, thereby reducing identification with thought content and deconstructing maladaptive self-schema. We thus hypothesized that structure of the default mode network (DMN) regions, associated with spontaneous thoughts and self-representation, would negatively correlate with MM experience and self-reported positive affect, while positively correlating with DMN resting-state function.nnCross-sectionally comparing a unique group of adept MM practitioners and meditation-naive matched controls using voxel based morphometry revealed that gray matter (GM) density of the left precuneus (L-Prc) was negatively correlated with MM expertise. Furthermore, GM density of the L-Prc was positively correlated with resting state and task related functional (fMRI) measures within the L-Prc in the MM practitioners, but not in the controls. Finally, the L-Prcs GM density negatively correlated with positive affect across all participants.nnOur findings may shed light on understanding structure-function-self reports relationship. While our approach enables studying suggestive correlations in expert MM practitioners, longitudinal studies are required for direct insights concerning the question of causality.nnSignificance statementUnderstanding the relationship between brain structure and function, individual differences and self-reports, is an important goal of neuroscience. Yet, these factors were hardly investigated together in meditation research. The precuneus is part of the default mode network (DMN) involved in thought related processes. Mindfulness meditation (MM) is a mental practice aiming to reduce thought related processes. Here, by cross-sectionally comparing adept meditators and controls, we found that in the precuneus of MM practitioners, structure associated with function. Overall, structure negatively correlated with practice length, as well as with positive affect scores. The structure-function correlation was only significant in the meditators group, possibly implying that prolonged meditation improved structure and function attunement in the DMN. More generally, this study demonstrates that mental practice can be related to conjoint structural and functional effects, as well as to affective self-reports.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berkovich-Ohana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arieli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilaie-Dotan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Studying the precuneus reveals structure-function-affect correlation in long-term meditators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic center-surround mechanisms for direction selectivity in the retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key feature in sensory processing is center-surround receptive field antagonism. Retinal direction-selectivity (DS) relies on asymmetric inhibition from starburst amacrine cells (SAC) to direction selective ganglion cells (DSGC). SAC exhibit antagonistic center-surround, depolarizing to light increments and decrements in their center and surround, respectively, but the role of this property in DS remains elusive. We found that a repetitive stimulation exhausts SAC center and enhances its surround and used it to distinguish center-from surround-mediated responses. Center, but not surround stimulation, induced direction-selective responses in SAC, as predicted by an elementary spatiotemporal model. Nevertheless, both SAC center and surround elicited direction-selective responses in DSGCs, but to opposite directions. Physiological and morphology-based modeling data show that the opposed responses resulted from inverted DSGCs excitatory-inhibitory temporal balance, indicating that SAC response time rules DS. Our findings reveal antagonistic center-surround mechanisms for DS, and demonstrate how context-dependent center-surround reorganization enables flexible computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ankri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezra-Tsur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin-Etzion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic center-surround mechanisms for direction selectivity in the retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vacuolar processing enzyme translocates to the vacuole through the autophagy pathway to induce programmed cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The caspase-like vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a key factor in programmed cell death (PCD) associated with plant stress responses. Growth medium lacking a carbon source and dark conditions caused punctate labeling of 35S::VPE1-GFP (StVPE1-GFP) in potato leaves. Carbon starvation of BY-2 cells induced higher VPE activity and PCD symptoms. Growing VPE-RNAi BY-2 cells without sucrose reduced VPE activity and prevented PCD symptoms. During extended exposure to carbon starvation, VPE expression and activity levels peaked, with a gradual increase in BY-2 cell death. Histological analysis of StVPE1-GFP in BY-2 cells showed that carbon starvation induces its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the central vacuole, through tonoplast engulfment. Exposure of BY-2 culture to the autophagy inhibitor concanamycin A caused autophagic bodies accumulation in the cell vacuole. Such accumulation did not occur in the presence of 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of early-stage autophagy. BY-2 cells constitutively expressing StATG8IL-RFP, an autophagosome marker, showed colocalization with the StVPE1-GFP protein in the cytoplasm and vacuole. RNAi silencing of the core autophagy component ATG4 in BY-2 cells reduced VPE activity and cell death. These results are the first to suggest that VPE translocates to the cell vacuole through the autophagy pathway, leading to PCD.nnOne sentence summaryCarbon starvation induced programmed cell death by trafficking vacuolar processing enzyme through the autophagy pathway to the vacuole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eshel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teper-Bamnolker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danieli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled-Zehavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belausov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Abied, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avin-Wittenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vacuolar processing enzyme translocates to the vacuole through the autophagy pathway to induce programmed cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Segment2P: Parameter-free automated segmentation of cellular fluorescent signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of genetically modified calcium indicators has made calcium imaging of neural signaling accessible and widespread whereby recording hundreds or even thousands of cells simultaneously is commonplace. Immunocytochemistry also produces large images with a great number of antibody labeled cells. A major bottleneck towards fully harnessing these techniques is the delineation of the neural cell bodies. We designed an online robust cell segmentation algorithm based on deep learning which does not require installation or expertise. The robust segmentation is achieved by pre-processing images submitted to the site and running them through DeepLabv3 networks trained on human segmented micrographs. The algorithm does not entail any parameter tuning; can be further trained if necessary; is robust to cell types and microscopy techniques (from immunocytochemistry to single and multi-photon microscopy) and does not require image pre-processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin-Etzion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/832188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Segment2P: Parameter-free automated segmentation of cellular fluorescent signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating miR-181 is a prognostic biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentless neurodegenerative syndrome of the human motor neuron system, for which no effective treatment exists. Variability in the rate of disease progression limits the efficacy of ALS clinical trials, suggesting that developing of better biomarkers for prognosis will facilitate therapeutic progress. Here, we applied unbiased next-generation sequencing to investigate the potential of plasma cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers of ALS prognosis, in 252 patients with detailed clinical-phenotyping. First, we identified miRNAs, whose plasma levels remain stable over the course of disease in a longitudinal cohort of 22 patients. Next, we demonstrated that high levels of miR-181, a miRNA enriched in neurons of the brain and spinal cord, predicts a >2 fold risk of death in discovery cohort (126 patients) and an independent replication cohort (additional 122 patients). miR-181 performance is comparable with the established neurofilament light chain (NfL) biomarker and when combined together, miR-181+NfL establish a novel RNA-protein biomarker pair with superior prediction capacity of ALS prognosis. Therefore, plasma miR-181 predicts ALS disease course, and a novel miRNA-protein biomarker approach, based on miR-181+NfL, boosts precision of patient stratification and may greatly enhance the power of clinical trials.

One Sentence Summaryplasma miR-181 levels indicate high mortality risk in ALS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coenen-Stass, A. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosskreutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greensmith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaspina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating miR-181 is a prognostic biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive whisker kinematics reveal context-dependent sensorimotor strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals actively move their sensory organs in order to acquire sensory information. Some rodents, such as mice and rats, employ cyclic scanning motions of their facial whiskers to explore their proximal surrounding, a behavior known as whisking. Here we investigated the contingency of whisking kinematics on the animals behavioral context that arises from both internal processes (attention and expectations) and external constraints (available sensory and motor degrees of freedom). We recorded rat whisking at high temporal resolution in two experimental contexts - freely moving or head-fixed - and two spatial sensory configurations - a single row or three caudal whiskers on each side of the snout. We found that rapid sensorimotor twitches, called pumps, occurring during free-air whisking carry information about the rats upcoming exploratory direction, as demonstrated by the ability of these pumps to predict consequent head and body locomotion. Specifically, pump behavior during both voluntary motionlessness and imposed head-fixation exposed a backward redistribution of sensorimotor exploratory resources. Further, head-fixed rats employed a wide range of whisking profiles to compensate for the loss of head- and body-motor degrees of freedom. Finally, changing the number of intact vibrissae available to a rat resulted in an alteration of whisking strategy consistent with the rat actively reallocating its remaining resources. In sum, this work shows that rats adapt their active exploratory behavior in a "homeostatic" attempt to preserve sensorimotor coverage under changing environmental conditions and changing sensory capacities, including those imposed by various laboratory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oram, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive whisker kinematics reveal context-dependent sensorimotor strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transneuronal interactions facilitate axonal compartment formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms controlling wiring of neuronal networks are largely unknown. The stereotypic architecture of the Drosophila mushroom-body (MB) offers a unique system to study circuit assembly. The adult medial MB {gamma}-lobe is comprised of a long bundle of axons that wires with specific modulatory and output neurons in a tiled manner defining five distinct zones. We found that the immunoglobulin superfamily protein Dpr12 is cell-autonomously required in {gamma}-neurons for their developmental regrowth into the distal {gamma}4/5 zones, where both Dpr12 and its interacting protein, DIP-{delta}, are enriched. DIP-{delta} functions in a subset of dopaminergic neurons that wire with {gamma}-neurons within the {gamma}4/5 zone. During metamorphosis, these dopaminergic projections arrive to the {gamma}4/5 zone prior to {gamma}-axons, suggesting that {gamma}-axons extend through a prepatterned region. Thus, Dpr12/DIP-{delta} transneuronal interaction is required for {gamma}4/5 zone formation. Our study sheds light onto molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying circuit formation within subcellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyagor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riemensperger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/834515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transneuronal interactions facilitate axonal compartment formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility analysis of semiconductor voltage nanosensors for neuronal membrane potential sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the last decade, optical imaging methods have significantly improved our understanding of the information processing principles in the brain. Although many promising tools have been designed, sensors of membrane potential are lagging behind the rest. Semiconductor nanoparticles are an attractive alternative to classical voltage indicators, such as voltage-sensitive dyes and proteins. Such nanoparticles exhibit high sensitivity to external electric fields via the quantum-confined Stark effect. Here we report the development of lipid-coated semiconductor voltage-sensitive nanorods (vsNRs) that self-insert into the neuronal membrane. We describe a workflow to detect and process the photoluminescent signal of vsNRs after wide-field time-lapse recordings. We also present data indicating that vsNRs are feasible for sensing membrane potential in neurons at a single-particle level. This shows the potential of vsNRs for detection of neuronal activity with unprecedentedly high spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Elli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility analysis of semiconductor voltage nanosensors for neuronal membrane potential sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocrine autoimmune disease as a fragility of immune-surveillance against hypersecreting mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many endocrine organs show prevalent autoimmune diseases (AID) such as type-1-diabetes and Hashimotos-thyroiditis. The fundamental origins of these diseases is unclear. Here we address AID from the viewpoint of feedback control. Endocrine tissues maintain their mass by feedback-loops that balance cell proliferation and removal according to input signals related to the hormone function. Such feedback is unstable to mutant cells that mis-sense the signal, and therefore hyper-proliferate and hyper-secrete the hormone. We hypothesize that in order to prevent these mutants from expanding, each organ has a dedicated  autoimmune surveillance of hyper-secreting mutants (ASHM), in which hyper-secreting cells are preferentially eliminated, at the cost of a fragility to AID. ASHM correctly predicts the identity of the self-antigens and the presence of T-cells against these self-antigens in healthy individuals. It offers a predictive theory for which tissues get frequent AID, and which do not and instead show frequent mutant-expansion disease (e.g. hyperparathyroidism).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocrine autoimmune disease as a fragility of immune-surveillance against hypersecreting mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational regulation of Pmt1 and Pmt2 by Bfr1 affects unfolded protein O-mannosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-mannosylation is implicated in protein quality control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the attachment of mannose to serine and threonine residues of un- or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process also designated as unfolded protein O-mannosylation (UPOM) that ends futile folding cycles and saves cellular resources is mainly mediated by protein O-mannosyltransferases Pmt1 and Pmt2. Here we describe a genetic screen for factors that influence O-mannosylation in yeast, using slow-folding GFP as a reporter. Our screening identifies the RNA binding protein brefeldin A resistance factor 1 (Bfr1) that has not been linked to O-mannosylation and ER protein quality control before. We find that Bfr1 affects O-mannosylation through changes in Pmt1 and Pmt2 protein abundance, but has no effect on PMT1 and PMT2 transcript levels, mRNA localization to the ER membrane or protein stability. Ribosome profiling reveals that Bfr1 is a crucial factor for Pmt1 and Pmt2 translation thereby affecting unfolded protein O-mannosylation. Our results uncover a new level of regulation of protein quality control in the secretory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castells-Ballester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausewein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kats, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatorska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strahl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational regulation of Pmt1 and Pmt2 by Bfr1 affects unfolded protein O-mannosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lgr5+ telocytes are a signaling hub at the intestinal villus tip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is a structured organ composed of crypts harboring Lgr5+ stem cells, and villi harboring differentiated cells. Spatial transcriptomics have demonstrated profound zonation of epithelial gene expression along the villus axis, but the mechanisms shaping this spatial variability are unknown. Here, we combined laser capture micro-dissection and single cell RNA sequencing to uncover spatially zonated populations of mesenchymal cells along the crypt-villus axis. These included villus tip telocytes (VTTs) that express Lgr5, a gene previously considered a specific crypt epithelial stem cell marker. VTTs are elongated cells that line the villus tip epithelium and signal through Bmp morphogens and the non-canonical Wnt5a ligand. Their ablation strongly perturbs the zonation of enterocyte genes induced at the villus tip. Our study provides a spatially-resolved cell atlas of the small intestinal stroma and exposes Lgr5+ villus tip telocytes as regulators of the epithelial spatial expression programs along the villus axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massalha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Azofeifa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg-Corem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sauvage, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoshkes-Carmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lgr5+ telocytes are a signaling hub at the intestinal villus tip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive post mortem brain samples analysis detects global reduction of multiple proteasome subunits expression in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEA main challenge in the study of schizophrenia is its high heterogeneity. While it is generally accepted that there exist several biological mechanisms that may define distinct schizophrenia subtypes, they havent been identified yet. We applied comprehensive gene expression analysis, searching for molecular signals that differentiate patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls, and examined whether the identified signal characterizes a particular subgroup of the patients.

METHODSWe performed transcriptome sequencing of 14 superior temporal gyrus (STG) samples of relatively young (mean age: 44) subjects with schizophrenia and 15 matched controls from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Analyses of differential expression and pathway enrichment were applied and the results were compared with those obtained from an independent cohort of elderly (mean age: 74) patients. Replicability was then tested on six additional independent datasets of various brain regions.

RESULTSThe two STG cohorts of relatively young and elderly subjects showed high replicability. Pathway enrichment analysis of the down-regulated genes pointed to proteasome-related pathways. Meta-analysis of differential expression identified down-regulation of 12 of 39 proteasome subunits in schizophrenia. Down-regulation of multiple proteasome subunits was replicated in six additional datasets (overall 8 cohorts, with 267 schizophrenia and 266 control samples, from 5 brain regions, were studied). This signal was concentrated in a subgroup of the patients.

CONCLUSIONSWe detect global down-regulation of proteasome subunits in a subgroup of the patients with schizophrenia. The proteasome is a major intracellular protein degradation system, where ubiquitinated proteins (proteins bound by the small protein called ubiquitin) are targeted for degradation. We hypothesize that the down-regulation we detect leads to proteasome dysfunction that causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Such accumulation has recently been identified, also in a subgroup of the studied patients with schizophrenia. Thus, down-regulation of proteasome subunits might define a biological subtype of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hertzberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yitzhaky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive post mortem brain samples analysis detects global reduction of multiple proteasome subunits expression in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INHIBITION OF GONADOTROPIN-STIMULATED STEROIDOGENESIS BY THE ERK CASCADE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LH and FSH are two important hormones in the regulation of granulosa cells. Their effects are mediated mainly by cAMP/PKA signaling, bit the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade is elevated as well. We studied the involvement of the ERK cascade in LH and FSH-induced steroidogenesis in two granulosa-derived cell lines, rLHR-4 and rFSHR-17, respectively. We found that stimulation of these cells with the appropriate gonadotropin induced ERK activation as well as progesterone production, downstream of PKA. Inhibition of ERK activity enhanced gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production, which was correlated with increased-expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, a key regulator of progesterone synthesis. Therefore, it is likely that gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone formation is regulated by a pathway that includes PKA and StAR, and this process is downregulated by ERK, due to attenuation of StAR expression. Our results suggest that activation of PKA signaling by gonadotropins not only induces steroidogenesis, but also activates downregulation machinery involving the ERK cascade. The activation of ERK by gonadotropins as well as by other agents, may be a key mechanism for the modulation of gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanoch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsterdam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INHIBITION OF GONADOTROPIN-STIMULATED STEROIDOGENESIS BY THE ERK CASCADE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following exposure to an oriented stimulus, the perceived orientation is slightly shifted, a phenomenon termed the tilt aftereffect (TAE). This estimation bias, as well as other context-dependent biases, is speculated to reflect statistical mechanisms of inference that optimize visual processing. Importantly, although measured biases are extremely robust in the population, the magnitude of individual bias can be extremely variable. For example, measuring different individuals may result in TAE magnitudes that differ by a factor of 5. Such findings appear to challenge the accounts of bias in terms of learned statistics: is inference so different across individuals? Here, we found that a strong correlation exists between reaction time and TAE, with slower individuals having much less TAE. In the tilt illusion, the spatial analogue of the TAE, we found a similar, though weaker, correlation. These findings can be explained by a theory predicting that bias, caused by a change in the initial conditions of evidence accumulation (e.g., prior), decreases with decision time (Dekel & Sagi, 2019b). We contend that the context-dependence of visual processing is more homogeneous in the population than was previously thought, with the measured variability of perceptual bias explained, at least in part, by the flexibility of decision-making. Homogeneity in processing might reflect the similarity of the learned statistics.

HighlightsO_LIThe tilt aftereffect (TAE) exhibits large individual differences.
C_LIO_LIReduced TAE magnitudes are found in slower individuals.
C_LIO_LIReduced TAE in slower decisions can be explained by the reduced influence of prior.
C_LIO_LITherefore, individual variability can reflect decision making flexibility.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agrin promotes coordinated therapeutic processes leading to improved cardiac repair in pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemic heart diseases are classified among the leading cause of death and reduced life quality worldwide. Although revascularization strategies significantly reduce mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI), a significant number of MI patients develop chronic heart failure over time. We have recently reported that a fragment of the extra cellular matrix (ECM) protein Agrin promotes cardiac regeneration following MI in adult mice. Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of Agrin in a preclinical porcine model, comprising either 3 or 28 days (d) reperfusion period. We first demonstrate that local (antegrade) delivery of recombinant human Agrin (rhAgrin) to the infarcted pig heart can target the affected regions in an efficient and clinically-relevant manner. Single dose of rhAgrin resulted in significant improvement in heart function, infarct size, fibrosis and adverse remodeling parameters 28 days post MI. Short-term MI experiment along with complementary murine MI studies revealed myocardial protection, improved angiogenesis, inflammatory suppression and cell cycle re-entry, as Agrins mechanisms of action. We conclude that a single dose of Agrin is capable of reducing ischemia reperfusion injury and improving cardiac function, demonstrating that Agrin could serve as a therapy for patients with acute MI and potentially heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurisch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozoglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornaschewitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solyanik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Rabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehnlein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laugwitz, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupatt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agrin promotes coordinated therapeutic processes leading to improved cardiac repair in pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diurnal variations in the motility of algal populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motility of microalgae has been studied extensively, particularly in model microorganisms such as Chlamy-domonas reinhardtii. For this and other microalgal species, diurnal cycles are well-known to control the metabolism, growth and cell division. Diurnal variations, however, have been largely neglected in quantitative studies of motility. Here, we demonstrate using tracking microscopy how the motility statistics of C. reinhardtii are modulated by diurnal cycles. We discovered that the mean swimming speed is greater during the dark period of a diurnal cycle. From this measurement, using a hydrodynamic power balance, we conjecture that this is a result of the mean flagellar beat frequency being modulated by the flagellar ATP. Our measurements also quantify the diurnal variations of the orientational and gravitactic transport of C. reinhardtii. We discuss the implications of our frequency results in the context of cellular bioenergetics. Further, we explore the population-level consequences of diurnal variations of motility statistics by evaluating a prediction for how the gravitactic steady state changes with time during a diurnal cycle.

SIGNIFICANCEWe report tracking microscopy measurements which demonstrate that the mean swimming speed of C. reinhardtii is significantly greater during the dark period of a diurnal cycle. Using hydrodynamic (low Reynolds number) power balance, we also inferred the mean flagellar beat frequency from the swimming speed, hypothesising that the observed variations in this frequency correlate with the diurnal regulation of flagellar ATP. Diurnal variations of the orientational and gravitactic transport of C. reinhardtii were also quantified and used in a continuum model to predict that, at the population scale, the steady state vertical distribution of C. reinhardtii is broader during the dark period. Our findings could have significant implications for microalgal biotechnologies, e.g. microalgal harvesting, and plankton migration in the ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvester, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leptos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croze, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diurnal variations in the motility of algal populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPlants can transmit somatic mutations and epimutations to offspring, which in turn can affect fitness. Knowledge of the rate at which these variations arise is necessary to understand how plant development contributes to local adaption in an eco-evolutionary context, particularly in long-lived perennials.

ResultsHere, we generated a new high-quality reference genome from the oldest branch of a wild Populus trichocarpa tree with two dominant stems which have been evolving independently for 330 years. By sampling multiple, age-estimated branches of this tree, we used a multi-omics approach to quantify age-related somatic changes at the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional level. We show that the per-year somatic mutation and epimutation rates are lower than in annuals and that transcriptional variation is mainly independent of age divergence and cytosine methylation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the somatic epimutation spectrum indicates that transgenerationally heritable epimutations originate mainly from DNA methylation maintenance errors during mitotic rather than during meiotic cell divisions.

ConclusionTaken together, our study provides unprecedented insights into the origin of nucleotide and functional variation in a long-lived perennial plant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofmeister, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denkena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colome-Tatche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahryary Dizaji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazarika, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreedasyam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lail, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudrna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuskan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/862623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell variability in JAK2/STAT5 pathway components and cytoplasmic volumes define survival threshold in erythroid progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival or apoptosis is a binary decision in individual cells. Yet, at the cell population level, a graded increase in survival of CFU-E cells is observed upon stimulation with Erythropoietin (Epo). To identify components of JAK2/STAT5 signal transduction that contribute to the graded population response, a cell population-level model calibrated with experimental data was extended to study the behavior in single cells. The single-cell model showed that the high cell-to-cell variability in nuclear phosphorylated STAT5 is caused by variability in the amount of EpoR:JAK2 complexes and of SHP1 as well as the extent of nuclear import due to the large variance in the cytoplasmic volume of CFU-E cells. 24 to 118 pSTAT5 molecules in the nucleus for 120 min are sufficient to ensure cell survival. Thus, variability in membrane-associated processes are responsible to convert a switch-like behavior at the single-cell level to a graded population level response.

HighlightsO_LIMathematical modeling enables integration of heterogeneous data
C_LIO_LISingle-cell modeling captures binary decision process
C_LIO_LIMultiple sources of cell-to-cell variability in erythroid progenitor cells
C_LIO_LIMinimal amount of active STAT5 sufficient for survival of erythroid progenitor cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adlung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiester, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzmueller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingmueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-to-cell variability in JAK2/STAT5 pathway components and cytoplasmic volumes define survival threshold in erythroid progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation and maintenance of robust long-term information storage in the presence of synaptic turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A long-standing problem is how memories can be stored for very long times despite the volatility of the underlying neural substrate, most notably the high turnover of dendritic spines and synapses. To address this problem, here we are using a generic and simple probabilistic model for the creation and removal of synapses. We show that information can be stored for several months when utilizing the intrinsic dynamics of multi-synapse connections. In such systems, single synapses can still show high turnover, which enables fast learning of new information, but this will not perturb prior stored information (slow forgetting), which is represented by the compound state of the connections. The model matches the time course of recent experimental spine data during learning and memory in mice supporting the assumption of multi-synapse connections as the basis for long-term storage.nnAuthor SummaryIt is widely believed that information is stored in the connectivity, i.e. the synapses of neural networks. Yet, the morphological correlates of excitatory synapses, the dendritic spines, have been found to undergo a remarkable turnover on daily basis. This poses the question, how information can be retained on such a variable substrate.nnIn this study, using connections with multiple synapses, we show that connections which follow the experimentally measured bimodal distribution in the number of synapses can store information orders of magnitude longer than the lifetime of a single synapse. This is a consequence of the underlying bistable collective dynamic of multiple synapses: Single synapses can appear and disappear without disturbing the memory as a whole.nnFurthermore, increasing or decreasing neural activity changes the distribution of the number of synapses of multi-synaptic connections such that only one of the peaks remains. This leads to a desirable property: information about these altered activities can be stored much faster than it is forgotten. Remarkably, the resulting model dynamics match recent experimental data investigating the long-term effect of learning on the dynamics of dendritic spines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael Fauth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florentin Wörgötter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Tetzlaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation and maintenance of robust long-term information storage in the presence of synaptic turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allow measurement of activity in large populations of neurons and in small neuronal compartments, over times of milliseconds to months. Although GFP-based GECIs are widely used for in vivo neurophysiology, GECIs with red-shifted excitation and emission spectra have advantages for in vivo imaging because of reduced scattering and absorption in tissue, and a consequent reduction in phototoxicity. However, current red GECIs are inferior to the state-of-the-art GFP-based GCaMP6 indicators for detecting and quantifying neural activity. Here we present improved red GECIs based on mRuby (jRCaMP1a, b) and mApple (jRGECO1a), with sensitivity comparable to GCaMP6. We characterized the performance of the new red GECIs in cultured neurons and in mouse, Drosophila, zebrafish and C. elegans in vivo. Red GECIs facilitate deep-tissue imaging, dual-color imaging together with GFP-based reporters, and the use of optogenetics in combination with calcium imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hod Dana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boaz Mohar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sujatha Narayan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Gordus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy P Hasseman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getahun Tsegaye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham T Holt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deepika Walpita</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronak Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John J Macklin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia I Bargmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misha B Ahrens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Schreiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivek Jayaraman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loren L Looger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karel Svoboda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas S Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic proteomics of HSV1 infection reveals molecular events that govern non-stochastic infection outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral infection is usually studied at the level of cell populations, averaging over hundreds of thousands of individual cells. Moreover, measurements are typically done by analyzing a few time points along the infection process. While informative, such measurements are limited in addressing how cell variability affects infection outcome. Here we employ dynamic proteomics to study virus-host interactions, using the human pathogen Herpes Simplex virus 1 as a model. We tracked >50,000 individual cells as they respond to HSV1 infection, allowing us to model infection kinetics and link infection outcome (productive or not) with the cell state at the time of initial infection. We find that single cells differ in their preexisting susceptibility to HSV1, and that this is partially mediated by their cell-cycle position. We also identify specific changes in protein levels and localization in infected cells, attesting to the power of the dynamic proteomics approach for studying virus-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic proteomics of HSV1 infection reveals molecular events that govern non-stochastic infection outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal components of evaluating the human 1 origin of abstract shapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication through visual symbols is a key aspect of human culture. However, to what extent can people distinguish between human-origin and artificial symbols, and the neuronal mechanisms underlying this process are not clear. Using fMRI we contrasted brain activity during presentation of human-created abstract shapes and random-algorithm created shapes, both sharing similar low level features.nnWe found that participants correctly identified most shapes as human or random. The lateral occipital complex (LOC) was the main brain region showing preference to human-made shapes, independently of task. Furthermore, LOC activity was parametrically correlated to beauty and familiarity scores of the shapes (rated following the scan). Finally, a model classifier based only on LOC activity showed human level accuracy at discriminating between human-made and randomly-made shapes.nnOur results highlight the sensitivity of the human brain to social and cultural cues, and point to high-order object areas as central nodes underlying this capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal components of evaluating the human 1 origin of abstract shapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of working memory without consciousness or sustained activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory and conscious perception are thought to share similar brain mechanisms, yet recent reports of non-conscious working memory challenge this view. Combining visual masking with magnetoencephalography, we demonstrate the reality of non-conscious working memory and dissect its neural mechanisms. In a spatial delayed-response task, participants reported the location of a subjectively unseen target above chance-level after a long delay. Conscious perception and conscious working memory were characterized by similar signatures: a sustained desynchronization in the alpha/beta band over frontal cortex, and a decodable representation of target location in posterior sensors. During non-conscious working memory, such activity vanished. Our findings contradict models that identify working memory with sustained neural firing, but are compatible with recent proposals of  activity-silent working memory. We present a theoretical framework and simulations showing how slowly decaying synaptic changes allow cell assemblies to go dormant during the delay, yet be retrieved above chance-level after several seconds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trubutschek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of working memory without consciousness or sustained activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining 16S rRNA gene variable regions enables high-resolution microbial community profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMost of our knowledge about the remarkable microbial diversity on Earth comes from sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The use of next-generation sequencing methods has increased sample number and sequencing depth, but the read length of the most widely used sequencing platforms today is quite short, requiring the researcher to choose a subset of the gene to sequence (typically 16-33% of the total length). Thus, many bacteria may share the same amplified region and the resolution of profiling is inherently limited. Platforms that offer ultra long read lengths, whole genome shotgun sequencing approaches, and computational frameworks formerly suggested by us and by others, all allow different ways to circumvent this problem yet suffer various shortcomings. There is need for a simple and low cost 16S rRNA gene based profiling approach that harnesses the short read length to provide a much larger coverage of the gene to allow for high resolution, even in harsh conditions of low bacterial biomass and fragmented DNA.nnResultsThis manuscript suggests Short MUltiple Regions Framework (SMURF), a method to combine sequencing results from different PCR-amplified regions to provide one coherent profiling. The de facto amplicon length is the total length of all amplified regions, thus providing much higher resolution compared to current techniques. Computationally, the method solves a convex optimization problem that allows extremely fast reconstruction and requires only moderate memory. We demonstrate the increase in resolution by in silico simulations and by profiling two mock mixtures and real-world biological samples. Reanalyzing a mock mixture from the Human Microbiome Project achieved about two-fold improvement in resolution when combing two independent regions. Using a custom set of six primer pairs spanning about 1200bp (80%) of the 16S rRNA gene we were able to achieve ~100 fold improvement in resolution compared to a single region, over a mock mixture of common human gut bacterial isolates. Finally, profiling of a Drosophila melanogaster microbiome using the set of six primer pairs provided a ~100 fold increase in resolution, and thus enabling efficient downstream analysis.nnConclusionsSMURF enables identification of near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences in microbial communities, having resolution superior compared to current techniques. It may be applied to standard sample preparation protocols with very little modifications. SMURF also paves the way to high-resolution profiling of low-biomass and fragmented DNA, e.g., in the case of Formalin-fixed and Paraffin-embedded samples, fossil-derived DNA or DNA exposed to other degrading conditions. The approach is not restricted to combining amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene and may be applied to any set of amplicons, e.g., in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeisel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shental, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining 16S rRNA gene variable regions enables high-resolution microbial community profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming insecticide resistance through computational inhibitor design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insecticides allow control of agricultural pests and disease vectors and are vital for global food security and health. The evolution of resistance to insecticides, such as organophosphates (OPs), is a serious and growing concern. OP resistance often involves sequestration or hydrolysis of OPs by carboxylesterases. Inhibiting carboxylesterases could therefore restore the effectiveness of OPs for which resistance has evolved. Here, we use covalent computational design to produce nano/pico-molar boronic acid inhibitors of the carboxylesterase E7 from the agricultural pest Lucilia cuprina, as well as a common Gly137Asp E7 mutant that confers OP resistance. These inhibitors, with high selectivity against human acetylcholinesterase, and low to no toxicity in human cells and mice, act synergistically with the OPs diazinon and malathion to reduce the amount of OP required to kill L. cuprina by up to 16-fold, and abolish resistance. The compounds exhibit broad utility in significantly potentiating another OP, chlorpyrifos against the common pest, the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae). These compounds represent a solution to OP resistance as well as to environmental concerns regarding overuse of OPs, allowing significant reduction of use without compromising efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabbitt, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotze, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming insecticide resistance through computational inhibitor design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unmasking cellular response of a bloom-forming alga to virus infection by resolving expression profiling at a single-cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine viruses are major evolutionary and biogeochemical drivers of microbial life in the ocean. Host response to viral infection typically includes virus-induced rewiring of metabolic network to supply essential building blocks for viral assembly, as opposed to activation of anti-viral host defense. Nevertheless, there is a major bottleneck to accurately discern between viral hijacking strategies and host defense responses when averaging bulk population response. Here we use Emiliania huxleyi, a bloom-forming alga and its specific virus (EhV), as one of the most ecologically important host-virus model system in the ocean. Using automatic microfluidic setup to capture individual algal cells, we quantified host and virus gene expression on a single-cell resolution during the course of infection. We revealed high heterogeneity in viral gene expression among individual cells. Simultaneous measurements of expression profiles of host and virus genes at a single-cell level allowed mapping of infected cells into newly defined infection states and uncover a yet unrecognized early phase in host response that occurs prior to viral expression. Intriguingly, resistant cells emerged during viral infection, showed unique expression profiles of metabolic genes which can provide the basis for discerning between viral resistant and sensitive cells within heterogeneous populations in the marine environment. We propose that resolving host-virus arms race at a single-cell level will provide important mechanistic insights into viral life cycles and will uncover host defense strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frada, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unmasking cellular response of a bloom-forming alga to virus infection by resolving expression profiling at a single-cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational signatures reveal the role of RAD52 in p53-independent p21 driven genomic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenomic instability promotes evolution and heterogeneity of tumors. Unraveling its mechanistic basis is essential to design appropriate therapeutic strategies. In a recent study we reported an unexpected oncogenic property of p21WAF1/Cip1 showing that its chronic expression, in a p53-deficient environment, causes genomic instability by deregulating the replication licensing machinery.nnResultsExtending on this work we now demonstrate that p21WAF1/Cip1 can further fuel genomic instability by suppressing the repair capacity of low and high fidelity pathways that deal with nucleotide abnormalities. Consequently, fewer single nucleotide substitutions (SNSs) occur, while formation of highly deleterious DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is enhanced, crafting a characteristic mutational signature landscape. Guided by the mutational signatures formed, we found at the mechanistic level that the DSBs were repaired by Rad52-dependent Break-Induced Replication (BIR) and Single-Strand Annealing (SSA). Conversely, the error-free synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) repair route was deficient. Surprisingly, Rad52 was activated transcriptionally in an E2F1-dependent manner, rather than post-translationally as is common for DNA repair factor activation.nnConclusionsOur results signify the importance of mutational signatures as guides to disclose the "repair history" leading to genomic instability. In this vein, following this approach we unveiled how chronic p21WAF1/Cip1 expression rewires the repair process, identifying Rad52 as a source of genomic instability and a candidate therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galanos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyzos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsinas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svolaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glytsou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pateras, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souliotis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgakilas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geacintov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lygerou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational signatures reveal the role of RAD52 in p53-independent p21 driven genomic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting microRNA targeting efficacy in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Important for understanding the regulatory roles of miRNAs is the ability to predict the mRNA targets most responsive to each miRNA. Here, we acquired datasets needed for the quantitative study of microRNA targeting in Drosophila. Analyses of these data expanded the types of sites known to be effective in flies, expanded the mRNA regions with detectable targeting to include 5' UTRs, and identified features of site context that correlate with targeting efficacy. Updated evolutionary analyses evaluated the probability of conserved targeting for each predicted site and indicated that more than a third of the Drosophila genes are preferentially conserved targets of miRNAs. Based on these results, a quantitative model was developed to predict targeting efficacy in insects. This model performed better than existing models and will drive the next version of TargetScanFly (v7.0; targetscan.org), thereby providing a valuable resource for placing miRNAs into gene-regulatory networks of this important experimental organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtelny, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting microRNA targeting efficacy in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal water storage buffering maintains plant function under drought as described by a general hydraulic model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIInternal water storage is of crucial importance for plants under drought stress, allowing them to temporarily maintain transpiration higher than root-uptake flow, thus potentially keeping a positive carbon balance. A deep understanding of this adaptation is key for predicting the fate of ecosystems subjected to climate change-induced droughts of increasing intensity and duration.
C_LIO_LIUsing a minimalistic model, we derive predictions for how environmental drivers (atmospheric demand and soil water availability) interplay with the water storage, creating time lags between the flows in the plant, and granting the plant increased hydraulic safety margin protecting its xylem from embolism.
C_LIO_LIWe parametrize our model against transpiration and sap flow measurements in a semi-arid pine forest during seasonal drought. From the parametrized whole-stand traits, we derive a 3.7-hour time lag between transpiration and sap flow, and that 31% of daily transpiration comes directly from the plants internal water storage, both corroborated by the measurements.
C_LIO_LIDue to the model simplicity, our results are useful for interpreting, analyzing, and predicting the effects of the internal storage buffering from the individual plant to the ecosystem scale. Because internal storage produces survival-enhancing behavior in sub-daily time scales, it is an indispensable component for modeling ecosystems under drought stress.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preisler, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grünzweig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal water storage buffering maintains plant function under drought as described by a general hydraulic model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.971705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting state fluctuations underlie free and creative verbal behaviors in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.971705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internally generated (free) ideas and creative thoughts constitute a fundamentally important aspect of the human experience, yet the neuronal mechanism driving these behaviors remains elusive. Here we examined the hypothesis that the common mechanism underlying free verbal behaviors is the ultra-slow activity fluctuations (termed "resting state fluctuations") that emerge spontaneously in the human brain. In our experiment, participants were asked to perform three voluntary verbal tasks: a verbal fluency task, a verbal creativity task (alternative uses of everyday objects) and a divergent thinking task (instances of common concepts), during fMRI scanning. BOLD-activity during these tasks was contrasted with a control-deterministic verbal task, in which the behavior was fully determined by external stimuli. Our results reveal that in all three voluntary tasks, the verbal-generation responses displayed a gradual anticipatory buildup that preceded the deterministic control-related responses by [~]2 seconds. Importantly, variance analysis ruled out a time-jittered step-function response confound. Critically, the waveforms of the anticipatory buildups, as reflected in their time-frequency dynamics, were significantly correlated to the dynamics of resting state fluctuations, measured during a rest period prior to the tasks. Specifically, the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) of the resting state time-course and the voluntary verbal responses in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LH IFG), a central hub engaged in these tasks, were correlated across individual participants. This correlation was not a general BOLD-related or verbal-response related result, as it was not found during the externally-determined verbal control condition. Furthermore, it was specific to brain regions known to be involved in language production. These results indicate that the slow buildup preceding voluntary behaviors is linked to resting state fluctuations. Thus, these ubiquitous brain fluctuations may constitute a common neural mechanism underlying the generation of free and creative behaviors in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.971705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting state fluctuations underlie free and creative verbal behaviors in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin color patterns are ubiquitous in nature, evolve rapidly, and impact social behavior1, predator avoidance2, and protection from ultraviolet irradiation3. A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish4-7; its alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes depend on guanine crystal-containing cells called iridophores that reflect light. It was suggested that the zebrafishs alternating color pattern arises from a single type of iridophore migrating differentially to stripes and interstripes7-9. When we tracked iridophores, however, we found they did not migrate between stripes and interstripes but instead differentiated and proliferated in place based on their micro-environment. RNA seq analysis further revealed stripe and interstripe iridophores had different transcriptomic states, while cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction showed they had different guanine crystal organizations and responsiveness to norepinephrine, all indicating that stripe and interstripe iridophores are different cell types. Based on these results, we present a new model of skin patterning in zebrafish in which distinct iridophore crystallotypes containing specialized, physiologically responsive, subcellular organelles arise in stripe and interstripe zones by in situ differentiation. In this model, pattern phenotype depends not only on interactions among pigment cells that affect their arrangements, but also on factors that specify subcellular organization and physiological responsiveness of specialized organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasoili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deheyn, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parichy, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity 1,2. Four ChR families are currently known. Green algal 3-5 and cryptophyte 6 cation-conducting ChRs (CCRs), cryptophyte anion-conducting ChRs (ACRs) 7, and the MerMAID ChRs 8. Here we report the discovery of a new family of phylogenetically distinct ChRs encoded by marine giant viruses and acquired from their unicellular green algal prasinophyte hosts. These previously unknown viral and green algal ChRs act as ACRs when expressed in cultured neuroblastoma-derived cells and are likely involved in behavioral responses to light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wietek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Lahore, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandaa, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratbak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegemann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the fitness of informative cues in complex environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To be able to deal with uncertainty is of primary importance to most living organisms. When cues provide information about the state of the environment, organisms can use them to respond flexibly. Life forms have evolved complex adaptations and sensory mechanisms to use these environmental cues and extract valuable information about the environment. Previous work has shown a theoretical limit to the amount of fitness benefit possible to be extracted from the cues. We show that the previously used information theoretical approaches can be generalised to scenarios involving any potential relationship between the number of possible phenotypes and environmental states. Such cases are relevant when physiological constraints or complex ecological scenarios lead to the number of environmental states exceeding potential phenotypes. We illustrate cases in which these scenarios can emerge: along environmental gradients, such as geographical transects or complex environments, where organisms adopt different bet-hedging strategies, switching stochastically between phenotypes or developing intermediate ones. In conclusion, we develop an information-theoretic extensible approach for investigating and quantifying fitness in ecological studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the fitness of informative cues in complex environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rising through the Ranks: Seasonal and Diel Patterns of Marine Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-microbe interactions have been studied in great molecular details for many years in cultured model systems, yielding a plethora of knowledge on how viruses use and manipulate host machinery. Since the advent of molecular techniques and high-throughput sequencing, viruses have been deemed the most abundant organisms on earth and methods such as co-occurrence, nucleotide composition and other statistical frameworks have been widely used to infer virus-microbe interactions, overcoming the limitations of culturing methods. However, their accuracy and relevance is still debatable, as co-occurrence does not necessarily mean interaction. Here, we introduce an ecological perspective of marine viral communities and potential interaction with their hosts, using analyses that make no prior assumptions on specific virus-host pairs. By size fractioning water samples into "free viruses" and "microbes" (i.e. also viruses inside or attached to their hosts) and looking at how viral groups abundance changes over time along both fractions, we show that the viral community is undergoing a change in rank abundance across seasons, suggesting a seasonal succession of viruses in the Red Sea. We use abundance patterns in the different size fractions to classify viral populations, indicating potential diverse interactions with their hosts and potential differences in life history traits between major viral groups. Finally, we show hourly resolved variations of intracellular abundance of similar viral groups, which might indicate differences in their infection cycles or metabolic capacities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hevroni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Uribe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philosof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rising through the Ranks: Seasonal and Diel Patterns of Marine Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.092957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An NMR-based biosensor to measure stereo-specific methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activities in vitro and in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.092957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidation of protein methionines to methionine-sulfoxides (MetOx) is associated with several age-related diseases. In healthy cells, MetOx is reduced to methionine by two families of conserved methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes, MSRA and MSRB that specifically target the S- or R-diastereoisomers of methionine-sulfoxides, respectively. To directly interrogate MSRA and MSRB functions in cellular settings, we developed an NMR-based biosensor that we call CarMetOx to simultaneously measure both enzyme activities in single reaction setups. We demonstrate the suitability of our strategy to delineate MSR functions in complex biological environments that range from native cell lysates to zebrafish embryos. Thereby, we establish differences in substrate specificities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic MSRs and introduce CarMetOx as a highly sensitive tool for studying therapeutic targets of oxidative stress-related human diseases and redox regulated signaling pathways. Our approach further extends high-resolution in-cell NMR measurements of exogenously delivered biomolecules to an entire multicellular organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Lopez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biglione, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelilah-Seyfried, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.092957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An NMR-based biosensor to measure stereo-specific methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activities in vitro and in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Surprising Role of the Default Mode Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The default mode network (DMN) is a group of high-order brain regions recently implicated in processing external naturalistic events, yet it remains unclear what cognitive function it serves. Here we identified the cognitive states predictive of DMN fMRI coactivation. Particularly, we developed a state-fluctuation pattern analysis, matching network coactivations across a short movie with retrospective behavioral sampling of movie events. Network coactivation was selectively correlated with the state of surprise across movie events, compared to all other cognitive states (e.g. emotion, vividness). The effect was exhibited in the DMN, but not dorsal attention or visual networks. Furthermore, surprise was found to mediate DMN coactivations with hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These unexpected findings point to the DMN as a major hub in high-level prediction-error representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Surprising Role of the Default Mode Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fire effects on ecosystems range from destruction of aboveground vegetation to direct and indirect effects on belowground microorganisms. Although variation in such effects is expected to be related to fire severity, another potentially important and poorly understood factor is the effects of fire seasonality on soil microorganisms. We carried out a large-scale field experiment examining the effects of spring versus autumn burns on the community composition of soil fungi in a typical Mediterranean woodland. Although the intensity and severity of our prescribed burns were largely consistent between the two burning seasons, we detected differential fire season effects on the composition of the soil fungal community, driven by changes in the saprotrophic fungal guild. The community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, assayed both in pine seedling bioassays and from soil sequencing, appeared to be resilient to the variation inflicted by seasonal fires. Since changes in the soil saprotrophic fungal community can directly influence carbon emission and decomposition rates, we suggest that regardless of their intensity and severity, seasonal fires may cause changes in ecosystem functioning.

DeclarationsO_ST_ABSFundingC_ST_ABSThis research was co-supported by the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF Grant 2012081) and Tel-Hai College.

Conflicts of interest/Competing interestsWe declare no conflicts of interest and that this material has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.

Ethics approvalNot applicable

Consent to participateNot applicable

Consent for publicationNot applicable

Availability of data and materialSequences were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive under accession numbers SRRXXX{square}SRRXXX.

Code availabilityNot applicable

Authors contributionsOO HS TB YO YC conceived and designed the experiment. SSL YA HM AT performed the experiment. SIG provided the pipeline scripts, and guidance in bioinformatics work and analyses. SLL OO HS wrote the paper and analyzed the data, and all authors contributed substantially to revisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne- Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsafrir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.141671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.146290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.146290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has unprecedented implications for public health, social life, and world economy. Since approved drugs and vaccines are not available, new options for COVID-19 treatment and prevention are highly demanded. To identify SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, we analysed the antibody response of 12 COVID-19 patients from 8 to 69 days post diagnosis. By screening 4,313 SARS-CoV-2-reactive B cells, we isolated 255 antibodies from different time points as early as 8 days post diagnosis. Among these, 28 potently neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 (IC100 as low as 0.04 g/ml), showing a broad spectrum of V genes and low levels of somatic mutations. Interestingly, potential precursors were identified in naive B cell repertoires from 48 healthy individuals that were sampled before the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies are readily generated from a diverse pool of precursors, fostering the hope of rapid induction of a protective immune response upon vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halwe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercanoglu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieselmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korenkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schommers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanshylla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cristanziano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janicki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraehling, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vehreschild, M. J. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendtner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.146290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissipation During the Gating Cycle of the Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Approaches the Landauer's Limit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Landauers principle sets a thermodynamic bound of kBT ln 2 on the energetic cost of erasing each bit of information. It holds for any memory device, regardless of its physical implementation. It was recently shown that carefully built artificial devices can saturate this bound. In contrast, biological computation-like processes, e.g., DNA replication, transcription and translation use an order of magnitude more than their Landauers minimum. Here we show that saturating the Landauer bound is nevertheless possible with biological devices. This is done using a mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) from E. coli as a memory bit. MscS is a fast-acting osmolyte release valve adjusting turgor pressure inside the cell. Our patch-clamp experiments and data analysis demonstrate that under a slow switching regime, the heat dissipation in the course of tension-driven gating transitions in MscS closely approaches its Landauers limit. We discuss the biological implications of this physical trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cetiner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukharev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissipation During the Gating Cycle of the Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Approaches the Landauer's Limit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pex14p phosphorylation modulates import of citrate synthase 2 into peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The peroxisomal biogenesis factor Pex14p is an essential component of the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery. Together with Pex13p and Pex17p, it is part of the membrane-associated peroxisomal docking complex in yeast, facilitating the binding of cargo-loaded receptor proteins for translocation of cargo proteins into the peroxisome. Furthermore, Pex14p is part of peroxisomal import pores. The central role of Pex14p in peroxisomal matrix protein import processes renders it an obvious target for regulatory mechanisms such as protein phosphorylation. To explore this possibility, we examined the state of Pex14p phosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phos-tag-SDS-PAGE of Pex14p affinity-purified from solubilized membranes revealed Pex14p as multi-phosphorylated protein. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 16 phosphorylation sites, with phosphorylation hot spots located in the N- and C-terminal regions of Pex14p. Analysis of phosphomimicking and nonphosphorylatable variants of Pex14p revealed a decreased import of GFP carrying a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1, indicating a functional relevance of Pex14p phosphorylation in peroxisomal matrix protein import. We show that this effect can be ascribed to the phosphomimicking mutation at serine 266 of Pex14p (Pex14p-S266D). We further screened the subcellular distribution of 23 native GFP-tagged peroxisomal matrix proteins by high-content fluorescence microscopy. Only Cit2p, the peroxisomal isoform of citrate synthase, was affected in the Pex14p-S266D mutant, showing increased cytosolic localization. Cit2p is part of the glyoxylate cycle, which is required for the production of essential carbohydrates when yeast is grown on non-fermentable carbon sources. Pex14p-S266 phosphosite mutants showed reversed growth phenotypes on oleic acid and ethanol with acetyl-CoA formed in peroxisomes and the cytosol, respectively. Our data point to the control of the peroxisomal import of Cit2p via the state of Pex14p phosphorylation at S266, which may help S. cerevisiae cells to rapidly adjust their carbohydrate metabolism according to the nutritional conditions.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AbbreviationsPTSperoxisomal targeting signal;LC-MSliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry;TEVtobacco etch virus;TPATEV protease cleavage site-Protein AView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schummer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay-Maskit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlhaeuser, W. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suppanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girzalsky, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeljeklaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warscheid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pex14p phosphorylation modulates import of citrate synthase 2 into peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo designed receptor transmembrane domains enhance CAR-T cell cytotoxicity and attenuate cytokine release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo designed receptor transmembrane domains (TMDs) present opportunities for precise control of cellular receptor functions. We developed a de novo design strategy for generating programmed membrane proteins (proMPs): single-pass -helical TMDs that self-assemble through computationally defined and crystallographically validated interfaces. We used these proMPs to program specific oligomeric interactions into a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and found that both in vitro CAR T cell cytokine release and in vivo antitumor activity scaled linearly with the oligomeric state encoded by the receptor TMD, from monomers up to tetramers. All programmed CARs (proCARs) stimulated substantially lower T cell cytokine release relative to the commonly used CD28 TMD, which we show elevated cytokine release through lateral recruitment of the endogenous T cell costimulatory receptor CD28. Precise design using orthogonal and modular TMDs thus provides a new way to program receptor structure and predictably tune activity for basic or applied synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.221598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo designed receptor transmembrane domains enhance CAR-T cell cytotoxicity and attenuate cytokine release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.227447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHYTOCHROMES B1/B2 ARE MAJOR REGULATORS OF RIPENING-ASSOCIATED EPIGENOME REPROGRAMMING IN TOMATO FRUITS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.227447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytochrome-mediated light and temperature perception has been shown to be a major regulator of fruit development. Furthermore, chromatin remodelling via DNA demethylation has been described as a crucial mechanism behind the fruit ripening process; however, the molecular basis underlying the triggering of this epigenetic modification remains largely unknown. Here, through integrative analyses of the methylome, siRNAome and transcriptome of tomato fruits from phyA and phyB1B2 null mutants, we report that PHYB1 and PHYB2 control genome-wide DNA methylation during fruit development from green towards ripe stages. The experimental evidence indicates that PHYB1B2 signal transduction is mediated by a gene expression network involving chromatin organization factors (DNA methylases/demethylases, histone-modifying enzymes and remodelling factors) and transcriptional regulators leading in the altered mRNA profile of photosynthetic and ripening-associated genes. This new level of understanding provides insights into the orchestration of epigenetic mechanisms in response to environmental cues affecting agronomical traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bianchetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccarelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERMUDEZ, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.227447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHYTOCHROMES B1/B2 ARE MAJOR REGULATORS OF RIPENING-ASSOCIATED EPIGENOME REPROGRAMMING IN TOMATO FRUITS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transitory signaling center controls timing of primordial germ cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organogenesis requires exquisite spatio-temporal coordination of cell morphogenesis, migration, proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. For gonads, this involves complex interactions between somatic and germline tissues. During Drosophila ovary morphogenesis primordial germ cells (PGCs) are either sequestered in stem cell niches and maintained in an undifferentiated, germline stem cell state, or transition directly towards differentiation. Here, we identify a mechanism that links hormonal triggers of somatic tissue morphogenesis with PGC differentiation. An early ecdysone pulse initiates somatic swarm cell (SwC) migration, positioning them close to PGCs. A second hormone peak activates Torso-like signal in SwCs, which stimulates the Torso RTK signaling pathway in PGCs promoting their differentiation by de-repression of the differentiation gene bag of marbles. Thus, systemic temporal cues generate a transitory signaling center that coordinate ovarian morphogenesis with stem cell self-renewal and differentiation programs, a concept applicable broadly to the integration of stem cells and their niches.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISteroid pulses coordinate gonadogenesis, stem cell self-renewal and differentiation
C_LIO_LIAn early steroid pulse initiates migration of Swarm Cells, a transitory support cell type
C_LIO_LIA late steroid pulse induces Torso-like expression, a Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activator, in Swarm Cells
C_LIO_LITorso RTK signaling in primordial germ cells activates the key differentiation gene bam by relieving Kruppel-mediated repression
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banisch, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaidina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.232298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transitory signaling center controls timing of primordial germ cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Structural Basis for SARM1 Inhibition, and Activation Under Energetic Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARM1 is a central executor of axonal degeneration (1). Mechanistically, SARM1 contains NADase activity, which, in response to nerve injury, depletes the key cellular metabolite, NAD+ (2-5). Interestingly, SARM1 knockout mouse models do not present any apparent physiological impairment. Yet, the lack of SARM1 protects against various neuropathies (6, 7), thereby highlighting SARM1 as a likely safe and effective drug target (8). However, the absence of a SARM1 structure, in its active or inhibited form, makes it impossible to understand the molecular basis of SARM1 inhibition, and its activation under stress conditions. In this study we present two cryo-EM maps of SARM1 (at 2.6 [A] and 2.9 [A] resolution). We show that the inhibited SARM1 homo-octamer assumes a packed conformation with well-ordered inner and peripheral rings. Here the catalytic TIR domains are held apart from each other and are unable to form dimers, which is a prerequisite for NADase activity. More importantly, after screening several cellular metabolites we discovered that the inactive conformation is stabilized by the binding of SARM1s own substrate: NAD+. The NAD+ inhibitory allosteric site is located away from the NAD+ catalytic site of the TIR domain. Site-directed mutagenesis of the allosteric site leads to constitutive active SARM1. Based on our data we propose that a reduction of cellular NAD+ concentrations (an early indication of disease-associated and age-related neurodegeneration (9)) disassemble SARM1s peripheral ring, which allows NADase activity. This leads to an energetic catastrophe and eventually cell death. The discovery of the allosteric inhibitory site opens the door for the development of effective drugs that will prevent SARM1 activation, rather than compete for binding to the NADase catalytic site.

Brief descriptionIt is not known how NAD+ depletion brings about neurodegeneration. Here, we show that the intrinsic NADase activity of SARM1 is allosterically inhibited by physiological concentrations of NAD+. NAD+ stabilizes a compact, auto-inhibited conformation of the SARM1 octamer. Once NAD+ levels are depleted, the allosteric inhibition is released, enabling SARM1s NADase activity, which eventually leads to energetic catastrophe and cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sporny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guez-Haddad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isupov, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Structural Basis for SARM1 Inhibition, and Activation Under Energetic Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Genetic Epileptic Encephalopathies using Brain Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epileptic encephalopathies (EEs) are a group of disorders associated with intractable seizures, brain development and functional abnormalities, and in some cases, premature death. Pathogenic human germline biallelic mutations in tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) are associated with a relatively mild autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-12 (SCAR12) and a more severe early infantile WWOX-related epileptic encephalopathy (WOREE). In this study, we generated an in-vitro model for EEs, using the devastating WOREE syndrome as a prototype, by establishing brain organoids from CRISPR-engineered human ES cells and from patient-derived iPSCs. Using these models, we discovered dramatic cellular and molecular CNS abnormalities, including neural population changes, cortical differentiation malfunctions, and Wnt-pathway and DNA-damage response impairment. Furthermore, we provide a proof-of-concept that ectopic WWOX expression could potentially rescue these phenotypes. Our findings underscore the utility of modeling childhood epileptic encephalopathies using brain organoids and their use as a unique platform to test possible therapeutic intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repudi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajnah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlen, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aqeilan, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.263236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Genetic Epileptic Encephalopathies using Brain Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary suppression of MHC-II expression in intestinal stem cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about how interactions between diet, immune recognition, and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) impact the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Here, we show that a high fat diet (HFD) reduces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) genes in ISCs. This decline in ISC MHC-II expression in a HFD correlates with an altered intestinal microbiome composition and is recapitulated in antibiotic treated and germ-free mice on a control diet. Mechanistically, pattern recognition receptor and IFNg signaling regulate MHC-II expression in ISCs. Although MHC-II expression on ISCs is dispensable for stem cell function in organoid cultures in vitro, upon loss of the tumor suppressor gene Apc in a HFD, MHC-II- ISCs harbor greater in vivo tumor-initiating capacity than their MHC-II+ counterparts, thus implicating a role for epithelial MHC-II in suppressing tumorigenesis. Finally, ISC-specific genetic ablation of MHC-II in engineered Apc-mediated intestinal tumor models increases tumor burden in a cell autonomous manner. These findings highlight how a HFD alters the immune recognition properties of ISCs through the regulation of MHC-II expression in a manner that could contribute to intestinal tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xifaras, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer-Rowe, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohnalova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskiocak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papciak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeqdadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdemir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle-Encinas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garipcan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAleer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaiss, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary suppression of MHC-II expression in intestinal stem cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.291096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Analysis of Regions of Interest (SCARI) using a novel photoswitchable tag 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.291096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional activity and differentiation potential of cells is determined by their interaction with surrounding cells. Approaches that allow the unbiased characterization of cell states while at the same time providing spatial information are of major value to assess this environmental influence. However, most current techniques are hampered by a trade-off between spatial resolution and cell profiling depth. Here, we developed a photoswitch-based technology that allows the isolation and in-depth analysis of live cells from regions of interest in complex ex vivo systems, including human tissues. The use of a highly sensitive 4-nitrophenyl(benzofuran)-cage coupled to nanobodies allowed photoswitching of cells in areas of interest with low-intensity violet light and without detectable phototoxicity. Single cell RNA sequencing of spatially defined CD8+ T cells was used to exemplify the feasibility of identifying location-dependent cell states at the single cell level. Finally, we demonstrate the efficient labeling and photoswitching of cells in live primary human tumor tissue. The technology described here provides a valuable tool for the analysis of spatially defined cells in diverse biological systems, including clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Leun, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinalda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheele, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toebes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Graaff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thommen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rheenen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kasteren, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.291096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Analysis of Regions of Interest (SCARI) using a novel photoswitchable tag]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.336065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural inflammation alters synaptic plasticity probed by 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.336065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic inflammation is associated with alterations in complex brain functions such as learning and memory. However, diagnostic approaches to functionally assess and quantify inflammation-associated alterations in synaptic plasticity are not well-established. In previous work, we demonstrated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation alters the ability of hippocampal neurons to express synaptic plasticity, i.e., the long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory neurotransmission. Here, we tested whether synaptic plasticity induced by repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used in clinical practice, is affected by LPS-induced inflammation. Specifically, we explored brain tissue cultures to learn more about the direct effects of LPS on neural tissue, and we tested for the plasticity-restoring effects of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL10). As shown previously, 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) of organotypic entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures induced a robust increase in excitatory neurotransmission onto CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, LPS-treated tissue cultures did not express rMS-induced synaptic plasticity. Live-cell microscopy in tissue cultures prepared from a novel transgenic reporter mouse line [C57BL6-Tg(TNFa-eGFP)] confirms that ex vivo LPS administration triggers microglial tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) expression, which is ameliorated in the presence of IL10. Consistent with this observation, IL10 hampers the LPS-induced increase in TNF, IL6, IL1{beta}, and IFN{gamma} and restores the ability of neurons to express rMS-induced synaptic plasticity in the presence of LPS. These findings establish organotypic tissue cultures as a suitable model for studying inflammation-induced alterations in synaptic plasticity, thus providing a biological basis for the diagnostic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the context of brain inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lenz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rozada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.336065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural inflammation alters synaptic plasticity probed by 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.353326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous emergence of behaviorally relevant motifs in human motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.353326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous neural activity has been shown to preserve the inter-regional structure of cortical activity evoked by a task. It is unclear, however, whether patterns of spontaneous activity within a cortical region comprise representations associated with specific behaviors or mental states. The current study investigated the hypothesis that spontaneous neural activity in human motor cortex represents motor responses that commonly occur in daily life. To test this hypothesis 15 healthy participants were scanned in a 3T fMRI scanner while performing four simple hand movements differing by their daily life relevance, and while not performing any specific task (resting-state scans). Using the task data, we identified cortical patterns in a motor ROI corresponding to the different hand movements. These task-defined patterns were compared to spontaneous cortical activity patterns in the same motor ROI. The results indicated a higher similarity of the spontaneous patterns to the most common hand movement than to the least common hand movement. This finding provides the first evidence that spontaneous activity in human cortex forms fine-scale, patterned representations associated with behaviors that frequently occur in daily life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.353326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous emergence of behaviorally relevant motifs in human motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved superlocus regulates above- and belowground root initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During plant post-embryonic growth new meristems and associated stem cells form in different development contexts in order to respond to environmental cues. While underground lateral roots initiate from designated cells in the main root, an unknown mechanism allows cells to bypass the root/shoot identity trajectory and generate shoot-borne-roots. Using single-cell profiling of tomato (Solanum lycoperiscum) stems we isolated a rare transient cell population that serve as progenitors for shoot-borne-root meristems. Analysis of this population identified a transcription factor required for the formation of shoot-borne-roots which we named SHOOT BORNE ROOTLESS (SBRL). Evolutionary analysis revealed that SBRL function is deeply conserved in angiosperms and that it arose as part of an ancient duplicated superlocus, only lost in root-less plants, containing both shoot-borne and lateral root initiation regulators. We propose that the ability to activate a common transition state with context-specific regulators allows the remarkable developmental plasticity found in plants.

One Sentence SummaryHighly conserved superlocus of LBD genes, acting within an early transition identity, regulates shoot-borne and lateral root formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Yarom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahav, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efroni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.377937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved superlocus regulates above- and belowground root initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Identification of the Genetic Basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an archetypal complex disease centered on progressive death of motor neurons. Despite heritability estimates of 52%, GWAS studies have discovered only seven genome-wide significant hits, which are relevant to <10% of ALS patients. To increase the power of gene discovery, we integrated motor neuron functional genomics with ALS genetics in a hierarchical Bayesian model called RefMap. Comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling of iPSC-derived motor neurons enabled RefMap to systematically fine-map genes and pathways associated with ALS. As a significant extension of the known genetic architecture of ALS, we identified a group of 690 candidate ALS genes, which is enriched with previously discovered risk genes. Extensive conservation, transcriptome and network analyses demonstrated the functional significance of these candidate genes in motor neurons and disease progression. In particular, we observed a genetic convergence on the distal axon, which supports the prevailing view of ALS as a distal axonopathy. Of the new ALS genes we discovered, we further characterized KANK1 that is enriched with coding and noncoding, common and rare ALS-associated genetic variation. Modelling patient mutations in human neurons reduced KANK1 expression and produced neurotoxicity with disruption of the distal axon. RefMap can be applied broadly to increase the discovery power in genetic association studies of human complex traits and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezhad, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, C. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project MinE Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraiuolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.382606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Identification of the Genetic Basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging themes: short protein segments found in different architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast majority of theoretically possible polypeptide chains do not fold, let alone confer function. Hence, protein evolution from preexisting building blocks has clear potential advantages over ab initio emergence from random sequences. In support of this view, sequence similarities between different proteins is generally indicative of common ancestry, and we collectively refer to such homologous sequences as  themes. At the domain level, sequence homology is routinely detected. However, short themes which are segments, or fragments of intact domains, are particularly interesting because they may provide hints about the emergence of domains, as opposed to divergence of preexisting domains, or their mixing-and-matching to form multi-domain proteins. Here we identified 525 representative short themes, comprising 20-to-80 residues, that are unexpectedly shared between domains considered to have emerged independently. Among these  bridging themes are ones shared between the most ancient domains, e.g., Rossmann, P-loop NTPase, TIM-barrel, Flavodoxin, and Ferredoxin-like. We elaborate on several particularly interesting cases, where the bridging themes mediate ligand binding. Ligand binding may have contributed to the stability and the plasticity of these building blocks, and to their ability to invade preexisting domains or serve as starting points for completely new domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepomnyachiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging themes: short protein segments found in different architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed Imaging Analysis of the Tumor-Immune Microenvironment Reveals Predictors of Outcome in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer, the poorest-prognosis breast cancer subtype, lacks clinically approved biomarkers for patient risk stratification and treatment management. Prior literature has shown that interrogation of the tumor-immune microenvironment may be a promising approach for the discovery of methods to fill these gaps. Recently developed high-dimensional tissue imaging technology, such as multiplexed ion beam imaging, provide spatial context to protein expression in the microenvironment, allowing in-depth characterization of cellular processes. We demonstrate that profiling the functional proteins involved in cell-to-cell interactions in the microenvironment can predict recurrence and overall survival. We highlight the immunological relevance of the immunoregulatory proteins PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and Lag3 by tying interactions involving them to recurrence and survival. Multivariate analysis reveals that our methods provide additional prognostic information compared to clinical variables. In this work, we present a computational pipeline for the examination of the tumor-immune microenvironment using multiplexed ion-beam imaging that produces interpretable results, and is generalizable to other cancer types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patwa, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed Imaging Analysis of the Tumor-Immune Microenvironment Reveals Predictors of Outcome in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale resolution of microbial fiber degradation in action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deconstruction of plant cell walls is imperative to global carbon cycling and sustainability efforts. Selected microbes degrade plant fibers using extremely efficient multi-enzymatic cellulosomes assemblies. Organization of cellulosomes on the bacterial cell surface and their ecological regulation remain elusive. By combining structural methodologies with molecular and biochemical approaches on the canonical Clostridium thermocellum system, we provide an unprecedented view into the in-situ structure and distribution of cellulosomal enzymes while interacting with their cellulosic substrate during fiber degradation. Structural exploration of growing cultures revealed isogenic phenotypic heterogeneity of cellulosome organization on single cells across the bacterial population, suggesting a division-of labor strategy driven by product-dependent dynamics. This study demonstrates how structural biology under near-physiological conditions can be employed to develop ecological hypotheses to understand microbial plant-fiber degradation at the single-cell nanoscale level.

One Sentence SummaryThis study contributes critical insights into the in-situ organization of cellulosomes and their cellulosic substrates and provides evidence for phenotypic heterogeneity, with dynamic, growth phase-dependent organization of the fiber-degrading machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar-Herrera, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomble, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale resolution of microbial fiber degradation in action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-Research: Citation needed? Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith the COVID-19 pandemics outbreak, millions flocked to Wikipedia for updated information. Amid growing concerns regarding an "infodemic", ensuring the quality of information is a crucial vector of public health. Investigating if and how Wikipedia remained up to date and in line with science is key to formulating strategies to counter misinformation. Using citation analyses, we asked: which sources informed Wikipedias COVID-19-related articles before and during the pandemics first wave (January-May 2020).

ResultsWe found that coronavirus-related articles referenced trusted media sources and high-quality academic research. Moreover, despite a surge in COVID-19 preprints, Wikipedia had a clear preference for open-access studies published in respected journals and made little use of preprints. Building a timeline of English COVID-19 articles from 2001-2020 revealed a nuanced trade-off between quality and timeliness. It further showed how preexisting articles on key topics related to the virus created a framework for integrating new knowledge. Supported by a rigid sourcing policy, this "scientific infrastructure" facilitated contextualization and regulated the influx of new information. Lastly, we constructed a network of DOI-Wikipedia articles, which showed the shifting landscape of pandemic-related knowledge on Wikipedia and how academic citations create a web of shared knowledge supporting topics like COVID-19 vaccine development.

ConclusionsUnderstanding how scientific research interacts with the digital knowledge-sphere during the pandemic provides insight into how Wikipedia can facilitate access to science. It also reveals how, aided by what we term its "citizen encyclopedists", it successfully fended off COVID-19 disinformation and how this unique model may be deployed in other contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjakob, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-Research: Citation needed? Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global ocean size-spectrum from bacteria to whales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been hypothesized that aquatic biomass is evenly distributed among logarithmic body mass size-classes. Although this community structure has been observed locally among plankton groups, its generality has never been formally tested across all marine life, nor have its impacts by humans been broadly assessed. Here, we bring together data at the global scale to test the hypothesis from bacteria to whales. We find that biomass within most order of magnitude size-classes is indeed remarkably constant, near 1 Gt wet weight (1015 grams), but that bacteria and whales are markedly above and below this value, respectively. Furthermore, human impacts have significantly truncated the upper one-third of the spectrum. Size-spectrum theory has yet to provide an explanation for what is possibly lifes largest scale regularity.

One Sentence SummaryHuman activities have fundamentally altered one of lifes largest scale patterns; a global power law size distribution spanning bacteria to whales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatton, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heneghan, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global ocean size-spectrum from bacteria to whales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABA homeostasis and long-distance translocation is redundantly regulated by ABCG ABA importers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on plant growth, development and response to the environment depend on local ABA concentrations. Here, we exploited a genome-scale amiRNA screen, targeting the Arabidopsis transportome, to show that ABA homeostasis is regulated by two previously unknown ABA transporters. ABCG17 and ABCG18 are localized to the plasma membranes of leaf mesophyll and stem cortex cells to redundantly promote ABA import, leading to conjugated inactive ABA sinks, thus restricting stomatal closure. ABCG17 and ABCG18 double knockdown revealed that the transporters encoded by these genes not only limit stomatal aperture size, conductance and transpiration while increasing water-use efficiency but also control ABA translocation from the shoot to the root to regulate lateral root emergence. The proposed ABCG17- and ABCG18-dependent ABA glucosyl ester shoot sink mechanism is restrained under abiotic stress conditions to further activate the ABA responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nour-Eldin, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strader, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABA homeostasis and long-distance translocation is redundantly regulated by ABCG ABA importers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning to represent continuous variables in heterogeneous neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must monitor continuous variables such as position or head direction. Manifold attractor networks--which enable a continuum of persistent neuronal states--provide a key framework to explain this monitoring ability. Neural networks with symmetric synaptic connectivity dominate this framework, but are inconsistent with the diverse synaptic connectivity and neuronal representations observed in experiments. Here, we developed a theory for manifold attractors in trained neural networks, which approximate a continuum of persistent states, without assuming unrealistic symmetry. We exploit the theory to predict how asymmetries in the representation and heterogeneity in the connectivity affect the formation of the manifold via training, shape network response to stimulus, and govern mechanisms that possibly lead to destabilization of the manifold. Our work suggests that the functional properties of manifold attractors in the brain can be inferred from the overlooked asymmetries in connectivity and in the low-dimensional representation of the encoded variable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning to represent continuous variables in heterogeneous neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SmMIP-tools: a computational toolset for processing and analysis of single-molecule molecular inversion probes derived data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule molecular inversion probes (smMIPs) provides a modular and cost-effective platform for high-multiplex targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Nevertheless, translating the raw smMIP-derived sequencing data into accurate and meaningful information currently requires proficient computational skills and a large amount of computational work, prohibiting wide-scale adoption of smMIP-based technologies. To enable easy, efficient, and accurate interrogation of smMIP-derived data, we developed SmMIP-tools, a computational toolset that combines the critical analytic steps for smMIP data interpretation into a single computational pipeline. Here, we describe in detail two of the softwares major components. The first is a read processing tool that performs quality control steps, generates read-smMIP linkages and retrieves molecular tags. The second is an error-aware variant caller capable of detecting single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertions and deletions (indels). Using a cell-line DNA dilution series and a cohort of blood cancer patients, we benchmarked SmMIP-tools and evaluated its performance against clinical sequencing reports. We anticipate that SmMIP-tools will increase accessibility to smMIP-technology, enabling cost-effective genetic research to push personalized medicine forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, J. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capo-Chichi, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SmMIP-tools: a computational toolset for processing and analysis of single-molecule molecular inversion probes derived data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing Synchronization to Increase Interest Improves Interpersonal Liking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synchronization has been identified as a key aspect of achieving mutual goals and enhancing social bonding. While synchronization could be maximized by increasing the predictability of an interaction, such predictability is in tension with individuals level of interest, which is tied to the interactions complexity and novelty. In this study, we tested the interplay between synchronization and interest. We asked 104 female dyads to play the Mirror Game, in which they were instructed to move their hands as coordinately as possible, and then report how much they liked each other. Utilizing information theory and video processing tools, we found that a combination of movement synchronization and complexity explained liking almost two times better than movement synchronization alone. Moreover, we found that people initiated novel and challenging interactions, even though they paid a price - being less synchronized. Examining the interactions dynamics, we found that people who liked each other moved in a more synchronized, complex, and novel manner during most of the interaction. This suggests that in addition to synchronization, maintaining interest may be critical for positive social bonding. Thus, we propose a new framework in which balancing synchronization and interest, rather than merely maximizing synchronization, optimizes the interaction quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravreby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing Synchronization to Increase Interest Improves Interpersonal Liking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic landscape of multi-layered breast cancer internal tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite extensive research, internal tumor heterogeneity presents enormous challenges to achieve complete therapeutic responses. Changes in protein expression are central determinants of cancer phenotypes that reflect potential therapeutic targets. However, previous proteomic studies did not address internal heterogeneity, therefore, masked the necessary spatial resolution to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cancer complexity. Here we present the first large-scale multi-focal breast cancer proteomic study of 330 tumor regions which associated cancer cell function, pathological parameters, and spatial localization of each tumor region. We found marked internal proteomic heterogeneity even within tumors presenting homogeneous receptor expression. Additionally, analysis of the internal heterogeneity, based on coexisting receptor expression or histological patterns in single tumors, showed significant functional differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous tumors related to cancer metabolism, immunogenicity, and proliferation. We anticipate that this study will serve as a starting point towards the development of improved cancer therapy and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mardamshina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Necula, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhacky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalmon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Yam, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic landscape of multi-layered breast cancer internal tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYCN mediates cysteine addiction and sensitizes to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant expression of MYC family members predicts poor clinical outcome in many human cancers. Oncogenic MYC profoundly alters metabolism and mediates an antioxidant response to maintain redox balance. Here we show that MYC induces massive lipid peroxidation upon depletion of cysteine, the rate-limiting amino acid for glutathione biosynthesis and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis, an oxidative, non-apoptotic and irondependent type of cell death. In MYCN-amplified childhood neuroblastoma, MYCN mediates resistance to ferroptosis by activating transsulfuration of methionine to cysteine. MYCN may contribute to spontaneous tumor regression in low-risk neuroblastomas by promoting ferroptosis in cells with epigenetically silenced cystathionine-beta-synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme for transsulfuration. We identified enzymes and antiporter proteins crucial to ferroptotic escape, providing multiple previously unknown sites that may be acted on therapeutically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alborzinia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartlgruber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler Holly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziehm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhauser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikhkarami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlieb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreidax, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poschet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buettner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stresemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiling, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woelfl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYCN mediates cysteine addiction and sensitizes to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal coordination at the maternal-fetal interface promotes trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling in the first half of human pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beginning in the first trimester, fetally derived extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade the uterus and remodel its spiral arteries, transforming them into large, dilated blood vessels left with a thin, discontinuous smooth muscle layer and partially lined with EVTs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how EVTs coordinate with the maternal decidua to promote a tissue microenvironment conducive to spiral artery remodeling (SAR). However, it remains a matter of debate which immune and stromal cell types participate in these interactions and how this process evolves with respect to gestational age. Here, we used a multiomic approach that combined the strengths of spatial proteomics and transcriptomics to construct the first spatiotemporal atlas of the human maternal-fetal interface in the first half of pregnancy. We used multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF) and a 37-plex antibody panel to analyze [~]500,000 cells and 588 spiral arteries within intact decidua from 66 patients between 6-20 weeks of gestation, integrating this with coregistered transcriptomic profiles. Gestational age substantially influenced the frequency of many maternal immune and stromal cells, with tolerogenic subsets expressing CD206, CD163, TIM-3, Galectin-9, and IDO-1 increasingly enriched and colocalized at later time points. In contrast, SAR progression preferentially correlated with EVT invasion and was transcriptionally defined by 78 gene ontology pathways exhibiting unique monotonic and biphasic trends. Lastly, we developed an integrated model of SAR supporting an intravasation mechanism where invasion is accompanied by upregulation of pro-angiogenic, immunoregulatory EVT programs that promote interactions with vascular endothelium while avoiding activation of immune cells in circulating maternal blood. Taken together, these results support a coordinated model of decidualization in which increasing gestational age drives a transition in maternal decidua towards a tolerogenic niche conducive to locally regulated, EVT-dependent SAR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaswa, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khair, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshawsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Rijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal coordination at the maternal-fetal interface promotes trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling in the first half of human pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymorphic Toxins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes employ toxins to kill competing microbes or eukaryotic host cells. Polymorphic toxins are proteins that encode C-terminal toxin domains. Here, we developed a computational approach to discover novel toxin domains of polymorphic toxins within 105,438 microbial genomes. We validated nine short novel toxins ("PTs") that cause bacterial or yeast cell death. The novel PTs are encoded by [~]2.2% of the sequenced bacteria, including numerous pathogens. We also identified five cognate immunity genes ("PIMs") that neutralize the toxins. Intriguingly, we observed an antifungal effect of the PTs against various pathogenic fungi. The toxins likely act as enzymes that cause severe damage to cell shape, membrane, and DNA. Finally, we solved the 3D structure of two PTs in complex with their PIMs, and showed that they function as novel DNAses. The new potent toxins likely play key roles in inter-microbial competition and can be utilized in various clinical and biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nachmias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamash-Halevy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymorphic Toxins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing small ribosomal subunit RNA helix 45 acetylation across eukaryotic evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NAT10 is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in eukaryotic transfer RNA (tRNA) and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Recent studies in human cells suggested that rRNA acetylation is dependent on SNORD13, a non-canonical box C/D small nucleolar RNA (SNORD) predicted to base-pair with 18S rRNA via two antisense elements. However, the selectivity of SNORD13-dependent cytidine acetylation and its relationship to NAT10s essential function in pre-rRNA processing remain to be defined. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to formally demonstrate that SNORD13 is required for acetylation of a single cytidine residue of human and zebrafish 18S rRNA. In-depth characterization revealed that SNORD13-dependent ac4C is dispensable for yeast or human cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, translation, and the development of multicellular metazoan model organisms. This loss of function analysis inspired a cross-evolutionary survey of the eukaryotic rRNA acetylation  machinery that led to the characterization of many novel SNORD13 genes in phylogenetically-distant metazoans and more deeply rooted photosynthetic organisms. This includes an atypical SNORD13-like RNA in D. melanogaster which appears to guide ac4C to 18S rRNA helix 45 despite lacking one of the two rRNA antisense elements. Finally, we discover that C. elegans 18S rRNA is not acetylated despite the presence of an essential NAT10 homolog. Altogether, our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying SNORD13-mediated rRNA acetylation across the eukaryotic tree of life and raise new questions regarding the biological function and evolutionary persistence of this highly conserved rRNA base modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortolin-Cavaille, M.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalalla Gamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plisson-Chastang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blader, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafontaine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaille, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing small ribosomal subunit RNA helix 45 acetylation across eukaryotic evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Class I DISARM provides anti-phage and anti-conjugation activity by unmethylated DNA recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages impose a strong evolutionary pressure on microbes for the development of mechanisms of survival. Multiple new mechanisms of innate defense have been described recently, with the molecular mechanism of most of them remaining uncharacterized. Here, we show that a Class 1 DISARM (defense island system associated with restriction-modification) system from Serratia sp. provides broad protection from double-stranded DNA phages, and drives a population of single-stranded phages to extinction. We identify that protection is not abolished by deletion of individual DISARM genes and that the absence of methylase genes drmMI and drmMII does not result in autoimmunity. In addition to antiphage activity we also observe that DISARM limits conjugation, and this activity is linked to the number of methylase cognate sites in the plasmid. Overall, we show that Class 1 DISARM provides robust anti-phage and anti-plasmid protection mediated primarily by drmA and drmB, which provide resistance to invading nucleic acids using a mechanism enhanced by the recognition of unmethylated cognate sites of the two methylases drmMI and drmMII.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aparicio-Maldonado, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouns, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Class I DISARM provides anti-phage and anti-conjugation activity by unmethylated DNA recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.483854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine oculomotor knowledge enhances high-acuity vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.483854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been debated how humans resolve fine details and perceive a stable visual world despite the fixational motion of their eyes, the incessant ocular jitter that occurs in the intervals between voluntary gaze shifts. Current theories assume these processes to rely solely on the visual input to the retina, without contributions from motor and/or proprioceptive sources. Here we show that contrary to this widespread assumption, the visual system has access to high-resolution extra-retinal knowledge of fixational eye motion and uses it to deduce spatial relations. Building on recent advances in gaze-contingent display control, we created a spatial discrimination task in which the stimulus configuration was entirely determined by oculomotor activity. Our results show that humans correctly infer geometrical relations even when no spatial information is delivered to the retina and accurately combine high-resolution extraretinal monitoring of gaze displacement with retinal signals. These findings reveal a multimodal strategy for encoding spatial details, in which fine oculomotor knowledge is used to interpret the fixational input to the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.483854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine oculomotor knowledge enhances high-acuity vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for cis-regulatory constraint prioritizes genes likely to affect species-specific traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring allele-specific expression in interspecies hybrids is a powerful way to detect cis-regulatory changes underlying adaptation. However, it remains difficult to identify genes most likely to explain species-specific traits. Here, we outline a simple strategy that leverages population-scale allele-specific RNA-seq data to identify genes that have constrained cis- regulation within species yet show divergence between species. Applying this strategy to data from human-chimpanzee hybrid cortical spheroids, we identify signatures of lineage-specific selection on genes related to cellular proliferation, speech, and glucose metabolism. We also highlight cis-regulatory divergence in CUX1 and EDNRB that may shape the unique trajectory of human brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for cis-regulatory constraint prioritizes genes likely to affect species-specific traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS): a method to effectively track the cognitive fluctuations driven by naturalistic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday experiences are dynamic, driving fluctuations across simultaneous cognitive processes. A key challenge in the study of naturalistic cognition is to disentangle the complexity of these dynamic processes, without altering the natural experience itself. Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS) is a novel approach to track the cognitive fluctuations throughout the time-course of naturalistic stimulation, across a variety of cognitive dimensions. We tested the effectiveness and reliability of RBS in a web-based experiment, in which 53 participants viewed short movies and listened to a story, followed by retrospective reporting. Participants recalled their experience of 55 discrete events from the stimuli, rating their quality of memory, magnitude of surprise, intensity of negative and positive emotions, perceived importance, reflectivity state, and mental time travel. In addition, a subset of the original cohort re-rated their memory of events in a follow-up questionnaire. Results show highly replicable fluctuation patterns across distinct cognitive dimensions, thereby revealing a stimulus-driven experience that is substantially shared among individuals. Remarkably, memory ratings more than a week after stimulation resulted in an almost identical time-course of memorability as measured immediately following stimulation. In addition, idiosyncratic response patterns were preserved across different stimuli, indicating that RBS characterizes individual differences that are stimulus invariant. The current findings highlight the potential of RBS as a powerful tool for measuring dynamic processes of naturalistic cognition. We discuss the promising approach of matching RBS fluctuations with dynamic processes measured via other testing modalities, such as neuroimaging, to study the neural manifestations of naturalistic cognitive processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.493974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS): a method to effectively track the cognitive fluctuations driven by naturalistic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volume regulation in adhered cells: roles of surface tension and cell swelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The volume of adhered cells has been shown experimentally to decrease during spreading. This effect can be understood from the pump-leak model, which we have extended to include mechano-sensitive ion transporters. We identify a novel effect that has important consequences on cellular volume loss; cells that are swollen due to a modulation of ion transport rates are more susceptible to volume loss in response to a tension increase. This effect explains in a plausible manner the discrepancies between three recent, independent experiments on adhered cells, between which both the magnitude of the volume change and its dynamics varied substantially. We suggest that starved and synchronized cells in two of the experiments were in a swollen state and, consequently, exhibited a large volume loss at steady state. Non-swollen cells, for which there is a very small steady-state volume decrease, are still predicted to transiently lose volume during spreading due to a relaxing viscoelastic tension that is large compared with the steady-state tension. We elucidate the roles of cell swelling and surface tension in cellular volume regulation and discuss their possible microscopic origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh Vishen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanny, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volume regulation in adhered cells: roles of surface tension and cell swelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the burden borne by fumarase: enzymatic hydration of an olefin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a remarkable catalyst that decreases the free energy of the catalyzed reaction by 30 kcal mol-1, much larger than most exceptional enzymes with extraordinary catalytic rates. Two classes of FH are observed in nature: class-I and class-II, that have different folds, yet catalyze the same reversible hydration/dehydration reaction of the dicarboxylic acids fumarate/malate, with equal efficiencies. Using class-I FH from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Mj) as a model along with comparative analysis with the only other available class-I FH structure from Leishmania major (Lm), we provide insights into the molecular mechanism of catalysis in this class of enzymes. The structure of MjFH apo-protein has been determined, revealing that large inter-subunit rearrangements occur across apo- and the holo-protein forms, with a largely preorganized active site for substrate binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues, kinetic analysis and computational studies including DFT and natural population analysis, together show that residues interacting with the carboxylate group of the substrate play a pivotal role in catalysis. Our study establishes that an electrostatic network at the active site of class-I FH, polarizes the substrate fumarate through interactions with its carboxylate groups, thereby permitting an easier addition of a water molecule across the olefinic bond. We propose a mechanism of catalysis in FH that occurs through transition state stabilization involving the distortion of the electronic structure of the substrate olefinic bond mediated by the charge polarization of the bound substrate at the enzyme active site.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=133 SRC="FIGDIR/small/506457v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryavanshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jindal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the burden borne by fumarase: enzymatic hydration of an olefin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-substrate pools can constrain and regulate pathway fluxes in cell metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cycling of co-substrates, whereby a metabolite is converted among alternate forms via different reactions, is ubiquitous in metabolism. Several cycled co-substrates are well known as energy and electron carriers (e.g. ATP and NAD(P)H), but there are also other metabolites that act as cycled co-substrates in different parts of central metabolism. Here, we develop a mathematical framework to analyse the effect of co-substrate cycling on metabolic flux. In the cases of a single reaction and linear pathways, we find that co-substrate cycling imposes an additional flux limit on a reaction, distinct to the limit imposed by the kinetics of the primary enzyme catalysing that reaction. Using analytical methods, we show that this additional limit is a function of the total pool size and turnover rate of the cycled co-substrate. Expanding from this insight and using simulations, we show that regulation of co-substrate pool size can allow regulation of flux dynamics in branched and coupled pathways. To support theses theoretical insights, we analysed existing flux measurements and enzyme levels from the central carbon metabolism and identified several reactions that could be limited by co-substrate cycling. We discuss how the limitations imposed by co-substrate cycling provide experimentally testable hypotheses on specific metabolic phenotypes. We conclude that measuring and controlling co-substrate pools is crucial for understanding and engineering the dynamics of metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delattre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyer, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-substrate pools can constrain and regulate pathway fluxes in cell metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of equilibrium free energy from non-equilibrium thermodynamics with mechanosensitive ion channels in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial mechanosensitive channels are major players in cells ability to cope with hypo-osmotic stress. Excess turgor pressure due to fast water influx is reduced as the channels, triggered by membrane tension, open and release osmolytes. However, in vitro measurements of the free energy difference between the open and closed states of ion channels are challenging due to hysteresis effects and inactivation. Exploiting recent developments in statistical physics, we present a general formalism to extract the free energy difference between the closed and open states of mechanosensitive ion channels from non-equilibrium work distributions associated with the channels gating recorded in native patches under ramp stimulation protocols. We show that the work distributions obtained from the gating of MscS channels in E. coli membrane satisfy the strong symmetry relations predicted by the fluctuation theorems and recover the equilibrium free energy difference between the closed and open states of the channel within 1 kB T of its best estimate obtained from an independent experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cetiner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukharev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarzynski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of equilibrium free energy from non-equilibrium thermodynamics with mechanosensitive ion channels in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-mature senescence in the oldest leaves of low nitrate-grown Atxdh1 mutant uncovers a role for purine catabolism in plant nitrogen metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nitrogen rich ureides allantoin and allantoate, are known to play a role in nitrogen delivery in Leguminosae, in addition to their role as reactive oxygen species scavengers. However, their role as a nitrogen source in non-legume plants has not been shown. Xanthine dehydrogenase1 (AtXDH1) activity is a catalytic bottleneck step in purine catabolism. Atxdh1 mutant exhibited early leaf senescence, lower soluble protein and organic-N levels as compared to wild-type (WT) older leaves when grown with 1 mM nitrate, whereas under 5mM, mutant plants were comparable to WT. Similar nitrate-dependent senescence phenotypes were evident in the older leaves of allantoinase (Ataln) and allantoate amidohydrolase (Ataah) mutants, impaired in further downstream steps of purine catabolism. Importantly, under low nitrate conditions, xanthine was accumulated in older leaves of Atxdh1, whereas allantoin in both older and younger leaves of Ataln but not in WT leaves, indicating remobilization of xanthine degraded products from older to younger leaves. Supporting this notion, ureide transporters UPS1, UPS2 and UPS5 were enhanced in older leaves of 1 mM nitrate-fed WT as compared to 5 mM. Enhanced AtXDH, AtAAH and purine catabolic transcripts, were detected in WT grown in low nitrate, indicating regulation at protein and transcript levels. Higher nitrate reductase activity in Atxdh1 than WT leaves, indicates their need for nitrate assimilation products. It is further demonstrated that the absence of remobilized purine-degraded N from older leaves is the cause for senescence symptoms, a result of higher chloroplastic protein degradation in older leaves of nitrate starved Atxdh1 plants.nnSummaryThe absence of remobilized purine-degraded N from older to the young growing leaves is the cause for senescence symptoms, a result of higher chloroplastic protein degradation in older leaves of nitrate starved Atxdh1 plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltabayeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurmanbayeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekturova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluhr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-mature senescence in the oldest leaves of low nitrate-grown Atxdh1 mutant uncovers a role for purine catabolism in plant nitrogen metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aphelids constitute a group of diverse, yet poorly known, parasites of algae [1, 2]. Their life cycle and morphology resemble those of zoosporic fungi (chytrids) and rozellids (Cryptomycota/Rozellosporidia), another specious group of parasites of fungi and oomycetes [3, 4]. Unlike fungi, which are osmotrophs, aphelids and rozellids are phagotrophs, feeding on the hosts cytoplasm. Combined RNA polymerase and rRNA gene trees [5] suggested that aphelids and rozellids relate to Microsporidia, extremely reduced parasites with remnant mitochondria [6]. Accordingly, aphelids, rozellids and Microsporidia were proposed to form a monophyletic clade, called Opisthosporidia, sister to Fungi [1]. Microsporidia would have subsequently lost the ancestral opisthosporidian phagotrophy. However, the limited phylogenetic signal of those genes combined with microsporidian fast-evolving sequences have resulted in incongruent tree topologies, showing either rozellids [5, 7] or aphelids [8] as the earliest-branching lineages of Opisthosporidia. We have generated the first transcriptome data for one aphelid species, Paraphelidium tribonemae [2]. In-depth multi-gene phylogenomic analyses using various protein datasets place aphelids in a deep, pivotal position as a sister group to Fungi, making Opisthosporidia paraphyletic. We infer a rich, free-living-like proteome for P. tribonemae, which includes cellulases likely involved in algal cell-wall penetration, enzymes involved in chitin biosynthesis and several metabolic pathways that were lost in the comparatively reduced Rozella allomycis genome [9]. Our results suggest that Fungi evolved from a complex phagotrophic opisthosporidian ancestor, likely a specialized endobiotic predator, which became osmotrophic at the fungal root and evolved towards phagotrophic parasitism in the rozellid/microsporidian line.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torruella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau-Bove, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volcker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Effects of Temperature on the Heart and Pyloric Rhythms in the Crab,  Cancer borealis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary StatementTemperature elevation increases the frequency of the heart and pyloric rhythms of the crab, Cancer borealis, but the heart rhythm has a higher critical temperature than the pyloric rhythm.nnAbstractThe heart and pyloric rhythms of crustaceans have been studied separately and extensively over many years. Local and hormonal neuromodulation and sensory inputs onto these central pattern generating circuits play a significant role in the animals responses to perturbations, but are usually lost or removed during in vitro studies. To examine simultaneously the in vivo motor output of the heart and pyloric rhythms, we used photoplethysmography (PPG). In the population measured (n = 49), the heart rhythm frequencies ranged from 0.3-2.3 Hz. The pyloric rhythms varied from 0.2-1.6 Hz. During multiple hour-long recordings, many animals held at control temperature showed strong inhibitory bouts in which the heart decreased in frequency or become quiescent and the pyloric rhythm also decreased in frequency. Many animals show significant coherence in frequency between the rhythms at the frequency of the heart rhythm. We measured the simultaneous responses of the rhythms to temperature ramps by heating or cooling the saline bath while recording both the heart and pyloric muscle movements. Q10s, critical temperatures (temperatures at which function is compromised), and changes in frequency were calculated for each of the rhythms tested. The heart rhythm was more robust to high temperature than the pyloric rhythm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kushinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Effects of Temperature on the Heart and Pyloric Rhythms in the Crab,  Cancer borealis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospho-regulation of Atoh1 is required for plasticity of secretory progenitors and tissue regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is maintained by a small number of self-renewing stem cells in homeostasis. In addition committed progenitors can contribute to the functional stem cell compartment at a low level during homeostasis and substantially during regeneration following tissue damage. However the mechanism of, and requirement for, progenitor plasticity in mediating pathological response has not been demonstrated. Here we show that multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor Atoh1 is required both for the contribution of secretory progenitors to the intestinal stem cell pool and for a robust regenerative response following damage. In lineage tracing experiments Atoh1+ cells (Atoh1(WT)CreERT2 mice) show stem cell activity by giving rise to multilineage intestinal clones both in the steady state and after tissue damage. Notably in the colonic epithelium a single generation of Atoh1+ progenitors sustains 1 in 15 stem cells. In an activating Atoh1(9S/T-A)CreERT2 line, the loss of phosphorylation sites on the Atoh1 protein promotes secretory differentiation and inhibits the contribution of these cells to self-renewal. Finally, in a chemical colitis model the Atoh1+ cells of Atoh1(9S/T-A)CreERT2 mice have reduced clonogenic capacity that impacts overall regenerative response of the epithelium. Thus progenitor plasticity plays an integral part in maintaining robust self-renewal in the intestinal epithelium and the balance between stem and progenitor fate behaviour is directly co-ordinated by Atoh1 multi-site phosphorylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzarelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilamakuri, C. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospho-regulation of Atoh1 is required for plasticity of secretory progenitors and tissue regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propagation of information along the cortical hierarchy as a function of attention while reading and listening to stories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does attention route information from sensory to high-order areas as a function of task, within the relatively fixed topology of the brain? In this study, participants were simultaneously presented with two unrelated stories - one spoken and one written - and asked to attend one while ignoring the other. We used fMRI and a novel inter-subject correlation analysis to track the spread of information along the processing hierarchy as a function of task. Processing the unattended spoken (written) information was confined to auditory (visual) cortices. In contrast, attending to the spoken (written) story enhanced the stimulus-selective responses in early sensory regions and allowed it to spread into higher-order areas. Surprisingly, we found that the story-specific spoken (written) responses for the attended story also reached the opposite secondary visual (auditory) regions. These results demonstrate how attention enhances the processing of attended input and allows it to propagate across brain areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propagation of information along the cortical hierarchy as a function of attention while reading and listening to stories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscale tracking of coral disease reveals timeline of infection and heterogeneity of polyp fate. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral disease is often studied at scales ranging from single colonies to the entire reef. This is particularly true for studies following disease progression through time. To gain a mechanistic understanding of key steps underlying infection dynamics, it is necessary to study disease progression, and host-pathogen interactions, at relevant microbial scales. Here we provide a dynamic view of the interaction between the model coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus and its coral host Pocillopora damicornis at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. This view is achieved using a novel microfluidics-based system specifically designed to allow microscopic study of coral infection in-vivo under controlled environmental conditions. Analysis of exudates continuously collected at the systems outflow, allows a detailed biochemical and microbial analyses coupled to the microscopic observations of the disease progression. The resulting multilayered dataset provides the most detailed description of a coral infection to-date, revealing distinct pathogenic processes as well as the defensive behavior of the coral host. We provide evidence that infection in this system occurs following ingestion of the pathogen, and may then progress through the gastrovascular system. We further show infection may spread when pathogens colonize lesions in the host tissue. Copious spewing of pathogen-laden mucus from the polyp mouths results in effective expulsion of the pathogen from the gastrovascular system, possibly serving as a first line of defense. A secondary defense mechanism entails the severing of calicoblastic connective tissues resulting in the controlled isolation of diseased polyps, or the survival of individual polyps within infected colonies. Further investigations of coral-pathogen interactions at these scales will help to elucidate the complex interactions underlying coral disease, as we as the versatile adaptive response of the coral ecosystems to fluctuating environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramarsky-Winter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscale tracking of coral disease reveals timeline of infection and heterogeneity of polyp fate.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular evolution of juvenile hormone esterase-like proteins in a socially exchanged fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Socially exchanged fluids are a direct means for organisms to influence conspecifics. When orally feeding larval offspring via trophallaxis, Camponotus floridanus ant workers were shown to transfer Juvenile Hormone (JH), a key developmental regulator, as well as paralogs of JH esterase (JHE), an enzyme that hydrolyzes JH. We combine proteomic, phylogenetic and selection analyses to investigate the evolution of this esterase subfamily. We show that Camponotus JHE-like proteins have sustained multiple duplications, positive selection, and changed localization to become abundantly and selectively present in trophallactic fluid. To assess their potential role in larval development, we fed workers a JHE-specific inhibitor to introduce it into the trophallactic network. This increased the proportion larvae reared to metamorphosis by these workers, similar to supplementation with JH. Together these findings suggest that JHE-like proteins have evolved new roles in inter-individual regulation of larval development in Camponotus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBoeuf, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohanim, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waridel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Privman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular evolution of juvenile hormone esterase-like proteins in a socially exchanged fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice developing mammary tumors evolve T cell sequences shared with human breast cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapy by checkpoint blockade proves that an effective immune response to a tumor can be induced clinically. However, little is known about the evolution of tumor-associated T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires without intervention. Here we studied TCR repertoire evolution in mice spontaneously developing mammary tumors; we sequenced peripheral blood alpha and beta TCRs of CD4+CD62L+CD44- T cells monthly for 8 months in 10 FVB/NJ mice transgenic at the Erbb2 locus, all developing tumors; 5 FVB/NJ mice without the transgene were age-matched controls. Sequences were either private (restricted to one mouse) or public (shared among mice); public sequences were either exclusive to the tumor group or inclusive among different groups. We now report that 1), public AA sequences were each encoded by many different nucleotide sequences (NT) recombinations (convergent recombination; CR); 2) mice developing tumors evolved tumor-exclusive public sequences, derived initially from private or from inclusive public sequences; and 3) tumor-exclusive public sequences in mice were also present among published public TCR sequences from human breast cancer patients. These cross-species tumor-exclusive TCR sequences manifested high CR; but the AA sequences shared by mice and humans did not share NT sequences. Thus, tumor-exclusive TCR AA sequences across species are selected from different NT recombination events. The roles of tumor-exclusive TCR repertoires in advancing or inhibiting tumor development and the effects of tumor immunotherapy on these T cells remain to be seen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Gidon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clouser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efroni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice developing mammary tumors evolve T cell sequences shared with human breast cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting CD4 T-cell epitopes based on antigen cleavage, MHCII presentation, and TCR recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate predictions of T-cell epitopes would be useful for designing vaccines, immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases, and improved protein therapies. The humoral immune response involves uptake of antigens by antigen presenting cells (APCs), APC processing and presentation of peptides on MHC class II (pMHCII), and T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of pMHCII complexes. Most in silico methods predict only peptide-MHCII binding, resulting in significant over-prediction of CD4 T-cell epitopes. We present a method, ITCell, for prediction of T-cell epitopes within an input protein antigen sequence for given MHCII and TCR sequences. The method integrates information about three stages of the immune response pathway: antigen cleavage, MHCII presentation, and TCR recognition. First, antigen cleavage sites are predicted based on the cleavage profiles of cathepsins S, B, and H. Second, for each 12-mer peptide in the antigen sequence we predict whether it will bind to a given MHCII, based on the scores of modeled peptide-MHCII complexes. Third, we predict whether or not any of the top scoring peptide-MHCII complexes can bind to a given TCR, based on the scores of modeled ternary peptide-MHCII-TCR complexes and the distribution of predicted cleavage sites. Our benchmarks consist of epitope predictions generated by this algorithm, checked against 20 peptide-MHCII-TCR crystal structures, as well as epitope predictions for four peptide-MHCII-TCR complexes with known epitopes and TCR sequences but without crystal structures. ITCell successfully identified the correct epitopes as one of the 20 top scoring peptides for 22 of 24 benchmark cases. To validate the method using a clinically relevant application, we utilized five factor VIII-specific TCR sequences from hemophilia A subjects who developed an immune response to factor VIII replacement therapy. The known HLA-DR1-restricted factor VIII epitope was among the six top-scoring factor VIII peptides predicted by ITCall to bind HLA-DR1 and all five TCRs. Our integrative approach is more accurate than current single-stage epitope prediction algorithms applied to the same benchmarks. It is freely available as a web server (http://salilab.org/itcell).nnAuthor summaryKnowledge of T-cell epitopes is useful for designing vaccines, improving cancer immunotherapy, studying autoimmune diseases, and engineering protein replacement therapies. Unfortunately, experimental methods for identification of T-cell epitopes are slow, expensive, and not always applicable. Thus, a more accurate computational method for prediction of T-cell epitopes needs to be developed. While the T-cell response to extracellular antigens proceeds through multiple stages, current computational methods rely only on the prediction of peptide binding affinity to an MHCII receptor on antigen presenting cells, resulting in a relatively high number of false-positive predictions of T-cell epitopes within protein antigens. We developed an integrative approach to predict T-cell epitopes that computationally combines information from three stages of the humoral immune response pathway: antigen cleavage, MHCII presentation, and TCR recognition, resulting in an increased accuracy of epitope predictions. This method was applied to predict epitopes within blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) that were recognized by TCRs from hemophilia A subjects who developed an anti-FVIII antibody response. The correct epitope was predicted after modeling all possible 12-mer FVIII peptides bound in ternary complexes with the relevant MHCII (HLA-DR1) and each of five experimentally determined FVIII-specific TCR sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aswad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting CD4 T-cell epitopes based on antigen cleavage, MHCII presentation, and TCR recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c+ microglia and demyelination damage in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory protein  (SIRP), a membrane protein, induced CD11c+ microglia in the brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRP, and microglia-specific SIRP knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting the interaction between microglial SIRP and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of SIRP did not cause detectable damage in the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRP. Thus, microglial SIRP suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sato-Hashimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horikoshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akaike, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanbaly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibasaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenborg, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matozaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c+ microglia and demyelination damage in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular anatomy and plasticity of the long noncoding RNA HOTAIR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNA molecules (lncRNAs) are estimated to account for the majority of eukaryotic genomic transcripts, and have been associated with multiple diseases in humans. However, our understanding of their structure-function relationships is scarce, with structural evidence coming mostly from indirect biochemical approaches or computational predictions. Here we describe the hypothetical molecular anatomy of the lncRNA HOTAIR (HOx Transcript AntIsense RNA) inferred from direct, high-resolution visualization by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in nucleus-like conditions at 37 degrees. Our observations reveal that HOTAIR has a distinct anatomy with a high degree of plasticity. Fast AFM scanning enabled the quantification of this plasticity, and provided visual evidence of physical interactions with genomic DNA segments. Our report provides the first biologically-plausible hypothetical description of the anatomy and intrinsic properties of HOTAIR, and presents a framework for studying the structural biology of lncRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spokoini-Stern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haschke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Horowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachelet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular anatomy and plasticity of the long noncoding RNA HOTAIR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased Inter Trial Phase Coherence of Steady-State Visual Evoked Responses in Sleep Deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Sleep loss has detrimental effects on cognitive and emotional functioning. These impairments have been associated with alterations in EEG measures of power spectrum and event-related potentials, however the impact of sleep loss on inter trial phase coherence (ITPC), a measure of phase consistency over experimental trials, remains mostly unknown. ITPC is thought to reflect the ability of the neural response to temporally synchronize with relevant events, thus optimizing information processing.nnIn the current study we investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on information processing by evaluating the phase consistency of steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as well as amplitude-based measures of ssVEP, obtained from a group of 18 healthy individuals following 24 hours of total sleep deprivation and after a night of habitual sleep. An ssVEP task was utilized, which included the presentation of dots flickering at 7.5 Hz, along with a cognitive-emotional task. Our results show that ITPC is significantly reduced under sleep deprivation relative to habitual sleep. Interestingly, decreased ITPC under sleep deprivation was associated with decreased behavioral performance in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), a validate measure of reduced vigilance following lack of sleep.nnThe results suggest that the capability of the brain to synchronize with rhythmic stimuli is disrupted without sleep. Thus, decreased ITPC may represent an objective and mechanistic measure of sleep loss, allowing future work to study the relation between brain-world synchrony and the specific functional impairments associated with sleep deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eidelman-Rothman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Simon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased Inter Trial Phase Coherence of Steady-State Visual Evoked Responses in Sleep Deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved systems analysis reveals a critical role of XCR1+ 1 dendritic cells in the maintenance of effector T cells during chronic viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon a viral infection, the host immune system attempts to eradicate the virus. However, once the infection threat seems overwhelming, the infected host actively shuts down effector responses to reduce immunopathology. The price to pay for this is the establishment of a chronic infection that is only partially controlled by a lower level immune response. The genetic networks underlying this infection fate decision and the immune adaptation to the lower level response are not well understood. Here we used an integrated approach of gene coexpression network analysis of time-resolved splenic transcriptomes and immunological analysis to characterize the host response to acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. We found first, an early attenuation of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage prior to the onset of T cell exhaustion and second, a critical role of the XCL1-XCR1 communication axis during the functional adaptation of the T cell response to the chronic infection state. These findings not only reveal an important feedback mechanism that couples T cell exhaustion with the maintenance of a lower level of effector T cell response but also suggest therapy options to better control virus levels during the chronic infection phase.nnAuthor SummaryThe outcomes of viral infections are the result of dynamic interplays between infecting viruses and induced host responses. They can be categorized as either acute or chronic depending on temporal virus-host relationships. Chronic infections are associated with immune exhaustion, a partial shut-down of effector responses. The processes underlying infection fate decisions are incompletely understood. Here we analyzed, on a systems level, infection-fate-specific gene signatures and the resulting adaptive processes of the host. We used the well-established lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection mouse model which has been instrumental to detect many fundamental processes in the virus-immune system crosstalk that are also relevant in human infections. We show an early attenuation of macrophage-mediated inflammation and an involvement of cross-presenting dendritic cells in the maintenance of an antiviral cytotoxic T cell response and virus control in the chronic infection phase. Together our data demonstrate a delicate adaptation process towards a chronic virus infection with both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory processes. We fill a knowledge gap regarding the mechanisms of effector T cell maintenance and provide a new rational for targeted therapeutic vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argilaguet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedragosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteve-Codina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peligero-Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaisho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocharov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludewig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerhans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved systems analysis reveals a critical role of XCR1+ 1 dendritic cells in the maintenance of effector T cells during chronic viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pooled clone collections by multiplexed CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted gene tagging in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clone collections of modified strains ( libraries) are a major resource for systematic studies with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Construction of such libraries is time-consuming, costly and confined to the genetic background of a specific yeast strain. To overcome these limitations, we developed CRISPR/Cas12a (Cpf1)-assisted tag library engineering (CASTLING) for multiplexed strain construction. CASTLING uses microarray-synthesized oligonucleotide pools and in vitro recombineering to program the genomic insertion of long DNA constructs via homologous recombination. One simple transformation yields pooled libraries with >90% of correctly tagged clones. Up to several hundred genes can be tagged in a single step and, on a genomic scale, approximately half of all genes are tagged with only ~10-fold oversampling. We report several parameters that affect tagging success and provide a quantitative targeted next-generation sequencing method to analyze such pooled collections. Thus, CASTLING unlocks new avenues for increased throughput in functional genomics and cell biology research. (max 150 words)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchmuller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirrmaier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sass, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pooled clone collections by multiplexed CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted gene tagging in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face-selective units in human ventral temporal cortex reactivate during free recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Properties of face-responsive individual neurons in the human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) have yet to be studied, and their role in conscious perception remains unknown. To explore this, we implanted microelectrodes into the VTCs of eight human subjects undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. Most (26 of 33) category-selective units showed specificity for face stimuli, with a range of response profiles. Different face exemplars evoked consistent and discriminable responses in the population of units sampled. During a free recall task, face-selective units selectively reactivated in the absence of visual stimulation during the 2-second window prior to face recall events. Furthermore, the identity of the recalled face could be predicted by comparing activity preceding recall events to activity evoked by visual stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khuvis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeagle, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face-selective units in human ventral temporal cortex reactivate during free recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic switch from OXPHOS to glycolysis is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the regenerating heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity to regenerate damaged tissues, such as the heart, various enormously amongst species. While heart regeneration is generally very low in mammals 1-3, it can regenerate efficiently in certain amphibian and fish species 4,5. Zebrafish has been used extensively to study heart regeneration, resulting in the identification of proliferating cardiomyocytes that drive this process 5-7. However, mechanisms that drive cardiomyocyte proliferation are largely unknown. Here, using a single-cell mRNA-sequencing approach, we find a transcriptionally distinct population of dedifferentiated and proliferating cardiomyocytes in regenerating zebrafish hearts. While adult cardiomyocytes are known to rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production, these proliferating cardiomyocytes show reduced mitochondrial gene expression and decreased OXPHOS activity. Strikingly, we find that genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes of the glycolysis pathway are induced in the proliferating cardiomyocytes, and inhibiting glycolysis impairs cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry. Mechanistically, glycolytic gene expression is induced by Nrg1/Erbb2 signaling, and this is conserved in a mouse model of enhanced regeneration. Moreover, inhibiting glycolysis in murine cardiomyocytes abrogates the mitogenic effects of Nrg1/ErbB2 signaling. Together these results reveal a conserved mechanism in which cardiomyocytes undergo metabolic reprogramming by activating glycolysis, which is essential for cell cycle reentry and heart regeneration. This could ultimately help develop therapeutic interventions that promote the regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honkoop, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bakker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Heus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garric, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muraro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoffner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessadori, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noort, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posthuma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laarse, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oudenaarden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic switch from OXPHOS to glycolysis is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the regenerating heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Where does time go when you blink? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal input is frequently lost due to eye blinks, yet humans rarely notice these gaps in visual input. While previous studies focused on the psychophysical and neural correlates of diminished awareness to blinks, the impact of blinks on the perceived time of concurrent events is unknown. Here, we investigated whether the subjective sense of time is altered by spontaneous eye blinks, and how this link may inform mechanisms of time perception. We found that participants significantly underestimated the duration of a visual stimulus when a blink occurred during the stimulus. Importantly, this effect was not present when durations of an auditory stimulus were judged. These results point to a link between spontaneous blinks, previously demonstrated to induce suppression of activity in early visual cortex, and a compression of subjective time. The findings suggest that ongoing encoding within modality-specific sensory cortices, independent of conscious awareness, inform the subjective sense of time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guata, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Where does time go when you blink?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed electron microscopy by fluorescent barcoding allows screening for ultrastructural phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens performed using high-throughput fluorescent microscopes have generated large datasets that have contributed many insights into cell biology. However, such approaches typically cannot tackle questions requiring knowledge of ultrastructure below the resolution limit of fluorescent microscopy. Electron microscopy (EM) is not subject to this resolution limit, generating detailed images of cellular ultrastructure, but requires time consuming preparation of individual samples, limiting its throughput. Here we overcome this obstacle and describe a robust method for screening by high-throughput electron microscopy. Our approach uses combinations of fluorophores as barcodes to mark the genotype of each cell in mixed populations, and correlative light and electron microscopy to read the fluorescent barcode of each cell before it is imaged by electron microscopy. Coupled with an easy-to-use software workflow for correlation, segmentation and computer image analysis, our method allows to extract and analyze multiple cell populations from each EM sample preparation. We demonstrate the method on several organelles with samples that each contain up to 15 different yeast variants. The methodology is not restricted to yeast, can be scaled to higher-throughput, and can be utilized in multiple ways to enable electron microscopy to become a powerful screening methodology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bykov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manenschijn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukulski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, K. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/515841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed electron microscopy by fluorescent barcoding allows screening for ultrastructural phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate detection of m6A RNA modifications in native RNA sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of epitranscriptomics has undergone an enormous expansion in the last few years; however, a major limitation is the lack of generic methods to map RNA modifications transcriptome-wide. Here we show that using Oxford Nanopore Technologies, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modifications can be detected with high accuracy, in the form of systematic errors and decreased base-calling qualities. Our results open new avenues to investigate the universe of RNA modifications with single nucleotide resolution, in individual RNA molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate detection of m6A RNA modifications in native RNA sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the role of dual specificity phosphatases in Herceptin resistant breast cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBreast cancer remains the most lethal type of cancer for women. A significant proportion of breast cancer cases are characterised by overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2). These cancers are commonly treated by Herceptin (Trastuzumab), but resistance to drug treatment frequently develops in tumour cells. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are thought to play a role in the mechanism of resistance, since some of them were reported to be overexpressed in tumours resistant to Herceptin.

ResultsWe used a systems biology approach to investigate how DUSP overexpression could favour cell proliferation and to predict how this mechanism could be reversed by targeted inhibition of selected DUSPs. We measured the expression of 20 DUSP genes in two breast cancer cell lines following long-term (6 months) exposure to Herceptin, after confirming that these cells had become resistant to the drug. We constructed several Boolean models including specific substrates of each DUSP, and showed that our models correctly account for resistance when overexpressed DUSPs were kept activated. We then simulated inhibition of both individual and combinations of DUSPs, and determined conditions under which the resistance could be reversed.

ConclusionsThese results show how a combination of experimental analysis and modelling help to understand cell survival mechanisms in breast cancer tumours, and crucially enable us to generate testable predictions potentially leading to new treatments of resistant tumours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buiga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabernero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the role of dual specificity phosphatases in Herceptin resistant breast cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social context and dominance status contribute to sleep patterns and quality in groups of freely-moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many socially-living species, sleep patterns are subject to group influences, as individuals adjust to the presence, daily rhythms, and social pressures inherent to cohabitation. Disturbances in social functioning are comorbid with sleep problems in many prevalent psychiatric disorders, most notably, autism-spectrum, mood, and anxiety disorders (e.g., [1-3]). Our understanding of the common causality and the interplay between sleep impairment and psychiatric symptomatology could greatly benefit from experimental paradigms that allow simultaneous assessment of both domains of functioning. In laboratory mice, much is known about the sensitivity of sleep quality to a variety of experimental manipulations. Due to existing methodological restrictions, however, sleep studies are typically conducted in single-housed mice, thereby neglecting the influence of social dynamics and group-derived individual differences (however, see [4,5]). Here, we investigated sleep in a semi-naturalistic environment with freely-moving socially-housed groups of male mice using wireless electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring devices and automated video tracking. In addition to multiple days of continuous behavioral data, we collected over fifty hours of EEG signal per mouse, recording simultaneously from all individuals in a group. We found evidence of in-group synchrony of sleep state patterns. Moreover, social status was a powerful predictor of sleep quality, such that sleep fragmentation, slow-wave sleep power, and rapid eye movement (REM) episode duration differed as a function of dominance status in the group. Finally, acute stress exposure had differential effects on REM sleep during recovery in dominant versus subordinate individuals. These findings highlight the importance of exploring sleep in a social context and are a step toward more informative research on the interplay between social functioning and sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karamihalev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachskamm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social context and dominance status contribute to sleep patterns and quality in groups of freely-moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus-coeruleus norepinephrine activity gates sensory-evoked awakenings from sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A defining feature of sleep is reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, but the mechanisms gating sensory-evoked arousal remain unclear. We hypothesized that reduced locus-coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) activity during sleep mediates unresponsiveness, and its action promotes sensory-evoked awakenings. We tested this using electrophysiological, behavioral, pharmacological, and optogenetic techniques alongside auditory stimulation in freely behaving rats. We found that systemic reduction of NE signaling lowered probability of sound-evoked awakenings (SEAs). The level of tonic LC activity during sleep anticipated SEAs. Optogenetic LC activation promoted arousal as evident in sleep-wake transitions, EEG desynchronization, and pupil dilation. Importantly, liminal LC excitation before sound presentation increased SEA probability. Optogenetic LC silencing using a soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsin (stGtACR2) suppressed LC spiking and constricted pupils. Brief periods of LC opto-silencing reduced the probability of SEAs. Thus, LC-NE activity determines the likelihood of sensory-evoked awakenings and its reduction during sleep constitutes a key factor mediating behavioral unresponsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krom, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus-coeruleus norepinephrine activity gates sensory-evoked awakenings from sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aversive learning strengthens episodic memory in both adolescents and adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is often filled with positive and negative emotional experiences that may change how individuals remember and respond to stimuli in their environment. In adults, aversive events can both enhance memory for associated stimuli as well as generalize to enhance memory for unreinforced but conceptually related stimuli. The present study tested whether learned aversive associations similarly lead to better memory and generalization across a category of stimuli in adolescents. Participants completed an olfactory Pavlovian category conditioning task in which trial-unique exemplars from one of two categories were partially reinforced with an aversive odor. Participants then returned 24-hours later to complete a surprise recognition memory test. We found better corrected recognition memory for the reinforced versus the unreinforced category of stimuli in both adults and adolescents. Further analysis revealed that enhanced recognition memory was driven specifically by better memory for the reinforced exemplars. Autonomic arousal during learning was also related to subsequent memory. These findings build on previous work in adolescent and adult humans and rodents showing comparable acquisition of aversive Pavlovian conditioned responses across age groups and demonstrate that memory for stimuli with an acquired aversive association is enhanced in both adults and adolescents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matese, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filimontseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aversive learning strengthens episodic memory in both adolescents and adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast dose fractionation using ultra-short laser accelerated proton pulses can increase cancer cell mortality, which relies on functional PARP1 protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer management. The improvement of spatial dose distribution in the tumor volume by minimizing the dose deposited in the healthy tissues have been a major concern during the last decades. Temporal aspects of dose deposition are yet to be investigated. Laser-plasma-based particle accelerators are able to emit pulsed-proton beams at extremely high peak dose rates (~109 Gy/s) during several nanoseconds. The impact of such dose rates on resistant glioblastoma cell lines, SF763 and U87-MG, was compared to conventionally accelerated protons and X-rays. No difference was observed in DNA double-strand breaks generation and cells killing. The variation of the repetition rate of the proton bunches produced an oscillation of the radio-induced cell susceptibility in HCT116 cells, which appeared to be related to the presence of the PARP1 protein and an efficient parylation process. Interestingly, when laser-driven proton bunches were applied at 0.5 Hz, survival of the radioresistant HCT116 p53-/- cells equaled that of its radiosensitive counterpart, HCT116 WT, which was also similar to cells treated with the PARP1 inhibitor Olaparib. Altogether, these results suggest that the application modality of ultrashort bunches of particles could provide a great therapeutic potential in radiotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flacco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommarel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megnin-Chanet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast dose fractionation using ultra-short laser accelerated proton pulses can increase cancer cell mortality, which relies on functional PARP1 protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory and semantic cues facilitate decoding of visual object category in MEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sounds (e.g., barking) help us to visually identify objects (e.g., a dog) that are distant or ambiguous. While neuroimaging studies have revealed neuroanatomical sites of audiovisual interactions, little is known about the time-course by which sounds facilitate visual object processing. Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to reveal the time-course of the facilitatory influence of natural sounds (e.g., barking) on visual object processing, and compared this to the facilitatory influence of spoken words (e.g., "dog"). Participants viewed images of blurred objects preceded by a task-irrelevant natural sound, a spoken word, or uninformative noise. A classifier was trained to discriminate multivariate sensor patterns evoked by animate and inanimate intact objects with no sounds, presented in a separate experiment, and tested on sensor patterns evoked by the blurred objects in the three auditory conditions. Results revealed that both sounds and words, relative to uninformative noise, significantly facilitated visual object category decoding between 300-500 ms after visual onset. We found no evidence for earlier facilitation by sounds than by words. These findings provide evidence for a semantic route of facilitation by both natural sounds and spoken words, whereby the auditory input first activates semantic object representations, which then modulate the visual processing of objects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avancini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leticevscaia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory and semantic cues facilitate decoding of visual object category in MEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel lead compounds that target the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
M. tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes tuberculosis, which kills more than 1.5 million people worldwide every year. Strains resistant to available antibiotics pose a significant healthcare problem. The enormous complexity of the ribosome poses a barrier for drug discovery. We have overcome this in a tractable way by using an RNA segment that represents the peptidyl transferase center as a target. By using a novel combination of NMR transverse relaxation times (T2) and computational chemistry approaches, we have obtained improved inhibitors of the Mtb ribosomal PTC. Two phenylthiazole derivatives were predicted by machine learning models as effective inhibitors, and this was confirmed by their IC50 values, which were significantly improved over standard antibiotic drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilenchik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akabayov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel lead compounds that target the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lipophilicity-based energy function for membrane-protein modelling and design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane-protein design is an exciting and increasingly successful research area which has led to landmarks including the design of stable and accurate membrane-integral proteins based on coiled-coil motifs. Design of topologically more complex proteins, such as most receptors, channels, and transporters, however, demands an energy function that balances contributions from intra-protein contacts and protein-membrane interactions. Recent advances in water-soluble all-atom energy functions have increased the accuracy in structure-prediction benchmarks. The plasma membrane, however, imposes different physical constraints on protein solvation. To understand these constraints, we recently developed a high-throughput experimental screen, called dsT{beta}L, and inferred apparent insertion energies for each amino acid at dozens of positions across the bacterial plasma membrane. Here, we express these profiles as lipophilicity energy terms in Rosetta and demonstrate that the new energy function outperforms previous ones in modelling and design benchmarks. Rosetta ab initio simulations starting from an extended chain recapitulate two-thirds of the experimentally determined structures of membrane-spanning homo-oligomers with <2.5 [A] root-mean-square deviation within the top-predicted five models. Furthermore, in two sequence-design benchmarks, the energy function improves discrimination of stabilizing point mutations and recapitulates natural membrane-protein sequences of known structure, thereby recommending this new energy function for membrane-protein modelling and design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lipophilicity-based energy function for membrane-protein modelling and design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Point mutations in topoisomerase I alter the mutation spectrum in E. coli and impact the emergence of drug resistance genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the molecular mechanisms that give rise to genetic variation is essential for the understanding of evolutionary processes. Previously, we have used adaptive laboratory evolution to enable biomass synthesis from CO2 in E. coli. Genetic analysis of adapted clones from two independently evolving populations revealed distinct enrichment for insertion and deletion mutational events. Here, we follow these observations to show that mutations in the gene encoding for DNA Topoisomerase 1 (topA) give rise to mutator phenotypes with characteristic mutational spectra. Using genetic assays and mutation accumulation lines, we show that point mutations in topA increase the rate of sequence deletion and duplication events. Interestingly, we observe that a single residue substitution (R168C) results in a high rate of head-to-tail (tandem) short sequence duplications, which are independent of existing sequence repeats. Finally, we show that the unique mutation spectrum of topA mutants enhances the emergence of antibiotic resistance in comparison to mismatch-repair (mutS) mutators, and lead to new resistance genotypes. Our findings highlight a potential link between the catalytic activity of topoisomerases and the fundamental question regarding the emergence of de novo tandem repeats, which are known modulators of bacterial evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamshoom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Point mutations in topoisomerase I alter the mutation spectrum in E. coli and impact the emergence of drug resistance genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals mRNA splice isoform switching during kidney development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mammalian kidney development, nephron progenitors undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition and eventually differentiate into the various tubular segments of the nephron. Recently, the different cell types in the developing kidney were characterized using the Dropseq single cell RNA sequencing technology for measuring gene expression from thousands of individual cells. However, many genes can also be alternatively spliced and this creates an additional layer of heterogeneity. We therefore used full transcript length single-cell RNA sequencing to obtain the transcriptomes of 544 individual cells from mouse embryonic kidneys. We first used gene expression levels to identify each cell type. Then, we comprehensively characterized the splice isoform switching that occurs during the transition between mesenchymal and epithelial cellular states and identified several putative splicing regulators, including the genes Esrp1/2 and Rbfox1/2. We anticipate that these results will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in kidney development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wineberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Lev, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futorian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Haim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ickowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pode-Shakked, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohenstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalisky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals mRNA splice isoform switching during kidney development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Canonical Regulation of Phosphatidylserine Metabolism by a Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein and a Phosphatidylinositol 4-OH Kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) decarboxylase Psd2 is proposed to engage in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi/endosome membrane contact site (MCS) that facilitates phosphatidylserine decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanomaine (PtdEtn) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While this MCS is envisioned to consist of Psd2, the Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) Sfh4, the Stt4 phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-OH kinase, the Scs2 tether, and at least one other uncharacterized protein, functional data that address key foundations of this model are sparse. We now report that Psd2, Sfh4 and Stt4 are the only components individually required for biologically sufficient Psd2-dependent PtdEtn production. Surprisingly, neither the PtdIns-transfer activity of Sfh4 nor its capacity to activate Stt4 is required to stimulate the Psd2 pathway. Instead, Sfh4 activates the Psd2 pathway via a specific Sfh4-Psd2 physical interaction. Whereas the data indicate an Sfh4-independent association of Stt4 with Psd2 as well, we find Stt4 also regulates Psd2 activity indirectly by influencing the PtdSer pool accessible to Psd2 for decarboxylation. These collective results demonstrate that the proposed ER-Golgi/endosomal MCS model fails to provide an accurate description of the Psd2 system in yeast, and provide an example where the biological function of a Sec14-like PITP is uncoupled from its  canonical activity as a PtdIns transfer protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonnfors, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg-Bord, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankaitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Canonical Regulation of Phosphatidylserine Metabolism by a Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein and a Phosphatidylinositol 4-OH Kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale free topology as an effective feedback system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological networks are often heterogeneous in their connectivity pattern, with degree distributions featuring a heavy tail of highly connected hubs. The implications of this heterogeneity on dynamical properties are a topic of much interest. Here we introduce a novel approach to analyze such networks the lumped hub approximation. Based on the observation that in finite networks a small number of hubs have a disproportionate effect on the entire system, we construct an approximation by lumping these nodes into a single effective hub, and replacing the rest by a homogeneous bulk. We use this approximation to study dynamics of networks with scale-free degree distributions, focusing on their probability of convergence to fixed points. We find that the approximation preserves convergence statistics over a wide range of settings. Our mapping provides a parametrization of scale free topology which is predictive at the ensemble level and also retains properties of individual realizations. Specifically for outgoing scale-free distributions, the role of the effective hub on the network can be elucidated by feedback analysis. We show that outgoing hubs have an organizing role that can drive the network to convergence, in analogy to suppression of chaos by an external drive. In contrast, incoming hubs have no such property, resulting in a marked difference between the behavior of networks with outgoing vs. incoming scale free degree distribution. Combining feedback analysis with mean field theory predicts a transition between convergent and divergent dynamics which is corroborated by numerical simulations. Our results show how interpreting topology as a feedback circuit can provide novel insights on dynamics. Furthermore, we highlight the effect of a handful of outlying hubs, rather than of the connectivity distribution law as a whole, on network dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivkind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale free topology as an effective feedback system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer of Septin Rings to Cytokinetic Remnants Directs Age-Sensitive ER stress Surveillance Cell Cycle Re-entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, cells must actively pass on organelles. Previously, we discovered the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress surveillance (ERSU) pathway that ensures the inheritance of functional ER. Activation of the ERSU causes the septin ring to mislocalize, which blocks ER inheritance and cytokinesis. Here, we found that the septin ring mislocalizes to previously utilized cell division sites called cytokinetic remnants (CRMs). The transfer of the septin ring to CRMs requires Nba1, a negative polarity component that normally prevents septin ring formation at CRMs. Furthermore, septin ring movement to CRMs relies on the ERSU component Slt2, which is recruited by binding Bem1. During ER stress, Bem1 also binds the GTP exchange factor Cdc24, without activating Cdc42, a GTPase that normally establishes polarized growth. Failure to translocate septin rings to CRMs delays the cells ability to re-enter cell division when ER homeostasis is re-established. Thus, ER stress considers the history of previous cell cycle for future cell cycle re-entry upon ER stress recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/698829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer of Septin Rings to Cytokinetic Remnants Directs Age-Sensitive ER stress Surveillance Cell Cycle Re-entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diatoms structure the plankton community based on selective segregation in the world’s ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are a major component of phytoplankton, believed to be responsible for around 20% of the annual primary production on Earth. As abundant and ubiquitous organisms, they are known to establish biotic interactions with many other members of the plankton. Through analysis of co-occurrence networks derived from the Tara Oceans expedition that take into account the importance of both biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the spatial distributions of species, we show that only 13% of diatom pairwise associations are driven by environmental conditions, whereas the vast majority are independent of abiotic factors. In contrast to most other plankton groups, at a global scale diatoms display a much higher proportion of negative correlations with other organisms, particularly towards potential predators and parasites, suggesting that their biogeography is constrained by top down pressure. Genus level analyses indicate that abundant diatoms are not necessarily the most connected, and that species-specific abundance distribution patterns lead to negative associations with other organisms. In order to move forward in the biological interpretation of co-occurrence networks, an open access extensive literature survey of diatom biotic interactions was compiled, of which 18.5% were recovered in the computed network. This result reveals the extent of what likely remains to be discovered in the field of planktonic biotic interactions, even for one of the best known organismal groups.nnImportanceDiatoms are key phytoplankton in the modern ocean involved in numerous biotic interactions, ranging from symbiosis to predation and viral infection, which have considerable effects on global biogeochemical cycles. However, despite recent large-scale studies of plankton, we are still lacking a comprehensive picture of the diversity of diatom biotic interactions in the marine microbial community. Through the ecological interpretation of both inferred microbial association networks and available knowledge on diatom interactions compiled in an open access database, we propose an eco-systems level understanding of diatom interactions in the ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diatoms structure the plankton community based on selective segregation in the world’s ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIAFLOWS: A collaborative framework to benchmark bioimage analysis workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated image analysis has become key to extract quantitative information from scientific microscopy bioimages, but the methods involved are now often so refined that they can no longer be unambiguously described using written protocols. We introduce BIAFLOWS, a software tool with web services and a user interface specifically designed to document, interface, reproducibly deploy, and benchmark image analysis workflows. BIAFLOWS allows image analysis workflows to be compared fairly and shared in a reproducible manner, safeguarding research results and promoting the highest quality standards in bioimage analysis. A curated instance of BIAFLOWS is available online; it is currently populated with 34 workflows that can be triggered to process image datasets illustrating 15 common bioimage analysis problems organized in 9 major classes. As a complete case study, the open benchmarking of 7 nuclei segmentation workflows, including classical and deep learning techniques, was performed on this online instance. All the results presented can be reproduced online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubens, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormont, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baecker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michiels, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paavolainen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyoux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanciu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladoje, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul-Gilloteaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maree, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIAFLOWS: A collaborative framework to benchmark bioimage analysis workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DYNLRB1 is Essential for Dynein Mediated Transport and Neuronal Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic dynein motor complex transports essential signals and organelles from the cell periphery to perinuclear region, hence is critical for the survival and function of highly polarized cells such as neurons. Dynein Light Chain Roadblock-Type 1 (DYNLRB1) is thought to be an accessory subunit required for specific cargos, but here we show that it is essential for general dynein-mediated transport and sensory neuron survival. Homozygous Dynlrb1 null mice are not viable and die during early embryonic development. Furthermore, heterozygous or adult knockdown animals display reduced neuronal growth, and selective depletion of Dynlrb1 in proprioceptive neurons compromises their survival. Conditional depletion of Dynlrb1 in sensory neurons causes deficits in several signaling pathways, including {beta}-catenin subcellular localization, and a severe impairment in the axonal transport of both lysosomes and retrograde signaling endosomes. Hence, DYNLRB1 is an essential component of the dynein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terenzio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Pizio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvaldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Matteo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DYNLRB1 is Essential for Dynein Mediated Transport and Neuronal Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude markers of synchrony and noise: A resting-state and TMS-EEG study of schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electroencephalogram (EEG) of schizophrenia patients is known to exhibit a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of phase locking, as well as a facilitation of excitability, in response to a variety of external stimuli. Here we demonstrate these effects in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials and in the resting-state EEG. To ensure veracity we used three weekly sessions and analyzed both resting state and TMS-EEG data. For the TMS responses our analysis verifies known results. For the resting state we introduce the methodology of mean-normalized variation to the EEG analysis (quartile-based coefficient of variation), which allows for a comparison of narrow-band EEG amplitude fluctuations to narrow-band Gaussian noise. This reveals that amplitude fluctuations in the delta, alpha and beta bands of healthy controls are different from those in schizophrenia patients, on time scales of tens of seconds. We conclude that the EEG-measured cortical activity patterns of schizophrenia patients are more similar to noise, both in alpha and beta resting state and in TMS responses. Our results suggest that the ability of neuronal populations to form stable, locally and temporally correlated activity is reduced in schizophrenia, a conclusion that is in accord with previous experiments on TMS-EEG and on resting-state EEG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naim-Feil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-amplitude markers of synchrony and noise: A resting-state and TMS-EEG study of schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic analysis reveals the recruitment of intrinsically disordered regions to stress granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat-stress triggers the formation of condensates known as stress granules (SGs), which store non-translating mRNA and stalled translation initiation complexes. To gain a better understanding of SGs, we identified yeast proteins that sediment after heat-shock by mass spectrometry. Heat-regulated proteins are biased toward a subset of abundant proteins that are significantly enriched in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). SG localization of over 80 heat-regulated proteins was confirmed using microscopy, including 32 proteins that were not known previously to localize to SGs. We find that several IDRs are sufficient to mediate SG recruitment. Moreover, the diffusive exchange of IDRs within SGs, observed via FRAP, can be highly dynamic while other components remain immobile. Lastly, we showed that the IDR of the Ubp3 deubiquitinase is critical for SG formation. This work confirms that IDRs play an important role in cellular compartmentalization upon stress, can be sufficient for SG incorporation, can remain dynamic in vitrified SGs, and play a vital role during heat-stress.nnSummaryThe authors provide an in-depth proteomic study of yeast heat stress granule (SG) proteins. They identified intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs) as one of the main features shared by these proteins and demonstrated IDRs can be sufficient for SG recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuechler, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matalon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubreuil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewen, C. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gsponer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic analysis reveals the recruitment of intrinsically disordered regions to stress granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability of excitatory structural connectivity predicts the probability of CA1 pyramidal neurons to become engram neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons undergoing activity-dependent plasticity represent experience and are functional for learning and recall thus they are considered cellular engrams of memory. Although increase in excitability and stability of structural synaptic connectivity have been implicated in the formation and persistance of engrams, the mechanisms bringing engrams into existence are still largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we tracked the dynamics of structural excitatory synaptic connectivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons over two weeks using deep-brain two-photon imaging in live mice. We found that neurons that will prospectively become part of an engram display higher stability of connectivity than neurons that will not. A novel experience significantly stabilizes the connectivity of non-engram neurons. Finally, the density and survival of dendritic spines negatively correlates to freezing to the context but not to the tone in a trace fear conditioning learning paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castello-Waldow, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability of excitatory structural connectivity predicts the probability of CA1 pyramidal neurons to become engram neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community Standards for Open Cell Migration Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration research has become a high-content field. However, the quantitative information encapsulated in these complex and high-dimensional datasets is not fully exploited due to the diversity of experimental protocols and non-standardised output formats. In addition, typically the datasets are not open for reuse. Making the data open and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) will enable meta-analysis, data integration, and data mining. Standardised data formats and controlled vocabularies are essential for building a suitable infrastructure for that purpose but are not available in the cell migration domain. We here present standardisation efforts by the Cell Migration Standardisation Organization, CMSO, an open community-driven organisation to facilitate the development of standards for cell migration data. This work will foster the development of improved algorithms and tools, and enable secondary analysis of public datasets, ultimately unlocking new knowledge of the complex biological process of cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Beltran, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuzzo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eibl, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittisopikul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Devedec, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilusky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stromblad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedlow, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Troys, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community Standards for Open Cell Migration Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer single cell RNA-seq uncovers recurring programs of cellular heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultured cell lines are the workhorse of cancer research, but it is unclear to what extent they recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity observed among malignant cells in tumors, given the absence of a native tumor microenvironment. Here, we used multiplexed single cell RNA-seq to profile ~200 cancer cell lines. We uncovered expression programs that are recurrently heterogeneous within many cancer cell lines and are largely independent of observed genetic diversity. These programs of heterogeneity are associated with diverse biological processes, including cell cycle, senescence, stress and interferon responses, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and protein maturation and degradation. Notably, some of these recurrent programs recapitulate those seen in human tumors, suggesting a prominent role of intrinsic plasticity in generating intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Moreover, the data allowed us to prioritize specific cell lines as model systems of cellular plasticity. We used two such models to demonstrate the dynamics, regulation and drug sensitivities associated with a cancer senescence program also observed in human tumors. Our work describes the landscape of cellular heterogeneity in diverse cancer cell lines, and identifies recurrent patterns of expression heterogeneity that are shared between tumors and specific cell lines and can thus be further explored in follow up studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinker, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarland, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocco, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mader, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsherniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer single cell RNA-seq uncovers recurring programs of cellular heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The co-chaperone Fkbp5 shapes the acute stress response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disturbed activation or regulation of the stress response through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a fundamental component of multiple stress-related diseases, including psychiatric, metabolic and immune disorders. The FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) is a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a main driver of HPA axis regulation, and FKBP5 polymorphisms have been repeatedly linked to stress-related disorders in humans. However, the specific role of Fkbp5 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in shaping HPA axis (re)activity remains to be elucidated. Using deletion, overexpression, and rescue of Fkbp5 exclusively in the PVN, we establish the fundamental importance of Fkbp5 in the HPA axis stress response. Furthermore, we show that Fkbp5 manipulation alters GR activation and elucidate the cellular complexity in the PVN, in which Fkbp5 operates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Häusl, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pöhlmann, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brix, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brivio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reul, J. M. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deussing, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gassen, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The co-chaperone Fkbp5 shapes the acute stress response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed single-cell profiling of post-perturbation transcriptional responses to define cancer vulnerabilities and therapeutic mechanism of action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assays to study cancer cell responses to pharmacologic or genetic perturbations are typically restricted to using simple phenotypic readouts such as proliferation rate or the expression of a marker gene. Information-rich assays, such as gene-expression profiling, are generally not amenable to efficient profiling of a given perturbation across multiple cellular contexts. Here, we developed MIX-Seq, a method for multiplexed transcriptional profiling of post-perturbation responses across a mixture of samples with single-cell resolution, using SNP-based computational demultiplexing of single-cell RNA-sequencing data. We show that MIX-Seq can be used to profile responses to chemical or genetic perturbations across pools of 100 or more cancer cell lines, and combine it with Cell Hashing to further multiplex additional experimental conditions, such as multiple post-treatment time points or drug doses. Analyzing the high-content readout of scRNA-seq reveals both shared and context-specific transcriptional response components that can identify drug mechanism of action and can be used to predict long-term cell viability from short-term transcriptional responses to treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McFarland, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolella, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger-Schuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuksenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsherniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed single-cell profiling of post-perturbation transcriptional responses to define cancer vulnerabilities and therapeutic mechanism of action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CENTRE: A gradient boosting algorithm for Cell-type-specific ENhancer-Target pREdiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIdentifying target promoters of active enhancers is a crucial step for realizing gene regulation and deciphering phenotypes and diseases. Up to now, several computational methods were developed to predict enhancer gene interactions but they require either many epigenomic and transcriptomic experimental assays to generate cell-type-specific predictions or a single experiment applied to a large cohort of cell types to extract correlations between activities of regulatory elements. Thus, inferring cell-type-specific enhancer gene interactions in unstudied or poorly annotated cell types becomes a laborious and costly task.

ResultsHere, we aim to infer cell-type-specific enhancer target interactions, using minimal experimental input. We introduce CENTRE, a machine learning framework that predicts enhancer target interactions in a cell-type-specific manner, using only gene expression and ChIP-seq data for three histone modifications for the cell type of interest. CENTRE exploits the wealth of available datasets and extracts cell-type agnostic statistics to complement the cell-type specific information. CENTRE is thoroughly tested across many datasets and cell types and achieves equivalent or superior performance than existing algorithms that require massive experimental data.

AvailabilityCENTREs open source code is available at GitHub via https://github.com/slrvv/CENTRE
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapakoulia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. R. d. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omgba, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laupert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vingron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CENTRE: A gradient boosting algorithm for Cell-type-specific ENhancer-Target pREdiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GGAssembler: Economical Design of Gene Libraries with Precise Control over Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Golden Gate assembly (GGA) can seamlessly generate full-length genes from DNA fragments. In principle, GGA could be used to design combinatorial mutation libraries for protein engineering, but creating accurate, complex, and cost-effective libraries has been challenging. We present GGAssembler, a graph-theoretical method for economical design of DNA fragments that assemble a combinatorial library that encodes any desired diversity. We used GGAssembler for one-pot in vitro assembly of camelid antibody libraries comprising >105 variants with DNA costs <0.007$ per variant and dropping significantly with increased library complexity. >93% of the desired variants were present in the assembly product and >99% were represented within the expected order of magnitude as verified by deep sequencing. The GGAssembler workflow is, therefore, an accurate approach for generating complex variant libraries that may drastically reduce costs and accelerate discovery and optimization of antibodies, enzymes and other proteins. The workflow is accessible through a web interface at https://github.com/Fleishman-Lab/GGAssembler/blob/master/example/colab_oligos_design.ipynb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoch, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakeny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GGAssembler: Economical Design of Gene Libraries with Precise Control over Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR-induced DNA break can trigger crossover, chromosomal loss and chromothripsis-like rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by the Cas9 nuclease has been thoroughly studied. Repair via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) is the common outcome. However, little is known about unrepaired DSBs and the type of damage they can trigger in plants. In this work, we designed a new assay that detects loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in somatic cells, enabling the study of a broad range of DSB-induced genomic events. The system relies on a mapped phenotypic marker which produces a light purple color (Betalain pigment) in all plant tissues. Plants with sectors lacking the Betalain marker upon DSB induction between the marker and the centromere were tested for LOH events. Using this assay we detected a flower with a twin yellow and dark purple sector, corresponding to a germinally transmitted somatic crossover event. We also identified instances of small deletions of genomic regions spanning the T-DNA and whole chromosome loss. In addition, we show that major chromosomal rearrangements including loss of large fragments, inversions, and translocations were clearly associated with the CRISPR-induced DSB. Detailed characterization of complex rearrangements by whole genome sequencing, molecular, and cytological analyses, supports a model in which breakage-fusion-bridge cycle followed by chromothripsis-like rearrangements had been induced. Our LOH assay provides a new tool for precise breeding via targeted crossover detection. It also uncovers CRISPR mediated chromothripsis-lke events that had not been previously identified in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed-Bessudo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler Hayut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan-Meir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsellem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlowski, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR-induced DNA break can trigger crossover, chromosomal loss and chromothripsis-like rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1/NR5A2) orchestrates hepatic inflammation and TNF-induced cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1/NR5A2) is a nuclear receptor that has been shown to promote apoptosis resistance in various tissues and disease contexts, however, its role in liver cell death remains unexplored. Deletion of LRH-1 in hepatocytes developed into a mild steatosis and inflammation already under steady-state conditions. Unexpectedly, hepatocyte-specific deletion of LRH-1 also resulted in a profound protection of mice from TNF-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and associated hepatitis. LRH-1-deficient hepatocytes showed elevated NF-B activity, while LRH-1 overexpression inhibited NF-B activity. This inhibition was based on direct physical interaction of the ligand-binding domain of LRH-1 and the Rel homology domain of NF-B subunit RelA. Mechanistically, we found that increased transcription of anti-apoptotic NF-B target genes, together with proteasomal degradation of pro-apoptotic BIM via regeneration-driven EGF receptor signaling, prevented mitochondrial apoptosis, ultimately protecting mice from TNF-induced liver damage. Collectively, our study demonstrates that LRH-1 is a critical modulator of cell death and inflammation in the healthy and diseased liver.

HighlightsO_LIHepatic LRH-1 deletion causes mild liver steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation.
C_LIO_LIFemale LRH-1-deficient mice are protected from TNF-induced liver damage.
C_LIO_LILRH-1 interacts with NF-B and inhibits its activity.
C_LIO_LILRH-1 deletion-provoked inflammation causes degradation of pro-apoptotic protein BIM.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=125 SRC="FIGDIR/small/542039v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13cd609org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1080012org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3cd9c4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fd0438_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambrecht, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plazzo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayans, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1/NR5A2) orchestrates hepatic inflammation and TNF-induced cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CARD-like domains mediate anti-phage defense in bacterial gasdermin systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) and pyrin domains are important facilitators of inflammasome activity and pyroptosis. Upon pathogen recognition by NLR proteins, CARDs recruit and activate caspases, which, in turn, activate gasdermin pore forming proteins to and induce pyroptotic cell death. Here we show that CARD-like domains are present in defense systems that protect bacteria against phage. The bacterial CARD is essential for protease-mediated activation of certain bacterial gasdermins, which promote cell death once phage infection is recognized. We further show that multiple anti-phage defense systems utilize CARD-like domains to activate a variety of cell death effectors. We find that these systems are triggered by a conserved immune evasion protein that phages use to overcome the bacterial defense system RexAB, demonstrating that phage proteins inhibiting one defense system can activate another. We also detect a phage protein with a predicted CARD-like structure that can inhibit the CARD-containing bacterial gasdermin system. Our results suggest that CARD domains represent an ancient component of innate immune systems conserved from bacteria to humans, and that CARD-dependent activation of gasdermins is conserved in organisms across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CARD-like domains mediate anti-phage defense in bacterial gasdermin systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of molecular variants, crystallization conditions and space group on structure-ligand complexes: A case study on Bacterial Phosphotriesterase Variants and complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While attempting to study the 3D structure of proteins with bound ligands, one often encounters considerable difficulties. We illustrate, as an example, the bacterial enzyme phosphotriesterase and specifically examine the effects of multiple factors such as the molecular constructs, ligands used during protein expression and purification, crystallization precipitance, and space group on the visualization of molecular complexes of organophosphate ligands bound to the enzyme.

We analyzed twelve crystal structures of the different phosphotriesterase constructs derived by directed evolution in both apo and holo forms (in complex with organophosphate analogs), with resolutions up to 1.38 [A]. Crystals obtained from three different crystallization conditions, crystallized in four space groups, with and without N-terminal tags, were utilized to investigate the impact of these factors on visualizing molecular complexes of ligands bound to the enzyme. The study revealed that residual tags used for protein expression can lodge in the active site and hinder ligand binding. Additionally, the space groups in which the proteins are crystallized can significantly impact the visualization of the organophosphate ligands bound to the phosphotriesterase. The study also reveals that the crystallization precipitants can compete with and even preclude ligand binding, leading to false positives or the incorrect identification of lead drug candidates, which is particularly crucial for ligands with pharmacological and toxicological contexts.

Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the challenges and considerations involved in studying the 3D structure of proteins with bound ligands, highlighting the importance of careful experimental design and rigorous data analysis to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the resulting protein-ligand structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggawal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer Rogotner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of molecular variants, crystallization conditions and space group on structure-ligand complexes: A case study on Bacterial Phosphotriesterase Variants and complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rim aperture of autophagic membranesbalances cargo inclusion with vesicle maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy eliminates cytoplasmic material by engulfment in membranous vesicles targeted for lysosome degradation. Nonselective autophagy coordinates the sequestration of bulk cargo with the growth of the isolation membrane (IM) in a yet-unknown manner. Here we show the yeast IM expands while maintaining a rim sufficiently wide for sequestration of large cargo but tight enough to mature in due time. An obligate complex of Atg24/Snx4 with Atg20 or Snx41 assembles locally at the rim in a spatially-extended manner that specifically depends on autophagic PI(3)P. This assembly stabilizes the open rim to promote autophagic sequestration of large cargo in correlation with vesicle inflation. Moreover, constriction of the rim by the PI(3)P-dependent Atg2-Atg18 complex and clearance of PI(3)P by Ymr1 antagonize the rim opening to promote autophagic maturation and consumption of small cargo. Tight regulation of membrane rim aperture by PI(3)P thus couples the mechanism and physiology of nonselective autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shatz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraiberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rim aperture of autophagic membranesbalances cargo inclusion with vesicle maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autotrophic growth of E. coli is achieved by a small number of genetic changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic autotrophy is a promising avenue to sustainable bioproduction from CO2. Here, we use iterative laboratory evolution to generate several distinct autotrophic strains. Utilising this genetic diversity, we identify that just three mutations are sufficient for E. coli to grow autotrophically, when introduced alongside non-native energy (formate dehydrogenase) and carbon-fixing (RuBisCO, phosphoribulokinase, carbonic anhydrase) modules. The mutated genes are involved in glycolysis (pgi), central-carbon regulation (crp), and RNA transcription (rpoB). The pgi mutation reduces the enzymes activity, thereby stabilising the carbon-fixing cycle by capping a major branching flux. For the other two mutations, we observe down-regulation of several metabolic pathways and increased expression of native genes associated with the carbon-fixing module (rpiB) and the energy module (fdoGH), as well as an increased ratio of NADH/NAD+ - the cycles electron-donor. This study demonstrates the malleability of metabolism and its capacity to switch trophic modes using only a small number of genetic changes and could facilitate transforming other heterotrophic organisms into autotrophs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autotrophic growth of E. coli is achieved by a small number of genetic changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What fraction of cellular DNA turnover becomes cfDNA? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) tests use small amounts of DNA in the bloodstream as biomarkers. While it is thought that cfDNA is largely released by dying cells, the proportion of dying cells DNA that reaches the bloodstream is unknown. Here, we integrate estimates of cellular turnover rates to calculate the expected amount of cfDNA. By comparing this to the actual amount of cell type-specific cfDNA, we estimate the proportion of DNA reaching plasma as cfDNA. We demonstrate that <10% of the DNA from dying cells is detectable in plasma, and the ratios of measured to expected cfDNA levels vary a thousand-fold among cell types, often reaching well below 0.1%. The analysis suggests that local clearance, presumably via phagocytosis, takes up most of the dying cells DNA. Insights into the underlying mechanism may help to understand the physiological significance of cfDNA and improve the sensitivity of liquid biopsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sender, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What fraction of cellular DNA turnover becomes cfDNA?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion pore dynamics of large secretory vesicles define a distinct mechanism of exocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exocrine cells utilize large secretory vesicles (LSVs) up to 10 m in diameter. LSVs fuse with the apical surface, often recruiting actomyosin to extrude their content through dynamic fusion pores. The molecular mechanism regulating pore dynamics remains largely uncharacterized. We observe that the fusion pore of LSVs in the Drosophila larval salivary glands expand, stabilize, and constrict. Arp2/3 is essential for pore expansion and stabilization, while myosin II is essential for pore constriction. We identify several Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) homology domain proteins that regulate fusion pore expansion and stabilization. We show that the I-BAR protein Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM) localizes to the fusion site and is essential for pore expansion and stabilization. The MIM I-BAR domain is essential but not sufficient for localization and function. We conclude that MIM acts in concert with actin, myosin II, and additional BAR-domain proteins to control fusion pore dynamics, mediating a distinct mode of exocytosis that facilitates actomyosin-dependent content release that maintains apical membrane homeostasis during secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz-Alon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schejter, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, B.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion pore dynamics of large secretory vesicles define a distinct mechanism of exocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of protein homo-oligomerization across domains of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein structures are essential to understand cellular processes in molecular detail. While advances in AI revealed the tertiary structure of proteins at scale, their quaternary structure remains mostly unknown. Here, we describe a scalable strategy based on AlphaFold2 to predict homo-oligomeric assemblies across four proteomes spanning the tree of life. We find that 50% of archaeal, 45% of bacterial, and 20% of eukaryotic proteomes form homomers. Our predictions accurately capture protein homo-oligomerization, recapitulate megadalton complexes, and unveil hundreds of novel homo-oligomer types. Analyzing these datasets reveals coiled-coil regions as major enablers of quaternary structure evolution in Eukaryotes. Integrating these structures with omics data shows that a majority of known protein complexes are symmetric. Finally, these datasets provide a structural context for interpreting disease mutations, which we find enriched at interfaces. Our strategy is applicable to any organism and provides a comprehensive view of homo-oligomerization in proteomes, protein networks, and disease.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=193 SRC="FIGDIR/small/544317v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schweke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goverde, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubreuil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of protein homo-oligomerization across domains of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RBD-based high affinity ACE2 antagonist limits SARS-CoV-2 replication in upper and lower airways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has the capacity to evolve mutations to escape vaccine-and infection-acquired immunity and antiviral drugs. A variant-agnostic therapeutic agent that protects against severe disease without putting selective pressure on the virus would thus be a valuable biomedical tool. Here, we challenged rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and simultaneously treated them with aerosolized RBD-62, a protein developed through multiple rounds of in vitro evolution of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to acquire 1000-fold enhanced ACE2 binding affinity. RBD-62 treatment gave equivalent protection in upper and lower airways, a phenomenon not previously observed with clinically approved vaccines. Importantly, RBD-62 did not block the development of memory responses to Delta and did not elicit anti-drug immunity. These data provide proof-of-concept that RBD-62 can prevent severe disease from a highly virulent variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeycutt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flebbe, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, J.-P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessaint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RBD-based high affinity ACE2 antagonist limits SARS-CoV-2 replication in upper and lower airways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgene-Free Ex Utero Derivation of A Human Post-Implantation Embryo Model Solely from Genetically Unmodified Naive PSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to study early human post-implantation development remains highly limited due to the ethical and technical challenges associated with intrauterine development of the human embryo after implantation. Despite the great progress made on human gastruloids, axioloids and in vitro cultured blastoids, such elegant models do not constitute an integrated Stem cell-derived Embryo Models (SEMs) that includes all the key extra-embryonic tissues of the early post-implantation human conceptus (e.g., hypoblast, yolk-sac, trophoblasts, amnion, and extraembryonic mesoderm), and thus, do not recapitulate post-implantation epiblast development within the context of these extra-embryonic compartments. Mouse naive pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation mouse SEMs, while bypassing the blastocyst-like stage, and eventually initiating organogenesis ex utero. Here, we implement critical adaptations to extend these finding to humans, while using only genetically unmodified human naive PSCs, thus circumventing the need for ectopic expression of lineage promoting transgenes. Such integrated human SEMs recapitulate the organization of all known compartments of early post-implantation stage human embryos, including epiblast, hypoblast, extra-embryonic mesoderm, and trophoblast surrounding the latter layers. The organized human SEMs recapitulate key hallmarks of post-implantation stage embryogenesis up to 13-14 days post-fertilization (dpf, Carnegie stage 6a), such as bilaminar disk formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, PGC specification, primary and secondary yolk sac formation, and extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connective stalk. This new platform constitutes a tractable stem cell-based model for experimentally interrogating previously inaccessible windows of human peri- and early post-implantation development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildschutz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondarenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comar, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashouokhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokshtanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livnat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petropoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgene-Free Ex Utero Derivation of A Human Post-Implantation Embryo Model Solely from Genetically Unmodified Naive PSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.541900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CC + : A Searchable Database of Validated Coiled coils in PDB Structures and AlphaFold2 Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.541900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Helical coiled coils are common tertiary and quaternary elements of protein structure. In coiled coils, two or more  helices wrapped around each other to form bundles. This apparently simple structural motif can generate many architectures and topologies. Understanding the variety of and limits on coiled-coil assemblies and their sequence-to-structure relationships impacts on protein structure, design, and engineering. Coiled coil-forming sequences can be predicted from heptad repeats of hydrophobic and polar residues, hpphppp, although this is not always reliable. Alternatively, coiled-coil structures can be identified using the program SOCKET, which finds knobs-into-holes (KIH) packing between side chains of neighboring helices. SOCKET also classifies coiled-coil architecture and topology, thus allowing sequence-to-structure relationships to be garnered. In 2009, we used SOCKET to create a relational database of coiled-coil structures, CC+, from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB). Here we report an update of CC+ following the recent explosion of structural data and the success of AlphaFold2 in predicting protein structures from genome sequences. With the most-stringent SOCKET parameters, CC+ contains {approx}12,000 coiled-coil assemblies from experimentally determined structures, and {approx}120,000 potential coiled-coil structures within single-chain models predicted by AlphaFold2 across 48 proteomes. CC+ allows these and other less-stringently defined coiled coils to be searched at various levels of structure, sequence, and side-chain interactions. The identified coiled coils can be viewed directly from CC+ using the Socket2 application, and their associated data can be downloaded for further analyses. CC+ is available freely at http://coiledcoils.chm.bris.ac.uk/CCPlus/Home.html. It will be regularly updated automatically.

FOR THE BROADER AUDIENCEProtein assemblies and protein-protein interactions are key to all biological processes. -Helical coiled coils are one of the most common modes of directing and stabilising these interfaces. Here, we report an updated CC+ database of structurally validated coiled coils from experimental protein structures and AlphaFold2 models. CC+ contains many thousands of coiled-coil structures and models, associated parameters, and sequences. It enables the compilation of rich datasets for advancing protein structure, design, and engineering research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrenas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.541900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CC + : A Searchable Database of Validated Coiled coils in PDB Structures and AlphaFold2 Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homing in on the rare virosphere reveals the native host of giant viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant viruses (phylum Nucleocytoviricota) are globally distributed in aquatic ecosystems1,2. They play major roles as evolutionary drivers of eukaryotic plankton3 and regulators of global biogeochemical cycles4. Recent metagenomic studies have significantly expanded the known diversity of marine giant viruses1,5-7, but we still lack fundamental knowledge about their native hosts, thereby hindering our understanding of their lifecycle and ecological importance. Here, we aim to discover the native hosts of giant viruses using a novel, sensitive single-cell metatranscriptomic approach. By applying this approach to natural plankton communities, we unraveled an active viral infection of several giant viruses, from multiple lineages, and identified their native hosts. We identify a rare lineage of giant virus (Imitervirales-07) infecting a minute population of protists (class Katablepharidaceae) and revealed the prevalence of highly expressed viral-encoded cell-fate regulation genes in infected cells. Further examination of this host-virus dynamics in a temporal resolution suggested this giant virus controls its host population demise. Our results demonstrate how single-cell metatranscriptomics is a sensitive approach for pairing viruses with their authentic hosts and studying their ecological significance in a culture-independent manner in the marine environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fromm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevroni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gutierrez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homing in on the rare virosphere reveals the native host of giant viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-extinguishing relay waves enable homeostaticcontrol of human neutrophil swarming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils exhibit self-amplified swarming to sites of injury and infection. How swarming is controlled to ensure the proper level of neutrophil recruitment is unknown. Using an ex vivo model of infection, we find that human neutrophils use active relay to generate multiple pulsatile waves of swarming signals. Unlike classic active relay systems such as action potentials, neutrophil swarming relay waves are self-extinguishing, limiting the spatial range of cell recruitment. We identify an NADPH-oxidase-based negative feedback loop that is needed for this self-extinguishing behavior. Through this circuit, neutrophils adjust the number and size of swarming waves for homeostatic levels of cell recruitment over a wide range of initial cell densities. We link a broken homeostat to neutrophil over-recruitment in the context of human chronic granulomatous disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strickland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degrange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villavicencio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansour, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-extinguishing relay waves enable homeostaticcontrol of human neutrophil swarming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Unexpected Match: STAT3-NORAD Interaction, a Novel Link in Antiviral Defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the intricate biological landscape, evolution often repurposes familiar elements for novel roles. This study reveals an interaction between the long non-coding RNA NORAD, noted for its role in DNA stability, and the immune-related transcription factor STAT3. Our findings indicate that NORADs binding to STAT3 facilitates its nuclear entry, suppressing the antiviral response. In the absence of NORAD, STAT3 remains cytoplasmic, enabling STAT1 to activate this response. Evidence from viral infections and clinical samples reinforces this unique role for NORAD. Intriguingly, while other functions of NORAD are conserved in evolution, this newly discovered role is unique to humans, owing to the introduction of an ALU element in hominoids. This discovery sheds new light on the evolution of antiviral defenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argoetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimshony, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Gutfreund, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Unexpected Match: STAT3-NORAD Interaction, a Novel Link in Antiviral Defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bistable inhibitory OptoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is transmitted between brain regions through the release of neurotransmitters from long-range projecting axons. Understanding how the activity of such long-range connections contributes to behavior requires efficient methods for reversibly manipulating their function. Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, acting through endogenous G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) pathways, can be used to modulate synaptic transmission, but existing tools are limited in sensitivity, spatiotemporal precision, or spectral multiplexing capabilities. Here we systematically evaluated multiple bistable opsins for optogenetic applications and found that the Platynereis dumerilii ciliary opsin (PdCO) is an efficient, versatile, light-activated bistable GPCR that can suppress synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons with high temporal precision in-vivo. PdCO has superior biophysical properties that enable spectral multiplexing with other optogenetic actuators and reporters. We demonstrate that PdCO can be used to conduct reversible loss-of-function experiments in long-range projections of behaving animals, thereby enabling detailed synapse-specific functional circuit mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wietek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozownik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf-Sinik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copits, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bistable inhibitory OptoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal enzyme profiles in unbranched metabolic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How to optimize the allocation of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been a topic of study for many decades. Although the general problem is complex and non-linear, we have previously shown that it can be solved by convex optimization. In this paper, we focus on unbranched metabolic pathways with simplified enzymatic rate laws and derive analytic solutions to the optimization problem. We revisit existing solutions based on the limit of mass-action rate laws and present new solutions for other rate laws. Furthermore, we revisit a known relationship between flux control coefficients and enzyme abundances in optimal metabolic states. We generalize this relationship to models with density constrains on enzymes and metabolites, and present a new local relationship between optimal reaction elasticities and enzyme amounts. Finally, we apply our theory to derive simple kinetics-based formulae for protein allocation during bacterial growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebermeister, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal enzyme profiles in unbranched metabolic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarization and motility of one-dimensional multi-cellular trains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell migration, whereby cells adhere to form multi-cellular clusters that move as a single entity, play an important role in numerous biological processes, such as during development and cancer progression. Recent experimental work focused on migration of one-dimensional cellular clusters, confined to move along adhesive lanes, as a simple geometry in which to systematically study this complex system. One-dimensional migration also arises in the body when cells migrate along blood vessels, axonal projections and narrow cavities between tissues. We explore here the modes of one-dimensional migration of cellular clusters ("trains"), by implementing cell-cell interactions in a model of cell migration that contains a mechanism for spontaneous cell polarization. We go beyond simple phenomenological models of the cells as self-propelled particles, by having the internal polarization of each cell depend on its interactions with the neighboring cells, that directly affect the actin polymerization activity at the cells leading edges. Both Contact Inhibition of Locomotion (CIL) and Cryptic Lamellipodia (CL) interactions between neighboring cells are introduced. We find that this model predicts multiple motility modes of the cell trains, that can have several different speeds for the same polarization pattern. Comparing to experimental data we find that MDCK cells are poised along the transition region where CIL and CL roughly balance each other, where collective migration speed is most sensitive to the values of the cell-cell interaction strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ron, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Alesandro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cellerin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voituriez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladoux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarization and motility of one-dimensional multi-cellular trains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.546860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal hair cortisol in bipolar disorder and a mechanism based on HPA dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.546860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a dynamic disease in which mania, depression and mixed states vary on a timescale of months to years. BD patients characteristically exhibit elevated levels of the hormone cortisol. Persistently elevated cortisol can also cause mood episodes in a substantial fraction of the general population. Although BD is a dynamic disease that is related to cortisol, longitudinal cortisol dynamics in BD have rarely been studied. Here we use hair to measure past cortisol where each cm of hair corresponds to a month of growth. Cortisol was measured in 12 cm hair samples from people with BD (n=26) and controls (n=59), corresponding to one year of cortisol data. We found that hair cortisol exhibited a frequency spectrum with enhanced year-scale fluctuations whose amplitude was about 4-fold higher on average in BD compared to controls. Cortisol in the proximal 2 cm hair segment correlated with mood scales that report on mood in the past two months. In line with the notion that cortisol correlates with mood, we find that the mean frequency spectrum of depression (n=266) and mania (n=273) scores from a large longitudinal study of BD is similar to the hair cortisol spectrum from the present cohort. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism for BD as the intersection of two neuropsychological traits: cortisol-induced mood episodes (CIM) and high emotional reactivity (ER). High ER causes fluctuations in which cortisol is elevated for months, as shown by a mathematical model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that regulates cortisol. In individuals with CIM, the magnitude of these persistent cortisol fluctuations can be high enough to trigger mood episodes. Thus, this study combines longitudinal cortisol measurements and mathematical modeling to provide a potential mechanistic link between the timescales of cortisol and moods in BD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Rappaport, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.546860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal hair cortisol in bipolar disorder and a mechanism based on HPA dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying design principles of endocrine gland mass and its regulatory circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hormones are regulatory molecules that impact physiological functions. Much is known about individual hormones, but general rules that connect the regulatory logic of different hormone systems are limited. In this study, we analyzed a range of human hormone systems using a mathematical approach to integrate knowledge on endocrine cells, target tissues and regulation, to uncover unifying principles and regulatory circuits. We find that the number of cells in an endocrine gland is proportional to the number of cells in its target tissues, as one single endocrine cell serves approximately 2000 target cells. We identified five classes of regulatory circuits, each has specific regulatory functions such as homeostasis or allostasis. The most complex class includes an intermediate gland, the pituitary, which can otherwise be considered redundant and exposes to fragilities. We suggest a tradeoff: with the price of fragilities comes advantages -amplification, buffering of hypersecreting tumors, and faster response times. By elucidating these unifying principles and circuits, this study deepens our understanding of the control of endocrine processes and builds the foundation for systems endocrinology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying design principles of endocrine gland mass and its regulatory circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Putting cognitive tasks on trial: A measure of reliability convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The surge in interest in individual differences has coincided with the latest replication crisis centered around brain-wide association studies of brain-behavior correlations. Yet the reliability of the measures we use in cognitive neuroscience, a crucial component of this brain-behavior relationship, is often assumed but not directly tested. Here, we evaluate the reliability of different cognitive tasks on a large dataset of over 250 participants, who each completed a multi-day task battery. We show how reliability improves as a function of number of trials, and describe the convergence of the reliability curves for the different tasks, allowing us to score tasks according to their suitability for studies of individual differences. To improve the accessibility of these findings, we designed a simple web-based tool that implements this function to calculate the convergence factor and predict the expected reliability for any given number of trials and participants, even based on limited pilot data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadlec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Putting cognitive tasks on trial: A measure of reliability convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping interactions between disordered regions reveals promiscuity in biomolecular condensate formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically-disordered regions (IDRs) promote intracellular phase separation and the formation of biomolecular condensates through interactions encoded in their primary sequence. While these condensates form spatially distinct assemblies in cells, it is unclear whether such specificity can be conferred by IDRs alone. Indeed, IDRs exhibit high conformational flexibility whereas specificity in protein recognition is generally associated with well-defined 3D structures. To characterize IDR-IDR interactions and assess their ability to mediate self-specific partitioning, we developed a synthetic system of Multivalent IDRs forming Constitutive DROPlets (micDROP). We investigated ten natural IDRs that underwent phase separation in micDROP. These IDRs exhibited a wide range of saturation concentrations in vivo, which correlated well with their total sequence stickiness. We then probed IDR-IDR specificity by co-expressing pairs of IDRs fused to homologous scaffolds that did not co-assemble. We observed a high degree of promiscuity, particularly among IDRs from the proteins Ddx4, DYRK3, ER, FUS, hnRNPA1, HspB8, RBM14 and TAF15, whereas TDP43 and UBQ2 formed spatially distinct condensates regardless of their partner. Further investigation revealed the short and conserved -helical segment of TDP43s IDR was governing its specific self-recognition. Our findings imply that IDRs can tune their phase separation propensity through sequence composition, while their formation of discrete condensates likely requires additional cellular or structural determinants.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/547715v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrueil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping interactions between disordered regions reveals promiscuity in biomolecular condensate formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.547987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense transcription and PRC2 repression function in parallel during vernalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.547987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding transcription induces chromatin changes that can mediate environmental responsiveness, but the causes and consequences of these mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we investigate how antisense transcription interfaces with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 silencing during winter-induced epigenetic regulation of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Through genetic, chromatin, and computational analyses, we show that FLC is silenced through pathways that function with different dynamics: an antisense transcription-mediated pathway capable of fast response; and in parallel a slow Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) switching mechanism that maintains each allele in an epigenetically silenced state. Components of both the antisense and PRC2 pathways are regulated by a common transcriptional regulator (NTL8), which accumulates slowly due to reduced growth at low temperatures. The parallel activities of the regulatory steps, which we encapsulate in a mathematical model, creates a flexible system for registering widely fluctuating natural temperature conditions that change year on year, and yet ensure robust epigenetic silencing of FLC.

SignificanceThe role of non-coding transcription in establishing and maintaining chromatin states is controversial, mainly because of extensive feedbacks complicating analysis of the relationship between co-transcriptional processing, chromatin state and transcription. This controversy has extended to the role of antisense transcription in the Polycomb-mediated epigenetic silencing of Arabidopsis FLC, a key step in the process of vernalization. Here, we show that antisense transcription and PRC2 silence FLC in parallel pathways that are affected by growth dynamics and temperature fluctuations. These features explain the varied importance of antisense transcription in cold-induced FLC epigenetic silencing seen in various studies using different environmental and growth conditions. The parallel repressive inputs and extensive feedbacks make the mechanism counter-intuitive but provide great flexibility to the plant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo-Bonmati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.547987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense transcription and PRC2 repression function in parallel during vernalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity hierarchies underlie the co-assembly of nucleolar and heterochromatin condensates in Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoli are surrounded by Pericentromeric Heterochromatin (PCH), reflecting a close spatial association between the two largest biomolecular condensates in eukaryotic nuclei. Nucleoli are the sites of ribosome synthesis, while the repeat-rich PCH is essential for chromosome segregation, genome stability, and transcriptional silencing. How and why these two distinct condensates co-assemble is unclear. Here, using high-resolution live imaging of Drosophila embryogenesis, we find that de novo establishment of PCH around the nucleolus is highly dynamic, transitioning from the nuclear edge to surrounding the nucleolus. Eliminating the nucleolus by removing the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) resulted in increased PCH compaction and subsequent reorganization into a toroidal structure. In addition, in embryos lacking rDNA, some nucleolar proteins were redistributed into new bodies or  neocondensates, including enrichment in the PCH toroidal hole. Combining these observations with physical modeling revealed that nucleolar-PCH associations can be mediated by a hierarchy of interaction strengths between PCH, nucleoli, and  amphiphilic protein(s) that have affinities for both nucleolar and PCH components. We validated this model by identifying a candidate amphiphile, a DEAD-Box RNA Helicase called Pitchoune, whose depletion or mutation of its PCH interaction motif disrupted PCH-nucleolar associations. Together, this study unveils a dynamic program for establishing nucleolar-PCH associations during animal development, demonstrates that nucleoli are required for normal PCH organization, and identifies Pitchoune as an amphiphilic molecular link required for PCH-nucleolar associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajshekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame-Arana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity hierarchies underlie the co-assembly of nucleolar and heterochromatin condensates in Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative spatial analysis reveals a multi-layered organization of glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioma contains malignant cells in diverse states. Hypoxic regions are associated with a unique histology of pseudopalisading cells, while other regions appear to have limited histological organization, reflecting the diffuse nature of glioma cells. Here, we combine spatial transcriptomics with spatial proteomics and novel computational approaches to define glioma cellular states at high granularity and uncover their organization. We find three prominent modes of cellular organization. First, cells in any given state tend to be spatially clustered, such that tumors are composed of small local environments that are each typically enriched with one major cellular state. Second, specific pairs of states preferentially reside in proximity across multiple scales. Despite the unique composition of each tumor, this pairing of states remains largely consistent across tumors. Third, the pairwise interactions that we detect collectively define a global architecture composed of five layers. Hypoxia appears to drive this 5-layered organization, as it is both associated with unique states of surrounding cells and with a long-range organization that extends from the hypoxic core to the infiltrative edge of the tumor. Accordingly, tumor regions distant from any hypoxic foci and tumors that lack hypoxia such as IDH-mutant glioma are less organized. In summary, we provide a conceptual framework for the organization of gliomas at the resolution of cellular states and highlight the role of hypoxia as a long-range tissue organizer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Castro, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talpir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medici, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neidert, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative spatial analysis reveals a multi-layered organization of glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells can express multiple inhibitory receptors. Upon induction of T cell exhaustion in response to persistent antigen, prominently in the anti-tumor immune response, many are expressed simultaneously. Key inhibitory receptors are CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT, as investigated here. These receptors are important as central therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibitory receptors are not constitutively expressed on the cell surface, but substantial fractions reside in intracellular vesicular structures. It remains unresolved to which extent the subcellular localization of different inhibitory receptors is distinct. Using quantitative imaging of subcellular distributions and plasma membrane insertion as complemented by proximity proteomics and a biochemical analysis of the association of the inhibitory receptors with trafficking adaptors, the subcellular distributions of the five inhibitory receptors were discrete. The distribution of CTLA-4 was most distinct with preferential association with lysosomal-derived vesicles and the sorting nexin 1/2/5/6 transport machinery. With a lack of evidence for the existence of specific vesicle subtypes to explain divergent inhibitory receptor distributions, we suggest that such distributions are driven by divergent trafficking through an overlapping joint set of vesicular structures. This extensive characterization of the subcellular localization of five inhibitory receptors in relation to each other lays the foundation for the molecular investigation of their trafficking and its therapeutic exploitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsey, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuelfing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic exploration of prokaryotic form I rubisco maximal carboxylation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autotrophy is the basis for complex life on Earth. Central to this process is rubisco - the enzyme that catalyzes almost all carbon fixation on the planet. Yet, with only a small fraction of rubisco diversity kinetically characterized so far, the underlying biological factors driving the evolution of fast rubiscos in nature remain unclear. We conducted a high-throughput kinetic characterization of over 100 bacterial form I rubiscos, the most ubiquitous group of rubisco sequences in nature, to uncover the determinants of rubiscos carboxylation velocity. We show that the presence of a carboxysome CO2 concentrating mechanism correlates with faster rubiscos with a median 5-fold higher rate. In contrast to prior studies, we find that rubiscos originating from -cyanobacteria exhibit the highest carboxylation rates among form I enzymes ({approx}10 s-1 median versus <7 s-1 in other groups). Our study systematically reveals biological and environmental properties associated with kinetic variation across rubiscos from nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspoon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamshoum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Cajar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic exploration of prokaryotic form I rubisco maximal carboxylation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine classical monocyte subsets display distinct functions and fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocytes are short-lived myeloid immune cells that arise from adult hematopoiesis and circulate for a short time in the blood. They comprise two main subsets, in mice defined as classical Ly6Chigh and non-classical Ly6Clow monocytes (CM, NCM). Recent fate mapping and transcriptomic analyses revealed that CM themselves are heterogeneous. Here, we report surface markers that allow segregation of murine GMP- and MDP-derived CM in the BM and blood. Functional characterization, including fate definition following adoptive cell transfer, established that GMP-Mo and MDP-Mo could equal rise to homeostatic CM progeny, such as NCM in blood and gut macrophages, but differentially seeded selected other tissues. Specifically, GMP-Mo and MDP-Mo gave rise to distinct interstitial lung macrophages, thus linking CM dichotomy to previously reported pulmonary macrophage heterogeneity. Collectively, we provide comprehensive evidence for the existence of two functionally distinct CM subsets in the mouse, which differentially contribute to peripheral tissue macrophage populations in homeostasis and following challenge. Our findings are indicative of impact of monocyte ontogeny on in situ differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trzebanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrossi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross-Vered, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura-Halfon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movahedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine classical monocyte subsets display distinct functions and fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly conserved, positively charged tandem repeats mediate multimerization of ice nucleation proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, frost can form at a few degrees below 0 {degrees}C. However, this process requires the assembly of tens of thousands of ice-like water molecules that align together to initiate freezing at these relatively high temperatures. Water ordering on this scale is mediated by the ice nucleation proteins of common environmental bacteria like Pseudomonas syringae and P. borealis. However, individually, these 100-kDa proteins are too small to organize enough water molecules for frost formation, and it is not known how giant, megadalton-sized multimers, which are crucial for ice nucleation at high sub-zero temperatures, form. The ability of multimers to self-assemble was suggested when the transfer of an ice nucleation protein gene into Escherichia coli led to efficient ice nucleation. Here we demonstrate that a positively-charged sub-domain at the C-terminal end of the central beta-solenoid of the ice nucleation protein is crucial for multimerization. Truncation, relocation, or change of the charge of this subdomain caused a catastrophic loss of ice nucleation ability. Cryo-electron tomography of the recombinant E. coli showed that the ice nucleation protein multimers form fibres that are [~] 5 nm across and up to 200 nm long. A model of these fibres as an overlapping series of antiparallel dimers can account for all their known properties and suggests a route to making cell-free ice nucleators for biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braslavsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly conserved, positively charged tandem repeats mediate multimerization of ice nucleation proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Developmental Gene Expression Atlas Unveils Dimorphic Gene Networks in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific traits and behaviors emerge during development by the acquisition of unique properties in the nervous system of each sex. However, the genetic events responsible for introducing these sex-specific features remain poorly understood. In this study, we created a comprehensive gene expression atlas for both sexes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans across development. By comparing the transcriptome of pure populations of hermaphrodites and males from early larval stages to adulthood, we discovered numerous differentially expressed genes, including neuronal gene families like transcription factors, neuropeptides, and GPCRs. We identified INS-39, an insulin-like peptide, as a prominent male-biased gene expressed specifically in ciliated sensory neurons. We show that INS-39 serves as an early-stage male marker, facilitating the effective isolation of males in high-throughput experiments. Through complex and sex-specific regulation, ins-39 plays pleiotropic sexually-dimorphic roles in temperature sensation, survival in cold temperatures, resilience against high hydrogen peroxide levels, and dauer entry, while also playing a shared, dimorphic role in early life stress. This study offers a comparative sexual and developmental gene expression database for C. elegans, which will facilitate research into the genetic regulation of the sexual development of other organisms. Furthermore, it highlights conserved candidate genes that may underlie the sexually-dimorphic manifestation of different human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peedikayil-Kurien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.05.552096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Developmental Gene Expression Atlas Unveils Dimorphic Gene Networks in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EasyFlow: An open source, user friendly cytometry analyzer with graphic user interface (GUI) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flow cytometry enables quantitative measurements of fluorescence in single cells. The technique was widely used for immunology to identify populations with different surface protein markers. More recently, the usage of flow cytometry has been extended to additional readouts, including intracellular proteins and fluorescent protein transgenes, and is widely utilized to study development, systems biology, microbiology, and many other fields. A common file format (FCS format, defined by International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC)) has been universally adopted, facilitating data exchange between different machines. A diverse spectrum of software packages have been developed for analysis of flow cytometry data. However, those are either 1) costly proprietary softwares, 2) open source packages with prerequisite installation of R or Python and sometimes require users to have experience in coding or 3) online tools that are limiting for analysis of large data sets. Here we present EasyFlow, an open source flow cytometry analysis GUI based on Matlab or Python, that can be installed and run locally cross-platform-ly (Windows and MacOS), without prerequisite user having previous knowledge on coding. The python version (EasyFlowQ) is also developed on a popular plotting framework (Matplotlib) and modern user interface (UI) toolkit (Qt), allowing more advanced users to customize and keep contributing to the software, as well as its tutorials. Overall, EasyFlow serves as a simple-to-use tool for inexperienced users with little coding experience to use locally, as well as a platform for advanced users to further customize for their own needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EasyFlow: An open source, user friendly cytometry analyzer with graphic user interface (GUI)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARM1 TIR domain produces glycocyclic ADPR molecules as minor products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a protein involved in programmed death of injured axons. Following axon injury or a drug-induced insult, the TIR domain of SARM1 degrades the essential molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), leading to a form of axonal death called Wallerian degeneration. Degradation of NAD+ by SARM1 is essential for the Wallerian degeneration process, but accumulating evidence suggest that other activities of SARM1, beyond the mere degradation of NAD+, may be necessary for programmed axonal death. In this study we show that the TIR domains of both human and fruit fly SARM1 produce 1''-2' and 1''-3' glycocyclic ADP-ribose (gcADPR) molecules as minor products. As previously reported, we observed that SARM1 TIR domains mostly convert NAD+ to ADPR (for human SARM1) or cADPR (in the case of SARM1 from Drosophila melanogaster). However, we now show that human and Drosophila SARM1 additionally convert [~]0.1-0.5% of NAD+ into gcADPR molecules. We find that SARM1 TIR domains produce gcADPR molecules both when purified in vitro and when expressed in bacterial cells. Given that gcADPR is a second messenger involved in programmed cell death in bacteria and likely in plants, we propose that gcADPR may play a role in SARM1-induced programmed axonal death in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARM1 TIR domain produces glycocyclic ADPR molecules as minor products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metal Ions Guide the Production of Silkworm Fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silk fibers unique mechanical properties have made them a desirable material for various applications, from medical to optical materials and even in sensing. Yet, to date, no synthetic method has come close to reproducing this remarkably strong biomaterial due to the complexity and insufficient understanding of the mechanism of silk fiber formation. While ions are known to play a key role in the production of natural silk fiber, how they do so has thus far eluded discovery. Here we report that a broad composition of metal ions guides structural transformations in the silk fibroin protein inside the silkworm silk gland. By using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy techniques coupled with elemental analysis, we followed the changes in the composition and spatial localization of metal ions inside the silk gland. We observed that ions are homogenously dispersed during the initial stages of silk secretion and storage inside the silk gland, but once the fibers are spun, the ions delocalize from the silk fibroin fiber core to the sericin coating gum layer. This shift in ion localization is accompanied by the alignment of protein chains and an increase in silk feedstock viscosity inside the silk gland - changes that make the protein more sensitive to shear and enable the initiation of the liquid-to-solid transition in the silk. Moreover, the selective doping of the spun silk fibers with metal ions modifies their mechanical performance. These findings highlight the importance and the dynamic role of metal ions in the evolution of silk fibers mechanical properties, enhance our understanding of the mechanism of silk fiber formation, and lay the foundations for developing new concepts in biomaterial design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan-Ashiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimanovich, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metal Ions Guide the Production of Silkworm Fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suresh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tshuva, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danan Gotthold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zeev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baizabal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.12.553065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxinome - The Bacterial Protein Toxin Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein toxins are key molecular weapons in biology that are used to attack neighboring cells. Bacteria use protein toxins to kill or inhibit growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using various modes of action that target essential cellular components. The toxins are responsible for shaping microbiomes in different habitats, for abortive phage infection, and for severe infectious diseases of animals and plants. Although several toxin databases have been developed, each one is devoted to a specific toxin family and they encompass a relatively small number of toxins. Antimicrobial toxins are often accompanied by antitoxins (or immunity proteins) that neutralize the cognate toxins. Here, we combined toxins and antitoxins from many resources and created Toxinome, a comprehensive and updated bacterial protein toxin database. Toxinome includes a total of 1,483,028 toxins and 491,345 antitoxins encoded in 59,475 bacterial genomes across the tree of life. We identified a depletion of toxin and antitoxin genes in bacteria that dwell in extreme temperatures. We defined 5,161 unique Toxin Islands within phylogenetically diverse bacterial genomes, which are loci dense in toxin and antitoxin genes. By focusing on the unannotated genes within these islands, we characterized a number of these genes as toxins or antitoxins. Finally, we developed an interactive Toxinome website (http://toxinome.pythonanywhere.com) that allows searching and downloading of our database. The Toxinome resource will be useful to the large research community interested in bacterial toxins and can guide toxin discovery and function elucidation, and infectious disease diagnosis and treatment.

ImportanceMicrobes use protein toxins as important tools to attack neighboring cells, microbial or eukaryotic, and for self-killing when attacked by viruses. These toxins work by different mechanisms to inhibit cell growth or kill cells. Microbes also use antitoxin proteins to neutralize the toxin activities. Here, we developed a comprehensive database called Toxinome of nearly two million toxin and antitoxins that are encoded in 59,475 bacterial genomes. We described the distribution of bacterial toxins and identified that they are depleted from bacteria that live in hot and cold temperatures. We find 5,161 cases in which toxins and antitoxins are densely clustered in bacterial genomes and termed these areas "Toxin Islands". The Toxinome database is a useful resource for anyone interested in toxin biology and evolution, and it can guide discovery of new toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bograd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Eliyahu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.12.553073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxinome - The Bacterial Protein Toxin Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian olfactory cortex neurons retain molecular signatures of ancestral cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex diversified extensively during vertebrate evolution. Intriguingly, the three-layered mammalian olfactory cortex resembles the cortical cytoarchitecture of non-mammals yet evolved alongside the six-layered neocortex, enabling unique comparisons for investigating cortical neuron diversification. We performed single-nucleus multiome sequencing across mouse three- to six-layered cortices and compared neuron types across mice, reptiles and salamander. We identified neurons that are olfactory cortex-specific or conserved across mouse cortical areas. However, transcriptomically similar neurons exhibited area-specific epigenetic states. Additionally, the olfactory cortex showed transcriptomic divergence between lab and wild-derived mice, suggesting enhanced circuit plasticity through adult immature neurons. Finally, olfactory cortex neurons displayed marked transcriptomic similarities to reptile and salamander neurons. Together, these data indicate that the mammalian olfactory cortex retains molecular signatures representative of ancestral cortical traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeppilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurrola, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilkha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian olfactory cortex neurons retain molecular signatures of ancestral cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of sexual dimorphism in gene expression in response to a manipulation of mate competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes are differentially expressed between males and females and patterns of sex-biased gene expression (SBGE) vary among species. Some of this variation is thought to have evolved in response to differences in mate competition among species that causes varying patterns of sex-specific selection. We used experimental evolution to test this by quantifying SBGE and sex-specific splicing in 15 Drosophila melanogaster populations that evolved for 104 generations in mating treatments that removed mate competition via enforced monogamy, or allowed mate competition in either small, simple or larger, structurally more complex mating environments. Consistent with sex-specific selection affecting SBGE, initially sex-biased genes diverged in expression more among treatments than unbiased genes, and there was greater expression divergence for male-than female-biased genes. It has been suggested the transcriptome should be  feminized under monogamy because of the removal of sexual selection on males; we did not observe this, likely because selection differs in additional ways between monogamy vs. polygamy. Significant divergence in average expression dimorphism between treatments was observed and, in some treatment comparisons, the direction of the divergence differed across different sex-bias categories. There was not a generalized reduction in expression dimorphism under enforced monogamy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rundle, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of sexual dimorphism in gene expression in response to a manipulation of mate competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BMP7 promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish has a remarkable and lifelong ability for cardiac regeneration after severe damage, whereas mammals lose their innate capacity for heart regeneration during early postnatal development. This study aimed to investigate whether the decreased production of growth factors during postnatal mammalian development contributes to the exit of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle and the reduction in cardiac regenerative ability.

We identified growth factors with declining expression levels during early postnatal life in the mouse model and assessed the pro-proliferative ability of these factors on neonatal murine primary cardiomyocytes in vitro. Our findings confirmed the previously reported pro-proliferative effects of NRG1, IL1b, RANKL, IGF2 and IL6, while also identifying novel potential pro-regenerative growth factors. Among them, BMP7 exhibited the most pronounced efficacy.

Bmp7 knockdown interfered with the proliferation of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes in culture and adult bmp7 mutant zebrafish displayed reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation during heart regeneration, indicating that Bmp7 is crucial for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the regenerative stages of mouse and zebrafish hearts. Conversely, bmp7 overexpression was sufficient to boost cardiomyocyte cycling in regenerating zebrafish hearts, while BMP7 administration stimulated mouse cardiomyocyte cycling at postnatal-day-7, when cardiomyocytes ceased to proliferate, and enhanced cardiomyocyte regeneration in vivo in adult mice following myocardial infarction.

Mechanistically, BMP7-induced proliferation was mediated by type I BMP receptors BMPR1A and ACVR1, and type II receptors ACVR2A and BMPR2. Downstream signalling involved SMAD5, ERK and AKT.

In conclusion, the administration of BMP7 holds promise as a strategy to stimulate heart regeneration following cardiac injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno-Levy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posadas Pena, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bono, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redaelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Pra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boriati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romaniello, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzeschi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petraroia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassinari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellerer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauriola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Uva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BMP7 promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus prediction of cell type labels with popV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type classification is a crucial step in single-cell analysis. To facilitate this, several methods have been proposed for the task of transferring a cell-type label from an annotated reference atlas to unannotated query data sets. Existing methods for transferring cell-type labels lack proper uncertainty estimation for the resulting annotations, limiting interpretability and usefulness. To address this, we propose popular Vote (popV, https://github.com/YosefLab/popV), an ensemble of prediction models with an ontology-based voting scheme. PopV achieves accurate cell-type labeling and provides effective uncertainty scores. In multiple case studies, popV confidently annotates the majority of cells while highlighting cell populations that are challenging to annotate. This additional step helps to reduce the load of manual inspection, which is often a necessary component of the annotation process, and enables one to focus on the most problematic parts of the annotation, streamlining the overall annotation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasuriya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus prediction of cell type labels with popV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function cancer-associated mutations in the EIF4G2 non-canonical translation initiation factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor cells often exploit the protein translation machinery, resulting in enhanced protein expression essential for tumor growth. Since canonical translation initiation is often suppressed due to cell stress in the tumor microenvironment, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms become particularly important for shaping the tumor proteome. EIF4G2 is a non-canonical translation initiation factor that mediates internal ribosome entry site [IRES] and upstream open reading frame [uORF] dependent initiation mechanisms, which can be used to modulate protein expression in cancer. Here we explored the contribution of EIF4G2 to cancer by screening the COSMIC database for EIF4G2 somatic mutations in cancer patients. Functional examination of missense mutations revealed deleterious effects on EIF4G2 protein-protein interactions, and importantly, on its ability to mediate non-canonical translation initiation. Specifically, one mutation, R178Q, led to reductions in protein expression and near complete loss-of-function. Two other mutations within the MIF4G domain specifically affected EIF4G2s ability to mediate IRES-dependent translation initiation but not that of target mRNAs with uORFs. These results shed light on both the structure-function of EIF4G2 and its potential tumor suppressor effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meril, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrokovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function cancer-associated mutations in the EIF4G2 non-canonical translation initiation factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
txtools: an R package facilitating analysis of RNA modifications, structures, and interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe present txtools, an R package that enables the processing, analysis, and visualization of RNA-seq data at the nucleotide-level resolution, seamlessly integrating alignments to the genome with transcriptomic representation. txtools main inputs are BAM files and a transcriptome annotation, and the main output is a table, capturing mismatches, deletions, and the number of reads beginning and ending at each nucleotide in the transcriptomic space. txtools further facilitates downstream visualization and analyses. We showcase, using examples from the epitranscriptomic field, how a few calls to txtools functions can yield insightful and ready-to-publish results. txtools is of broad utility also in the context of structural mapping and RNA:protein interaction mapping. By providing a simple and intuitive framework, we believe that txtools will be a useful and convenient tool and pave the path for future discovery. txtools is available for installation from its GitHub repository at https://github.com/AngelCampos/txtools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Campos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[txtools: an R package facilitating analysis of RNA modifications, structures, and interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The glucocorticoid receptor is a critical regulator of muscle satellite cell quiescence. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoids are powerful anti-inflammatory medications that are associated with muscle atrophy. The effect of glucocorticoids in myofibers is well-studied, yet the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the primary mediator of glucocorticoid transcriptional responses, and the impact of glucocorticoid signalling in muscle stem cells (MuSCs), the adult progenitors responsible for regeneration, remain unknown. We developed a conditional null mouse model to knock out glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in MuSCs (GRMuSC-/-) and established that while GR is dispensable for muscle regeneration, it is a critical regulator of MuSC homeostasis. Loss of GR significantly increased cycling MuSCs as compared to controls in injury-naive mice and on single EDL myofiber cultures, and as such, loss of GR in MuSCs leads to precocious activation and subsequent proliferation as compared to controls. Bulk RNA-sequencing from in situ fixed MuSCs from injury-naive GRMuSC-/- muscle identified a gene signature consistent with cells that have exited quiescence and undergone activation, with evidence of sexual dimorphism. Using ATAC-seq and footprinting we identify putative GR targets that promote quiescence. Thus, we advance the GR as a previously unrecognized crucial transcriptional regulator of gene expression in MuSCs whose activity is highest in quiescent cells and is essential to maintain that state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajgara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlSudais, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrakad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiper-Bergeron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.555012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The glucocorticoid receptor is a critical regulator of muscle satellite cell quiescence.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.553348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple method for developing lysine targeted covalent protein reagents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.553348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing demand for covalent tool compounds and chemical probes to investigate and perturb protein function and dysregulation. The combination of a covalent electrophile with a peptide or protein-based scaffold with an extended binding footprint enables the targeting of shallow protein surfaces, not typically addressable using small molecules. However, to fully exploit the potential of electrophilic proteins or peptides there is a need for versatile approaches to convert native peptide sequences into covalent binders that can target a broad range of residues. Here we report protein-based thio-methacrylate esters - electrophiles with a diverse reactivity profile that can be installed easily on unprotected peptides and proteins via cysteine side chains, and react efficiently and selectively with cysteine and lysine side chains on the target. Guided by computational modeling, we designed and synthesized methacrylate phosphopeptides derived from 14-3-3-binding proteins and demonstrated these peptides irreversibly label 14-3-3{sigma} via either lysine or cysteine residues, depending on the position of the electrophile. Methacrylate peptides targeting a conserved lysine residue exhibited pan-isoform binding of 14-3-3 proteins, and efficiently labeled 14-3-3 proteins in lysates, as well as secreted 14-3-3 extracellularly. The irreversible binding to the predicted target lysines were confirmed by proteomics and X-ray crystallography of the complexes. Finally, we applied this approach to develop protein-based covalent binders. A methacrylate-modified variant of the colicin E9 immunity protein irreversibly bound to the E9 DNAse, resulting in significantly higher thermal stability relative to the non-covalent complex. Our approach offers a simple and versatile route to convert peptides and proteins into potent covalent binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tivon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Oetelaar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amartely, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossar, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.553348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple method for developing lysine targeted covalent protein reagents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sedentary behavior may accelerate aging through impact on epigenome and transcriptome: lessons from muscle inactivation in Drosophila larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThe biological mechanisms linking sedentary lifestyles and metabolic derangements are incompletely understood. Our animal model mimics sedentary behavior during early life, enabling us to explore the associated chromatin epigenetic and transcriptomic landscapes.

MethodsDrosophila larvae carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the shibire1 (shi) gene were used. shi homozygous mutant larvae undergo instant arrest of muscle contraction at a restrictive temperature (30{degrees}C), without affecting other systems. Both shi and control (y,w) larvae were held at permissive temperature (18{degrees}C), and transferred to restrictive temperature (30{degrees}C) for six hours. Larvae were then dissected, fixed, and double-labeled with antibodies specific for epigenetic marks of chromatin activation (H3K9ac) and repression (H3K27me3), and their fluorescence signal was quantified. In addition, whole genome analysis of RNA-Pol II binding to DNA in muscle-specific inactive, or control larvae was performed using muscle-specific targeted DamID (TaDa) protocol.

ResultsInducing muscle inactivity in shi larvae at 300C yielded a significantly higher ratio between chromatin activation and repression, based upon H3K9ac/H3K27me3 signals (p=0.025), relative to all control groups for which this ratio was comparable (p=0.995). Furthermore, muscle inactivation led to altered Pol II binding to 121 out of 2010 genes (6%). The suppressed protein-coding genes included genes associated with longevity, DNA repair, muscle function, and ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis. In addition, a three-fold enrichment of genes coding for lncRNAs was noted in the muscle-inactive larvae.

ConclusionInducing muscle inactivation exerted a multi-level impact upon chromatin, triggering an altered epigenetic balance, as well as downregulation of the transcriptional activity of genes essential for muscle function, carbohydrate metabolism, longevity and others. Extrapolating these findings to humans holds promise for establishing a molecular link between sedentary behavior and metabolic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat-Kuperstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebenthal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sedentary behavior may accelerate aging through impact on epigenome and transcriptome: lessons from muscle inactivation in Drosophila larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment with a selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2 inhibitor in aged mice rejuvenates multiple organ systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of aging increases the risk of developing age-related diseases, which come at great societal healthcare costs and suffering to individuals. Meanwhile, targeting the basic mechanisms of aging can reduce the risk of developing age-related diseases during aging, essentially resulting in a  healthy aging process. Multiple aging pathways exist, which over past decades have systematically been confirmed through gene knockout or overexpression studies in mammals and the ability to increase healthy lifespan. In this work, we perform transcriptome-based drug screening to identify small molecules that mimic the transcriptional profiles of long-lived genetic interventions in mammals. We identify one small molecule whose transcriptional effects mimic diverse known genetic longevity interventions: compound 60 (Cmpd60), which is a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and 2 (HDAC2). In line with this, in a battery of molecular, phenotypic, and bioinformatic analyses, in multiple disease cell and animal models, we find that Cmpd60 treatment rejuvenates multiple organ systems. These included the kidney, brain, and heart. In renal aging, Cmpd60 reduced partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and decreased fibrosis in vivo. For the aging brain, Cmpd60 reduced dementia-related gene expression in vivo, effects that were recapitulated when treating the APPSWE-1349 Alzheimer mouse. In cardiac aging, Cmpd60 treatment activated favorable developmental gene expression in vivo and in line with this, improved ventricular cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation in a cell model of cardiac hypertrophy. Our work establishes that a systemic, two-week treatment with an HDAC1/2 inhibitor serves as a multi-tissue, healthy aging intervention in mammals. This holds potential for translation towards therapeutics that promote healthy aging in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tammaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>t Hart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juni, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamble, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongejan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelofs, J. J. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronica, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzies, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtkooper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment with a selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2 inhibitor in aged mice rejuvenates multiple organ systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoSMIC - A hybrid approach for large-scale, high-resolution microbial profiling of novel niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard microbial profiling based on 16S rRNA (16S) sequencing suffers from a lack of primer universality, primer biases and often yields low resolution. We introduce  Comprehensive Small Ribosomal Subunit Mapping and Identification of Communities (CoSMIC), addressing these challenges, especially in unexplored niches. CoSMIC begins with long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S gene, amplified by generic Locked Nucleic Acid primers over pooled samples, thus augmenting reference databases with novel niche-specific gene sequences. Subsequently, CoSMIC amplifies multiple non-consecutive variable regions along the gene, followed by short-read sequencing of each sample. Data from the different regions are integrated using the SMURF framework, alleviating primer biases and providing de-facto full gene resolution. Using a mock community, CoSMIC identified full-length 16S genes with significantly higher specificity and sensitivity while dramatically increasing resolution compared to standard methods. Evaluating CoSMIC across environmental samples provided higher accuracy and unprecedented resolution while detecting thousands of novel full-length 16S sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knafo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezenman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shental, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoSMIC - A hybrid approach for large-scale, high-resolution microbial profiling of novel niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria conjugate ubiquitin-like proteins to interfere with phage assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple immune pathways in humans conjugate ubiquitin-like proteins to virus and host molecules as a means of antiviral defense. Here we studied an anti-phage defense system in bacteria, comprising a ubiquitin-like protein, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E1 and E2, and a deubiquitinase. We show that during phage infection, this system specifically conjugates the ubiquitin-like protein to the phage central tail fiber, a protein at the tip of the tail that is essential for tail assembly as well as for recognition of the target host receptor. Following infection, cells encoding this defense system release a mixture of partially assembled, tailless phage particles, and fully assembled phages in which the central tail fiber is obstructed by the covalently attached ubiquitin-like protein. These phages exhibit severely impaired infectivity, explaining how the defense system protects the bacterial population from the spread of phage infection. Our findings demonstrate that conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins is an antiviral strategy conserved across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hör, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria conjugate ubiquitin-like proteins to interfere with phage assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.555321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of disease specific endothelial and stromal cell populations involved in arterial remodeling during development of pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.555321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and lethal pulmonary vascular disease characterized by arteriolar pruning and occlusive vascular remodeling leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventually right heart failure. While endothelial cell (EC) injury and apoptosis are known triggers for this disease, the mechanisms by which they lead to complex arterial remodeling remain obscure. We employed multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) at multiple timepoints during the onset and progression of disease in a model of severe PAH to identify mechanisms involved in the development of occlusive arterial lesions. There was significant loss of arterial volume as early as 1-week by microCT, preceding any evidence of occlusive arteriopathy, consistent with early arteriolar dropout. Maximal arterial pruning was seen by 5 to 8 weeks, with signs of progressive occlusive remodeling. Analysis of the scRNA-seq data resolved 44 lung cell populations, with widespread early transcriptomic changes at 1 week affecting endothelial, stromal and immune cell populations. Notably, this included emergence of a relatively dedifferentiated (dD) EC population that was enriched for Cd74 expression compared to general capillary (gCap) ECs which were primed to undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transition, as evidenced by RNA velocity analysis. However, at late timepoints (5 and 8 weeks), activated arterial ECs (aAECs) were the only cell population exhibiting persistent differential gene expression. This was characterized by a growth regulated state, including high expression of Tm4sf1, a gene implicated in cancer cell growth, which was also expressed by a smooth muscle (SM)-like pericyte cluster. Both these populations were localized to regions of arterial remodeling in the rat model and PAH patients, with aAECs contributing to intimal occlusive lesions and SM-like pericytes forming bands of medial muscularization. Together these findings implicate disease-specific vascular cells in PAH progression and suggest that TM4SF1 may be a novel therapeutic target for arterial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cober, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares Godoy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Situ, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemay, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klouda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.555321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of disease specific endothelial and stromal cell populations involved in arterial remodeling during development of pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured RhoGEF recruitment drives myosin II organization on large exocytotic vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Rho family of GTPases plays a crucial role in cellular mechanics, by regulating actomyosin contractility through the parallel induction of actin and myosin assembly and function. Using exocytosis of large vesicles in the Drosophila larval salivary gland as a model, we followed the spatiotemporal regulation of Rho1, that in turn creates distinct organization patterns of actin and myosin. After vesicle fusion, low levels of activated Rho1 diffuse to the vesicle membrane and drive actin nucleation in an uneven, spread-out pattern. Subsequently, the Rho1 activator RhoGEF2 distributes as an irregular meshwork on the vesicle membrane, activating Rho1 in a corresponding punctate pattern and driving local myosin II recruitment, resulting in vesicle constriction. Vesicle membrane buckling and subsequent crumpling occur at local sites of high myosin II concentrations. These findings indicate that distinct thresholds for activated Rho1 create a biphasic mode of actomyosin assembly, inducing anisotropic membrane crumpling during exocrine secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamalesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schejter, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, B.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured RhoGEF recruitment drives myosin II organization on large exocytotic vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coffea arabica, an allotetraploid hybrid of C. eugenioides and C. canephora, is the source of approximately 60% of coffee products worldwide, and its cultivated accessions have undergone several population bottlenecks. We present chromosome-level assemblies of a di-haploid C. arabica accession and modern representatives of its diploid progenitors, C. eugenioides and C. canephora. The three species exhibit largely conserved genome structures between diploid parents and descendant subgenomes, with no obvious global subgenome dominance. We find evidence for a founding polyploidy event 350,000-610,000 years ago, followed by several pre-domestication bottlenecks, resulting in narrow genetic variation. A split between wild accessions and cultivar progenitors occurred [~]30.5 kya, followed by a period of migration between the two populations. Analysis of modern varieties, including lines historically introgressed with C. canephora, highlights their breeding histories and loci that may contribute to pathogen resistance, laying the groundwork for future genomics-based breeding of C. arabica.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salojarvi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepelley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meidanis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschoal, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krabbenhoft, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aussel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellanger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charpagne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metairon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoreau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couturon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranchant-Dubreuil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLemos, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumirat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ChingMan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco-Arias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiwuka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musoli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalukenge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD+ depletion and altered mitochondrial function are key to the establishment of placental dysfunction in an inflammatory-driven subclass of preeclampsia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy associated hypertensive disease. It is one of the major causes of pregnancy-related maternal/perinatal adverse health outcomes, with a lack of highly effective preventative strategies and/or therapeutic interventions. Our group has previously identified distinct subclasses of pathophysiology underlying a PE diagnosis, one of which exhibits heightened immune activation at the gestational parent-fetal interface, identified as inflammatory-driven PE. In non-pregnant populations, chronic inflammation is associated with reduced cellular availability of NAD+, a vitamin B3-derived metabolite involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, specifically in placentas from women with inflammatory-driven PE, we observed increased activity of NAD+-consuming PARP enzymes and reduced NAD+ content. Moreover, these placentas had decreased expression of several mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and evidence of oxidative damage. This human data was supported by cell culture findings, which likewise demonstrated increased PARP activity, coupled to decreased mitochondrial respiration rates and decreased invasive function of cultured HTR8 human trophoblast cells, following inflammatory induction by TNF-. Importantly, these adverse inflammatory effects were attenuated by boosting cellular NAD+ levels with nicotinamide riboside (NR). Finally, using an LPS-induced rodent model of inflammatory-driven PE, we demonstrated that NR administration (200mg/kg/day) from gestational day (GD) 1-19 could prevent the development of maternal hypertension and fetal/placental growth restriction, improve placental mitochondrial function, reduce placental inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, this study demonstrates the critical role of NAD+ metabolism in maintaining healthy placental function and identifies NAD+ boosting as a promising preventative strategy for the inflammatory-driven subclass of PE.

One sentence summaryBoosting NAD+ levels prevent inflammatory-driven preeclampsia by improving placental mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzies, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cariaco, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhtar, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD+ depletion and altered mitochondrial function are key to the establishment of placental dysfunction in an inflammatory-driven subclass of preeclampsia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal barrier dysregulation in atopic skin predisposes for excessive growth of the allergy-associated yeast Malassezia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin barrier is vital for protection against environmental threats including insults caused by skin-resident microbes. Dysregulation of the barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ichthyosis, with variable consequences for host immune control of colonizing commensals and opportunistic pathogens. While sensitisation to Malassezia, the most abundant commensal fungus of the skin, is common in AD, its relevance for pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we show that in barrier-disrupted skin, Malassezia acquires enhanced fitness. This is not a consequence of the dysregulated allergic immune status characteristic for AD but is rather explained by structural and metabolic changes in the cutaneous niche that provide increased accessibility and a favourable lipid profile, to which the lipid-dependent yeast adapts for enhanced nutrient assimilation. These findings reveal fundamental insights into the role of the mycobiota in the pathogenesis of common skin barrier disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruchti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeibundGut-Landmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal barrier dysregulation in atopic skin predisposes for excessive growth of the allergy-associated yeast Malassezia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escalating High-dimensional Imaging using Combinatorial Channel Multiplexing and Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding tissue structure and function requires tools that quantify the expression of multiple proteins at single-cell resolution while preserving spatial information. Current imaging technologies use a separate channel for each individual protein, inherently limiting their throughput and scalability. Here, we present CombPlex (COMBinatorial multiPLEXing), a combinatorial staining platform coupled with an algorithmic framework to exponentially increase the number of proteins that can be measured from C up to 2c - 1. In CombPlex, every protein can be imaged in several channels, and every channel contains agglomerated images of several proteins. These combinatorically-compressed images are then decompressed to individual protein-images using deep learning. We achieve accurate reconstruction when compressing the stains of twenty-two proteins to five imaging channels and demonstrate that the approach works in both fluorescence microscopy and in mass-based imaging. Combinatorial staining coupled with deep-learning decompression can escalate the number of proteins measured using any imaging modality, without the need for specialized instrumentation. Coupling CombPlex with instruments for high-dimensional imaging could pave the way to image hundreds of proteins at single-cell resolution in intact tissue sections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Uri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Shabat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Tal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochwarger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schürch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escalating High-dimensional Imaging using Combinatorial Channel Multiplexing and Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusarium graminearum Ste2 and Ste3 Receptors Undergo Peroxidase Induced Heterodimerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
F. graminearum FgSte2 and FgSte3 are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) recently shown to play roles in mediating fungal hyphal chemotropism and plant pathogenesis in response to activity arising from host-released peroxidases. Here, we follow up on the previous observation that chemotropism is dependent on both FgSte2 and FgSte3 being present at the same time; testing the possibility that this effect might be due to formation of an FgSte2-FgSte3 heterodimer. Initially the recombinant cell-surface expression of the F. graminearum GPCRs was validated in S. cerevisiae by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analyses were subsequently conducted, where the addition of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was found to increase the transfer of energy from the inducibly-expressed FgSte3-Nano luciferase (FgSte3-NLuc) donor, to the constitutively-expressed FgSte2-yellow fluorescent protein (FgSte2-YFP) acceptor, compared to controls. A partial response was also detected when an HRP-derived ligand-containing extract was enriched from F. graminearum spores and applied to the S. cerevisiae BRET system directly. The selectivity of the interaction was demonstrated by comparison to treatment with pheromones as well as an unrelated bovine GPCR, rhodopsin, fused to YFP as acceptor, that yielded no response when co-expressed with FgSte3-NLuc. Finally, the peroxidase-stimulated heterodimerization was validated by affinity pulldown. Taken together these findings demonstrate the formation of HRP and HRP-derived ligand stimulated heterodimers between FgSte2 and FgSte3. Outcomes are discussed from the context of the roles of ligands and reactive oxygen species in GPCR dimerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jomphe, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusarium graminearum Ste2 and Ste3 Receptors Undergo Peroxidase Induced Heterodimerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bumblebee occupancy responds to complex interactions between local and landscape land use, climatic niche properties and climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect biodiversity is changing rapidly, driven by a complex suite of pressures, foremost among which are human land use, land-use intensification, and increasingly climate change. Bumblebees deliver important pollination services to wild plants and human crops, but we lack large-scale empirical evidence on how land use and climate change interact to drive bumblebee biodiversity changes. We assess bumblebee occupancy responses to interactive effects of land use and climate pressures across North America and Western Europe. Occupancy increases with landscape natural habitat and decreases with the duration of human use of landscapes. Responses to historical climate warming are negative in natural habitats but positive in human land uses, while human land use reduces occupancy most in the centre of species temperature niches. We estimate that the combined pressures have reduced bumblebee occupancy by 61% across sampled natural habitats, and 65% across human land uses, suggesting that treating present-day natural habitats as an undisturbed reference is misleading. Our results can inform efforts to conserve bumblebee biodiversity in the face of ongoing land-use changes and accelerating climatic changes.

One-sentence summaryLand use and climate change interact to drive large declines in bumblebee occupancy in both natural and human-modified habitats
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newbold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bumblebee occupancy responds to complex interactions between local and landscape land use, climatic niche properties and climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sound-mediated nucleation and growth of amyloid fibrils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical energy, specifically in the form of ultrasound, can induce pressure variations and temperature fluctuations when applied to an aqueous media. These conditions can both positively and negatively affect protein complexes, consequently altering their stability, folding patterns, and self-assembling behavior. Despite much scientific progress, our current understanding of the effects of ultrasound on the self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins remains limited. In the present study, we demonstrate that when the amplitude of the delivered ultrasonic energy is sufficiently low, it can induce refolding of specific motifs in protein monomers, which is sufficient for primary nucleation; this has been revealed by MD. These ultrasound-induced structural changes are initiated by pressure perturbations and are accelerated by a temperature factor. Furthermore, the prolonged action of low-amplitude ultrasound enables the elongation of amyloid protein nanofibrils directly from natively folded monomeric lysozyme protein, in a controlled manner, until it reaches a critical length. Using solution X-ray scattering, we determined that nanofibrillar assemblies, formed either under the action of sound or from natively fibrillated lysozyme, share identical structural characteristics. Thus, these results provide insights into the effects of ultrasound on fibrillar protein self-assembly and lay the foundation for the potential use of sound energy in protein chemistry.

Significance StatementUnderstanding how and why proteins form amyloid fibrils is crucial for research into various diseases, including neurodegeneration. Ultrasound is routinely used in research settings as a tool for generating amyloid seeds (nucleation sites) from mature fibrils, which accelerate the rate of fibril growth. However, ultrasound can have various effects on aqueous media including temperature, extreme shear, and free radicals. Here we show that when the ultrasound parameters are precisely adjusted, they can be utilized as a tool for amyloid growth directly from the natively folded monomers. Thus, it is possible to induce minor changes in the folding of proteins, which trigger nucleation and accelerate amyloid growth. This knowledge lays the foundation for the potential use of sound in protein chemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benyamin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviv, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimanovich, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sound-mediated nucleation and growth of amyloid fibrils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of EIF4G2 Mediates Aggressiveness in Distinct Human Endometrial Cancer Subpopulations with Poorer Survival Outcome in Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-canonical translation initiation factor EIF4G2 plays essential roles in embryonic development and differentiation, and contributes to the cellular stress response via translation of selective mRNA cohorts. Currently there is limited and conflicting information regarding the potential involvement of EIF4G2 in cancer development and progression. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most pervasive gynecological cancer in the developed world, with increasing incidence every year. High grade ECs are largely refractory to conventional treatments, presenting poor survival rates and lacking suitable prognostic markers. Here we assayed a cohort of 280 EC patients across different types, grades, and stages, and found that low EIF4G2 expression highly correlated with poor overall and recurrence free survival in Grade 2 EC patients, monitored over a period of up to 12 years. To establish a causative connection between low EIF4G2 expression and cancer progression, we analyzed in parallel two independent human EC cell lines and demonstrated that stable EIF4G2 knock-down resulted in increased resistance to conventional therapies. Depletion of EIF4G2 also increased the prevalence of molecular markers for aggressive cell subsets, and altered their transcriptional and proteomic landscapes. Prominent among the proteins with decreased abundance were Kinesin-1 motor proteins KIF5B and KLC1, 2, 3. Multiplexed imaging of the tumors from this EC patient cohort showed a correlation between decreased protein expression of either KIF5B or KLC1, and poor survival in patients of certain grades and stages. The findings herein reveal potential novel biomarkers for Grade 2 EC with potential ramifications for patient stratification and therapeutic interventions.

SignificanceDecreased EIF4G2 protein results in increased drug resistance of aggressive sub-populations of endometrial cancer cells, is associated with poor patient survival, and may serve as a novel prognosis marker for endometrial cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meril, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlbauer Avni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krausz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belhanes Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birisi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of EIF4G2 Mediates Aggressiveness in Distinct Human Endometrial Cancer Subpopulations with Poorer Survival Outcome in Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PURA Syndrome-causing mutations impair PUR-domain integrity and affect P-body association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the human PURA gene cause the neuro-developmental PURA syndrome. In contrast to several other mono-genetic disorders, almost all reported mutations in this nucleic acid binding protein result in the full disease penetrance. In this study, we observed that patient mutations across PURA impair its previously reported co-localization with processing bodies. These mutations either destroyed the folding integrity, RNA binding or dimerization of PURA. We also solved the crystal structures of the N- and C-terminal PUR domains of human PURA and combined them with molecular dynamics simulations and NMR measurements. The observed unusually high dynamics and structural promiscuity of PURA indicated that this protein is particularly susceptible to mutations impairing its structural integrity. It offers an explanation why even conservative mutations across PURA result in the full penetrance of symptoms in patients with PURA syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proske, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tretter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molitor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela-Rial, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Fabritiis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dormann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niessing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PURA Syndrome-causing mutations impair PUR-domain integrity and affect P-body association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomedical researchers perspectives on the reproducibility of research: a cross-sectional international survey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted an international cross-sectional survey of biomedical researchers perspectives on the reproducibility of research. This study builds on a widely cited 2016 survey on reproducibility, and provides a biomedical-specific and contemporary perspective on reproducibility. To sample the community, we randomly selected 400 journals indexed in MEDLINE, from which we extracted the author names and e-mails from all articles published between October 1, 2020 and October 1, 2021. We invited participants to complete an anonymous online survey which collected basic demographic information, perceptions about a reproducibility crisis, perceived causes of irreproducibility of research results, experience conducting replication studies, and knowledge of funding and training for research on reproducibility. A total of 1924 participants accessed our survey, of which 1630 provided useable responses (response rate 7% of 23,234). Key findings include that 72% of participants agreed there was a reproducibility crisis in biomedicine, with 27% of participants indicating the crisis was  significant. The leading perceived cause of irreproducibility was a  pressure to publish with 62% of participants indicating it  always or  very often contributes. About half of the participants (54%) had run a replication of their own previously published study while slightly more (57%) had run a replication of another researchers study. Just 16% of participants indicated their institution had established procedures to enhance the reproducibility of biomedical research; and 67% felt their institution valued new research over replication studies. Participants also reported few opportunities to obtain funding to attempt to reproduce a study and 83% perceived it would be harder to do so than to get funding to do a novel study. Our results may be used to guide training and interventions to improve research reproducibility and to monitor rates of reproducibility over time. The findings are also relevant to policy makers and academic leadership looking to create incentives and research cultures that support reproducibility and value research quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobey, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimzadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Dalfa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomedical researchers perspectives on the reproducibility of research: a cross-sectional international survey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscale molecular assembly is favored by the active, crowded cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mesoscale organization of molecules into membraneless biomolecular condensates is emerging as a key mechanism of rapid spatiotemporal control in cells1. Principles of biomolecular condensation have been revealed through in vitro reconstitution2. However, intracellular environments are much more complex than test-tube environments: They are viscoelastic, highly crowded at the mesoscale, and are far from thermodynamic equilibrium due to the constant action of energy-consuming processes3. We developed synDrops, a synthetic phase separation system, to study how the cellular environment affects condensate formation. Three key features enable physical analysis: synDrops are inducible, bioorthogonal, and have well-defined geometry. This design allows kinetic analysis of synDrop assembly and facilitates computational simulation of the process. We compared experiments and simulations to determine that macromolecular crowding promotes condensate nucleation but inhibits droplet growth through coalescence. ATP-dependent cellular activities help overcome the frustration of growth. In particular, actomyosin dynamics potentiate droplet growth by reducing confinement and elasticity in the mammalian cytoplasm, thereby enabling synDrop coarsening. Our results demonstrate that mesoscale molecular assembly is favored by the combined effects of crowding and active matter in the cytoplasm. These results move toward a better predictive understanding of condensate formation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocky, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscale molecular assembly is favored by the active, crowded cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin predictively encodes value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The in vivo responses of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin neurons to emotionally-salient stimuli are a puzzle. Existing theories centred on reward, surprise, or uncertainty individually account for some aspects of serotonergic activity but not others. Here we find a unifying perspective in a biologically-constrained predictive code for cumulative future reward, a quantity called state value in reinforcement learning. Through simulations of trace conditioning experiments common in the serotonin literature, we show that our theory, called value prediction, intuitively explains phasic activation by both rewards and punishments, preference for surprising rewards but absence of a corresponding preference for punishments, and contextual modulation of tonic firing--observations that currently form the basis of many and varied serotonergic theories. Next, we re-analyzed data from a recent experiment and found serotonin neurons with activity patterns that are a surprisingly close match: our theory predicts the marginal effect of reward history on population activity with a precision <<0.1 Hz neuron-1. Finally, we directly compared against quantitative formulations of existing ideas and found that our theory best explains both within-trial activity dynamics and trial-to-trial modulations, offering performance usually several times better than the closest alternative. Overall, our results show that previous models are not wrong, but incomplete, and that reward, surprise, salience, and uncertainty are simply different faces of a predictively-encoded value signal. By unifying previous theories, our work represents an important step towards understanding the potentially heterogeneous computational roles of serotonin in learning, behaviour, and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harkin, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beïque, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin predictively encodes value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential and lasting gene expression changes in circulating CD8 T cells in chronic HCV infection with cirrhosis and related insights on the role of Hedgehog signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of chronic hepatic infection on antigen non-specific immune cells in circulation is not well understood and may influence long term health. We reported lasting global hyperfunction of circulating CD8 T cells in HCV-infected individuals with cirrhosis. Whether gene expression patterns in bulk CD8 T cells are associated with the severity of liver fibrosis in HCV infection is not known. RNA sequencing of blood CD8 T cells from treatment-naive, HCV-infected individuals with minimal (Metavir F0-1 [&le;] 7.0 kPa) or advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis (F4 [&ge;] 12.5 kPa), before and after direct-acting antiviral therapy, was performed. Principal component analyses determined robust differences in over 350 genes expressed by CD8 T cells from HCV-infected individuals with minimal or advanced fibrosis and data suggests this remains relatively stable after viral clearance. Gene ontology analyses identified disaggregated gene expression related to cellular metabolism, including upregulated phospholipase, phosphatidyl-choline/inositol activity and second-messenger-mediated signaling, while genes in pathways associated with nuclear processes, RNA transport and cytoskeletal dynamics were reduced. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified decreased expression of genes regulated by the cMyc and E2f transcription factors in cirrhotics, compared to the minimal fibrosis group, as well as reduced expression of genes linked to oxidative phosphorylation, mTOR signaling, and more. Upregulated gene sets in cirrhotics included IFN-, -{gamma}, TGF-{beta} response genes, apoptosis and apical surface pathways, among others. The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was the top featured gene set upregulated in cirrhotics. Inhibition of Hh signaling with cyclopamine ablated CD8 T cell IFN-{gamma} production, suggesting its involvement in hyperfunction. This is the first analysis of bulk CD8 T cell gene expression profiles in HCV infection in the context of liver fibrosis severity, and suggests cirrhosis significantly reprograms the CD8 T cell pool. The novel finding of increased Hh signaling in cirrhosis may contribute to generalized CD8 T cell hyperfunction observed in chronic HCV infection. Understanding the lasting nature of immune cell dysfunction may help mitigate remaining clinical challenges after HCV clearance and more generally, improve long term outcomes for individuals with severe liver disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vranjkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.557725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential and lasting gene expression changes in circulating CD8 T cells in chronic HCV infection with cirrhosis and related insights on the role of Hedgehog signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping relationships between glutathione and SLC25 transporters in cancers using hybrid machine learning models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlterations of metabolism, including changes in mitochondrial and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, are a well appreciated hallmark of many cancers. Mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) transport is a poorly characterized aspect of GSH metabolism, which we investigate in the context of cancer. Existing functional annotation approaches from machine (ML) or deep learning (DL) models based only on protein sequences are unable to annotate functions in biological contexts, meaning new approaches must be developed for this task.

ResultsWe develop a flexible ML framework for functional annotation from diverse feature data. This hybrid approach leverages cancer cell line multi-omics data and other biological knowledge data as features, to uncover potential genes involved in mGSH metabolism and membrane transport in cancers. This framework achieves an average AUROC across functional annotation tasks of 0.900 and can be effectively applied to annotate a range of biological functions. For our application, classification models predict the known mGSH transporter SLC25A39 but not SLC25A40 as being highly probably related to GSH metabolism in cancers. SLC25A24 and the orphan SLC25A43 are also predicted to be associated with mGSH metabolism by this approach and structural analysis of these proteins reveal similarities in potential substrate binding regions to the binding residues of SLC25A39.

ConclusionThese findings have implications for a better understanding of cancer cell metabolism and novel therapeutic targets with respect to GSH metabolism through potential novel functional annotations of genes. The hybrid ML framework proposed here can be applied to other biological function classifications or multi-omics datasets to generate hypotheses in various biological contexts. Code and a tutorial for generating models and predictions in this framework are available at: https://github.com/lkenn012/mGSH_cancerClassifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuperlovic-Culf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping relationships between glutathione and SLC25 transporters in cancers using hybrid machine learning models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic circuit on a single DNA molecule as autonomous dissipative nanodevice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Realizing genetic circuits on single DNA molecules as self-encoded dissipative nanodevices is a major step toward miniaturization of autonomous biological systems. A circuit operating on a single DNA implies that genetically encoded proteins localize during coupled transcriptiontranslation to DNA, but a single-molecule measurement demonstrating this has remained a challenge. Here, we used a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter system with improved spatiotemporal resolution and observed the synthesis of individual proteins tethered to a DNA molecule by transient complexes of RNA polymerase, messenger RNA, and ribosome. Against expectations in dilute cell-free conditions where equilibrium considerations favor dispersion, these nascent proteins linger long enough to regulate cascaded reactions on the same DNA. We rationally designed a pulsatile genetic circuit by encoding an activator and repressor in feedback on the same DNA molecule. Driven by the local synthesis of only several proteins per hour and gene, the circuit dynamics exhibited enhanced variability between individual DNA molecules, and fluctuations with a broad power spectrum. Our results demonstrate that coexpressional localization, as a nonequilibrium process, facilitates single-DNA genetic circuits as dissipative nanodevices, with implications for nanobiotechnology applications and artificial cell design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lardon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daube, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noireaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic circuit on a single DNA molecule as autonomous dissipative nanodevice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal Ripples linked to Declarative Memory Judgments in Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial studies have demonstrated significant roles for hippocampal ripples in human declarative memory. Yet, the developmental trajectory and contribution of ripples to memory processes in children remain unknown. We studied hippocampal ripple activity using intracranial recordings in 14 children (age: 6-14) undergoing epilepsy monitoring. After watching a pink panther cartoon twice, participants engaged in an old/new recognition test, determining whether events portrayed in short (4s) videoclips stemmed from the cartoon they had just viewed. Our results reveal a significant rise in ripple rate during successful recognition of familiar events. An anticipatory decline in ripple rate preceded recognition errors. Interestingly, when participants viewed the cartoon passively during the initial full-length screenings, the overall temporal pattern of ripple activation remained consistent across repetitions, and significantly distinct from explicit recognition. We conclude that hippocampal ripples in children play a key role in declarative memory, supporting the explicit identification of previously encountered events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfmuller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taussig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorison, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fohlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrand-Sorbets, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulteau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal Ripples linked to Declarative Memory Judgments in Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8 T cell hyperfunction and reduced tumour control in models of advanced liver fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.557752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune dysfunction, both depression and hyperactivation, in liver disease contributes to significant morbidities and mortalities, depending on liver damage severity and etiology. The underlying causes of immune dysfunction in advanced liver disease, whether pathogen or host-mediated, remain unclear. We reported lasting generalized CD8+ T cell hyperfunction in individuals with advanced liver fibrosis in chronic HCV infection. The separation of viral and fibrosis-driven effects or the association of this phenomenon with clinical outcomes of advanced liver fibrosis remains to be determined. Here, a hepatotoxic murine model of liver fibrosis was used to decouple liver fibrosis from viral infection. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated mice presented progressive liver fibrosis within {approx}12 weeks, resulting in severe diffuse fibrosis, focal necrosis and surrounding mixed inflammation; pathology similar to that of chronic HCV infection. Taking advantage of this model, we investigated if liver fibrosis caused systemic CD8+ T cell hyperfunction and evaluated its impact on host immune response. At peak liver fibrosis, circulating CD8+ T cells presented increased expression of IFN-{gamma} and granzyme B (GrzB) in comparison to control animals. CD8+ T cell hyperfunction arose by 8 weeks of CCl4 treatment and was sustained with continued liver insult. As a result, fibrotic mice were unable to resist an ectopic tumour challenge and were less responsive to immunotherapy. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell dysfunction was observed in other contexts of chronic liver insult such as high fat diet-induced liver steatosis, even in the absence of significant fibrosis. Collectively, this study shows the impact of chronic liver insult on systemic CD8+ T cell function and its association with impaired immune response, such as tumour surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vranjkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorritsma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshmand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, A. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardolino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.557752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8 T cell hyperfunction and reduced tumour control in models of advanced liver fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labor across the length of the small intestine, with individual classes of micronutrients taken up at different positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. By examining fine-scale longitudinal segmentation of the mouse and human small intestines, we identified transcriptional signatures and upstream regulatory factors that define five domains of nutrient absorption, distinct from the three traditional sections. Spatially restricted expression programs were most prominent in nutrient-absorbing enterocytes but initially arose in intestinal stem cells residing in three regional populations. While a core signature was maintained across mice and humans with different diets and environments, domain properties were influenced by dietary changes. We established the functions of Ppar- and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism in distal domains and generated a predictive model of additional transcription factors that direct domain identity. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, representing the first systematic method to computationally identify specific intestinal regions in mice. These findings provide a foundational framework for the identity and control of longitudinal zonation of absorption along the proximal:distal small intestinal axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zwick, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasparek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palikuqi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viragova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathnayake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trentesaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locksley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Vitamin D in Emiliania huxleyi: A Microalgal Perspective on UV-B Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An essential interaction between sunlight and eukaryotes involves the production of vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While extensively studied in vertebrates, the role of vitamin D in non-animal eukaryotes like microalgae remains unclear. To investigate the potential involvement of vitamin D in the response of microalgae to UV, we focus on Emiliania huxleyi, a microalga found in shallow ocean depths that are exposed to UV radiation. Our results show that E. huxleyi algae produce vitamin D2 and D3 in response to UV irradiation. We further demonstrate that E. huxleyi algae respond to external administration of vitamin D at the transcriptional level, regulating the expression of protective mechanisms that are also regulated in response to UV. Our data reveal that addition of vitamin D enhances the algal photosynthetic performance while reducing harmful reactive oxygen species buildup. This study contributes to understanding the function of vitamin D in E. huxleyi and sheds light on its role in non-animal eukaryotes, as well as its potential importance in marine ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eliason, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Vitamin D in Emiliania huxleyi: A Microalgal Perspective on UV-B Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endolysosomal dysfunction in radial glia progenitor cells leads to defective cerebral angiogenesis and compromised Blood-Brain Barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex structure comprising neurons, glia, and pericytes that interact with specialized endothelial cells to maintain cerebral homeostasis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Alterations to NVU formation and function can lead to serious forms of cerebrovascular disease, including cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs), a range of pathological changes of cerebral capillaries within the white matter contributing to BBB dysfunction and demyelination.

Despite the growing recognition of the pivotal roles played by neuro-vascular and glia-vascular interfaces in NVU formation and functioning, CSVD research has mainly focused on characterizing pericyte and EC dysfunction, leaving our understanding of the contribution of non-vascular cells of the brain parenchyma limited.

Here, we use a novel zebrafish mutant to delve into the intricate interplay among NVU components and demonstrate how the compromised specification of a progenitor cell population sets off a cascade of events, ultimately leading to severe cerebrovascular abnormalities. The mutation affects Scavenger Receptor B2 (scarb2)/Lysosomal Membrane Protein 2 (limp2), a highly conserved protein residing in the membrane of late endosomes and lysosomes. We find Scarb2 to be predominantly expressed in Radial Glia Cells (RGCs), a multipotent cell giving rise to neurons and glia in both zebrafish and mammals. Through live imaging and genetic manipulations, we identify impaired Notch3 signaling in RGCs and their glial progeny as the primary consequence of Scarb2a depletion and show that this disruption causes excessive neurogenesis at the expense of glial cell differentiation. We further pinpoint compromised acidification of the endolysosomal compartment in mutant cells as the underlying cause of disrupted Notch3 processing, linking for the first time Notch3 defects in non-vascular cells of the brain parenchyma to CSVD phenotypes.

Given the evolutionary conservation of SCARB2 expression and the remarkable recapitulation of CSVD phenotypes, scarb2 mutants provide a promising framework for investigating the mechanisms governing Notch3 processing in non-vascular cells and their involvement in the onset of CSVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunspan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safriel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz De Almodovar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endolysosomal dysfunction in radial glia progenitor cells leads to defective cerebral angiogenesis and compromised Blood-Brain Barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria Contribute Exopolysaccharides to an Algal-Bacterial Joint Extracellular Matrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine ecosystems are influenced by phytoplankton aggregation, which affects processes like marine snow formation and harmful events such as marine mucilage outbreaks. Phytoplankton secrete exopolymers, creating an extracellular matrix (ECM) that promotes particle aggregation. This ECM attracts heterotrophic bacteria, providing a nutrient-rich and protective environment. In terrestrial environments, bacterial colonization near primary producers relies on attachment and the formation of multidimensional structures like biofilms. Bacteria were observed attaching and aggregating within algal-derived exopolymers, but it is unclear if bacteria produce an ECM that contributes to this colonization. This study, using Emiliania huxleyi algae and Phaeobacter inhibens bacteria in an environmentally relevant model system, reveals a shared algal-bacterial ECM scaffold that promotes algal-bacterial aggregation. Algal exudates play a pivotal role in promoting bacterial colonization, stimulating bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and facilitating a joint ECM formation. A bacterial biosynthetic pathway responsible for producing a succinoglycan-like compound contributing to bacterial ECM formation is identified. Genes from this pathway show increased expression in algal-rich environments. These findings highlight the underestimated role of bacteria in aggregate-mediated processes in marine environments, offering insights into algal-bacterial interactions and ECM formation, with implications for understanding and managing disturbances like marine mucilage events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipsman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlakhter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria Contribute Exopolysaccharides to an Algal-Bacterial Joint Extracellular Matrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the primary CO2 fixing enzyme of the biosphere yet has slow kinetics. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining the sequence landscape of rubisco remain debated. In order to map sequence to function, we developed a massively parallel assay for rubisco using an engineered E. coli where enzyme function is coupled to growth. By assaying >99% of single amino acid mutants across CO2 concentrations, we inferred enzyme velocity and CO2 affinity for thousands of substitutions. We identified many highly conserved positions that tolerate mutation and rare mutations that improve CO2 affinity. These data suggest that non-trivial kinetic improvements are readily accessible and provide a comprehensive sequence-to-function mapping for enzyme engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Kearney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of the perturbation-based massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) technique has enabled delineating of the roles of non-coding regulatory elements in orchestrating gene expression. However, computational efforts remain scant to evaluate and establish guidelines for sequence design strategies for perturbation MPRAs. Here, we propose a framework for evaluating and comparing various perturbation strategies for MPRA experiments. Under this framework, we benchmark three different perturbation approaches from the perspectives of alteration in motif-based profiles, consistency of MPRA outputs, and robustness of models that predict the activities of putative regulatory motifs. Although our analyses show similar while significant results in multiple metrics, the method of randomly shuffling nucleotides outperform the other two methods. Thus, we still recommend designing sequences by randomly shuffling the nucleotides of the perturbed site in perturbation-MPRA. The evaluation framework, together with the benchmarking findings in our work, creates a resource of computational pipelines and illustrates the promise of perturbation-MPRA for predicting non-coding regulatory activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of metabolic flux with hepatic glucagon signaling and gene expression profiles in the conscious dog 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon rapidly and profoundly simulates hepatic glucose production (HGP), but for reasons which are unclear, this effect normally wanes after a few hours, despite sustained plasma glucagon levels. This study characterized the time course and relevance (to metabolic flux) of glucagon-mediated molecular events in the livers of conscious dogs. Glucagon was either infused into the hepato-portal vein at a 6-fold basal rate in the presence of somatostatin and basal insulin, or it was maintained at a basal level in control studies. In one control group glucose remained at basal while in the other glucose was infused to match the hyperglycemia that occurred in the hyperglucagonemic group. Elevated glucagon caused a rapid (30 min) but only partially sustained increase in hepatic cAMP over 4h, a continued elevation in G6P, and activation and deactivation of glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities, respectively. Net hepatic glycogenolysis and HGP increased rapidly, peaking at 30 min, then returned to baseline over the next three hours (although glucagons stimulatory effect on HGP was sustained relative to the hyperglycemic control group). Hepatic gluconeogenic flux did not increase due to lack of glucagon effect on substrate supply to the liver. Global gene expression profiling highlighted glucagon-regulated activation of genes involved in cellular respiration, metabolic processes, and signaling, and downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix assembly and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coate, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnanan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winnick, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of metabolic flux with hepatic glucagon signaling and gene expression profiles in the conscious dog]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the tumor stress network reveals dynamic shifts in the stromal oxidative stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a challenging environment where cells must cope with stressful conditions such as fluctuating pH levels, hypoxia, and free radicals. In response, stress pathways are activated, which can both promote and inhibit tumorigenesis. In this study, we set out to characterize the stress response landscape across four carcinomas: breast, pancreas, ovary, and prostate tumors, focusing on five pathways: Heat shock response, oxidative stress response, unfolded protein response, hypoxia stress response, and DNA damage response. Using a combination of experimental and computational methods, we create an atlas of the stress response landscape across various types of carcinomas. We find that stress responses are heterogeneously activated in the TME, and highly activated near cancer cells. Focusing on the non-immune stroma we find, across tumor types, that NRF2 and the oxidative stress response are distinctly activated in immune-regulatory cancer-associated fibroblasts and in a unique subset of cancer associated pericytes. Our study thus provides an interactome of stress responses in cancer, offering new ways to intersect survival pathways within the tumor, and advance cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lior, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the tumor stress network reveals dynamic shifts in the stromal oxidative stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of modified FcγRI enables myeloid cells to elicit robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the central role of T cells in tumor immunity, attempts to harness their cytotoxic capacity as a therapy have met limited efficacy, partially as a result of the suppressive microenvironment which limits their migration and activation. In contrast, myeloid cells massively infiltrate tumors and are well adapted to survive these harsh conditions. While they are equipped with cell-killing abilities, they often adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype upon migration to tumors. Therefore, the questions of how to modify their activation programming against cancer, and what signaling cascades should be activated in myeloid cells to elicit their cytotoxicity have remained unclear.

Here, we found that activation of IgM-induced signaling in myeloid cells results in secretion of lytic granules and massive tumor cell death. These findings open venues for designing novel immunotherapy by equipping monocytes with chimeric receptors that target tumor antigens and consequently, signal through IgM receptor. Nonetheless, we found that myeloid cells do not express the antibody-derived portion used to recognize the tumor antigen due to the induction of an ER stress response. To overcome this limitation, we designed chimeric receptors that are based on the high-affinity Fc{gamma}RI for IgG. Incubation of macrophages expressing these receptors along with tumor-binding IgG induced massive tumor cell killing and secretion of reactive oxygen species and Granzyme B.

Overall, this work highlights the challenges involved in genetically reprogramming the signaling in myeloid cells and provides a framework for endowing myeloid cells with antigen-specific cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat-Younis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarfin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana-Magal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khateeb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutwillig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoulouniriana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleiberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of modified FcγRI enables myeloid cells to elicit robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TMPRSS2 non-protease domains regulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike in mediated virus entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. This process is aided by the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which enhances entry efficiency and infectiousness by cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein (Spike). The cleavage primes the Spike protein, promoting membrane fusion instead of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Despite the pivotal role played by TMPRSS2, our understanding of its non-protease distinct domains remains limited. In this report, we present evidence indicating the potential phosphorylation of a minimum of six tyrosine residues within the cytosolic tail (CT) of TMPRSS2. Through the use of TMPRSS2 CT phospho-mimetic mutants, we observed a reduction in TMPRSS2 protease activity, accompanied by a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection, which was found to occur mainly via the endosomal pathway. We expanded our investigation beyond TMPRSS2 CT and discovered the involvement of other non-protease domains in regulating infection. Our co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a strong interaction between TMPRSS2 and Spike. We revealed a 21 amino acid long TMPRSS2-Spike-binding region (TSBR) within the TMPRSS2 scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain that contributes to this interaction. Our study sheds light on novel functionalities associated with TMPRSS2s cytosolic tail and SRCR region. Both of these regions have the capability to regulate SARS-CoV-2 entry pathways. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between viral entry and host factors, opening new avenues for potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strobelt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TMPRSS2 non-protease domains regulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike in mediated virus entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring plasticity rules from single-neuron spiketrains using deep learning methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity is a core basis for learning and adaptation. Determining how synapses are altered by local signals - the learning rules - is the hinge about which brain activity pivots. A large number of in vitro characterizations have focused on restricted sets of core properties, but it remains to be established which if any of the known learning rules is most consistent with changes in activity patterns in behaving animals. To address this question, we hypothesize that the correlation between features of the activity of a single post-synaptic neuron and subsequent changes of the representations could be used to detect the underlying learning rule. Because this correlation is expected to be diluted in the notoriously large variability of brain activity, we test here learning rule inference based on passive observations of single neurons using deep artificial neural networks. Using simulated data, we found that both transformers, temporal convolutional networks, and SVM could classify learning rules far above the chance level, with transformers achieving the best overall accuracy. This performance can be achieved despite the presence of noise and representational drift. We further investigated the features used by the algorithms to perform the classification and found the deep net used inner temporal differences of distinct learning rules to separate learning trajectories. We also find, however, that the classification accuracy is sensitive to alterations in network properties. Our work illustrates that distinct learning rules generate distinguishable trajectories of responses, but warns against using simulation-trained classifiers to infer learning rules from real data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beique, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring plasticity rules from single-neuron spiketrains using deep learning methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity drives host-virus coexistence in a bloom-forming alga 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Algal blooms drive global biogeochemical cycles of key nutrients in the oceans and serve as hotspots for biological interactions. The massive spring blooms of the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) are often infected by the lytic Emiliania huxleyi specific virus (EhV) which is a major mortality agent triggering bloom demise. Nonetheless, the multi-annual "boom and bust" pattern of E. huxleyi suggests that mechanisms of coexistence are essential for these host-virus dynamics. To investigate host-virus coexistence, we developed a new model system from an E. huxleyi culture which recovered from viral infection. The recovered population coexists with the virus, as host cells continue to grow in parallel to viral production. By applying a single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) approach to quantify the fraction of infected cells and assessing infection-specific lipid biomarkers, we identified a small subpopulation (5-7% of cells) that was infected and produced new virions, whereas the majority of the host population could resist infection. To further assess population heterogeneity, we generated monoclonal strain collections using single-cell sorting and subsequently phenotyped their susceptibility to EhV infection. This unraveled a substantial cell-to-cell heterogeneity across a continuum of susceptibility to resistance, suggesting that infection outcomes may vary depending on the individual cell. These results add a new dimension to our understanding of the complexity of host-virus interactions that are commonly assessed in bulk and described by binary definitions of resistance or susceptibility. We propose that phenotypic heterogeneity drives E. huxleyi-EhV coexistence and may potentially provide the coexisting strain an ecological advantage by killing competing susceptible strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joffe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlers, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-to-cell heterogeneity drives host-virus coexistence in a bloom-forming alga]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity and promiscuity of JAK recruitment regulates pleiotropy of cytokine-receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promiscuous binding of different Janus kinases (JAKs) to class I/II cytokine receptors has been reported, yet its role in signaling is unclear. To systematically explore JAK pairing in type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, we generated an artificial IFN-I receptor (AIR) by replacing the extracellular domains of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 with anti mEGFP and mCherry nanobodies. The heterodimeric AIR restored near-native IFN-I activity, while the homomeric variant of IFNAR2 (AIR-dR2) initiated much weaker signaling despite harboring docking sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. AIR-dR1 was signaling inactive, yet, pulldown uncovered its ICD to bind both TYK2 and JAK1. To further investigate the roles of JAKs on the receptors, knockout (KO) JAK1, JAK2, TYK2, and JAK2/TYK2 were generated. JAK1 KO led to complete loss of IFN-I signaling, which was partially restored by TYK2 overexpression. TYK2 KO cells retained partial activity, which was elevated by JAK1 overexpression, suggesting both JAKs to partially substitute each other. Conversely, JAK2 KO only moderately impacted the biological activity of IFN-Is, even in JAK2/TYK2 KO cells. Live cell micropatterning confirmed promiscuous binding of JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 to IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, in line with an AlphaFold model that shows JAKs interchangeability on IFNAR ICDs. Similar promiscuity of JAK binding was observed for TPOR and GHR but not EPOR, accompanied by different downstream signaling activity. The competitive binding of JAKs to cytokine receptors together with the highly diverse absolute and relative JAK expression levels can account for cell type-dependent signaling pleiotropy observed for cytokine receptors.

One Sentence SummaryPromiscuous and interchangeable binding of JAKs to cytokine receptors enables cell type-specific pleiotropic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity and promiscuity of JAK recruitment regulates pleiotropy of cytokine-receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compression of sickspan by interventions that steepen the survival curve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longevity research aims to extend the period of healthy life, known as the healthspan, and to minimize the duration of disability and morbidity, known as the sickspan. Most longevity interventions in model organisms extend healthspan, but it is not known whether they extend healthspan relative to the lifespan - that is, whether they compress relative sickspan. Here, we present a theory that predicts which interventions effectively compress relative sickspan. The theory is based on the shape of the survival curve - the fraction of organisms surviving as a function of age. Interventions that extend mean lifespan while preserving the shape of the survival curve, known as scaling, are predicted to extend the sickspan proportionally, without compressing it. Such interventions include caloric restriction and many other longevity interventions. Conversely, a small subset of interventions that extend lifespan and steepen the shape of the survival curve, are predicted to compress the relative sickspan. We explain this based on the saturating removal mathematical model of aging, and present evidence from longitudinal health data in mice, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. We discuss longevity interventions in mice that steepen the survival curves, including senolytics, ketogenic diet, and agents that reduce glucose spikes and protect blood vessels, as potential candidates for compressing the sickspan. We apply the theory to combinations of longevity interventions and discuss human healthspan data. This approach offers potential strategies for compressing morbidity and extending healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosz, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compression of sickspan by interventions that steepen the survival curve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.559770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A topographical atlas of alpha-Synuclein dosage and cell-type expression in the mouse brain and periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.559770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and presents pathologically with Lewy pathology and dopaminergic neuron loss. Lewy pathology contains aggregated Synuclein (Syn), a protein encoded by the SNCA gene which is also mutated or duplicated in a subset of familial PD cases. Due to its predominant presynaptic localization, immunostaining for the protein results in diffuse signal, providing little insight into the types of cells expressing Syn. As a result, insight into Syn expression-driven cellular vulnerability has been difficult to ascertain. Using a combination of knock-in mice that target Syn to the nucleus of cells (SncaNLS) and in situ hybridization of Snca in wild-type mice, we systematically map the topography and cell types expressing Syn in the mouse brain, spinal cord, retina, and gut. We find a high degree of correlation between Syn protein and RNA levels across multiple brain regions and further identify cell types with low and high Syn. We found that Syn is highly expressed in neurons, particularly those involved in PD and to a lower extent in non-neuronal cell types, notably those of oligodendrocyte lineage. We also find that Syn is devoid in certain neuron types (e.g. ChAT-positive motor neurons), and that all enteric neurons express Syn to a certain degree. Taken together, this atlas provides much-needed insight into the cellular topography of Syn, and provides a quantitative map to test assumptions about the role of Syn in network vulnerability in PD and other Synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geertsma, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauline, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurgat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>aSCENT PD Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseaux, M. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.559770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A topographical atlas of alpha-Synuclein dosage and cell-type expression in the mouse brain and periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential encoding of odor and place in mouse piriform and entorhinal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of olfactory and spatial information is critical for guiding animal behavior. The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is reciprocally interconnected with cortical areas for olfaction and the hippocampus and thus ideally positioned to encode odor-place associations. Here, we used mini-endoscopes to record neural activity in the mouse piriform cortex (PCx) and LEC. We show that in head-fixed mice, odor identity could be decoded from LEC ensembles, but less accurately than from PCx. In mice freely navigating a linear track, LEC ensemble activity at the odor ports was dominated by spatial information. Spatial position along the linear track could be decoded from LEC and PCx activity, however, PCx but not LEC exhibited strong behavior-driven modulation of positional information. Together, our data reveal that information about odor cues and spatial context is differentially encoded along the PCx-LEC axis.

Significance statementFor most animals, the sense of smell is essential for successfully navigating the environment to find food, shelter, and mates. However, how olfactory and spatial information is integrated in the brain to support olfactory-guided behaviors remains poorly understood. In mammals, candidate brain regions thought to support odor-place associations include the olfactory (piriform, PCx) cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. We here characterize the activity of cells in the PCx and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) of freely moving mice in response to odor cues presented in a linear track. Using mini-endoscope microscopy and population coding analyses, we find that information about odors, spatial location, and behavior is differentially encoded along the PCx-LEC axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mena, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaei-Mazinani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential encoding of odor and place in mouse piriform and entorhinal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABTrans: A Transformer-based model for predicting interaction between anti-Abeta antibodies and peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the recognition of antibodies and A{beta} peptide is crucial for the development of more effective therapeutic agents. Here we studied the interaction between anti-A{beta} antibodies and different peptides by building a deep learning model, using the dodecapeptide sequences elucidated from phage display and known anti-A{beta} antibody sequences collected from public sources. Our multi-classification model, ABTrans was trained to determine the four levels of binding ability between anti-A{beta} antibody and dodecapeptide: not binding, weak binding, medium binding, and strong binding. The accuracy of our model reached 0.8278. Using the ABTrans, we examined the cross-reaction of anti-A{beta} antibodies with other human amyloidogenic proteins, and we found that Aducanumab and Donanemab have the least cross-reactions with other human amyloidogenic proteins. We also systematically screened all human proteins interaction with eleven selected anti-A{beta} antibodies to identify possible peptide fragments that could be an off-target candidate.

Key PointsO_LIABTrans is a Transformer-based model that was developed for the first time to predict the interaction between anti-A{beta} antibodies and peptides.
C_LIO_LIABTrans was trained using a dataset with 1.5 million peptides and 110 anti-A{beta} antibodies.
C_LIO_LIABTrans achieved an accuracy of 0.8278 and is capable of determining the four levels of binding ability between antibody and A{beta}: not binding, weak binding, medium binding, and strong binding.
C_LIO_LIABTrans has potential applications in predicting off-target and cross-reactivity effects of antibodies and in designing new anti-A{beta} antibodies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABTrans: A Transformer-based model for predicting interaction between anti-Abeta antibodies and peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repression of mRNA translation initiation by GIGYF1 via blocking the eIF3-eIF4G1 interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses commonly interfere with the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G1 (eIF4G1), a pivotal factor in the recruitment of the eIF3 complex and ribosome to the mRNA. This results in the inhibition of general host protein synthesis and redirecting ribosomes toward viral mRNAs. Certain viruses also selectively repress the translation of mRNAs involved in the host antiviral response. GIGYF2 and its interacting cap-binding protein 4EHP enable the transcript-specific repression of mRNA translation mediated by microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, exploit the GIGYF2/4EHP complex to selectively repress the translation of transcripts such as Ifnb1 mRNA, which encodes the antiviral cytokine Interferon {beta} (IFN-{beta}). Herein, we reveal that GIGYF1, a paralogue of GIGYF2, robustly represses cellular mRNA translation through a distinct mechanism independent of 4EHP. Upon recruitment to a target mRNA by RBPs, the C-terminal region of GIGYF1 binds to subunits of eIF3 at the interaction interface of eIF3-eIF4G1. This disrupts binding of eIF3 to eIF4G1, resulting in mRNA-specific translational repression. This mechanism exerts profound influences on the host cells response to viral infection. Depletion of GIGYF1 induces a robust immune response by derepressing Ifnb1 mRNA translation. Overall, our study highlights a unique mechanism of translational regulation by GIGYF1 that involves sequestering eIF3 and abrogating its binding to eIF4G1. This mechanism can be utilized by RBPs that interact with GIGYF1 to specifically repress the translation of their target mRNAs, significantly affecting critical biological processes, including host-pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesketh, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistofidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladak, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchaine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafarnejad, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repression of mRNA translation initiation by GIGYF1 via blocking the eIF3-eIF4G1 interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vicious cycle of hemodynamic perturbation and endothelial injury in development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease caused by loss of effective lung microvasculature for which there is no curative treatment. Evidence from preclinical models and human disease-causing genetic mutations point to endothelial cell (EC) injury and apoptosis as a central trigger for the initiation of PAH. However, how EC apoptosis leads to pulmonary hypertension (PH) and complex arteriolar remodeling is uncertain.

MethodsRats were subjected to SU5416-hypoxia (SUHx) and EC apoptosis, pulmonary vascular remodeling and arterial volume was assessed by immunohistochemistry, histology and microCT, respectively. Left pulmonary artery banding (LPAB) was performed, either 1 week before (prevention) or 5 weeks after SU injection (reversal), to study the effect of hemodynamic offloading.

ResultsIn the SUHx model, EC apoptosis was markedly increased as early as 3 days post-SU, persisting through PAH development, and this was associated with a profound arterial pruning with reduction in lung arterial volume ([~]80%). LPAB abrogated lung EC apoptosis in the banded left lung and prevented as well as reversed arteriolar pruning. Moreover, in the reversal protocol, removal of the band at 10 weeks resulted in improvement in pulmonary hemodynamics and RV function at 13 weeks.

ConclusionThese data demonstrate that perturbed hemodynamic factors triggered by lung microvascular arteriolar loss play a requisite role in perpetuating endothelial injury in experimental PAH, leading to persistent arterial EC injury and disease progression. Importantly, vascular loss, arterial remodeling and PH are reversible once the cycle of perturbed hemodynamics and EC injury is broken by unilateral lung banding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesavan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chathely, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vicious cycle of hemodynamic perturbation and endothelial injury in development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation by NPYR underlies experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary paths taken by each sex within a given species sometimes diverge, resulting in behavioral differences. Given their distinct needs, the mechanism by which each sex learns from a shared experience is still an open question. Here, we reveal sexual dimorphism in learning: C. elegans males do not learn to avoid the pathogenic bacteria PA14 as efficiently and rapidly as hermaphrodites. Notably, neuronal activity following pathogen exposure was dimorphic: hermaphrodites generate robust representations, while males, in line with their behavior, exhibit contrasting representations. Transcriptomic and behavioral analysis revealed that the neuropeptide receptor npr-5, an ortholog of the mammalian NPY receptor, regulates male learning by modulating neuronal activity. Furthermore, we show the dependency of the males decision-making on their sexual status and demonstrate the pivotal role of npr-5 as a modulator of incoming sensory cues. Taken together, we portray sex-specific plasticity in behavior toward a shared experience by modulating learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peedikayil-Kurien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation by NPYR underlies experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentional Engagement and Disengagement: Quantifying Attentional Shifts Utilizing the Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large body of ssVEP research has provided significant insights into the temporal dynamics of attentional processes. While these studies focused primarily on group level inspection, there is a need for further research employing methodological approaches that enable the examination of individual-level variability. This is particularly relevant in psychological contexts, where such measures are linked to various cognitive and clinical outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to measure and discern attentional shift processes, examining both group and individual subject dynamics. We utilized EEG frequency tagging to examine attentional engagement, disengagement, and reengagement while participants switched focus between four flickering stimuli. Analysis of ssVEPs revealed significant changes in amplitude between attentional conditions. Specifically, group-level results indicated an increase in activity during engagement with the first target, followed by a decrease upon disengagement, while reengagement with the second target showed a corresponding increase in activity occurring on average 110 ms prior to disengagement. Distinct individual patterns emerged, with participants showing either disengagement, reengagement, both, or no shifts. Notably, the timing and order of these attentional shifts varied considerably across individuals relative to target switch events. These findings demonstrate the ability of this approach to quantify attentional shifts on both group and individual levels, providing a foundation for further research into individual differences in attentional control, which may have implications for understanding adaptive and maladaptive psychological functioning.

HighlightsO_LIEEG frequency tagging captures attentional engagement, disengagement, and reengagement processes.
C_LIO_LIGroup-level ssVEP analysis reveals that attentional reengagement occurs 110 ms before attentional disengagement.
C_LIO_LIIndividual-level analysis demonstrates diverse patterns of attentional shift timing and order.
C_LIO_LIThe experimental framework successfully quantifies attentional dynamics on the group and individual levels.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eidelman-Rothman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okon-Singer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentional Engagement and Disengagement: Quantifying Attentional Shifts Utilizing the Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breast Cancer Macrophage Heterogeneity and Self-renewal are Determined by Spatial Localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-infiltrating macrophages support critical steps in tumor progression, and their accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is associated with adverse outcomes and therapeutic resistance across human cancers. In the TME, macrophages adopt diverse phenotypic alterations, giving rise to heterogeneous immune activation states and induction of cell cycle. While the transcriptional profiles of these activation states are well-annotated across human cancers, the underlying signals that regulate macrophage heterogeneity and accumulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we leveraged a novel ex vivo organotypic TME (oTME) model of breast cancer, in vivo murine models, and human samples to map the determinants of functional heterogeneity of TME macrophages. We identified a subset of F4/80highSca-1+ self-renewing macrophages maintained by type-I interferon (IFN) signaling and requiring physical contact with cancer-associated fibroblasts. We discovered that the contact-dependent self-renewal of TME macrophages is mediated via Notch4, and its inhibition abrogated tumor growth of breast and ovarian carcinomas in vivo, as well as lung dissemination in a PDX model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Through spatial multi-omic profiling of protein markers and transcriptomes, we found that the localization of macrophages further dictates functionally distinct but reversible phenotypes, regardless of their ontogeny. Whereas immune-stimulatory macrophages (CD11C+CD86+) populated the tumor epithelial nests, the stroma-associated macrophages (SAMs) were proliferative, immunosuppressive (Sca-1+CD206+PD-L1+), resistant to CSF-1R depletion, and associated with worse patient outcomes. Notably, following cessation of CSF-1R depletion, macrophages rebounded primarily to the SAM phenotype, which was associated with accelerated growth of mammary tumors. Our work reveals the spatial determinants of macrophage heterogeneity in breast cancer and highlights the disruption of macrophage self-renewal as a potential new therapeutic strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Chetrit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotelo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swett, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekhar, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyher, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannuna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breast Cancer Macrophage Heterogeneity and Self-renewal are Determined by Spatial Localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.561846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal single-cell data informs deterministic modelling of inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.561846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows deep molecular and cellular profiling of immunological processes. Longitudinal scRNA-seq datasets can be used for deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based modelling to mechanistically describe immune dynamics. Here, we derived longitudinal changes in the abundance of six colonic cell types during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from scRNA-seq data of a mouse model of colitis using ODE-based models. We then predicted the immune dynamics of a different mouse colitis protocol and confirmed these scRNA-seq-based predictions with our previously published single-cell-based flow cytometry data. We further hypothesised that the estimated model parameters reflect biological processes. We validated this prediction of cellular turnover rates with KI-67 staining and with gene expression information from the scRNA-seq data not used for model fitting. Finally, we tested the translational relevance of the model simulations by predicting genes indicative of treatment response in human IBD patients. The predictive power of IBD deterministic modelling from scRNA-seq data highlights its potential to advance our understanding of immune dynamics in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouboulis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprezyna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landsberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büttner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villablanca, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adlung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.561846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal single-cell data informs deterministic modelling of inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A virally encoded high resolution screen of cytomegalovirus host dependencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens have transformed our ability to interrogate cellular factor requirements in infection, yet current approaches are limited in their sensitivity, biased towards early stages of infection and provide only simplistic phenotypic information which is often based on infected cell survival. Here, by engineering human cytomegalovirus to express sgRNA libraries directly from the viral genome, we developed a sensitive, versatile, viral centric approach that allows profiling of different stages along viral infection in a pooled format. Using this approach, which we termed VECOS (Virus Encoded CRISPR-based direct readOut Screening system), we identified hundreds of novel host dependency and restriction factors and quantified their direct effects on viral genome replication, viral particle secretion and infectiousness of secreted particles, providing a multi-dimensional perspective on viral-host interactions. These high resolution measurements reveal that perturbations that alter late stages in HCMV life cycle mostly regulate HCMV particle quality rather than quantity, defining correct virion assembly as a critical stage that is heavily reliant on viral-host interactions. Overall, VECOS facilitates systematic high resolution dissection of human proteins role along the infection cycle, providing a roadmap for in-depth dissection of host-herpesvirus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonovsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobesova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A virally encoded high resolution screen of cytomegalovirus host dependencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leaderless consensus decision-making determines cooperative transport direction in weaver ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal groups need to achieve and maintain consensus to minimise conflict among individuals and prevent group fragmentation. An excellent example of a consensus challenge is cooperative transport, where multiple individuals cooperate to move a large item together. This behavior, regularly displayed by ants and humans only, requires individuals to agree on which direction to move in. Unlike humans, ants cannot use verbal communication but most likely rely on private information and/or mechanical forces sensed through the carried item to coordinate their behaviour. Here we investigated how groups of weaver ants achieve consensus during cooperative transport using a tethered-object protocol, where ants had to transport a prey item that was tethered in place with a thin string. This protocol allows the decoupling of the movement of informed ants from that of uninformed individuals. We showed that weaver ants pool together the opinions of all group members to increase their navigational accuracy. We confirmed this result using a symmetry-breaking task, in which we challenged ants with navigating an open-ended corridor. Weaver ants are the first reported ant species to use a  wisdom of the crowd strategy for cooperative transport, demonstrating that consensus mechanisms may differ according to the ecology of each species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlesso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leaderless consensus decision-making determines cooperative transport direction in weaver ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational biases contribute to the neutral complexification of protein interaction networks following gene duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems can gain complexity over time. While some of these transitions are likely driven by natural selection, the extent to which they occur without providing an adaptive benefit is unknown. At the molecular level, one example is heteromeric complexes replacing homomeric ones following gene duplication. Here, we build a biophysical model and simulate the evolution of homodimers and heterodimers following gene duplication using distributions of mutational effects inferred from available protein structures. We keep the specific activity of each dimer identical, so their concentrations drift neutrally without new functions. We show that for more than 60% of tested dimer structures, the relative concentration of the heteromer increases over time due to mutational biases that favor the heterodimer. However, allowing mutational effects on synthesis rates and differences in the specific activity of homo- and heterodimers can limit or reverse the observed bias toward heterodimers. Our results show that the accumulation of more complex protein quaternary structures is likely under neutral evolution, and that natural selection would be needed to reverse this tendency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielly-Thibault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational biases contribute to the neutral complexification of protein interaction networks following gene duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of efficient artificial enzymes using crystallographically-enhanced conformational sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to create efficient artificial enzymes for any chemical reaction is of great interest. Here, we describe a computational design method for increasing catalytic efficiency of de novo enzymes to a level comparable to their natural counterparts without relying on directed evolution. Using structural ensembles generated from dynamics-based refinement against X-ray diffraction data collected from crystals of Kemp eliminases HG3 (kcat/KM 125 M-1 s-1) and KE70 (kcat/KM 57 M-1 s-1), we design from each enzyme [&le;]10 sequences predicted to catalyze this reaction more efficiently. The most active designs display kcat/KM values improved by 100-250-fold, comparable to mutants obtained after screening thousands of variants in multiple rounds of directed evolution. Crystal structures show excellent agreement with computational models. Our work shows how computational design can generate efficient artificial enzymes by exploiting the true conformational ensemble to more effectively stabilize the transition state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakotoharisoa, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifinoferest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of efficient artificial enzymes using crystallographically-enhanced conformational sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous multi-transient linear-combination modeling of MRS data improves uncertainty estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe interest in applying and modeling dynamic MRS has recently grown. 2D modeling yields advantages for the precision of metabolite estimation in interrelated MRS data. However, it is unknown whether including all transients simultaneously in a 2D model without averaging (presuming a stable signal) performs similarly to 1D modeling of the averaged spectrum. Therefore, we systematically investigated the accuracy, precision, and uncertainty estimation of both described model approaches.

MethodsMonte Carlo simulations of synthetic MRS data were used to compare the accuracy and uncertainty estimation of simultaneous 2D multi-transient LCM with 1D-LCM of the average. 2,500 datasets per condition with different noise representations of a 64-transient MRS experiment at 6 signal-to-noise levels for two separate spin systems (scyllo-inositol and GABA) were analyzed. Additional datasets with different levels of noise correlation were also analyzed. Modeling accuracy was assessed by determining the relative bias of the estimated amplitudes against the ground truth, and modeling precision was determined by standard deviations and Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLB).

ResultsAmplitude estimates for 1D- and 2D-LCM agreed well and showed similar level of bias compared to the ground truth. Estimated CRLBs agreed well between both models and with ground truth CRLBs. For correlated noise the estimated CRLBs increased with the correlation strength for the 1D-LCM but remained stable for the 2D-LCM.

ConclusionOur results indicate that the model performance of 2D multi-transient LCM is similar to averaged 1D-LCM. This validation on a simplified scenario serves as necessary basis for further applications of 2D modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicic, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous multi-transient linear-combination modeling of MRS data improves uncertainty estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Egg MVBs elicit an antimicrobial pathway to degrade paternal mitochondria after fertilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are maternally inherited, but the mechanisms underlying paternal mitochondrial elimination (PME) after fertilization are far less clear. Using Drosophila, we show that special egg-derived multivesicular bodies (MVBs) promote PME by activating LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a cellular defense pathway commonly employed against invading microbes. Upon fertilization, the egg MVBs engage and densely coat the sperm flagellum, forming extended flagellum vesicular sheaths (FVSs), within which the paternal mitochondria degrade. Inactivation of multiple LAP pathway components, such as Rubicon, a LAP-specific class III PI(3)K complex protein, significantly attenuates PME. Furthermore, recruitment of Atg8/LC3 to the FVS requires both Rubicon and the Atg8/LC3 conjugation machinery. Other LAP pathway events, such as production of the phospholipid PtdIns(3)P and reactive oxygen species (ROS), also unfold during PME. Finally, we provide evidence that a similar pathway might also mediate PME in mammals, highlighting the notion that eggs may regard paternal mitochondria as potentially dangerous trespassers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maizenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrokovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacobi-Sharon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Egg MVBs elicit an antimicrobial pathway to degrade paternal mitochondria after fertilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using large language models to study human memory for meaningful narratives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most impressive achievements of the AI revolution is the development of large language models that can generate meaningful text and respond to instructions in plain English with no additional training necessary. Here we show that language models can be used as a scientific instrument for studying human memory for meaningful material. We developed a pipeline for designing large scale memory experiments and analyzing the obtained results. We performed online memory experiments with a large number of participants and collected recognition and recall data for narratives of different lengths. We found that both recall and recognition performance scale linearly with narrative length. Furthermore, in order to investigate the role of narrative comprehension in memory, we repeated these experiments using scrambled versions of the presented stories. We found that even though recall performance declined significantly, recognition remained largely unaffected. Interestingly, recalls in this condition seem to follow the original narrative order rather than the scrambled presentation, pointing to a contextual reconstruction of the story in memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using large language models to study human memory for meaningful narratives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian coupling of mitochondria in a deep-diving mammal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is essential to match energy supply to changing cellular energy demands, and to cope with periods of hypoxia. Recent work implicates the circadian molecular clock in control of mitochondrial function and hypoxia sensing. Since diving mammals experience intermittent episodes of severe hypoxia, with diel patterning in dive depth and duration, it is interesting to consider circadian - mitochondrial interaction in this group. Here we demonstrate that the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), a deep diving Arctic pinniped, shows strong daily patterning of diving behaviour in the wild. Cultures of hooded seal skin fibroblasts exhibit robust circadian oscillation of the core clock genes per2 and arntl. In liver tissue collected from captive hooded seals, expression of arntl was some 4-fold higher in the middle of night than in the middle of the day. To explore the clock-mitochondria relationship, we measured the mitochondrial oxygen consumption in synchronized hooded seal skin fibroblasts and found a circadian variation in mitochondrial activity, with higher coupling efficiency of complex I coinciding with the trough of arntl expression. These results open the way for further studies of circadian - hypoxia interactions in pinnipeds during diving.

SUMMARY STATEMENTA functional clockwork and circadian variation in mitochondrial complex I efficiency is demonstrated in skin fibroblasts from the deep diving hooded seal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciccone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkow, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazlerigg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian coupling of mitochondria in a deep-diving mammal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells regulate human Hematopoietic Stem Cell survival and regeneration via cAMP/PKA pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapies severely impair hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, causing bone marrow failure and secondary malignancies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) within the hematopoietic niche support HSPC survival and regeneration, but the underlying pro-survival mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that MSCs suppress IR-induced apoptosis in human HSPCs and preserve their regenerative capacity. Transcriptomic analyses identified a robust induction of CREB target genes in HSPCs upon MSC contact, driven by MSC-secreted prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via cAMP signaling. While MSC-derived PGE2 predominantly protected quiescent HSPCs from IR-induced apoptosis, direct pharmacological elevation of cAMP with Forskolin/IBMX (FSKN/IBMX) effectively shielded both quiescent and cycling HSPCs, significantly enhancing their engraftment and self-renewal. Mechanistically, cAMP pathway activation reduced pro-apoptotic ASPP1 and PUMA expression, elevated p21, and stabilized anti-apoptotic MCL1 and BCL-XL proteins. Collectively, our study uncovers an MSC-driven PGE2/CREB signaling pathway critical for human HSPC regeneration, highlighting pharmacological modulation of this axis as a promising strategy to mitigate DNA damage-induced myelosuppression and improve transplantation outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milyavsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MUDDINENI, S. S. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz-Even, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipin-Roitman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesenchymal Stromal Cells regulate human Hematopoietic Stem Cell survival and regeneration via cAMP/PKA pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algal Exudates Promote Conjugation in Marine Roseobacters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a pivotal mechanism driving bacterial evolution, conferring adaptability within dynamic marine ecosystems. Among HGT mechanisms, conjugation mediated by type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) plays a central role in the ecological success of marine bacteria. However, the conditions promoting conjugation events in the marine environment are not well understood. Roseobacters, abundant marine bacteria commonly associated with algae, possess a multitude of T4SSs. Many Roseobacters are heterotrophic bacteria that rely on algal secreted compounds to support their growth. These compounds attract bacteria, facilitating colonization and attachment to algal cells. Algae and their metabolites bring bacteria into close proximity, potentially promoting bacterial HGT. Investigation across various Roseobacters revealed that algal exudates indeed enhance plasmid transfer through conjugation. While algal exudates do not influence the transcription of bacterial conjugative machinery genes, they promote bacterial attachment, potentially stabilizing proximity and facilitating HGT. Notably, under conditions where attachment is less advantageous, the impact of algal exudates on conjugation is reduced. These findings suggest that algae enhance bacterial conjugation primarily by fostering attachment and highlight the importance of studying bacterial HGT within the context of algal-bacterial interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchin Rapp, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliyah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kublanov, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algal Exudates Promote Conjugation in Marine Roseobacters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereotyped goal-directed activity patterns in the insular cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insular cortex is involved in diverse processes including bodily homeostasis, emotions, and cognition. Yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of how it processes information at the level of neuronal populations. We leveraged recent advances in unsupervised machine learning to study insular cortex population activity patterns (i.e., neuronal manifold) in mice performing goal-directed behaviors. We find that the insular cortex activity manifold is remarkably consistent across different animals and under different motivational states. Activity dynamics within the neuronal manifold are highly stereotyped during rewarded trials, enabling robust prediction of single-trial outcomes across different mice, and across various natural and artificial motivational states. Comparing goal-directed behavior with self-paced free consumption, we find that the stereotyped activity patterns reflect task-dependent goal-directed reward anticipation, and not licking, taste, or positive valence. These findings reveal a core computation in insular cortex that could explain its involvement in pathologies involving aberrant motivations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talpir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereotyped goal-directed activity patterns in the insular cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of monocyte differentiation in adult skin permits repair of the Langerhans cell network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Langerhans cells (LCs) maintain tissue and immunological homeostasis at the epidermal barrier site. They are unique among phagocytes in functioning both as embryo-derived, tissue-resident macrophages that influence skin innervation and repair, and as migrating professional antigen presenting cells, a capability classically assigned to dendritic cells (DCs). Here we report the mechanisms that determine this dual identity. Using ablation of embryo-derived LCs in murine adult skin and tracked differentiation of incoming monocyte-derived replacements, we reveal intrinsic intra-epidermal heterogeneity. We demonstrate that monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor (MDP)-derived monocytes are selected for survival in the skin environment. Within the epidermis, the hair follicle niche subsequently provides an initial site of LC commitment, likely via Notch signaling, prior to metabolic adaptation and survival of differentiated monocyte-derived LCs. In human skin, we show that embryo-derived (e)LCs in newborns retain transcriptional evidence of their macrophage origin, but this is superseded by distinct DC-like immune modules after post-natal expansion of eLCs. Thus, intrinsic and extrinsic adaptations to adult skin niches replicate conditioning of eLC at birth, permitting repair of the unique LC network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Appios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirvent, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzebanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal Carvalho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan-Hao Kan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardern-Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of monocyte differentiation in adult skin permits repair of the Langerhans cell network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone elongation in the embryo occurs without column formation in the growth plate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chondrocyte columns, which are a hallmark of growth plate architecture, play a central role in bone elongation. Columns are formed by clonal expansion following rotation of the division plane, resulting in a stack of cells oriented parallel to the growth direction. However, despite decades of research, column structure has thus far been studied only in two dimensions. To fill this knowledge gap, we analyzed hundreds of Confetti multicolor clones in growth plates of mouse embryos using a pipeline comprising 3D imaging and algorithms for morphometric analysis. Surprisingly, analysis of the elevation angles between neighboring pairs of cells revealed that most cells did not display the typical stacking pattern associated with column formation, implying incomplete rotation of the division plane. Morphological analysis revealed that although embryonic clones were elongated, they formed clusters oriented perpendicular to the growth direction. Analysis of growth plates of postnatal mice revealed both complex columns, composed of both ordered and disordered cell stacks, and small, disorganized clusters located in the outer edges. Our finding that embryonic growth plates function without forming columns suggests that longitudinal bone growth is regulated by different cellular mechanisms during pre- and postnatal development. Moreover, the observed complex columnar and cluster arrangements may serve other, yet unknown morphogenetic functions. More broadly, our findings provide a new understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying growth plate activity and bone elongation during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seewald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villoutreix, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone elongation in the embryo occurs without column formation in the growth plate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced efficiency in the bilingual brain through the inter-hemispheric cortico-cerebellar pathway in early second language acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bilingual experience has a profound impact on the functional and structural organization of the brain, but it is not yet well known how this experience influences whole-brain functional network connectivity. We examined a well-characterized large sample (151 participants) of monolinguals and bilinguals with varied age of second language acquisition, who underwent resting-state functional magnetic brain imaging. We constructed comprehensive functional brain networks for each participant, encompassing cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar regions of interest. Whole-brain analyses revealed that bilingual individuals exhibit higher global efficiency than monolinguals, indicating enhanced functional integration in the brain. Moreover, the age at which the second language was acquired correlated with this increased efficiency, suggesting that earlier exposure to a second language has lasting positive effects on brain functional organization. Further investigation through the network-based statistics (NBS) approach indicates that this effect is primarily driven by heightened functional connectivity between association networks and the cerebellum. This work shows that early learning enhances global whole-brain efficiency and that the timing of learning of two languages has an impact on functional brain organization.

Significance statementLong-term learning impacts brain organization at different spatial scales, and this may be particularly enhanced during early stages of life. Bilingualism offers a unique opportunity to test long-term learning effects in the human brain, given that exposure to a second language can occur from birth or later in life, and can be maintained over long periods of time. We found that second language acquisition in early childhood (before five years of age) enhances brain network efficiency, and that this effect goes beyond the language and cognitive control regions, in fact, the interhemispheric cortico-cerebellar circuit plays a key role. This work shows that the timing of bilingual learning experience alters the brain functional organization at the global and local levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gracia-Tabuenca, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeau, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousaie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced efficiency in the bilingual brain through the inter-hemispheric cortico-cerebellar pathway in early second language acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Electron Spin-Polarizability and Charge Dynamics in Protein Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primitive nucleic acids and peptides likely collaborated during the earliest stages of biochemistry. What forces drove their interactions, and how did these forces shape the properties of primitive complexes? We investigated the association of two model primordial polypeptides with DNA. Coupling the peptides to a ferromagnetic substrate results in a dependence of the association rate and the extent of DNA binding on the orientation of magnetic moment of the substrate. The DNA binding could be nearly abolished by inverting the orientation of the magnetic field, despite the two polymers having complementary net charges. Inverting the chirality of either the entire peptide or just the connecting cysteine residue inverted the effect of the magnetic moment orientation. These results are attributed to the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, in which molecular chirality and electron spin interact to alter the electric polarizability of the protein. The observation of CISS effects governing simple protein-DNA complexes, suggests that this phenomenon was plausibly operative and potentially significant for primitive biomolecules. A key consequence of the CISS effect is to increase the kinetic stability of primitive protein-nucleic acid complexes. Taken together, our results show how emergent phenomena due to chirality and spin enhance bio-association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vyas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preeyanka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil-Ktorza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Electron Spin-Polarizability and Charge Dynamics in Protein Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte-derived microglia with Dnmt3a mutation cause motor pathology in aging mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are established in embryogenesis forming a self-containing cellular compartment resisting seeding with cells derived from adult definitive hematopoiesis. We report that monocyte-derived macrophages (MoM{Phi}) accumulate in the brain of aging mice with distinct topology, including the nigrostriatum and medulla, but not the frontal cortex. Parenchymal MoM{Phi} adopt bona fide microglia expression profiles. Unlike microglia, these monocyte-derived microglia (MoMg) are due to their hematopoietic origin targets of clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Using a chimeric transfer model, we show that hematopoietic expression of DNMT3AR822H, a prominent mutation in human CH, renders MoMg pathogenic promoting motor deficits resembling atypical Parkinsonian disorders. Collectively, these data establish in a mouse model that MoMg progressively seed the brains of aging healthy mice, accumulate in selected areas, and, when carrying a somatic mutation associated with CH, can contribute to brain pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzebanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilani, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aust, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura-Halfon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginhoux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Tidow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uderhardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milenkovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte-derived microglia with Dnmt3a mutation cause motor pathology in aging mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A liquid-to-solid phase transition of biomolecular condensates drives in vivo formation of yeast amyloids and prions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and liquid-solid phase transition (LSPT) of amyloidogenic proteins are now being intensively studied as a potentially widespread mechanism of pathological amyloids formation. However, the possibility and importance of such a mechanism in living systems is still questionable. Here, we investigated the possibility of such LSPT for a series of yeast prion proteins-based constructs overproduced in yeast cells lacking any pre-existing amyloid template. By combining fluorescence and electron microscopy with biochemical and genetic approaches, we have shown that three such constructs (containing the prion domains (PDs) of either Sup35, Rnq1 or Mot3 proteins) form amyloid fibrils via the intermediate stage of liquid-like condensates, that age over time into the more solid-like hydrogels and amyloid bodies. In turn, LSPT of these constructs triggers prion conversion of the corresponding wild-type protein. Two other constructs studied (Ure2- and Sap30-based) are unable to phase separate in vivo and their amyloidogenesis is therefore strongly suppressed. Using PrK-resistant amyloid core mapping, we showed that Sup35PD amyloids formed via LSPT have a different molecular architecture compared to those formed via amyloid cross-seeding. Finally, we showed that physiological LLPS of wild-type Sup35 protein can increase its prion conversion in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alieva, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikishina, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kireev, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golyshev, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyurin-Kuzmin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnirov, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dergalev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.566816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A liquid-to-solid phase transition of biomolecular condensates drives in vivo formation of yeast amyloids and prions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PROTACable is an Integrative Computational Pipeline of 3-D Modeling and Deep Learning to Automate the De Novo Design of PROTACs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that engages two biological targets at once is a promising technology in degrading clinically relevant protein targets. Since factors that influence the biological activities of PROTACs are more complex than those of a small molecule drug, we explored a combination of computational chemistry and deep learning strategies to forecast PROTAC activity and enable automated design. A new method named PROTACable was developed for de novo design of PROTACs, which includes a robust 3-D modeling workflow to model PROTAC ternary complexes using a library of E3 ligase and linker and an SE(3)-equivariant graph transformer network to predict the activity of newly designed PROTACs. PROTACable is available at https://github.com/giaguaro/PROTACable/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mslati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PROTACable is an Integrative Computational Pipeline of 3-D Modeling and Deep Learning to Automate the De Novo Design of PROTACs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal Human Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, and NL63 Induce Cell Surface Modulation of Entry Receptors and Display Host Cell-Specific Viral Replication Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted increased interest in seasonal human coronaviruses. 229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1 are endemic seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold and are associated with generally mild respiratory symptoms. In this study, we identified cell lines that exhibited cytopathic effects (CPE) upon infection by three of these coronaviruses and characterized their viral replication kinetics and the effect of infection on host surface receptor expression. We found that NL63 produced CPE in LLC-MK2 cells, while OC43 produced CPE in MRC-5, HCT-8 and WI-38 cell lines, while 229E produced CPE in MRC-5 and WI-38 by day 3 post-infection. We observed a sharp increase in nucleocapsid and spike viral RNA (vRNA) from day 3 to day 5 post-infection for all viruses, however the abundance and the proportion of vRNAs copies measured in the supernatants and cell lysates of infected cells varied considerably depending on the virus-host cell pair. Importantly, we observed modulation of coronavirus entry and attachment receptors upon infection. Infection with 229E and OC43 led to a downregulation of CD13 and GD3, respectively. In contrast, infection with NL63, and also with OC43, lead to an increase in ACE2 expression. Attempts to block entry of NL63 using either soluble ACE2 or anti-ACE2 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the potential of these strategies to greatly reduce infection. Overall, our results enable a better understanding of seasonal coronaviruses infection kinetics in permissive cell lines, and reveal entry receptor modulation that may have implications in facilitating co-infections with multiple coronaviruses in humans.

IMPORTANCESeasonal human coronavirus are an important cause of the common cold associated with generally mild upper respiratory tract infections that can result in respiratory complications for some individuals. There are no vaccines available for these viruses, with only limited antiviral therapeutic options to treat the most severe cases. A better understanding of how these viruses interact with host cells is essential to identify new strategies to prevent infection-related complications. By analyzing viral replication kinetics in different permissive cell lines, we find that cell-dependent host factors influence how viral genes are expressed and virus particles released. We also analyzed entry receptor expression on infected cells and found that these can be up or down modulated depending on the infecting coronavirus. Our findings raise concerns over the possibility of infection enhancement upon co-infection by some coronaviruses, which may facilitate genetic recombination and the emergence of new variants and strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siragam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltseva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galipeau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal Human Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, and NL63 Induce Cell Surface Modulation of Entry Receptors and Display Host Cell-Specific Viral Replication Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-associated fibroblasts serve as decoys to suppress NK cell anti-cancer cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are among the most abundant components of the breast tumor microenvironment (TME) and major contributors to immune modulation. CAFs are well-known to regulate the activity of diverse types of immune cells including T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, however little is known about their interaction with Natural killer (NK) cells, which constitute an important arm of anti-tumor immunity. Here we find, using mouse models of cancer and ex-vivo co-cultures, that CAFs inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. We unravel the mechanism by which this suppression occurs, through ligand-receptor engagement between NK cells and CAFs leading to CAF cytolysis, which in turn diminishes the expression of activating receptors on NK cells, promoting cancer escape from NK cell surveillance. Analysis of breast cancer patient samples reveals enrichment of NK cells in CAF-rich regions, and upregulation of NK binding ligands on CAFs which is correlated with poor disease outcome. These results reveal a CAF-mediated immunosuppressive decoy mechanism with implications for treatment of solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruper, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi-Galibov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg-Fogler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carradori, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morzaev-Sulzbach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Yam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-associated fibroblasts serve as decoys to suppress NK cell anti-cancer cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.564875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite interactions of PKA catalytic subunit and C-terminal domains of cardiac Ca2+ channel modulate its β-adrenergic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.564875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adrenergic nervous system augments cardiac contraction by increasing the activity of L-type voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels. Dysregulation of this process is linked to severe cardiac dysfunctions. The signaling cascade involves activation of {beta}-adrenergic receptors, elevation of cAMP levels, separation of protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit (PKAR) from catalytic subunit (PKAC), and phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein Rad leading to increased Ca2+ influx. In cardiomyocytes, the core subunit of CaV1.2 (1C) exists in two forms: full-length (FL) or proteolytically processed (truncated), lacking the distal C-terminus (dCT). Specificity and efficiency in the cascade are believed to emanate from unique protein-protein interactions, such as anchoring PKA (via PKAR) to 1C by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). However, most AKAPs do not interact with the truncated 1C, and their role in {beta}AR regulation of cardiac CaV1.2 remains unclear. Here we show that PKAC, independently of PKAR or AKAPs, directly interacts with 1C at two domains in 1C-CT: the proximal and distal C-terminal regulatory domains (PCRD and DCRD), which also interact with each other. Furthermore, we find that DCRD competes with PCRD and reduces its interaction with PKAC. The physiological consequences of these complex interactions are incompletely understood; our data suggest that they may fine-tune the {beta}AR regulation of CaV1.2. We propose that the newly discovered interactions take part in governing colocalization of regulatory proteins within the {beta}AR-CaV1.2 multimolecular signaling complexes in cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surbramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsemakhovich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky-Hecht, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vysochek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fecher-Trost, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuhlke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Raifman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flockerzi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klussmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.564875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite interactions of PKA catalytic subunit and C-terminal domains of cardiac Ca2+ channel modulate its β-adrenergic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unique chaperoning mechanism in Class A JDPs recognizes and stabilizes mutant p53. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
J-domain proteins (JDPs) constitute a large family of molecular chaperones that bind a broad spectrum of substrates, targeting them to Hsp70, thus determining the specificity and activating the entire chaperone functional cycle. The malfunction of JDPs is therefore inextricably linked to myriad human disorders. Here we uncover a novel mechanism by which chaperones recognize misfolded clients, present in class-A JDPs. Through a newly-identified {beta}-hairpin site, these chaperones detect changes in protein dynamics at the initial stages of misfolding, prior to exposure of hydrophobic regions or large structural rearrangements. The JDPs then sequester misfolding-prone proteins into large oligomeric assemblies, protecting them from aggregation. Through this mechanism, class-A JDPs bind destabilized p53 mutants, preventing clearance of these oncoproteins by Hsp70-mediated degradation, thus promoting cancer progression. Removal of the {beta}-hairpin abrogates this protective activity while minimally affecting other chaperoning functions. This suggests the class-A JDP {beta}-hairpin as a highly specific target for cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoltsman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchersky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentink, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.568993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unique chaperoning mechanism in Class A JDPs recognizes and stabilizes mutant p53.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential proteome diversification in yeast populations: modes of short-term adaptation and fitness outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-term proteomic adaptations serve as an initial line of defence, allowing populations to cope with environmental changes before long-term genetic alterations occur. Using a representative set of genes, we examined how stress affects gene expression variability for different types and levels of abiotic stresses and how this influences population-level adaptation. Our data reveal that, depending on the nature of the stress, two distinct modes of response can be employed. In one, the levels of most proteins vary between individuals, leading to varied fitness levels in the population. In the other, a more limited range of expression is seen, and fitness is more even. This suggests different levels of complexity and plasticity in adaptation to different types of stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knafo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezenman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsigalnitski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.568995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential proteome diversification in yeast populations: modes of short-term adaptation and fitness outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-mediated cholesterol crystal processing and clearance observed by 3D cryo-imaging in human atherosclerotic plaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerosis is a pathology affecting the arteries, characterized by the buildup of plaques in the blood vessel walls. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases, which constitute the leading cause of death in the world. Cholesterol crystals are the main components of the plaques, which actively participate in plaque growth and rupture and do not dissolve in aqueous environments. Employing novel cryo-scanning electron microscopy techniques, we examined human atherosclerotic plaques at high resolution, in 3D, and in close to native conditions. We show that cholesterol crystal clearance occurs in advanced human plaques through the activity of cells. We suggest that this occurs by enzymatic esterification of cholesterol to cholesteryl ester, which aggregates into intra- and extra-cellular pools. This discovery provides further understanding of the disease process in atherosclerosis, and may inspire new therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shenkar, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan-Ashiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.568890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-mediated cholesterol crystal processing and clearance observed by 3D cryo-imaging in human atherosclerotic plaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal genomic analysis of melanoma rejection identifies regulators of tumor immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decreased intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) correlates with increased patient survival and immunotherapy response. However, even highly homogenous tumors may display variability in their aggressiveness, and how immunologic-factors impinge on their aggressiveness remains understudied. Here we studied the mechanisms responsible for the immune-escape of murine tumors with low ITH. We compared the temporal growth of homogeneous, genetically-similar single-cell clones that are rejected vs. those that are not- rejected after transplantation in-vivo using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunophenotyping. Non- rejected clones showed high infiltration of tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs), lower T-cell infiltration, and increased T-cell exhaustion compared to rejected clones. Comparative analysis of rejection- associated gene expression programs, combined with in-vivo CRISPR knockout screens of candidate mediators, identified Mif (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) as a regulator of immune rejection. Mif knockout led to smaller tumors and reversed non-rejection-associated immune composition, particularly, leading to the reduction of immunosuppressive macrophage infiltration. Finally, we validated these results in melanoma patient data.

Statement of significanceHere, we uncover the association of Mif expression with tumor growth and aggressiveness, specifically in low ITH tumors. These findings could facilitate the development of new strategies to treat patients with homogeneous, high-MIF expressing tumors that are unresponsive to immune checkpoint therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shvefel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartok, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellus-Alyagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranmar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketrarou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal genomic analysis of melanoma rejection identifies regulators of tumor immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural and age-related variation in circulating human hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) deliver life-long multi-lineage output. However, with aging, we exhibit certain characteristic blood count changes and accumulation of clonal disorders. Better understanding of inter-individual variation in HSPC behavior is needed to understand these age-related phenomena and the transition from health to chronic and acute hematological malignancies. Here we study 627K single circulating CD34+ HSPCs (cHSPCs) from 148 healthy individuals, along with their clinical information and clonal hematopoiesis (CH) profiles, to characterize population-wide and age-related hematopoietic variability. Individuals with CH were linked with reduced frequencies of lymphocyte progenitors and higher RDW. An age-related decrease in lymphoid progenitors was observed, predominantly in males. Inter-individual transcriptional variation in expression of a Lamin-A signature and stemness gene programs were linked with aging and presence of macrocytic anemia. Based on our model for healthy cHSPC variation we construct the normal reference for cHSPC subtype frequencies. We show how compositional and expression deviations from this normal reference can robustly identify myeloid malignancies and pre-malignant states. Together, our data and methodologies present a novel resource, shedding light on various age-related hematopoietic processes, and a comprehensive normal cHSPC reference, which can serve as a tool for diagnosing and characterizing hematological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Kiki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipony, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdichevsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural and age-related variation in circulating human hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.02.569694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demonstration of Bioplastic Production from CO2 and Formate using the Reductive Glycine Pathway in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.02.569694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a strong need to develop technologies that reduce anthropogenic pollution and the dependence on nonrenewable Earth resources. One way of doing so is by harnessing biological systems for replacing the production of fossil-fuel based goods with low-environmental-impact alternatives. Recently, progress was made in engineering the model organism E. coli to grow using CO2 and formate as its only carbon and energy sources using the reductive glycine pathway (rGlyP). Here, we use this engineered strain of E. coli as a host system for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biologically derived and biodegradable plastic. We confirmed the production of PHB in this strain using Nile red fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and GC measurements. Since formate can be efficiently generated from CO2 by electrochemical reduction using renewable energy sources, this study serves as a proof of concept for the emerging field of electro-bioproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiguelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomaa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.02.569694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demonstration of Bioplastic Production from CO2 and Formate using the Reductive Glycine Pathway in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-specific evolution and host-specific regulation of transposable elements in the model plant symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive DNA that can create variability in genome structure and regulation. The genome of Rhizophagus irregularis, a widely studied arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), comprises approximately 50% repetitive sequences that include transposable elements. Despite their abundance, two-thirds of TEs remain unclassified, and their regulation among AMF life-stages remains unknown. Here, we aimed to improve our understanding of TE diversity and regulation in this model species by curating repeat datasets obtained from chromosome-level assemblies and by investigating their expression across multiple conditions. Our analyses uncovered new TE superfamilies and families in this model symbiont and revealed significant differences in how these sequences evolve both within and between R. irregularis strains. With this curated TE annotation, we also detected that the number of upregulated TE families in colonized roots is four times higher than in the extraradical mycelium, and their overall expression differs depending on the plant host. This work provides a fine-scale view of TE diversity and evolution in model plant symbionts and highlights their transcriptional dynamism and specificity during host-microbe interactions. We also provide Hidden Markov Model profiles of TE domains for future manual curation of uncharacterized sequences (https://github.com/jordana-olive/TE-manual-curation/tree/main).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J. I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-specific evolution and host-specific regulation of transposable elements in the model plant symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy causes complex biophysical changes and reduced neuronal firing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations in the SCN8A gene, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6, lead to various neurodevelopmental disorders. The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) mutation (NaV1.6G1625R) was identified in a patient diagnosed with developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), presenting with moderate epilepsy and severe developmental delay.

MethodsWe performed biophysical and neurophysiological characterizations of NaV1.6G1625R in Neuro-2a cells and cultured hippocampal neurons, followed by computational modeling to determine the impact of its heterozygous expression on cortical neuron function.

FindingsVoltage-clamp analyses of NaV1.6G1625R demonstrated a heterogeneous mixture of gain-and loss-of-function properties, including reduced current amplitudes, a marked increase in the time constant of fast voltage-dependent inactivation and a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Recordings in transfected cultured neurons showed that these intricate biophysical properties had a minor effect on neuronal excitability when firing relayed on both endogenous and transfected NaV channels. Conversely, there was a marked reduction in the number of action potentials when firing was driven by the transfected mutant NaV1.6 channels. Computational modeling of mature cortical neurons further revealed a mild reduction in neuronal firing when mimicking the patients heterozygous NaV1.6G1625R expression. Structural modeling of NaV1.6G1625R and a double-mutant cycle analysis suggested the possible formation of pathophysiologically-relevant cation-{pi} interaction between R1625 and F1588, affecting the voltage dependence of inactivation.

InterpretationOur analyses demonstrate a complex combination of gain and loss-of-function changes resulting in an overall mild reduction in neuronal firing, related to a perturbed interaction network within the voltage sensor domain.

FundingISF, DFG, BMBF, The Hartwell Foundation, ICRF, ISCA

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSMutations in the SCN8A gene, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6, result in multiple neurodevelopmental syndromes ranging from benign epilepsy to developmental delay without epilepsy or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Recent studies established that most DEE-causing SCN8A mutations result in a gain of function effect. However, several SCN8A mutations that diverge from this pattern were described.

Added value of this studyWe performed a multi-tiered study of the SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant (NaV1.6G1625R), identified in a patient with atypical DEE presentation, featuring moderate epilepsy that is well controlled by the sodium channel blocker Oxcarbazepine, along with profound stagnated developmental delay.

This variant is positioned within the S4 segment of domain IV, a critical region for NaV1.6 function, where pathogenic variants were shown to cause either a loss or gain of channel function, but often with mixed biophysical alterations.

Our biophysical characterization of NaV1.6G1625R in Neuro-2a cells demonstrated complex gain-and loss-of-function properties, cumulating to reduced firing in cultured hippocampal neurons and computational modeling of mature cortical neurons, demonstrating an overall loss-of-function effect.

Implications of all the available evidenceOur results indicate the necessity for combined biophysical and neuronal characterization of individual SCN8A variants, especially those presenting with complex biophysical changes or atypical clinical presentation. Moreover, while sodium channel blockers are the recommended treatment for SCN8A variants associated with gain-of-function, additional considerations may be needed for DEE-causing variants that are associated with mild loss-of-function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muruganandam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy causes complex biophysical changes and reduced neuronal firing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput screening identifies broad-spectrum Coronavirus entry inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the pressing need for antiviral therapeutics capable of mitigating infection and spread of emerging coronaviruses (CoVs). A promising therapeutic strategy lies in inhibiting viral entry mediated by the Spike (S) glycoprotein. To identify small molecule inhibitors that block entry downstream of receptor binding, we established a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on pseudoviruses. We employed a three-step process to screen nearly 200,000 small molecules. First, we identified potential inhibitors by assessing their ability to inhibit pseudoviruses bearing the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. Subsequent counter-screening against pseudoviruses with the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), yielding sixty-five SARS-CoV-2 S-specific inhibitors. These were further tested against pseudoviruses bearing the MERS-CoV S glycoprotein, which uses a different receptor. Out of these, five compounds including the known broad-spectrum inhibitor Nafamostat, were subjected to further validation and tested them against pseudoviruses bearing the S glycoprotein of the alpha, delta, and omicron variants as well as against bona fide SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. This rigorous approach revealed a novel inhibitor and its derivative as a potential broad-spectrum antiviral. These results validate the HTS platform and set the stage for lead optimization and future pre-clinical, in vivo studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partuk, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurrush, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz-Alon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran-Rajau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput screening identifies broad-spectrum Coronavirus entry inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of heterogeneous myelination patterns on axonal conduction and vulnerability to demyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons in the mammalian brain show significant diversity in myelination motifs, displaying spatial heterogeneity in sheathing along individual axons and across brain regions. However, its impact on neural signaling and susceptibility to injury remains poorly understood. To address this, we leveraged cable theory and developed model axons replicating the myelin sheath distributions observed experimentally in different regions of the mouse central nervous system. We examined how the spatial arrangement of myelin affects propagation and predisposition to conduction failure in axons with cortical versus callosal myelination motifs. Our results indicate that regional differences in myelination significantly influence conduction timing and signaling reliability. Sensitivity of action potential propagation to the specific positioning, lengths, and ordering of myelinated and exposed segments reveals non-linear and path-dependent conduction. Furthermore, myelination motifs impact signaling vulnerability to demyelination, with callosal motifs being particularly sensitive to myelin changes. These findings highlight the crucial role of myelinating glia in brain function and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talidou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.570018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of heterogeneous myelination patterns on axonal conduction and vulnerability to demyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.569965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-variate statistical and machine learning reveals the interplay between sex and age in antibody responses to de novo SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.569965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevention of negative COVID19 infection outcomes and infection/vaccine-acquired immunity is associated with the quality of antibody responses, whose variance by age and sex are poorly understood. Integrated, network approaches, identified sex and age effects in antibody responses and neutralization potential of de novo infection and vaccination throughout the Covid-19 pandemic. Cluster analysis found neutralization values followed SARS-CoV-2 specific receptor binding RIgG, spike SIgG and S and RIgA levels based on COVID19 status. Stochastic behavior tests and other analytical methods revealed sex differences only in persons <40y.o. Serum IgA antibody titers correlated with neutralization only in females 40-60y.o. Network analysis found males could improve IgA responses after vaccination dose 2, unlike >60y.o. females. Complex correlation analyses found vaccination induced less antibody isotype switching and neutralization in older persons, especially in females. Sex dependent antibody & neutralization behavior decayed fastest in older males and with vaccination. Such sex and age characterization by machine learning can direct studies integrating cell mediated responses to define yet elusive correlates of protection and inform age and sex precision-focused vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuperlovic-Culf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galipeau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCluskie, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Piccirillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.569965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-variate statistical and machine learning reveals the interplay between sex and age in antibody responses to de novo SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-renewing Sox9+ osteochondral stem cells in the postnatal skeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal skeletal growth, homeostatic maintenance, and regeneration is driven by skeletal stem cells. In addition, it is well established that skeletal tissues lose their regenerative potential with age, comorbidities, and repeated trauma, possibly through stem cell exhaustion or loss of function. However, it is largely unknown where these cells reside in skeletal tissues, what molecular mechanisms regulate their self-renewal and fate decisions, and how to isolate, purify, and expand them ex vivo. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of postnatal skeletal stem cells. Here, we used genetic lineage tracing, thymidine analogues retention, whole bone microscopy, imaging cytometry, in vitro assays, and single cell transcriptomics and provide the first experimental evidence for the existence of self-renewing osteochondral stem cells in the postnatal skeleton in both males and females. We also show direct comparisons between adult, fetal, mouse, and human skeletal stem cells at the transcriptome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilouche, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandukwala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arezza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastourne-Arrey, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakra, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-renewing Sox9+ osteochondral stem cells in the postnatal skeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
snPATHO-seq: unlocking the pathology archives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples are valuable but underutilized in single-cell omics research due to their low DNA and RNA quality. In this study, leveraging recent single-cell genomic technology advances, we introduce a versatile method to derive high-quality single-nucleus transcriptomic data from FFPE samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero Morales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiedik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Eryani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalavros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SegatovDezem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pita-Juarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degletagne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanneson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakiam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlway, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadadianpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abousoud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durruthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejos, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelotto, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[snPATHO-seq: unlocking the pathology archives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) is a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that coordinates diverse DNA metabolic processes including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. RPA is a heterotrimeric protein with six functional oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide (OB) domains and flexible linkers. Flexibility enables RPA to adopt multiple configurations and is thought to modulate its function. Here, using single molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with optical tweezers and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the diffusional migration of single RPA molecules on ssDNA under tension. The diffusion coefficient D is the highest (20,000 nucleotides2/s) at 3 pN tension and in 100 mM KCl and markedly decreases when tension or salt concentration increases. We attribute the tension effect to intersegmental transfer which is hindered by DNA stretching and the salt effect to an increase in binding site size and interaction energy of RPA-ssDNA. Our integrative study allowed us to estimate the size and frequency of intersegmental transfer events that occur through transient bridging of distant sites on DNA by multiple binding sites on RPA. Interestingly, deletion of RPA trimeric core still allowed significant ssDNA binding although the reduced contact area made RPA 15-fold more mobile. Finally, we characterized the effect of RPA crowding on RPA migration. These findings reveal how the high affinity RPA-ssDNA interactions are remodeled to yield access, a key step in several DNA metabolic processes.

SignificanceReplication Protein A (RPA) binds to the exposed single stranded DNA (ssDNA) during DNA metabolism. RPA dynamics are essential to reposition RPA on ssDNA and recruit downstream proteins at the bound site. Here in this work, we perform a detailed biophysical study on dynamics of yeast RPA on ssDNA. We show that RPA can diffuse on ssDNA and is affected by tension and salt. Our observations are best explained by the intersegmental transfer model where RPA can transiently bridge two distant DNA segments for its migration over long distances. We further dissect the contributions of the trimerization core of RPA and other adjacent RPA molecules on RPA migration. This study provides detailed experimental and computational insights into RPA dynamics on ssDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.570606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-energy demand and nutrient exhaustion in MTCH2 knockout cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2) is a regulator of apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics, and metabolism. Loss of MTCH2 results in mitochondrial fragmentation, an increase in whole-body energy utilization, and protection from diet-induced obesity. We now show using temporal metabolomics that MTCH2 deletion results in a high ATP demand, an oxidized environment, a high lipid/amino acid/carbohydrate metabolism, and in the decrease of many metabolites. Lipidomics analyses show a strategic adaptive decrease in membrane lipids and an increase in storage lipids in MTCH2 knockout cells. Importantly, all the metabolic changes in the MTCH2 knockout cells were rescued by MTCH2 re-expression. Interestingly, this imbalance in energy metabolism and reductive potential triggered by MTCH2-deletion inhibits adipocyte differentiation, an energy consuming reductive biosynthetic process. In summary, loss of MTCH2 results in an increase in energy demand that triggers a catabolic and oxidizing environment, which fails to fuel the anabolic processes during adipocyte differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chourasia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaltsman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-energy demand and nutrient exhaustion in MTCH2 knockout cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Selfies to Science - Precise 3D Leaf Measurement with iPhone 13 and Its Implications for Plant Development and Transpiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced smartphone technology now integrates sophisticated sensors, increasing access to high-precision data acquisition. This study tested the hypothesis that the iPhone 13-Pro camera, with LiDAR technology, can accurately estimate maize leaf surface area (Zea mays). 3D point cloud models enabled non-destructive data collection, and four methods for canopy area extraction were evaluated in relation to plant transpiration rates. Results showed a strong correlation (R2=0.92, RMSE=49.78) between manually scanned and iPhone-estimated plant surface areas. Additionally, the stem-to-plant surface area ratio was found to be 12.3% (R2=0.9, RMSE=28.42). Using this ratio to predict canopy area showed a significant correlation (R2=0.83) with actual canopy measurements. The iPhones surface area measurement tool offers an advantage by scanning the entire plant surface, unlike traditional leaf area index measurements, which often cannot penetrate the canopy. Moreover, real-size surface measurement of the canopy correlated strongly (R2=0.83) with whole canopy transpiration rates measured gravimetrically. This study introduces a novel method for analyzing 3D plant traits using a portable, affordable, and accurate tool, which has the potential to enhance plant breeding and agricultural practices.

0. How to Use This TemplateThe template details the sections that can be used in a manuscript. Note that each section has a corresponding style, which can be found in the "Styles" menu of Word. Sections that are not mandatory are listed as such. The section titles given are for articles. Review papers and other article types have a more flexible structure.

Remove this paragraph and start section numbering with 1. For any questions, please contact the editorial office of the journal or support@mdpi.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshelion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Selfies to Science - Precise 3D Leaf Measurement with iPhone 13 and Its Implications for Plant Development and Transpiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplifying post-stimulation oscillatory dynamics by engaging synaptic plasticity with periodic stimulation: a modelling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periodic brain stimulation (PBS) techniques, either intracranial or non-invasive, electrical or magnetic, represent promising neuromodulatory tools for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Through the modulation of endogenous oscillations, PBS may engage synaptic plasticity, hopefully leading to persistent lasting effects. However, stabilizing such effects represents an important challenge: the interaction between induced electromagnetic fields and neural circuits may yield highly variable responses due to heterogeneous neuronal and synaptic biophysical properties, limiting PBS clinical potential. In this study, we explored the conditions on which PBS leads to amplified post-stimulation oscillatory power, persisting once stimulation has been turned off. We specifically examined the effects of heterogeneity in neuron time scales on post-stimulation dynamics in a population of balanced leaky-integrated and fire (LIF) neurons that exhibit synchronous-irregular spiking activity. Our analysis reveals that such heterogeneity enables PBS to engage synaptic plasticity, amplifying post-stimulation power. Our results show that such post-stimulation aftereffects result from selective frequency- and cell-type-specific synaptic modifications. We evaluated the relative importance of stimulation-induced plasticity amongst and between excitatory and inhibitory populations. Our results indicate that heterogeneity in neurons time scales and synaptic plasticity are both essential for stimulation to support post-stimulation aftereffects, notably to amplify the power of endogenous rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplifying post-stimulation oscillatory dynamics by engaging synaptic plasticity with periodic stimulation: a modelling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of beta cell carrying capacity in prediabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediabetes, a subclinical state of high glucose, carries a risk of transition to diabetes. One cause of prediabetes is insulin resistance, which impairs the ability of insulin to control blood glucose. However, many individuals with high insulin resistance retain normal glucose due to compensation by enhanced insulin secretion by beta cells. Individuals seem to differ in their maximum compensation level, termed beta cell carrying capacity, such that low carrying capacity is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes and diabetes. Carrying capacity has not been quantified using a mathematical model and cannot be estimated directly from measured glucose and insulin levels in patients, unlike insulin resistance and beta cell function which can be estimated using HOMA-IR and HOMA-B formula.

Here we present a mathematical model of beta cell compensation and carrying capacity, and develop a new formula called HOMA-C to estimate it from glucose and insulin measurements. HOMA-C estimates the maximal potential beta cell function of an individual, rather than the current beta cell function. We test this approach using longitudinal cohorts of prediabetic people, finding 10-fold variation in carrying capacity. Low carrying capacity is associated with higher risk of transitioning to diabetes. We estimate the timescales of beta cell compensation and insulin resistance using large datasets, showing that, unlike previous mathematical models, the new model can explain the slow rise in glucose over decades. Our mathematical understanding of beta cell carrying capacity may help to assess the risk of prediabetes in each individual.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of beta cell carrying capacity in prediabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pesticide chemical leads inhibiting protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pesticides, especially herbicides, have revolutionized agriculture by providing energy-efficient solutions for pest control that replaces labor-intensive cultivation methods. However, the widespread evolution of pesticide resistance poses a significant challenge to current agriculture. Most pesticides function by binding to specific pockets on target enzymes, enabling a single mutation to confer resistance. An alternative approach is the disruption of protein-protein interactions (PPI), thus for resistance to occur, it requires complementary mutations on both interacting partners. Despite extensive efforts, no herbicides with new modes of action have been commercialized for decades. Thus, we focused on the discovery and design of small molecule inhibitors that target the interface of the PPI complex of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) and serine acetyltransferase (SAT), key plant enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acid cysteine. Using in silico filtering techniques on a virtual library of 30 million small molecules, we identified initial hits capable of binding OASS and interfering with its interaction with a peptide derived from SAT. Subsequently, we conducted chemical optimizations to evaluate biophysical enzyme disruption, followed by cellular and in-planta activity in plants. These new compounds described herein can serve as promising starting points for further optimization as herbicides acting on a new mode of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Shushan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Naim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gressel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.578754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pesticide chemical leads inhibiting protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing PAC1 receptor activation across species with an engineered sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class-B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important family of clinically relevant drug targets that remain difficult to investigate via high-throughput screening and in animal models. Here, we engineered PAClight1P78A, a novel genetically-encoded sensor based on a class-B1 GPCR (the human PAC1 receptor, hmPAC1R) endowed with high dynamic range ({Delta}F/F0 = 1100%), excellent ligand selectivity and rapid activation kinetics ({tau}ON = 1.15 sec). To showcase the utility of this tool for in vitro applications, we thoroughly characterized and compared its expression, brightness and performance between PAClight1P78A transfected and stably-expressing cells. Demonstrating its use in animal models, we show robust expression and fluorescence responses upon exogenous ligand application ex vivo and in vivo in mice, as well as in living zebrafish larvae. Thus, the new GPCR-based sensor can be used for a wide range of applications across the life sciences empowering both basic research and drug development efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cola, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niethammer, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajamannar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assoumou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartrampf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patriarchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing PAC1 receptor activation across species with an engineered sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Targeting of Histone Deacetylases and MYC as Potential Treatment Strategy for H3-K27M Pediatric Gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are aggressive and fatal pediatric tumors of the central nervous system that are highly resistant to treatments. Lysine to methionine substitution of residue 27 on histone H3 (H3-K27M) is a driver mutation in DMGs, reshaping the epigenetic landscape of these cells to promote tumorigenesis. H3-K27M gliomas are characterized by deregulation of histone acetylation and methylation pathways, as well as the oncogenic MYC pathway. In search of effective treatment, we examined the therapeutic potential of dual targeting of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and MYC in these tumors. Treatment of H3-K27M patient-derived cells with Sulfopin, an inhibitor shown to block MYC-driven tumors in-vivo, in combination with the HDAC inhibitor Vorinostat, resulted in substantial decrease in cell viability. Moreover, transcriptome and epigenome profiling revealed synergistic effect of this drug combination in downregulation of prominent oncogenic pathways such as mTOR. Finally, in-vivo studies of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models showed significant tumor growth reduction in mice treated with the drug combination. These results highlight the combined treatment with PIN1 and HDAC inhibitors as a promising therapeutic approach for these aggressive tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Algranati, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellus-Alyagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Targeting of Histone Deacetylases and MYC as Potential Treatment Strategy for H3-K27M Pediatric Gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.11.579819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phages reconstitute NAD+ to counter bacterial immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.11.579819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria defend against phage infection via a variety of antiphage defense systems. Many defense systems were recently shown to deplete cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in response to infection, by breaking NAD+ to ADP-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide. It was demonstrated that NAD+ depletion during infection deprives the phage from this essential molecule and impedes phage replication. Here we show that a substantial fraction of phages possess enzymatic pathways allowing reconstitution of NAD+ from its degradation products in infected cells. We describe NAD+ reconstitution pathway 1 (NARP1), a two-step pathway in which one enzyme phosphorylates ADPR to generate ADPR-pyrophosphate (ADPR-PP), and the second enzyme conjugates ADPR- PP and nicotinamide to generate NAD+. Phages encoding the NARP1 pathway can overcome a diverse set of defense systems, including Thoeris, DSR1, DSR2, SIR2-HerA, and SEFIR, all of which deplete NAD+ as part of their defensive mechanism. Phylogenetic analyses show that NARP1 is primarily encoded on phage genomes, suggesting a phage- specific function in countering bacterial defenses. A second pathway, NARP2, allows phages to overcome bacterial defenses by building NAD+ via metabolites different than ADPR-PP. Our findings report a unique immune evasion strategy where viruses rebuild molecules depleted by defense systems, thus overcoming host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loseva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.11.579819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phages reconstitute NAD+ to counter bacterial immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antifungal activity of cymoxanil is associated with proton pump inhibition and disruption of plasma membrane potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Worldwide use of agrochemicals, particularly pesticides, is necessary to increase agricultural production to feed the ever-growing population. However, despite widespread use, the biochemical mode of action of many agrochemicals and their potential deleterious effects on the environment are poorly characterized. Cymoxanil (CYM) is a fungicide used to combat downy mildew diseases in grapevine cultures and late blight diseases in tomato and potato cultures caused by the oomycetes Plasmopara viticola and Phytophthora infestans, respectively. Previous reports indicate that CYM affects growth, DNA and RNA synthesis in Phytophthora and inhibits cell growth, biomass production and respiration rate in the well-characterized fungal model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We therefore used this model to further dissect mechanisms underlying the toxicological effects of CYM. We found that CYM induced genome-wide alterations, particularly in membrane transporter systems. These alterations were associated with perturbations in lipid-raft organization and inhibition of Pma1p, leading to a decrease in plasma membrane potential and intracellular acidification. Altogether, these findings identify the plasma membrane as one of the targets of CYM and proposes a mode of action underlying its antifungal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.583004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antifungal activity of cymoxanil is associated with proton pump inhibition and disruption of plasma membrane potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Particulate Contamination of Human Placenta: Plastic and Non-Plastic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.583005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence indicates that the human womb is contaminated with a variety of particulate contaminants. Microplastics (MPs, tiny plastic particles (<5 mm) generated by the breakdown of larger plastic products in the environment) accumulation in human placenta has recently been described. In addition, recent evidence has correlated the number of air pollution particulates in term placentas to the loading of these particles in dust from the gestational parent home. The current study sought to characterize the accumulation of plastic and non-plastic particles (NPP) within the term human placenta. Placenta tissues were collected from healthy, singleton pregnancies following vaginal (n=5) and caesarean section (n=5) deliveries at a tertiary care centre located in an urban Canadian city (Ottawa, ON), with particles detected and characterized by Raman micro-spectroscopy. Both plastic and non-plastic particles were identified in all placentas examined, with an average of 1 {+/-} 1.2 MPs /g and 4 {+/-} 2.9 NPP /g of tissue. Similar tissue concentrations of MPs and NNP were identified in all regions of the placenta (basal plate, chorionic villous, chorionic plate), and did not differ according to mode of delivery. MPs ranged in size (2 - 60 m), with the most abundant MPs being polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The most abundantly identified NPP were carbon, graphite, and lead oxide. Collectively, these results demonstrate the accumulation of foreign particles, including MPs, throughout the human placenta. Given the vital functions of the placenta in supporting fetal growth and development, and a potential for MPs to induce toxicity, further investigations into the potential harmful effects of these environmental toxicants on maternal and fetal health is warranted.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=193 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/583005v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9f5b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e13468org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@37aa3forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8a197e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIBoth plastic and non-plastic foreign particles were observed in term placentas from Canadian women
C_LIO_LIPlacenta contamination with most of the non-plastic particle types observed has not previously been reported.
C_LIO_LIParticles were observed in similar frequency in placenta regions corresponding to maternal or fetal circulation suggesting that particles pass unhindered through the placenta.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zurub, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halappanavar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.583005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Particulate Contamination of Human Placenta: Plastic and Non-Plastic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPPK-1 and IP6 contribute to ventral nerve cord assembly in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol phosphates (IPs) are essential for the development and function of the nervous system. Loss-of-function studies, which demonstrate the importance of specific IP isomers, show their critical role in proper neural tube formation. In this study, we show that inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPPK-1), the kinase that phosphorylates IP5 to generate IP6, is involved in assembling the ventral nerve cord (VNC) in C. elegans. We show that mutations in ippk-1 lead to the mispositioning of motor neurons along the VNC of newly hatched larvae. These positioning defects reflect disruption of VNC assembly during embryogenesis, as VNC neuronal progenitors in ippk-1 embryos display a more compact organization after arising on the left and right sides of the embryo, delays in rosette-mediated convergent extension, and defects in cell intercalation. We further show that injection of exogenous IP6 into the gonads of ippk-1 mutants can rescue both embryonic and neuron positioning defects. Our findings indicate that IP isomers, particularly IP6, are important for ventral nerve cord formation in C. elegans. Along with their role in neural tube formation in vertebrates, these results suggests that IP isomers play an ancient role in central nerve cord development.

Highlights- ipmk-1 and ippk-1 mutants display neuron position defects in the ventral nerve cord (VNC).
- ippk-1 mutants display disorganization in VNC neuronal progenitors during VNC assembly.
- IPPK-1 is involved in convergent extension during VNC formation.
- Exogenous IP6 rescues larval and embryonic defects in ippk-1 mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noblett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roenspies, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.583222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPPK-1 and IP6 contribute to ventral nerve cord assembly in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding and enriching the LncRNA gene landscape using the GeneCaRNA database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The GeneCaRNA human gene database is a member of the GeneCards Suite. It presents [~]280,000 human non-coding RNA genes, identified algorithmically from [~]690,000 RNAcentrals transcripts. This expands by [~]tenfold the ncRNA gene count relative to other sources. GeneCaRNA thus contains [~]120,000 long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs, >200 bases long), including [~]100,000 novel genes. The latter have sparse functional information, a vast terra incognita for future research. LncRNA genes are uniformly represented on all nuclear chromosomes, with 10 genes on mitochondrial DNA. Data obtained from MalaCards, another GeneCards Suite member, finds 1,547 genes associated with 1 to 50 diseases. [~]15% of the associations portray experimental evidence, with cancers tending to be multigenic. Preliminary text mining within GeneCaRNA discovers interactions of LncRNA transcripts with target gene products, with 25% being ncRNAs and 75% proteins. GeneCaRNA has a biological pathways section, which at present shows 131 pathways for 38 LncRNA genes, a basis for future expansion. Finally, our GeneHancer database provides regulatory elements for [~]110,000 LncRNA genes, offering pointers for co-regulated genes and genetic linkages from enhancers to diseases. We anticipate that the broad vista provided by GeneCaRNA will serve as an essential guide for further LncRNA research in disease decipherment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelig, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iny-Stein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrokovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding and enriching the LncRNA gene landscape using the GeneCaRNA database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3'-untranslated regions of yeast ribosomal protein mRNAs determine paralog incorporation into ribosomes and recruit factors necessary for specialized functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome heterogeneity arises via the differential incorporation of ribosomal protein (RP) paralogs, post-transcriptionally modified rRNA, post-translationally modified RPs, and ribosome-associated proteins (RAPs) into ribosomes. This has led to the hypothesis that heterogeneous or "specialized" ribosomes, which translate specific mRNA subsets, confer key roles in cell growth and development. While proven examples of functional ribosome heterogeneity in eukaryotes exist, there is no comprehensive analysis of specialized ribosome formation. We employed yeast RP paralog deletion libraries and high-throughput screening to investigate the functional specificity and redundancy between paralogs under various growth conditions. Composition and translatome analyses verified paralog specificity in the assembly and function of ribosomes specialized for growth on different carbon sources, and identified a novel RAP required for the efficient translation of peroxisomal proteins. Importantly, we also show that the mechanism by which specific RP paralogs incorporate into ribosomes requires their unique 3-untranslated regions to yield ribosomes that differ in composition and function.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=188 SRC="FIGDIR/small/585503v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15ba935org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c210b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d77b7dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ec72f4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mall, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavitt, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3'-untranslated regions of yeast ribosomal protein mRNAs determine paralog incorporation into ribosomes and recruit factors necessary for specialized functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput zebrafish screen identifies novel candidate treatments for Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA) is a rare, aggressive, and incurable disease caused by a somatic activating NRAS mutation (p.Q61R) in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The development of new therapeutic avenues is hampered by the lack of animal models faithfully replicating the clinical manifestations of KLA. Here, we established a novel zebrafish model of KLA by driving conditional expression of the human NRAS mutation in venous and lymphatic ECs. We find that mutant embryos recapitulated clinical features of KLA, including pericardial edema and a dilated thoracic duct, and that the phenotypes were reverted by Trametinib, a MEK inhibitor used for KLA treatment. We further leverage this model in combination with an AI-based high-throughput drug screening platform to search for small compounds selectively reverting the mutant phenotypes and identify Cabozantinib, an FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and GSK690693, a competitive pan-Akt kinase inhibitor, as leading hits. Finally, we test these drugs in cultured cells derived from KLA patient and demonstrate their ability to normalize LEC sprouting and block NRAS downstream pathways, underscoring the potential of GSK690693 and Cabozantinib as potential KLA treatments. Overall, our novel zebrafish model provides a valuable tool for research into the etiology of KLA and for identifying new therapeutic avenues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leichner, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avivi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otterstrom, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput zebrafish screen identifies novel candidate treatments for Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2P-NucTag: on-demand phototagging for molecular analysis of functionally identified cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits are characterized by genetically and functionally diverse cell types. A mechanistic understanding of circuit function is predicated on linking the genetic and physiological properties of individual neurons. However, it remains highly challenging to map the molecular properties onto functionally heterogeneous neuronal subtypes in mammalian cortical circuits in vivo. Here, we introduce a high-throughput two-photon nuclear phototagging (2P-NucTag) approach for on-demand and indelible labeling of single neurons via a photoactivatable red fluorescent protein following in vivo functional characterization in behaving mice. Using this novel function-forward pipeline to selectively label and transcriptionally profile previously inaccessible  place and  silent cells in the hippocampus of behaving mice, we identify unexpected differences in gene expression between these hippocampal pyramidal neurons with distinct spatial coding properties. Thus, 2P-NucTag opens a new way to uncover the molecular principles that govern the functional organization of neural circuits.

One-Sentence Summary2P-NucTag - A novel high-throughput on-demand phototagging approach to identify selective gene expression of functionally distinct neurons in vivo in behaving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutkovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrlinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaila, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malina, K. C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OToole, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde Paredes, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2P-NucTag: on-demand phototagging for molecular analysis of functionally identified cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new cellular platform for studying autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atg8 proteins play a crucial role in autophagy. There is a single Atg8 isoform in yeast, while mammals have up to seven homologs categorized into LC3s and GABARAPs. The GABARAP subfamily consists of GABARAP, GABARAPL1, and GABARAPL2/GATE16, implicated in various stages along the pathway. However, the intricacies among GABARAP proteins are complex and require a more precise delineation.

Here, we introduce a new cellular platform to study autophagy using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous genes of the GABARAP subfamily with different fluorescent proteins. This platform allows robust examination of autophagy by flow cytometry of cell populations and monitoring of GABARAP homologs at single-cell resolution using fluorescence microscopy. Strikingly, the simultaneous labeling of the different endogenous GABARAPs allows the identification and isolation of autophagosomes differentially marked by these proteins. Using this system, we found that the different GABARAPs are associated with different autophagosomes. We argue that this new cellular platform will be crucial in studying the unique roles of individual GABARAP proteins in autophagy and other putative cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldin-Azulay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraiberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new cellular platform for studying autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetics-integrated gut organ culture system connects enteric neurons dynamics and gut homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system (ENS) senses microbiota-derived signals and orchestrates mucosal immunity and epithelial barrier functions, in health and disease. However, mechanistic dissections of intestinal neuro-immune-microbiota communications remain challenging and existing research methods limit experimental controllability and throughput. Here, we present a novel optogenetics-integrated gut organ culture system that enables real-time, whole-tissue stimulation of specific ENS lineages, allowing for detailed analysis of their functional impact. We demonstrate that optogenetic activation of enteric cholinergic neurons rapidly modulates intestinal physiology. Interestingly, distinct neuronal firing patterns differentially modulate neuro-immunological gene expression and epithelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, diverse enteric neuronal lineages exert distinct regulatory roles. While cholinergic activation promotes gene-sets associated with type-2 immunity, tachykininergic enteric neurons differentially control mucosal defense programs. Remarkably, luminal introduction of the immunomodulatory bacterium C. ramosum significantly remodeled cholinergic-induced neuro-immunological transcription. These findings suggest that complex combinatorial signals delivered by gut microbes and enteric neurons are locally integrated to fine-tune intestinal immunity and barrier defense. Collectively, we provide a powerful platform for systematic discovery and mechanistic exploration of functional neuroimmune connections, and their potential modulation by drugs, microbes, or metabolites.

Short abstractThe enteric nervous system senses microbiota-derived signals and orchestrates mucosal immunity and epithelial barrier functions. Mechanistic dissections of intestinal neuro-immune-microbiota communications remain challenging. We developed an optogenetics-integrated gut organ culture system for real-time neuronal stimulation and analysis. We revealed neuronal-specific activity patterns, which differentially regulate intestinal transcription and epithelial barrier integrity. Collectively, we provide a powerful platform to test neuroimmune connections and their potential modulation by drugs, microbes, or metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amidror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessula Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sochen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsentsarevsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toister, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoval, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yissachar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetics-integrated gut organ culture system connects enteric neurons dynamics and gut homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.585638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape dynamics and migration of branched cells on complex networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.585638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrating cells often face microenvironmental constraints that force them to extend multiple, often highly dynamic, protrusions, that compete to choose the new direction. However, the analysis of how cells coordinate shape dynamics during this directional decision-making process has been restricted to single junctions. Here, we present a theoretical model and the corresponding experimental proof of concept using in vivo and in vitro live-cell microscopy and a neuronal network-based image analysis pipeline, to explore the shape and migration dynamics of highly bifurcated cells during spontaneous random migration. We found that macrophages and endothelial cells display different migration regimes in a hexagonal adhesive network, despite sharing a mesenchymal migratory strategy. Macrophages moved faster and presented larger changes in cell length in comparison to endothelial cells. The theoretical model describes the behavior of both cells during directional decision-making, and it reveals a trade-off between exploration for directional cues and long-range migration efficiency, showing the fine tune regulation of shape dynamics in complex geometries.

TeaserHighly branched cells require precise control of their shape dynamics to ensure microenvironment exploration while keeping their motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boix-Campos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kux, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.585638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape dynamics and migration of branched cells on complex networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Text-related functionality of visual human pre-frontal activations revealed through neural network convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional role of visual activations of human pre-frontal cortex remains a deeply debated question. Its significance extends to fundamental issues of functional localization and global theories of consciousness. Here we addressed this question by comparing, dynamically, the potential parallels between the relational structure of prefrontal visual activations and visual and textual-trained deep neural networks (DNNs). The frontal visual relational structures were revealed in intra-cranial recordings of human patients, conducted for clinical purposes, while the patients viewed familiar images of faces and places. Our results reveal that visual relational structures in frontal cortex were, surprisingly, predicted by text and not visual DNNs. Importantly, the temporal dynamics of these correlations showed striking differences, with a rapid decline over time for the visual component, but persistent dynamics including a significant image offset response for the text component. The results point to a dynamic text-related function of visual prefrontal responses in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Text-related functionality of visual human pre-frontal activations revealed through neural network convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active state structures of a bistable visual opsin bound to G proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opsins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have evolved to detect light stimuli and initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Their role as signal transducers is critical to light perception across the animal kingdom. Opsins covalently bind to the chromophore 11-cis retinal, which isomerizes to the all-trans isomer upon photon absorption, causing conformational changes that result in receptor activation. Monostable opsins, responsible for vision in vertebrates, release the chromophore after activation and must bind another retinal molecule to remain functional. In contrast, bistable opsins, responsible for non-visual light perception in vertebrates and for vision in invertebrates, absorb a second photon in the active state to return the chromophore and protein to the inactive state. Structures of bistable opsins in the activated state have proven elusive, limiting our understanding of how they function as bidirectional photoswitches. Here we present active state structures of a bistable opsin, jumping spider rhodopsin isoform-1 (JSR1), in complex with its downstream signaling partners, the Gi and Gq heterotrimers. These structures elucidate key differences in the activation mechanisms between monostable and bistable opsins, offering essential insights for the rational engineering of bistable opsins into diverse optogenetic tools to control G protein signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejero, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamula, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyanagi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afanasyev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deupi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terakita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertler, G. F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active state structures of a bistable visual opsin bound to G proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular binding pocket revealed in the human bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed orally and extraorally, elicit signaling in response to a large set of ligands. Among the 25 functional TAS2Rs encoded in the human genome, TAS2R14 is the most promiscuous, and responds to hundreds of chemically diverse agonists. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human TAS2R14 (hTAS2R14) in complex with its cognate signaling partner gustducin, and bound to flufenamic acid (FFA), a clinically approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The structure reveals an unusual binding mode for FFA, where two copies are bound at distinct binding pockets: one at the canonical GPCR site within the trans-membrane bundle, and the other in the intracellular facet, bridging the receptor with gustducin. Combined with site-directed mutagenesis and the design of a fluorescent FFA derivative for pocket-specific ligand binding BRET assays, our studies support a dual binding mode for FFA in TAS2R14. These results fill a gap in the understanding of bitter taste signaling and provide tools for guided design of TAS2R-targeted compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huxley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterloo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weikert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gmeiner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mccormick, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niv, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev-Benami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular binding pocket revealed in the human bitter taste receptor TAS2R14]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and Sensitive Protein Complex Alignment with Foldseek-Multimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in computational structure prediction will vastly augment the hundreds of thousands of currently-available protein complex structures. Translating these into discoveries requires aligning them, which is computationally prohibitive. Foldseek-Multimer computes complex alignments from compatible chain-to-chain alignments, identified by efficiently clustering their superposition vectors. Foldseek-Multimer is 3-4 orders of magnitudes faster than the gold standard, while producing comparable alignments; allowing it to compare billions of complex-pairs in 11 hours. Foldseek-Multimer is open-source software: github.com/steineggerlab/foldseek, webserver: search.foldseek.com and the BFMD database.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirdita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soeding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.14.589414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and Sensitive Protein Complex Alignment with Foldseek-Multimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confinement in fibrous environments positions and orients mitotic spindles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate positioning of the mitotic spindle within the rounded cell body is critical to physiological maintenance. Adherent mitotic cells encounter confinement from neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can cause rotation of mitotic spindles and, consequently, titling of the metaphase plate (MP). To understand the positioning and orientation of mitotic spindles under confinement by fibers (ECM-confinement), we use flexible ECM-mimicking nanofibers that allow natural rounding of the cell body while confining it to differing levels. Rounded mitotic bodies are anchored in place by actin retraction fibers (RFs) originating from adhesion clusters on the ECM-mimicking fibers. We discover the extent of ECM-confinement patterns RFs in 3D: triangular and band-like at low and high confinement, respectively. A stochastic Monte-Carlo simulation of the centrosome (CS), chromosome (CH), membrane interactions, and 3D arrangement of RFs on the mitotic body recovers MP tilting trends observed experimentally. Our mechanistic analysis reveals that the 3D shape of RFs is the primary driver of the MP rotation. Under high ECM-confinement, the fibers can mechanically pinch the cortex, causing the MP to have localized deformations at contact sites with fibers. Interestingly, high ECM-confinement leads to low and high MP tilts, which mechanistically depend upon the extent of cortical deformation, RF patterning, and MP position. We identify that cortical deformation and RFs work in tandem to limit MP tilt, while asymmetric positioning of MP leads to high tilts. Overall, we provide fundamental insights into how mitosis may proceed in fibrous ECM-confining microenvironments in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confinement in fibrous environments positions and orients mitotic spindles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Natural Material Evolution and Stage-wise Assembly of Silk Along the Silk Gland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silk fibers, with their highly ordered structure and mechanically superb properties, are produced in arthropod glands at minimal energy input and ambient conditions, a remarkable feat yet to be achieved synthetically. Due to the high instability and shear sensitivity of the silk protein feedstock, understanding silk fiber formation has been largely limited to in-vitro studies of certain gland sections, offering only a fragmented view of this process. Here, we monitor the whole silk feedstock processing in-situ, at the nano- to micron-scales, through imaging its progressive macromolecular assemblies and phase transitions along the entire Bombyx mori silkworm silk gland. This is done by combining state-of-the-art microscopy techniques, such as cryogenic sample preparation, fixation, and imaging. Our work reveals that fibroin assembles into micron-sized spherical storage "compartments" in the posterior and middle gland sections, a state that ensures its stability and avoids premature fibrillation. These compartments undergo several structural transformations along the gland and eventually disassemble at the entry to the anterior section, before the silk feedstock spinning begins. The spinning itself commences via a series of structural transitions, from the alignment of protein chains in liquid feedstock, through the formation of several fibrillated nano-structures and, in the final stage, a network of cross-linked nano-bundles, which determines the structure and properties of the final microfiber. Importantly, the length of the anterior section of the silk gland enables such gradual and balanced structural transitions. This direct imaging of silks natural formation process can help formulate a template for the transformation of fibrillar proteins into synthetic bio-fibers.

DedicationThis work is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Eyal Shimoni, who was a valued colleague and a dear friend. Eyal was a vital part of this research and was essential in shaping its direction. He will be deeply missed for his intellect, mindfulness, creativity, and unwavering dedication to scientific development. Though he is no longer with us, his influence and spirit continue to inspire us in our scientific pursuits. May his passion for discovery and commitment to excellence live on through this work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimanovich, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Natural Material Evolution and Stage-wise Assembly of Silk Along the Silk Gland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenomes of Human Gut Microbiota Uncover Links Between Genetic Diversity and Stress Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiota has been the subject of many studies, establishing its central role in host health and disease. Interplay between mutations, horizontal gene transfer, natural selection, and genetic drift, lead to genetic diversity within these species, resulting in different phenotypes and effects on the host. Pangenome represents the collective gene pool of different strains of the same species. Here, we created pangenomes for 728 human gut prokaryotic species, holding four times more genes than the highest quality individual genome, showcasing the genetic diversity inherent in the human gut population. We find these species have a core set of about a thousand genes that defines them, distinct even between closely related species, and an accessory set of genes that are unique to the different strains. Furthermore, we show a spectrum of microbial behavior, while some species exhibit a saturated or "closed" pangenome, suggesting a limited set of genetic capabilities, others maintain an "open" pangenome, indicating elevated adaptability through genetic diversity. We discover that high strain variability is associated with the capacity of species to undergo sporulation, whereas low strain variability is associated with carrying genes that facilitate antibiotic resistances, suggesting different evolutionary strategies for survival taken by these microbes. We further map the landscape of antibiotic resistance genes across the human gut population, and find 237 cases of extreme resistance, predominantly of Enterobacteriaceae species, even to last resort antibiotics kept for cases where traditional treatments have failed. Lastly, we associate microbial strain level differences with human age and sex, exemplifying how the presence of specific genes in Akkermansia muciniphila and Phocaeicola vulgatus relate to host characteristics. Overall, our research provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, genetic complexity and functional potential of the human gut microbiota, emphasizing its significant implications for human health and disease. The pangenomes and the antibiotic resistances map constitute a valuable resource for further scientific research and therapeutic advancements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenomes of Human Gut Microbiota Uncover Links Between Genetic Diversity and Stress Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling the LAM family of contact site tethers provides insights into their regulation and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane contact sites are molecular bridges between organelles that are sustained by tethering proteins and enable organelle communication. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane harbors many distinct families of tether proteins that enable the formation of contacts with all other organelles. One such example is the LAM (Lipid transfer protein At Membrane contact sites) family, composed of six members, each containing a lipid binding and transfer domain and an ER-embedded transmembrane segment. The family is divided into three homologous pairs each unique in their molecular architecture and localization to different ER subdomains. However, what determines the distinct localization of the different LAMs and which specific roles they carry out in each contact are still open questions. To address these, we utilized a labeling approach to profile the proximal protein landscape of the entire family. Focusing on unique interactors we could support that Lam5 resides at the ER-mitochondria contact site and demonstrate a role for it in sustaining mitochondrial activity. Capturing shared interactors of multiple LAMs, we show how the Lam1/3 and Lam2/4 paralogous pairs could be associated specifically with the plasma membrane. Overall, our work provides new insights into the regulation and function of the LAM family members. More globally it demonstrates how proximity labeling can help identify the shared or unique functions of paralogous proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fenech, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshnakovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes Castro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asraf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callegari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling the LAM family of contact site tethers provides insights into their regulation and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic bi-genomic split-GFP assay illuminates the mitochondrial matrix proteome and protein targeting routes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome and often lack clear targeting signals. Therefore, what constitutes the entire mitochondrial proteome is still unclear. We here build on our previously developed bi-genomic (BiG) split-GFP assay (Bader et al. 2020) to solidify the list of matrix and inner membrane mitochondrial proteins. The assay relies on one fragment (GFP1-10) encoded in the mitochondrial DNA enabling specific visualization of only the proteins tagged with a smaller fragment, GFP11, and localized to the mitochondrial matrix or the inner membrane. We used the SWAp-Tag (SWAT) strategy to tag every protein with GFP11 and mated them with the BiG GFP strain. Imaging the collection in six different conditions allowed us to visualize almost 400 mitochondrial proteins, 50 of which were never visualized in mitochondria before, and many are poorly studied dually localized proteins. We use structure-function analysis to characterize the dually localized protein Gpp1, revealing an upstream start codon that generates a mitochondrial targeting signal and explore its unique function. We also show how this data can be applied to study mitochondrial inner membrane protein topology and sorting. This work brings us closer to finalizing the mitochondrial proteome and the freely distributed library of GFP11-tagged strains will be a useful resource to study protein localization, biogenesis and interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bykov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuttion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asraf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucharczyk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic bi-genomic split-GFP assay illuminates the mitochondrial matrix proteome and protein targeting routes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group social dynamics in a semi-natural setup reveal an adaptive value for aggression in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMaladaptive aggression in humans is associated with several psychiatric conditions and lacks effective treatment. Nevertheless, aggression constitutes an essential behavior throughout the animal kingdom as long as it is tightly regulated. Studying how social dominance hierarchies (SDH) regulate aggression and access to resources in an enriched environment (EE) can narrow the translational gap between aggression in animal models and humans normal and pathological behavior.

MethodsThe  social box (SB) is a semi-natural setup for automatic and prolonged monitoring of mouse group dynamics. We utilized the SB to decipher complex tradeoffs between aggression, social avoidance, resource allocation, and dominance in two mouse models of increased aggression: (i) a model of early exposure to EE and (ii) a model of oxytocin receptor deficiency (OxtR-/-). While EE increases aggression as an adaptive response to external stimuli, hyper-aggression in OxtR-/- mice is accompanied by marked abnormalities in social behavior.

ResultsEE groups exhibited significant social avoidance, and an increased proportion of their encounters developed into aggressive interactions, resulting in lower levels of exploratory activity and overall aggression. The hierarchy in EE was more stable than in control groups, and dominance was correlated with access to resources. In OxtR-/- groups, mice engaged in excessive social encounters and aggressive chasing, accompanied by increased overall activity. In OxtR-/- groups, dominance hierarchies existed but were not correlated with access to resources.

ConclusionMeasuring aggression and social dominance hierarchies in a semi-natural setup reveals the adaptive value of aggression in EE and OxtR-/- mice, respectively. This approach can enhance translational research of pathological aggression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anpilov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biagini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sztainberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter-Levin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forkosh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group social dynamics in a semi-natural setup reveal an adaptive value for aggression in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essentiality and dynamic expression of the human tRNA pool during viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human viruses depend on the translation resources of the host cell. A significant translation resource is the tRNA pool of the cell, as human viruses do not encode tRNA genes. Through tRNA sequencing, we inspected the human tRNA pool upon infection of human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and SARS-CoV-2. HCMV-induced alterations in tRNA expression were predominantly virus-driven, with minimal influence from the cellular immune response. Notably, specific tRNA post-transcriptional modifications appeared to modulate stability and were susceptible to HCMV manipulation. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 infection did not significantly impact tRNA expression or modifications. We compared the codon usage of viral genes to the proliferation-differentiation codon-usage signatures of human genes. We found a marked difference between the viruses, with HCMV genes aligning with differentiation codon usage and SARS-CoV-2 genes reflecting proliferation codon usage. We further found that codon usage of structural and gene expression-related viral genes displayed high adaptation to host cell tRNA pools. Through a systematic CRISPR screen targeting human tRNA genes and modification enzymes, we identified specific tRNAs and enzymes that improve or reduce HCMV infectivity and cellular growth. These findings highlight the dynamic interplay between the tRNA pool and viral infection dynamics, shedding light on mechanisms governing host-virus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aharon-Hefetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essentiality and dynamic expression of the human tRNA pool during viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PEX39 facilitates the peroxisomal import of PTS2 proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes are metabolic organelles essential for human health. Defects in peroxisomal biogenesis proteins (peroxins/PEXs) cause devastating disease. PEX7 binds newly synthesized proteins containing a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2) to enable their import from the cytosol into peroxisomes, although many aspects of this import pathway remain enigmatic. Utilizing in vitro assays, yeast, and human cells, we show that PEX39, a previously uncharacterized protein, is a cytosolic peroxin that facilitates PTS2-protein import by binding PEX7 and stabilizing its interaction with PTS2 cargo. PEX39 and PEX13, a peroxisomal membrane translocon protein, both possess a KPWE motif necessary for PEX7 binding. Sequential binding of PEX7 to this motif in PEX39 and PEX13 provides a novel paradigm for how PTS2 cargo engage the translocation machinery. Collectively, our work uncovers an ancient and functionally important relationship among PEX39, PEX7, and PEX13, offering insights that will advance our understanding of peroxisomal biogenesis and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendscheck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrosa, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocklinghoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zografakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes-Silva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeljeklaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondhi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterham, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warscheid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PEX39 facilitates the peroxisomal import of PTS2 proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular mechanism of on-demand sterol biosynthesis at organelle contact sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact-sites are specialized zones of proximity between two organelles, essential for organelle communication and coordination. The formation of contacts between the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and other organelles, relies on a unique membrane environment enriched in sterols. However, how these sterol-rich domains are formed and maintained had not been understood. We found that the yeast membrane protein Yet3, the homolog of human BAP31, is localized to multiple ER contact sites. We show that Yet3 interacts with all the enzymes of the post-squalene ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and recruits them to create sterol-rich domains. Increasing sterol levels at ER contacts causes its depletion from the plasma membrane leading to a compensatory reaction and altered cell metabolism. Our data shows that Yet3 provides on-demand sterols at contacts thus shaping organellar structure and function. A molecular understanding of this proteins functions gives new insights into the role of BAP31 in development and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravindan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshnakovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preminger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Busnadiego, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular mechanism of on-demand sterol biosynthesis at organelle contact sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passive shaping of intra- and intercellular m6A dynamics via mRNA metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
m6A is the most widespread mRNA modification and is primarily implicated in controlling mRNA stability. Fundamental questions pertaining to m6A are the extent to which it is dynamically modulated within cells and across stimuli, and the forces underlying such modulation. Prior work has focused on investigating active mechanisms governing m6A levels, such as recruitment of m6A writers or erasers leading to either  global or  site-specific modulation. Here, we propose that changes in m6A levels across subcellular compartments and biological trajectories may result from passive changes in gene-level mRNA metabolism. To predict the intricate interdependencies between m6A levels, mRNA localization, and mRNA decay, we establish a differential model  m6ADyn encompassing mRNA transcription, methylation, export, and m6A-dependent and independent degradation. We validate the predictions of m6ADyn in the context of intracellular m6A dynamics, where m6ADyn predicts associations between relative mRNA localization and m6A levels, which we experimentally confirm. We further explore m6ADyn predictions pertaining to changes in m6A levels upon controlled perturbations of mRNA metabolism, which we also experimentally confirm. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of m6ADyn in the context of cellular heat stress response, where genes subjected to altered mRNA product and export also display predictable changes in m6A levels, consistent with m6ADyn predictions. Our findings establish a framework for dissecting m6A dynamics and suggest the role of passive dynamics in shaping m6A levels in mammalian systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dierks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzonyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Campos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossmanith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passive shaping of intra- and intercellular m6A dynamics via mRNA metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of disease-associated mutations occur in enhancers, regions of non-coding DNA essential to gene regulation. Understanding the structures and mechanisms of regulatory programs this variation affects can shed light on the apparatuses of human diseases.

ResultsWe collected epigenetic and gene expression datasets from seven early time points during neural differentiation. Focusing on this model system, we constructed networks of enhancer-promoter interactions, each at an individual stage of neural induction. These networks served as the base for a rich series of analyses, through which we demonstrated their temporal dynamics and enrichment for various disease-associated variants. We applied the Girvan-Newman clustering algorithm to these networks to reveal biologically relevant substructures of regulation. Additionally, we demonstrated methods to validate predicted enhancer-promoter interactions using transcription factor overexpression and massively parallel reporter assays.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest a generalizable framework for exploring gene regulatory programs and their dynamics across developmental processes. This includes a comprehensive approach to studying the effects of disease-associated variation on transcriptional networks. The techniques applied to our networks have been published alongside our findings as a computational tool, E-P-INAnalyzer. Our procedure can be utilized across different cellular contexts and disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGroat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genesis: A Modular Protein Language Modelling Approach to Immunogenicity Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neoantigen immunogenicity prediction is a highly challenging problem in the development of personalised medicines. Low reactivity rates in called neoantigens result in a difficult prediction scenario with limited training datasets. Here we describe Genesis, a modular protein language modelling approach to immunogenicity prediction for CD8+ reactive epitopes. Genesis comprises of a pMHC encoding module trained on three pMHC prediction tasks, an optional TCR encoding module and a set of context specific immunogenicity prediction head modules. Compared with state-of-the-art models for each task, Genesis encoding module performs comparably or better on pMHC binding affinity, eluted ligand prediction and stability tasks. Genesis outperforms all compared models on pMHC immunogenicity prediction (Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.619, average precision: 0.514), with a 7% increase in average precision compared to the next best model. Genesis shows further improved performance on immunogenicity prediction with the integration of TCR context information. Genesis performance is further analysed for interpretability, which locates areas of weakness found across existing immunogenicity models and highlight possible biases in public datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szukszto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Farrell, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bola, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansour, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadrup, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genesis: A Modular Protein Language Modelling Approach to Immunogenicity Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial inner membrane remodeling as a driving force of organelle shaping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles exhibiting diverse shapes. While the variation of shapes, ranging from spheres to elongated tubules, and the transition between them, are clearly seen in many cell types, the molecular mechanisms governing this morphological variability remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a novel shaping mechanism based on the interplay between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Our biophysical model suggests that the difference in surface area, arising from the pulling of the inner membrane into cristae, correlates with mitochondrial elongation. Analysis of live cell super-resolution microscopy data supports this correlation, linking elongated shapes to the extent of cristae in the inner membrane. Knocking down cristae shaping proteins further confirms the impact on mitochondrial shape, demonstrating that defects in cristae formation correlate with mitochondrial sphericity. Our results suggest that the dynamics of the inner mitochondrial membrane are important not only for simply creating surface area required for respiratory capacity, but go beyond that to affect the whole organelle morphology. This work explores the biophysical foundations of individual mitochondrial shape, suggesting potential links between mitochondrial structure and function. This should be of profound significance, particularly in the context of disrupted cristae shaping proteins and their implications in mitochondrial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preminger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassdenteufel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.595707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial inner membrane remodeling as a driving force of organelle shaping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T-cell Responses are Predictive of Serological Neutralization and are Transiently Enhanced by Pre-Existing Cross-Reactive Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contributions of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells to vaccine efficacy and durability are unclear. We investigated the relationships between mRNA vaccine-induced spike-specific IFN-{gamma} and IL-2 T-cell responses, anti-spike/RBD IgG/IgA antibodies, and live virus neutralizing capacity in long-term-care-home staff doubly vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. The impacts of pre-existing cross-reactive T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 on cellular and humoral responses to vaccination were additionally assessed. Mathematical modelling of the kinetics of spike-specific IFN-{gamma} and IL-2 T-cell responses over 6-months post-second dose was bifurcated into recipients who exhibited gradual increases (54% and 42%, respectively) with doubling times of 173 days, or decreases (46% and 58%, respectively) with half-lives of 115 days. Differences in kinetics did not correlate with any clinical phenotypes, although increases were proposed to be due to subclinical viral exposures. Serological anti-spike/RBD IgG/IgA antibody levels had otherwise decayed in all participants with half-lives of 55, 53, 76, and 59 days, respectively. Spike-specific T-cell responses induced at 2-6 weeks correlated with live viral neutralization at 6-months post-second dose, especially in hybrid immune individuals. Participants with pre-existing cross-reactive T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 exhibited greater spike-specific T-cell responses, reduced anti-RBD IgA antibody levels, and a trending increase in neutralization at 2-6 weeks post-second dose. Non-spike-specific T-cells predominantly targeted SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein at 6-months post-second dose in cross-reactive participants. mRNA vaccination was lastly shown to induce off-target T-cell responses against unrelated antigens. In summary, vaccine-induced spike-specific T-cell immunity appeared to influence serological neutralizing capacity, with only a modest effect induced by pre-existing cross-reactivity.

IMPORTANCEOur findings provide important insights on the potential contributions of mRNA vaccine-induced spike-specific T-cell responses to the durability of neutralizing antibody levels in both uninfected and hybrid immune recipients. Our study additionally sheds light on the precise impacts of pre-existing cross-reactive T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 on the magnitude and kinetics of cellular and humoral responses to vaccination. This study should ultimately inform the development of novel pan-coronavirus vaccines and vaccine regimens that can maximize the durability and breadth of protection against both current and future human coronaviruses of concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samaan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korosec, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budylowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, S. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasculescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Brand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tursun, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayam, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Launay, K. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaoka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffernen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T-cell Responses are Predictive of Serological Neutralization and are Transiently Enhanced by Pre-Existing Cross-Reactive Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.595857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-modeling the interplay between single cell shape, single cell protein expression, and tissue state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.595857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in cell shape are fundamentally involved in signaling, intracellular organization, function, and intercellular interactions within tissues, in health and disease. Investigating the interplay between cell shape and protein expression was limited, until recently, by the number of proteins that can be imaged simultaneously or by population averaging. We combined spatial multiplexed single cell imaging and machine learning to systematically investigate the intricate relationships between cell shape and protein expression in the context of heterogeneous human cells in their native state in human tissue samples in situ. Our analysis established a universal bi-directional link between the cells shape and its protein expression across different cell types, diseases, and disease states in human tissues, enabling new applications. Machine learning interpretability showed that the contribution of shape features to a prediction can potentially infer new protein functions. Unbiased screening of the links between all pairs consisting of one protein and one cell type identified a subpopulation of large p53-positive tumor cells across two cancers. Ultimately, inclusion of single cell shape properties enhanced Graph Neural Network disease state prediction. Our results open the door to unraveling the intricate connections between protein expression at the single cell level, cell shape, tissue organization, and tissue state in a physiological context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owczare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliper-Gross, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.595857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-modeling the interplay between single cell shape, single cell protein expression, and tissue state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unconventional interaction interface between the peroxisomal targeting factor Pex5 and Eci1 enables PTS1 independent import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate and regulated protein targeting to organelles is crucial for eukaryotic cellular function and homeostasis. This has driven the evolution of targeting signals on proteins and the targeting factors that recognize them. One example for this is peroxisomal matrix proteins, the majority of which rely on the targeting factor Pex5 to correctly localize and function. While most Pex5 cargos contain a Peroxisomal Targeting Signal type 1 (PTS1), in recent years it has become clear that more binding interfaces exist, and that targeting by Pex5 is more complex than previously thought. Here, we uncover that the matrix protein Eci1 can reach peroxisomes in the absence of its PTS1. By solving the structure of a complex between full length yeast Pex5 and Eci1 using Cryo-Electron Microscopy, we could identify their binding interfaces. This allowed us to map an additional binding interface that is independent of the canonical PTS1-mediated binding site. Our work brings forward a solution to a long-standing mystery regarding Eci1 targeting to peroxisomes. More globally, it demonstrates the intricate and complex nature of organelle targeting and how it has evolved to serve the complex eukaryotic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobovitch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.597006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unconventional interaction interface between the peroxisomal targeting factor Pex5 and Eci1 enables PTS1 independent import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGFβ determines morphology and key cellular processes of activated CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During an immune response, cells are simultaneously exposed to multiple cytokine signals that collectively determine their phenotype. Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF{beta}) is a pleiotropic cytokine acting as a key regulator of T-cell differentiation with activating and suppressive effects on their immune function. Here, we systematically analyze the cellular responses of CD4+ T cells to TGF{beta} across diverse cytokine environments in the presence or absence of TGF{beta}. We found that TGF{beta} had a profound dominant effect independent of the presence of other cytokines, modulating the expression of more than 4,000 genes. In the presence of TGF{beta}, cells exhibit lower expression of translation-related and apoptosis-related genes, accompanied by increased survival of activated T cells. Notably, cells cultured in the presence of TGF{beta} were smaller in size while preserving their proliferative ability. Accordingly, we identified a dense network of transcription factors that were modulated by TGF{beta}, suggesting a core gene set connecting TGF{beta} signaling to the regulation of T-cell size. We found N-Myc to be at the center of this network, and we directly show that TGF{beta} regulates its gene expression level, protein level, and nuclear localization. Our work provides a system to study cell size control and demonstrate the profound effect of TGF{beta} in the modulation and regulation of T-cell properties, expanding its role beyond guiding their phenotype.

Significance StatementTGF{beta} is a key determinant of CD4+ T-cell differentiation; however, understanding its effect on additional aspects of T-cell state is lacking. Here, we systematically studied the role of TGF{beta} in regulating T-cell physiology. Exposing cells to diverse combinations of cytokines enabled us to distill the core effect of TGF{beta}. We found TGF{beta} to have a profound effect on multiple cellular processes critical to T-cell function. Significantly, TGF{beta} induced smaller T-cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that TGF{beta} could skew the population towards tissue infiltration and residency. Furthermore, TGF{beta} can be used to fine-tune T-cell size, providing a system for studying cell size control. Overall, our findings demonstrate the profound effect of TGF{beta} in the regulation of T-cell physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eizenberg-Magar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyahu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsonego, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.597009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGFβ determines morphology and key cellular processes of activated CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range neuropeptide relay as a central-peripheral communication mechanism for the context-dependent modulation of interval timing behaviors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptides play crucial roles in regulating context-dependent behaviors, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigate the role of the neuropeptide SIFa and its receptor SIFaR in regulating two distinct mating duration behaviors in male Drosophila: Longer-Mating-Duration (LMD) and Shorter-Mating-Duration (SMD). We found that SIFaR expression in specific neurons is required for both LMD and SMD behaviors. Social context and sexual experience lead to synaptic reorganization between SIFa and SIFaR neurons, altering internal states of brain. We revealed that the SIFa-SIFaR/Crz-CrzR neuropeptide relay pathway is essential for generating distinct interval timing behaviors, with Crz neurons being responsive to the activity of SIFa neurons. Additionally, CrzR expression in non-neuronal cells is critical for regulating LMD and SMD behaviors. Our study provides insights into how neuropeptides and their receptors modulate context-dependent behaviors through synaptic plasticity and calcium signaling, with implications for understanding the neural circuitry underlying interval timing and neuropeptidergic system modulation of behavioral adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range neuropeptide relay as a central-peripheral communication mechanism for the context-dependent modulation of interval timing behaviors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidergic neurons with extensive branching orchestrate the internal states and energy balance of male Drosophila melanogaster. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptide SIFamide (SIFa) neurons in Drosophila melanogaster have been characterized by their exceptionally elaborate arborization patterns, which extend from the brain into the ventral nerve cord (VNC). SIFa neurons are equipped to receive signals that integrate both internal physiological cues and external environmental stimuli. These signals enable the neurons to regulate energy balance, sleep patterns, metabolic status, and circadian timing. These peptidergic neurons are instrumental in orchestrating the animals internal states and refining its behavioral responses, yet the precise molecular underpinnings of this process remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that SIFa neurons coordinate a range of behavioral responses by selectively integrating inputs and outputs in a context-dependent manner. These neurons engage in a feedback loop with sNPF neurons in the ventral nerve cord, modifying behaviors such as long mating duration (LMD) and shorter mating duration (SMD). Furthermore, SIFa neurons receive essential inputs from neuropeptides Dsk, sNPF, and dilp2, which regulate interval timing behaviors. Activating SIFa neurons leads to reduced mating duration and increased food intake, while deactivating them reduces food intake. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of SIFa neurons in absorbing inputs and turning them into behavioral outputs, shedding light on animals intricate behavioral orchestration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidergic neurons with extensive branching orchestrate the internal states and energy balance of male Drosophila melanogaster.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrosomes act as organizing centers to promote Polo kinase-mediated adaptation to persistent DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of cells to overcome cell cycle arrest and adapt to the presence of unrepairable DNA damage is under the control of polo-like kinases (PLKs) in eukaryotes. How DNA damage checkpoints are silenced or bypassed during the adaptation response is unknown, but the process requires enrichment of the Cdc5 PLK to microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), such as the yeast centrosomes or spindle pole bodies (SPBs). Here we found that SPBs play an active role as supramolecular organizing centers that coordinate Cdc5 recruitment and signaling to downstream effectors during the adaptation response to DNA damage. We show that SPB components Nud1, Spc110, and Spc72 are key effectors of Cdc5 recruitment to SPB in the presence of sustained DNA damage. Following recruitment, Cdc5 transduces a phospho-signal to key structural subunits of the SPB, including Cnm67 and Mps3. We demonstrate these phosphorylation events are required to bypass cell cycle checkpoint arrest and enable effective adaptation to DNA damage. This response is specific because it cannot be recapitulated by a generic inactivation of MTOC activity. Collectively, our results indicate that centrosomes can act as supramolecular platforms to coordinate dynamic recruitment and substrate selection of PLKs during the DNA damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langlois-Lemay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amours, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrosomes act as organizing centers to promote Polo kinase-mediated adaptation to persistent DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell variations of circadian clock and immune gene expression in microglia and neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated the diurnal rhythmicity of gene expression in microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, in health and disease. Using RNA sequencing and single-cell analysis by RNAscope, we examined wild-type mice and the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntingtons disease (HD). Our findings suggest context-dependent rhythmic gene expression in microglia, exhibiting substantial variability between individual cells and brain regions over 24 hours. Notably, we observed loss of rhythmic gene expression of key clock genes in microglia from symptomatic but not presymptomatic R6/2 mice. Moreover, we identified de novo 24-hour rhythmic gene expression and altered diurnal patterns of immune-related genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases in microglia from symptomatic R6/2 mice. Our findings suggest circadian reprogramming of microglia in the context of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relogio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.16.599193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell variations of circadian clock and immune gene expression in microglia and neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The bacterial Bmt methionine synthase is involved in lag phase shortening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.599700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can shorten their lag phase by utilizing methyl groups from compounds such as dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). These methyl groups are then incorporated into cellular building blocks via the methionine cycle. However, the specific contribution of bacterial methionine synthesis, which is critical for assimilating and incorporating methyl groups, remains unclear.

In this study, we employed transcriptomics, genetic manipulation and biochemical assays to explore the involvement of methionine synthesis in lag phase shortening using the model marine bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens. We mapped the expression profiles of the MetH-like methionine synthase components--an enzyme complex that is encoded by three genes--in response to DMSP during the lag phase. Our findings revealed transcriptional decoupling of the three genes. The deletion of the homocysteine-binding component of the MetH-like complex, namely bmt, disrupted lag phase shortening in response to DMSP. Through heterologous expression of the bmt gene product, we show that the individual Bmt enzyme produces methionine by directly demethylating DMSP and betaine in vitro. These findings reveal a metabolic route that was not previously described in marine bacteria. Since Bmt does not require tetrahydrofolate or cobalamin as co-factors for methionine synthesis, its potential to act alone as a demethylase and a methionine synthase represents a cost-effective metabolic shortcut for methyl group assimilation, which could be specifically beneficial under limiting conditions. Indeed, we show that under stress conditions, Bmt allows cells to shorten their lag phase in response to DMSP.

This study enhances our understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms underlying bacterial lag phase shortening, revealing microbial adaptation strategies in response to environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvaez-Barragan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.599700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The bacterial Bmt methionine synthase is involved in lag phase shortening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial voltage-gated K+ channels modulate the neural abiotic stress tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe abiotic stress causes insects to lose nervous function and enter a state of paralytic coma. Central to this loss of function is a spreading depolarization (SD), where a characteristic collapse of ion gradients depolarizes neuronal and glial membranes and rapidly shuts down the CNS. Despite representing a critical limit to CNS function, the stress threshold that elicits SD can be altered by the process of acclimation, though the mechanisms underlying this response remain largely unknown. Here, we made electrophysiological measurements of SD and investigated the role of K+ channels in acclimation of the CNS stress response of Drosophila melanogaster. First, we demonstrate that improved cold tolerance in the CNS elicited by cold acclimation was abolished by pharmacological blockade of K+ channels with voltage-gated K+ channels representing most of this effect. Next, we used the UAS/Gal4 model system to screen for candidate genes encoding glial voltage-gated K+ channels and found that knockdown of sei- and Shaw-encoded channels mimicked the effect of K+ blockade in cold-acclimated flies. Furthermore we show that the knockdown of glial sei-encoded channels also impair tolerance to anoxia and heat stress. These findings suggest that voltage-gated K+ channels, especially those encoded by sei, are integral to the CNS stress- and acclimation-response and we posit that this is elicited through mechanisms involving glial spatial buffering and barrier function. Establishing such causal links between tissue-specific expression of candidate genes and SD mechanisms will inevitably aid our understanding of insect ecophysiology and SD-related neuropathologies.

New and NoteworthyUsing thermal acclimation and pharmacology, we demonstrate that voltage-gated K+ channels are involved in setting the threshold for cold-induced spreading depolarization (SD) in the Drosophila melanogaster CNS. Glial knockdown of channels encoded by sei and Shaw reduced the resistance to cold-induced SD, highlighting their importance in acclimation of the CNS. Glia-specific sei-knockdown also reduced tolerance to anoxia and heat. We posit that sei-channels are involved the CNS stress- and acclimation-responses through glial spatial buffering mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, D. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMillan, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial voltage-gated K+ channels modulate the neural abiotic stress tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.601374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scene context and attention independently facilitate MEG decoding of object category 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.601374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the objects we encounter in our everyday environments would be hard to recognize without any expectations about these objects. For example, a distant silhouette may be perceived as a car because we expect objects of that size, positioned on a road, to be cars. Reflecting the influence of such expectations on visual processing, neuroimaging studies have shown that when objects are poorly visible, expectations derived from scene context facilitate the representations of these objects in visual cortex from around 300 ms after scene onset. The current magnetoencephalography (MEG) study tested whether this facilitation occurs independently of attention and task relevance. Participants viewed degraded objects alone or within their original scene context while they either attended the scenes (attended condition) or the fixation cross (unattended condition), temporally directing attention away from the scenes. Results showed that at 300 ms after stimulus onset, multivariate classifiers trained to distinguish clearly visible animate vs inanimate objects generalized to distinguish degraded objects in scenes better than degraded objects alone, despite the added clutter of the scene background. Attention also modulated object representations at this latency, with better category decoding in the attended than the unattended condition. The modulatory effects of context and attention were independent of each other. Finally, data from the current study and a previous study were combined (N=51) to provide a more detailed temporal characterization of contextual facilitation. These results extend previous work by showing that facilitatory scene-object interactions are independent of the specific task performed on the visual input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leticevscaia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peelen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.601374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scene context and attention independently facilitate MEG decoding of object category]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building a small brain with a simple stochastic generative model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The architectures of biological neural networks result from developmental processes shaped by genetically encoded rules, biophysical constraints, stochasticity, and learning. Understanding these processes is crucial for comprehending neural circuits structure and function. The ability to reconstruct neural circuits, and even entire nervous systems, at the neuron and synapse level, facilitates the study of the design principles of neural systems and their developmental plan. Here, we investigate the developing connectome of C. elegans using statistical generative models based on simple biological features: neuronal cell type, neuron birth time, cell body distance, reciprocity, and synaptic pruning. Our models accurately predict synapse existence, degree profiles of individual neurons, and statistics of small network motifs. Importantly, these models require a surprisingly small number of neuronal cell types, which we infer and characterize. We further show that to replicate the experimentally-observed developmental path, multiple developmental epochs are necessary. Validation of our models predictions of the synaptic connections using multiple reconstructions of adult worms suggests that our model identified the fundamental "backbone" of the connectivity graph. The accuracy of the generative statistical models we use here offers a general framework for studying how connectomes develop and the underlying principles of their design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building a small brain with a simple stochastic generative model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated network of T cells and antigen presenting cells regulate tolerance to food 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To efficiently absorb nutrients and facilitate microbial commensalism, the host establishes tolerogenic immune programs against dietary and commensal antigens, promoted by peripheral regulatory T cells (pTregs)1,2. Previous research into which antigen-presenting cells (APCs) initiate dietary pTreg responses focused on type 1 DCs (cDC1)3. However, we now report that food-specific pTreg cells are exclusively induced by the recently identified ROR{gamma}t+ APCs4-8, and not by cDC1. Instead, pTregs interact with cDC1 to regulate the response of food-specific CD8{beta} T cells that accumulate in the lamina propria (LP) and epithelial layer of the small intestine (SI) and express memory markers. Upon infection with pathogens that mimic dietary antigens, food-specific CD8{beta} cells activate an effector program to potentially guard against  Trojan horse attacks. Uniquely, after the infection resolves, these cells do not respond to their corresponding dietary antigens, allowing for safe food consumption. Based on our findings, we propose that in response to dietary antigens, dedicated antigen-presenting cells direct a unique CD8{beta} response that is coupled to the pTreg program to facilitate protective acute effector responses within the overall strategy of tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudnitsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.11.603064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated network of T cells and antigen presenting cells regulate tolerance to food]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of V. parvula and S. gordonii adhesins mediating co-aggregation and its impact on physiology and mixed biofilm structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dental plaque is a polymicrobial community where biofilm formation and co-aggregation, the ability to bind to other bacteria, play a major role in the construction of an organized consortium. One of its prominent members is the anaerobic diderm Veillonella parvula, considered as a bridging species, which growth depends on lactate produced by oral Streptococci. Understanding how V. parvula co-aggregates and the impact of aggregation has long been hampered due to the lack of appropriate genetic tools. Here we studied co-aggregation of the naturally competent strain V. parvula SKV38 with various oral bacteria and its effect on cell physiology. We show that V. parvula requires different trimeric autotransporters of the type V secretion system to adhere to oral Streptococci and Actinomyces. In addition, we describe a novel adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii, VisA (SGO_2004), as the protein responsible for co-aggregation with V. parvula. Finally, we show that co-aggregation does not impact cell-cell communication, which is mainly driven by environmental sensing, but plays an important role in the architecture and species distribution within the biofilm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DORISON, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BECHON, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAMORRO RODRIGUEZ, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VITRENKO, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OUAZAHROU, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VILLA, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESCHAMPS, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIANDET, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRIBALDO, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of V. parvula and S. gordonii adhesins mediating co-aggregation and its impact on physiology and mixed biofilm structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.604002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of 3-in-1 nanotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.604002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/604002v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c2d3e3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4e73eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@109aceeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@387843_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOTOCC_FLOATNO C_FIG Among gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer causes the most fatality. Platin-based chemotherapy is the primary therapeutic option, but it is limited by a variety of drug resistance mechanisms. Ovarian cancer is a complex and challenging disease to treat, and combination approaches have shown stronger efficacy than a single drug alone. However, they still need to overcome challenges, such as the non-selective distribution of drugs, and side effects caused by each drug in the combination. To overcome these issues, here we explored a 3-in-1 combination nanotherapeutic approach containing cisplatin, olaparib, and metformin for ovarian cancer. To encapsulate hydrophilic cisplatin and metformin inside the nanoparticle (NP) core, we developed cisplatin polymer prodrugs and metformin derivatives. Our results showed successful development of 3-in-1 NPs containing cisplatin, olaparib, and metformin, and they are stable in the physiological conditions. In vitro evaluation showed each agent in the 3-in-1 NPs is active and exerts therapeutic effects, contributing to ovarian cancer cell killing at lower concentrations. These results provide insight into developing novel nanotherapeutic strategies for improving ovarian cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durocher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahunia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.604002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of 3-in-1 nanotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spiking neural network models of sound localisation via a massively collaborative process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractNeuroscientists are increasingly initiating large-scale collaborations which bring together tens to hundreds of researchers. However, while these projects represent a step-change in scale, they retain a traditional structure with centralised funding, participating laboratories and data sharing on publication. Inspired by an open-source project in pure mathematics, we set out to test the feasibility of an alternative structure by running a grassroots, massively collaborative project in computational neuroscience. To do so, we launched a public Git repository, with code for training spiking neural networks to solve a sound localisation task via surrogate gradient descent. We then invited anyone, anywhere to use this code as a springboard for exploring questions of interest to them, and encouraged participants to share their work both asynchro-nously through Git and synchronously at monthly online workshops. At a scientific level, our work investigated how a range of biologically-relevant parameters, from time delays to mem-brane time constants and levels of inhibition, could impact sound localisation in networks of spiking units. At a more macro-level, our project brought together 31 researchers from multiple countries, provided hands-on research experience to early career participants, and opportunities for supervision and teaching to later career participants. Looking ahead, our project provides a glimpse of what open, collaborative science could look like and provides a necessary, tentative step towards it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habashy, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Santis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercelik, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszaros, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedenberger, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abubacar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizenbud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicknell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bormuth, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonietti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spiking neural network models of sound localisation via a massively collaborative process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Burst-Dependent Algorithm for Neuromorphic On-Chip Learning of Spiking Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of neuromorphic engineering addresses the high energy demands of neural networks through brain-inspired hardware for efficient neural network computing. For on-chip learning with spiking neural networks, neuromorphic hardware requires a local learning algorithm able to solve complex tasks. Approaches based on burst-dependent plasticity have been proposed to address this requirement, but their ability to learn complex tasks has remained unproven. Specifically, previous burst-dependent learning was demonstrated on a spiking version of the XOR problem using a network of thousands of neurons. Here, we extend burst-dependent learning, termed  Burstprop, to address more complex tasks with hundreds of neurons. We evaluate Burstprop on a rate-encoded spiking version of the MNIST dataset, achieving low test classification errors, comparable to those obtained using backpropagation through time on the same architecture. Going further, we develop another burst-dependent algorithm based on the communication of two types of error-encoding events for the communication of positive and negative errors. We find that this new algorithm performs better on the image classification benchmark. We also tested our algorithms under various types of feedback connectivity, establishing that the capabilities of fixed random feedback connectivity is preserved in spiking neural networks. Lastly, we tested the robustness of the algorithm to weight discretization. Together, these results suggest that spiking Burstprop can scale to more complex learning tasks and can thus be considered for self-supervised algorithms while maintaining efficiency, potentially providing a viable method for learning with neuromorphic hardware.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Burst-Dependent Algorithm for Neuromorphic On-Chip Learning of Spiking Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled pH Alteration Enables Guanine Accumulation and Drives Crystallization within Iridosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals exhibit remarkable colors produced by the constructive interference of light reflected from arrays of intracellular guanine crystals. These systems are utilized for various purposes, including vision, camouflage, communication, and thermal regulation. Each guanine crystal forms within a membrane-bound organelle called an iridosome, where precise control over crystal formation occurs. While the presence of guanine crystals in iridosomes is well-documented, the mechanisms facilitating the accumulation of water-insoluble guanine and driving its crystallization remain unclear. Here, we employ advanced imaging and spectroscopy techniques to characterize the maturation of iridosomes in zebrafish iridophores during development. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we found that amorphous guanine accumulates in early-stage iridosomes. Synchrotron-based soft X-ray microscopy studies revealed that, unlike mature crystals, the accumulated guanine is initially in its protonated state. Live imaging with a pH sensor demonstrated that early-stage iridosomes are acidic and that their pH gradually approaches neutrality during maturation. Additionally, the application of a V-ATPase inhibitor reduced the acidity of iridosomes and significantly decreased crystal formation, suggesting the involvement of V-ATPase in regulating the organelle pH. Our findings reveal new insights into the molecular mechanisms facilitating guanine accumulation and crystallization within iridosomes, emphasizing the pivotal role of pH alternations in the precise formation of biogenic crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ggorelick-Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broder, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellum, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan-Ashiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houben, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled pH Alteration Enables Guanine Accumulation and Drives Crystallization within Iridosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
predicTTE: An accessible and optimal tool for time-to-event prediction in neurological diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-to-event prediction is a key task for biological discovery, experimental medicine, and clinical care. This is particularly true for neurological diseases where development of reliable biomarkers is often limited by difficulty visualising and sampling relevant cell and molecular pathobiology. To date, much work has relied on Cox regression because of ease-of-use, despite evidence that this model includes incorrect assumptions. We have implemented a set of deep learning and spline models for time-to-event modelling within a fully customizable  app and accompanying online portal, both of which can be used for any time-to-event analysis in any disease by a non-expert user. Our online portal includes capacity for end-users including patients, Neurology clinicians, and researchers, to access and perform predictions using a trained model, and to contribute new data for model improvement, all within a data-secure environment. We demonstrate a pipeline for use of our app with three use-cases including imputation of missing data, hyperparameter tuning, model training and independent validation. We show that predictions are optimal for use in downstream applications such as genetic discovery, biomarker interpretation, and personalised choice of medication. We demonstrate the efficiency of an ensemble configuration, including focused training of a deep learning model. We have optimised a pipeline for imputation of missing data in combination with time-to-event prediction models. Overall, we provide a powerful and accessible tool to develop, access and share time-to-event prediction models; all software and tutorials are available at www.predictte.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gornall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohseni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhaik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[predicTTE: An accessible and optimal tool for time-to-event prediction in neurological diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Range geographies, not functional traits, explain convergent range and phenology shifts under climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change may introduce conditions beyond species tolerances; to survive, species must avoid these extremes. Phenological shifts are one strategy, as species move their activity or life history events in time to avoid extreme conditions. Species may also shift in space, moving their ranges poleward to escape extremes. However, whether species are more likely to exhibit one or both strategies, and whether this can be predicted based on a species functional traits, is unknown. Using a powerful macroecological dataset of European and North American odonate observations, we assessed range and phenology shifts between two time periods (1980-2002 and 2008-2018) to measure the strength and direction of the association between responses. Species with the greatest poleward range shifts also showed the largest phenological shifts toward earlier annual activity periods, with half of all species shifting in both space and time. This response was consistent across continents, despite highly divergent land use and biogeographical histories in these regions. Surprisingly, species range and phenology shifts were not related to functional traits; rather, southern species shifted their range limits more strongly, while increasing temperature variability hindered range shifts. By reducing risk through phenological shifts, the resulting larger populations may be more likely to disperse and expand species ranges. Species shifting in both space and time may be more resilient to extreme conditions, although further work integrating abundance data is needed. We also identified a small number of species (approximately 10%) that failed to shift at all; these species are likely to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, and should be prioritized for conservation intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirois-Delisle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Range geographies, not functional traits, explain convergent range and phenology shifts under climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early and Delayed STAT1-Dependent Responses Drive Local Trained Immunity of Macrophages in the Spleen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trained immunity (TI) is the process wherein innate immune cells gain functional memory upon exposure to specific ligands or pathogens, leading to augmented inflammatory responses and pathogen clearance upon secondary exposure. While the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and reprogramming of bone marrow (BM) progenitors are well-established mechanisms underpinning durable TI protection, remodeling of the cellular architecture within the tissue during TI remains underexplored. Here, we study the effects of peritoneal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) administration to find TI-mediated protection in the spleen against a subsequent heterologous infection by the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm). Utilizing single cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry, we discerned STAT1-regulated genes in TI-associated resident and recruited splenic myeloid populations. The temporal dynamics of TI were further elucidated, revealing both early and delayed myeloid subsets with time-dependent, cell type-specific STAT1 signatures. Using lineage tracing, we find that tissue-resident red pulp macrophages (RPM), initially depleted by BCG exposure, are restored from both tissue-trained, self-renewing macrophages and from bone marrow-derived progenitors, fostering long lasting local defense. Early inhibition of STAT1 activation, using specific JAK-STAT inhibitors, reduces both RPM loss and recruitment of trained monocytes. Our study suggests a temporal window soon after BCG vaccination, in which STAT1-dependent activation of long-lived resident cells in the tissue mediates localized protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solomon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzebanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehezkel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early and Delayed STAT1-Dependent Responses Drive Local Trained Immunity of Macrophages in the Spleen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing plasmid multimer formation in commonly used synthetic biology plasmids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are an essential tool for basic research and biotechnology applications. To optimize plasmid-based circuits, it is crucial to control plasmid integrity, including the formation of plasmid multimers. Multimers are tandem repeats of entire plasmids formed during replication by failed dimer resolution. Multimers can affect the behavior of synthetic circuits, especially ones that include DNA-editing enzymes. However, occurrence of multimers is not commonly assayed. Here we survey four commonly used plasmid backbones for occurrence of multimers in cloning (JM109) and wild-type (MG1655) strains. We find that multimers occur appreciably only in MG1655, with the fraction of plasmids existing as multimers increasing with both plasmid copy number and culture passaging. In contrast, introduction of multimers into JM109 can produce strains containing only multimers. We present an MG1655{Delta} recA single-locus knockout that avoids multimer production. These results can aid synthetic biologists in improving design and reliability of plasmid-based circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaisbourd, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing plasmid multimer formation in commonly used synthetic biology plasmids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer RNA acetylation regulates in vivo mammalian stress signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications are crucial for protein synthesis, but their position-specific physiological roles remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the impact of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), a highly conserved tRNA modification, using a Thumpd1 knockout mouse model. We find that loss of Thumpd1-dependent tRNA acetylation leads to reduced levels of tRNALeu, increased ribosome stalling, and activation of eIF2 phosphorylation. Thumpd1 knockout mice exhibit growth defects and sterility. Remarkably, concurrent knockout of Thumpd1 and the stress-sensing kinase Gcn2 causes penetrant postnatal lethality, indicating a critical genetic interaction. Our findings demonstrate that a modification restricted to a single position within type II cytosolic tRNAs can regulate ribosome-mediated stress signaling in mammalian organisms, with implications for our understanding of translation control as well as therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thalalla Gamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoogar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howpay Manage, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polevoda, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustanovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thu, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holewinski, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koparde, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jailwala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andresson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmondson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difilippantonio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer RNA acetylation regulates in vivo mammalian stress signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-related Mutagenic and Clastogenic Effects of Benzofluoranthene in Mouse Somatic Tissues Detected by Duplex Sequencing and the Micronucleus Assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants that originate from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. We investigated the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), one of 16 priority PAHs, in MutaMouse males after a 28-day oral exposure. BbF causes robust dose-dependent increases in micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood, indicative of chromosome damage. Duplex Sequencing (DS), an error-corrected sequencing technology, reveals that BbF induces dose-dependent increases in mutation frequencies in bone marrow (BM) and liver. Mutagenicity is increased in intergenic relative to genic regions, suggesting a role for transcription-coupled repair of BbF-induced DNA damage. At higher doses, the maximum mutagenic response to BbF is higher in liver, which has a lower mitotic index but higher metabolic capacity than BM; however, mutagenic potency is comparable between the two tissues. BbF induces primarily C:G>A:T mutations, followed by C:G>T:A and C:G>G:C, indicating that BbF metabolites mainly target guanines and cytosines. The mutation spectrum of BbF correlates with cancer mutational signatures associated with tobacco exposure, supporting its contribution to the carcinogenicity of combustion-derived PAHs in humans. Overall, BbFs mutagenic effects are similar to benzo[a]pyrene, a well-studied mutagenic PAH. Our work showcases the utility of DS for effective mutagenicity assessment of environmental pollutants.

SynopsisWe used Duplex Sequencing to study the mutagenicity of benzo[b]fluoranthene across the mouse genome. Dose-dependent changes in mutation frequency and spectrum quantify its role in PAH-induced carcinogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuster, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, D. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Roe, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salk, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yauk, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-related Mutagenic and Clastogenic Effects of Benzofluoranthene in Mouse Somatic Tissues Detected by Duplex Sequencing and the Micronucleus Assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtypes and proliferation patterns of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors revealed by single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) occur primarily in the small intestine, lung and pancreas. Due to their rarity compared to other malignancies in these organs, their complex biology remains poorly understood, including their oncogenesis, tumor composition and the intriguing phenomena of mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN). Here we profiled ten low-grade small intestine NET (SiNET) samples as well as one mixed lung tumor by single-cell or single-nuclei RNA-seq. We find that SiNETs are largely separated into two distinct subtypes, in which the neuroendocrine cells upregulate epithelial or neuronal markers, respectively. Surprisingly, in both subtypes the neuroendocrine cells are largely non-proliferative while higher proliferation is observed in multiple non-malignant cell types. Specifically, B and plasma cells are highly proliferative in the epithelial-like SiNET subtype, potentially reflecting the outcome of high Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) expression in those tumors, which may constitute a relevant target. Finally, our analysis of a mixed lung neuroendocrine tumor identifies a population of putative progenitor cells that may give rise to both neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine (squamous) cells, potentially explaining the origin of the mixed histology. Taken together, our results provide important insights and hypotheses regarding the biology of neuroendocrine neoplasms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somech, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbolin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtypes and proliferation patterns of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors revealed by single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory mechanisms in the prefrontal-cortex differentially mediate Putamen activity during valence-based learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from appetitive and aversive stimuli involves interactions between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical structures. Preclinical and theoretical studies indicate that inhibition is essential in regulating the relevant neural circuitry. Here, we demonstrate that GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, differentially affects how the dACC interacts with subcortical structures during appetitive and aversive learning in humans. Participants engaged in tasks involving appetitive and aversive learning, while using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 7T to track GABA concentrations in the dACC, alongside whole-brain fMRI scans to assess BOLD activation. During appetitive learning, dACC GABA concentrations were negatively correlated with learning performance and BOLD activity measured from the dACC and the Putamen. These correlations were absent during aversive learning, where dACC GABA concentrations negatively correlated with the connectivity between the dACC and the Putamen. Our results show that inhibition in the dACC mediates appetitive and aversive learning in humans through distinct mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory mechanisms in the prefrontal-cortex differentially mediate Putamen activity during valence-based learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tp53 R217H and R242H Mutant Zebrafish Exhibit Dysfunctional p53 Hallmarks and Recapitulate Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome associated with a highly penetrant cancer spectrum characterized by germline TP53 mutations. We characterized the first LFS zebrafish hotspot mutants, tp53 R217H and R242H (human R248H and R273H), and found these mutants exhibit partial-to-no activation of p53 target genes, have a defective G1 cell-cycle checkpoint, and are resistant to apoptosis. Spontaneous tumor development histologically resembling human sarcomas developed as early as 6 months. tp53 R242H mutants had a higher lifetime tumor incidence compared to tp53 null and R217H mutants, suggesting it is a more aggressive mutation. We observed mutation-specific tumor phenotypes across tp53 mutants with associated diverse transcriptomic and DNA methylome profiles, impacting metabolism, cell signalling, and biomacromolecule synthesis and degradation. These tp53 zebrafish mutants demonstrate fidelity to their human counterparts and provide new insights into underlying tumorigenesis mechanisms and kinetics, which will guide targeted therapeutics for LFS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiene, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, K. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midgen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moksa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subasri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prykhozhij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tp53 R217H and R242H Mutant Zebrafish Exhibit Dysfunctional p53 Hallmarks and Recapitulate Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Working Memory and a New Magic Number 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory often appears to exceed its basic span by organizing items into compact representations called chunks. Chunking can be learned over time for familiar inputs; however, it can also arise spontaneously for novel stimuli. Such on-the-fly structuring is crucial for cognition, yet the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Here we introduce a synaptic theory of chunking, in which short-term synaptic plasticity enables the formation of chunk representations in working memory. We show that a specialized population of "chunking neurons" selectively controls groups of stimulus-responsive neurons, akin to gating. As a result, the network maintains and retrieves the stimuli in chunks, thereby exceeding the basic capacity. Moreover, we show that our model can dynamically construct hierarchical representations within working memory through hierarchical chunking. A consequence of this proposed mechanism is a new limit on the number of items that can be stored and subsequently retrieved from working memory, depending only on the basic working memory capacity when chunking is not invoked. Predictions from our model were confirmed by analyzing single-unit responses in epileptic patients and memory experiments with verbal material. Our work provides a novel conceptual and analytical framework for understanding how the brain organizes information in real time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Working Memory and a New Magic Number]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The glycolytic reaction PGAM unexpectedly restrains Th17 pathogenicity and Th17-dependent autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose metabolism is a critical regulator of T cell function, largely thought to support their activation and effector differentiation. Here, we investigate the relevance of individual glycolytic reactions in determining the pathogenicity of T helper 17 (Th17) cells using single-cell RNA-seq and Compass, an algorithm we previously developed for estimating metabolic flux from single-cell transcriptomes. Surprisingly, Compass predicted that the metabolic shunt between 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is inversely correlated with pathogenicity in these cells, whereas both its upstream and downstream reactions were positively correlated. Perturbation of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), an enzyme required for 3PG to 2PG conversion, resulted in an increase in protein expression of IL2, IL17, and TNFa, as well as induction of a pathogenic gene expression program. Consistent with PGAM playing a pro-regulatory role, inhibiting PGAM in Th17 cells resulted in exacerbated autoimmune responses in the adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, we further investigated the effects of modulating glucose concentration on Th17 cells in culture. Th17 cells differentiated under high- and low-glucose conditions substantially differed in their metabolic and effector transcriptomic programs, both central to Th17 function. Importantly, the PGAM-dependent gene module marks the least pathogenic state of Th17 cells irrespective of glucose concentration. Overall, our study identifies PGAM, contrary to other glycolytic enzymes, as a negative regulator of Th17 pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.18.607992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The glycolytic reaction PGAM unexpectedly restrains Th17 pathogenicity and Th17-dependent autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Omics Unveils Strain-Specific Neuroactive Metabolite Production Linked to Inflammation Modulation by Bacteroides and Their Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides species are key members of the human gut microbiome and play crucial roles in gut ecology, metabolism, and host-microbe interactions. This study investigated the strain-specific production of neuroactive metabolites by 18 Bacteroidetes (12 Bacteroides, 4 Phocaeicola, and 2 Parabacteroides) using multi-omics approaches. Genomic analysis revealed a significant potential for producing GABA, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine metabolism-linked neuroactive compounds. Using untargeted and targeted metabolomics, we identified key neurotransmitter-related or precursor metabolites, including GABA, L-tryptophan, 5-HTP, normelatonin, kynurenic acid, L-tyrosine, and norepinephrine, in a strain- and media-specific manner, with GABA (1-2 mM) being the most abundant. Additionally, extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by Bacteroides harbor multiple neuroactive metabolites, mainly GABA, and related key enzymes. We used CRISPR/Cas12a-based gene engineering to create a knockout mutant lacking the glutamate decarboxylase gene (gadB) to demonstrate the specific contribution of Bacteroides finegoldii-derived GABA in modulating intestinal homeostasis. Cell-free supernatants from wild-type (WT, GABA+) and {Delta}gadB (GABA-) provided GABA-independent reinforcement of epithelial membrane integrity in LPS-treated Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures. EVs from WT and {Delta}gadB attenuated inflammatory immune response of LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1{beta} and IL-6), downregulation of TNF-, and upregulation of IL-10 and TGF-{beta}. GABA production by B. finegoldii had a limited impact on gut barrier integrity but a significant role in modulating inflammation. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of a myriad of neuroactive metabolites produced by Bacteroides species in a strain- and media-specific manner in supernatant and EVs, with GABA being the most dominant metabolite and influencing immune responses.

ImportanceBacteroides is a keystone gut symbiont that largely influences gut ecological dynamics and intestinal homeostasis. While previous studies highlighted the contribution of Bacteroides to human health, the mechanisms by which these species interact with the gut-brain axis are still emerging. This study highlights the remarkable potential of Bacteroides species to produce a wide spectrum of neurotransmitter-related or precursor metabolites, such as {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), tyramine, normelatonin, L-tyrosine, norepinephrine, and spermine. Bacteroides neurometabolic signaling to the host may involve extracellular vesicles (EVs), potentially modulating the gut-brain axis and host immune responses. Notably, B. finegoldii exhibit distinct anti-inflammatory characteristics resulting from different molecular patterns, including GABA and EV production. Our findings suggest that Bacteroides and their EVs hold great promise as next-generation psychobiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yousuf, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mottawea, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmail, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazemof, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhlel, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njoku, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Omics Unveils Strain-Specific Neuroactive Metabolite Production Linked to Inflammation Modulation by Bacteroides and Their Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic underpinnings of predicted changes in cardiovascular function using self supervised learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe genetic underpinnings of cardiovascular disease remain elusive. Contrastive learning algorithms have recently shown cutting-edge performance in extracting representations from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals that characterize cross-temporal cardiovascular state. However, there is currently no connection between these representations and genetics.

MethodsWe designed a new metric, denoted as Delta ECG, which measures temporal shifts in patients cardiovascular state, and inherently adjusts for inter-patient differences at baseline. We extracted this measure for 4,782 patients in the Human Phenotype Project using a novel self-supervised learning model, and quantified the associated genetic signals with Genome-Wide-Association Studies (GWAS). We predicted the expression of thousands of genes extracted from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Downstream, we ran enrichment and overrepresentation analysis of genes we identified as significantly predicted from ECG.

FindingsIn a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of Delta ECG, we identified five associations that achieved genome-wide significance. From baseline embeddings, our models significantly predict the expression of 57 genes in men and 9 in women. Enrichment analysis showed that these genes were predominantly associated with the electron transport chain and the same immune pathways as identified in our GWAS.

ConclusionsWe validate a novel method integrating self-supervised learning in the medical domain and simple linear models in genetics. Our results indicate that the processes underlying temporal changes in cardiovascular health share a genetic basis with CVD, its major risk factors, and its known correlates. Moreover, our functional analysis confirms the importance of leukocytes, specifically eosinophils and mast cells with respect to cardiac structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan-Pompan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmor-Barkan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic underpinnings of predicted changes in cardiovascular function using self supervised learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of potent SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain inhibitors uncovers lack of translation to cellular antiviral response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A strategy for pandemic preparedness is the development of antivirals against a wide set of viral targets with complementary mechanisms of action. SARS-CoV-2 nsp3-mac1 is a viral macrodomain with ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, which counteracts host immune response. Targeting the virus immunomodulatory functionality offers a differentiated strategy to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 compared to approved therapeutics, which target viral replication directly. Here we report a fragment-based lead generation campaign guided by computational approaches. We discover tool compounds which inhibit nsp3-mac1 activity at low nanomolar concentrations, and with responsive structure-activity relationships, high selectivity, and drug-like properties. Using our inhibitors, we show that inhibition of nsp3-mac1 increases ADP-ribosylation, but surprisingly does not translate to demonstrable antiviral activity in cell culture and iPSC-derived pneumocyte models. Further, no synergistic activity is observed in combination with interferon gamma, a main protease inhibitor, nor a papain-like protease inhibitor. Our results question the extent to which targeting modulation of innate immunity-driven ADP-ribosylation can influence SARS-CoV-2 replication. Moreover, these findings suggest that nsp3-mac1 might not be a suitable target for antiviral therapeutics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Tapia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duberstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayvert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Godoy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, K. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koekemoer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marples, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szommer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, C. W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winokan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of potent SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain inhibitors uncovers lack of translation to cellular antiviral response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.605776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved RNA-binding protein interactions mediate syntologous lncRNA functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.605776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syntologous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are loci with conserved genomic positions that often show little or no sequence similarity. Despite diverging primary sequences, lncRNA syntologs from distant species can carry out similar functions. However, determinants underlying conserved functions of syntologous lncRNA transcripts with no sequence similarity remain unknown. Using CASC15 and melanoma formation as a paradigm for fast evolving lncRNAs and their functions, we found that human and zebrafish CASC15 syntologs with no detectable sequence similarity retained their function across 450 million years of evolution. Similar to the casc15-deficient zebrafish, CASC15-mutant human melanoma cells show increased cell migration. Expression of human CASC15 in zebrafish rescues loss of casc15 function by attenuating melanoma formation. This conserved function is supported by a set of RNA-binding proteins, interacting with both zebrafish and human CASC15 transcripts. Together, our findings demonstrate that conserved RNA-protein interactions can define functions of rapidly evolving lncRNA transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabate-Cadenas, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavalou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledevin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larcher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petitjean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieche, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkumatava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.605776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved RNA-binding protein interactions mediate syntologous lncRNA functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation and Evasion of the FEAR Pathway by RNA Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently identified the FACT-ETS-1 Antiviral Response (FEAR) pathway as an interferon-independent innate immune response that restricts DNA virus replication and is countered by poxvirus-encoded A51R proteins (Rex et al., 2024, Nature Microbiology). The human FEAR pathway is mediated by the FACT complex, consisting of hSpt16 and SSRP1 subunits, that remodels chromatin to activate expression of the antiviral transcription factor, ETS-1. To counter this pathway, poxvirus A51R proteins tether SUMOylated hSpt16 subunits to microtubules to prevent ETS-1 expression. While these observations indicate a role for the FEAR pathway in DNA virus restriction, it was unclear if RNA viruses interact with this pathway. Here, we show that RNA viruses are also restricted by the FEAR pathway, yet encode mechanisms distinct from poxviruses to counter this response. We show vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a rhabdovirus, utilizes its matrix (M) protein to promote proteasome-dependent degradation of SUMOylated hSpt16 and to block ETS-1 nuclear import. Strains encoding mutant M proteins that cannot antagonize the FEAR pathway exhibit replication defects in human cells that can be rescued by hSpt16 or ETS-1 depletion. Moreover, FACT inhibitor treatment enhanced the replication of oncolytic VSV strains encoding defective M proteins in restrictive cancer cells, suggesting FEAR pathway inhibition may improve oncolytic virotherapy. Strikingly, we provide evidence that the inability of VSV M to degrade SUMOylated Spt16 in lepidopteran insect cells results in abortive infection, suggesting VSV-Spt16 interactions influence virus host range. Lastly, we show that human and murine paramyxovirus target SUMOylated Spt16 proteins for degradation in human and murine cells utilizing a conserved N-terminal motif in their accessory "C" proteins. Collectively, our study illustrates that DNA and RNA viruses have independently evolved diverse mechanisms to antagonize SUMOylated host Spt16 proteins, underscoring the physiological importance of the FEAR pathway to antiviral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rex, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulanandam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gammon, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation and Evasion of the FEAR Pathway by RNA Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium induces conformational changes in the Sabia virus spike complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemorrhagic fever viruses from the Arenaviridae are a source of concern due to their potential to cause lethal outbreaks and the lack of effective therapeutics. Several Clade-B viruses, which are endemic to the Americas, are pathogens that sporadically infect humans following zoonotic transmission from small rodents. Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, caused by the Sabia virus (SBAV), is one of several such diseases from Clade-B arenaviruses. Despite their importance and the risks they impose, many fundamental questions remain regarding their biology and function. Here, we present the structure of the spike complex from the Sabia virus, which mediates viral attachment and entry to the host cells. Our study reveals two distinct conformational states of the spike, representing its native closed state and an open state that it assumes during cell entry. We show that potassium, in combination with acidic pH, promotes the opening of the spike, which is required for achieving efficient cell entry. This structure further informs us about the architecture of Clade-B arenaviral spikes and how they vary from spikes of other members of the Arenaviridae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium induces conformational changes in the Sabia virus spike complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-omics approach to identify deleterious mutations in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crops lose genetic variation due to strong founder effects during domestication, accumulating and potentially exposing recessive deleterious alleles. Therefore, identifying those deleterious variants in domesticated varieties and their functional orthologs in wild relatives is key for plant breeding, food security and in rescuing the biodiversity of cultivated crops. We explored a machine learning strategy to estimate the impact of new and existing mutations in plant genomes, leveraging multi-omics data, encompassing genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic information. Specifically, we applied a support-vector-machine framework, previously applied to animal datasets, to published omics data of two important crops of the genus Solanum - tomato and potato - and for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that our approach provides biologically plausible inferences on the role of mutations occurring in different genomic regions and predictions that correlate with natural genetic variation for the three species, supporting the validity of our estimates. Finally, we show that our estimates outperform existing methods relying exclusively on phylogenetic conservation and not leveraging the availability of omics data for crop species. This approach provides a simple score for researchers to prioritize variants for gene editing and breeding purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baruch, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafessoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-omics approach to identify deleterious mutations in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.610007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree reconstruction guarantees from CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing data using Neighbor-Joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.610007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 based lineage tracing technologies have enabled the reconstruction of single-cell phylogenies from transcriptional readouts. However, developing tree-reconstruction algorithms with theoretical guarantees in this setting is challenging. In this work, we derive a reconstruction algorithm with theoretical guarantees using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) on distances that are moment-matched to estimate the true tree distances. We develop a series of tools to analyze this algorithm and prove its theoretical guarantees. When the parameters of the data generating process are known and there is no missing data, our results align with established results from common evolutionary models, such as Cavender-Farris-Neyman and Jukes-Cantor. However, to account for the realistic case where the parameters of the data generating process are not known and there is missing data, we develop new theory that shows for the first time that it is still possible to obtain reconstruction guarantees in the CRISPR-Cas9 case and in other models of evolution. Empirically, we show on both simulated lineage tracing data and on real data from a mouse model of lung cancer the improved performance of our method as compared to the traditional use of NJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristanto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.610007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree reconstruction guarantees from CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing data using Neighbor-Joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the p21 Ubiquitin-Independent Degron Reveals a Dual Degron Module Regulating p21 Degradation and Function. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A group of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are subjected to 20S proteasomal degradation in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Recently, we have reported that many IDP/IDR are targeted to the 20S proteasome via interaction with the C-terminus of PSMA3 subunit, termed the PSMA3 Trapper. In this study, we investigated the biological significance of the IDP-Trapper interaction using the IDP p21. Using split luciferase reporter assay and conducting detailed p21 mutagenesis, we first identified the p21 RRLIF box, localized at the C-terminus, as mediating the Trapper interaction in cells. To demonstrate the role of this box in p21 degradation, we edited the genome of HEK293 and HeLa cell lines using a CRISPR strategy. We found that the p21 half-life increased in cells with either a deleted or mutated p21 RRLIF box. The edited cell lines displayed an aberrant cell cycle pattern under normal conditions and in response to DNA damage. Remarkably, these cells highly expressed senescence hallmark genes in response to DNA damage, highlighting that the increased p21 half-life, not its actual level, regulates senescence. Our findings suggest that the p21 RRLIF box, which mediates interaction with the PSMA3 Trapper, acts as a ubiquitin-independent degron. This degron is positioned adjacent to the previously identified ubiquitin-dependent degron, forming a dual degron module that functionally regulates p21 degradation and its physiological outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riutin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the p21 Ubiquitin-Independent Degron Reveals a Dual Degron Module Regulating p21 Degradation and Function.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Balanced Mind and its Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Advanced Meditators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A balanced mind, or equanimity, cultivated through meditation and other spiritual practices, is considered one of the highest mental states. Its core features include deidentification and non-duality. Despite its significance, its neural correlates remain unknown. To address this, we acquired 128-channel EEG data (n = 103) from advanced and novice meditators (from the Isha Yoga tradition) and controls during an internal attention (breath-watching) and an external attention task (visual-oddball paradigm). We calculated the auto-correlation window (ACW), a measure of brains intrinsic neural timescales (INTs) and assessed equanimity through self-report questionnaires. Advanced meditators showed higher levels of equanimity and shorter duration of INTs (shorter ACW) during breath-watching, indicating deidentification with mental contents. Furthermore, they demonstrated no significant differences in INTs between tasks, indicating non-dual awareness. Finally, shorter duration of INTs correlated with the participants subjective perceptions of equanimity. In conclusion, we show that the shorter duration of brains INT may serve as a neural marker of equanimity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malipeddi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasidharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P.N., R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrotra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.609126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Balanced Mind and its Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Advanced Meditators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transglutaminase 2 function in glioblastoma tumor efferocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and incurable type of brain cancer. Regions of tissue necrosis are a distinctive pathological feature of this cancer. These arise through thrombosis of tumor vasculature, driven by tumor-derived pro-coagulation factors. In studies of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), we observed that TGM2 mRNA expression in glioblastoma was primarily in a subset of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells with hypoxia gene expression signatures. Analysis of xenograft and human glioblastoma samples by immunohistochemistry showed that macrophages in the vicinity of necrotic regions expressed very high levels of TGM2. These macrophages were engaged in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, a process known as efferocytosis. In cell culture, incubation of macrophages with apoptotic cells induced TGM2 expression in macrophages, and TGM2 inhibitors blocked efferocytosis. In patient-derived glioblastoma organoids cultured in 5% O2, a basal level of apoptosis was observed, and endogenous macrophages were observed in the process of clearing apoptotic cells. Clearance of apoptotic cells was reduced in organoids treated with a TGM2 inhibitor. Apoptotic cells and efferocytosis were both markedly lower in organoids grown in 20% O2. These data, together with previous work, define a model in which necrotic regions in glioblastoma induce hypoxia-driven apoptosis, which in turn promotes efferocytosis by macrophages. TGM2 is both a marker of efferocytosis and a target for efferocytosis inhibition in this process. Efferocytosis is a potent immunosuppressive mechanism, so this process provides an additional mechanism by which large glioblastoma tumors can evade immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevinc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgafarawi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keillor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorimer, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transglutaminase 2 function in glioblastoma tumor efferocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gut microbiota is a determinant of sexual dimorphism in ALS-linked TDP43 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying the earlier onset and male predominance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common form of human motoneuron disease, are poorly understood. Here we show that the gut microbiota protects against TDP43 toxicity and contributes to the sexual dimorphism in mice expressing a mutant form of TDP43 (A315T) linked to ALS. TDP43 mice raised under germ-free conditions, or treated with antibiotics to deplete the gut microbiota, develop motoneuron disease earlier and show no sex differences in onset and lifespan. Behavioral and histopathological analyses confirm the exacerbation in neurodegeneration caused by the absence of gut microbiota. Castration did not alter disease course of male TDP43 mice, suggesting that male sex hormones do not interact with the gut microbiota to confer disease phenotype. Future identification of gut bacteria species and their mechanisms of action offers a unique opportunity to understand sexual dimorphism in ALS, with the ultimate goal to develop non-invasive and sex-specific treatments for ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beraldi, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phull, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankole, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernaskie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gut microbiota is a determinant of sexual dimorphism in ALS-linked TDP43 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Initiator Caspase Dronc Drives Compensatory Proliferation of Apoptosis-Resistant Cells During Epithelial Tissue Regeneration After Ionizing Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspases, well-known for their role in executing apoptosis, also participate in various non-apoptotic processes. Despite this, their involvement in promoting compensatory proliferation - a key aspect of tissue regeneration following extensive cell death - has been a subject of ongoing ambiguity. In our study, we investigate compensatory proliferation in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc following ionizing radiation, a model epithelial tissue that has been a pioneering system for studying this regenerative response. Using a delayed genetic reporter to monitor the activity of the initiator caspase-2/9 ortholog, Dronc, we identified two populations of apoptosis-resistant epithelial cells involved in compensatory proliferation: those that activate Dronc (termed DARE cells) and those that do not (NARE cells). We show that DARE cells pass their apoptosis-resistance trait to their daughter cells, suggesting a molecular memory. We demonstrate that Dronc in DARE cells, but not the apoptosome adapter Dark and the effector caspases, promotes compensatory proliferation both within these cells and in NARE cells through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. We found that Myo1D, an unconventional myosin interacting with Dronc, is essential for the survival of DARE cells by preventing the lethal activation of effector caspases and subsequent apoptosis. In contrast, Myo7A/Crinkled, another unconventional myosin that interacts with Dronc, promotes effector caspase activation in DARE cells. We demonstrate that the TNFR>JNK signaling pathway in DARE cells directly regulates their proliferation, which in turn influences NARE cell proliferation. Consequently, we show that maintaining proliferative homeostasis between DARE and NARE cells is vital for balanced tissue regeneration. Given the widespread use of ionizing irradiation in cancer treatment and prevention, our findings have potential implications for understanding treatment-resistant cells and cancer recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapozhnikov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Lopez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacobi-Sharon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.01.610661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Initiator Caspase Dronc Drives Compensatory Proliferation of Apoptosis-Resistant Cells During Epithelial Tissue Regeneration After Ionizing Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial atlas of human gastro-intestinal acute GVHD reveals epithelial and immune dynamics underlying disease pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), driven by alloreactive donor T cells in the gut. However, the roles of additional donor and host cells in this process are not fully understood. We conducted multiplexed imaging on 59 biopsies from patients with gastrointestinal GVHD and 10 healthy controls, revealing key pathological changes, including fibrosis, crypt alterations, loss of Paneth cells, accumulation of endocrine cells, and disrupted immune organization, particularly a reduction in IgA-secreting plasma cells. Interestingly, CD8T cells were enriched only in a subset of patients, while others exhibited non-canonical enrichments of macrophages and neutrophils. Post-transplantation time significantly influenced immune composition, with host cells dominating plasma and T cell compartments long after transplantation. This spatial atlas of healthy duodenum and GVHD uncovers non-canonical immune dynamics, offering insights into disease pathophysiology and potential clinical applications in GVHD and other inflammatory bowel diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azulay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Uri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertheau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michonneau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial atlas of human gastro-intestinal acute GVHD reveals epithelial and immune dynamics underlying disease pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legume genome structures and histories inferred from Cercis canadensis and Chamaecrista fasciculata genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe legume family originated ca. 70 million years ago and soon diversified into at least six lineages (now extant subfamilies). The signal of whole genome duplications (WGD) is apparent in species sampled from all six subfamilies. The early diversification has posed difficulties for resolving the legume backbone structure and the timing of WGDs.
C_LIO_LIIn this study, we report the genome sequences and annotations for Cercis canadensis (Cercidoideae) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (Caesalpinoideae) to help resolve the relative taxonomic placements along the legume backbone, the timings of WGDs relative to subfamily origins, and the ancestral legume karyotype.
C_LIO_LIAnalyses of genome assemblies from four subfamilies within Fabaceae show that the last common ancestor of all legumes likely had seven chromosomes, with a genome structure similar to the extant Cercis genome. Our analysis supports an allopolyploid origin of the subfamily Caesalpinoideae, with progenitors involving lineages along the backbone of the legume phylogeny.
C_LIO_LIA probable allopolyploid origin of Caesalpinoideae subfamily provides a partial explanation for the difficulty in resolving the structure of the legume backbone. The retained karyotype structure and lack of a WGD in the last 100+ Mya, underscore the utility of the Cercis genome as an ancestral reference for the legume family.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stai, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewavithana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walstead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keymanesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichenberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leebens-Mack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legume genome structures and histories inferred from Cercis canadensis and Chamaecrista fasciculata genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hematopoietic Tet2 inactivation enhances the response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations inactivating TET2 are among the most common drivers of clonal hematopoiesis (CH). While TET2 inactivation is associated with monocyte-derived inflammation and improved chimeric antigen-receptor-T cell function, its impact on immunotherapy response is unknown. In our mouse model, hematopoietic Tet2 mutation enhanced immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. Enhanced ICB response with Tet2 mutation required phagocytes, CD4 and CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, in Tet2-mutant tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs), ICB preferentially induced anti-tumor states and restricted cell states linked to tumor progression. Tet2-mutant monocytes activated costimulatory programs, while Tet2-mutant T cells showed enhanced T cell memory signatures, lesser exhaustion and decreased regulatory phenotype. Our murine data was clinically relevant, since we found that melanomas from patients with TET2 driver mutation-CH (TET2-CH) showed enhanced immune infiltration, T cell activation, and T cell memory programs. In melanoma patients treated with ICB, TET2-CH was associated with 6-fold greater odds of clinical benefit. Collectively, our data establishes that hematopoietic Tet2 inactivation primes leukocytes for anti-tumor states associated with immunotherapy response and provides a potential biomarker for personalized therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanner, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttigeig, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A. G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondeau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan-Seng-Yue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLeod, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelmach, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlasschaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hematopoietic Tet2 inactivation enhances the response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.611991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional separation of long-range inputs by intrinsic dynamics of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.611991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoaminergic nuclei such as the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) receive synaptic inputs containing functionally distinct streams of information, yet the dimensionality of the resulting output population code and its cellular underpinning are currently unknown. By combining electrophysiological and computational approaches, here we uncover separable neural encoding of two excitatory inputs conveying disjunct information to DRN 5-HT neurons - the lateral habenula (LHb) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Dual-color opsin strategies revealed that a population of 5-HT neurons receive inputs from both mPFC and LHb. Subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by both inputs were largely indistinguishable, yet suprathreshold spiking behavior exhibited input-specific latencies and dispersion statistics. A support vector machine classifier demonstrated that input identity can be accurately decoded from spike timing, but not subthreshold events, of under ten 5-HT neurons. Upon examining the intrinsic cellular mechanisms in 5-HT neurons that couple EPSPs to spiking dynamics, we uncovered two likely candidate mechanisms: a low-threshold calcium conductance that selectively boosts slow excitatory inputs, and a subthreshold, voltage-dependent membrane noise that generates variation of spike latency and jitter. Stochastic simulations suggest that these two intrinsic properties of 5-HT neurons are sufficient to transform LHb and mPFC inputs into distinct output spiking patterns. These results reveal that hub-like networks like the DRN can segregate distinct informational streams by a cell-intrinsic mechanism. The resulting emergent population spike synchrony code provides a means for the DRN to widely broadcast these streams as a multiplexed signal.

Significance statementPhylogenetically old neuromodulatory systems in the brain, such as the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus, are compact yet richly innervated structures. Here, we use the raphe as a testbed to ask how distinct informational sources to hub-like networks are processed or integrated into a coherent neural code. Using electrophysiological and computational methods, including biophysically grounded stochastic simulations, we find that intrinsic noise mechanisms in serotonergic neurons are critical to transform approximately matched subthreshold excitation into distinct spike timing profiles. Thus, cell-intrinsic noise mechanisms can effectively synthesize a spike synchrony code that, we hypothesize, multiplexes input information to hub-like networks at the population level even in the absence of strong local circuit interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beique, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.611991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional separation of long-range inputs by intrinsic dynamics of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural analysis of the brain endothelium by electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful imaging technique, yielding ultrastructural investigation of organic and non-organic samples. Despite its ability to reach nanoscale resolutions, conventional TEM presents a major disadvantage by only acquiring two-dimensional snapshots, thus hindering our volumetric understanding of samples. Electron tomography (ET) overcomes this limitation by offering detailed views of a thin specimen in 3 dimensions (3D). This technique is widely used in biology and has expanded our understanding of mitochondrial structure or synaptic organization. Proper brain functioning is highly reliable on a constant nutritional support through its microvasculature lined by endothelial cells. These unique cells form a selective and protective barrier, known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the entrance of blood-borne molecules into the brain. In pathological conditions, the BBB is disrupted, resulting in neuronal damage. Understanding the fine changes underlying BBB disruption requires advanced imaging tools such as ET, to detect the finest changes in endothelial ultrastructure. This manuscript briefly explains how TEM and ET function, and then provides a detailed, didactic method for sample preparation, tomogram generation and 3D segmentation of brain endothelial cells using ET.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotchetkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural analysis of the brain endothelium by electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling the physiological impact of aberrant folded-state protein filamentation in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of large polymeric structures such as cytoskeletal and enzyme filaments is crucial for normal cellular function. However, such filaments can also form due to mutations that create self-interactions at the surface of symmetric proteins. Often, the proteins forming these structures maintain a folded state and thereby differ from aggregates and amyloids that involve misfolding. We refer to this type of assemblies as agglomerates to mark this difference. While cells have quality control mechanisms to identify, buffer, and eliminate misfolded proteins, it is unclear whether similar mechanisms exist for agglomerates, or whether agglomerates are toxic to cells. Here, we profiled the physiological impact of mutation-induced folded-state protein filamentation in yeast cells. First, we devised a simple strategy to distinguish fluorescently labeled proteins forming agglomerates versus aggregates. We then profiled exogenous protein agglomerates in terms of their recognition by known quality control mechanisms, their effects on specific cellular processes and overall fitness on S. cerevisiae cultures. We found that agglomerates do not colocalize with the proteostasis machinery and do not result in measurable fitness defects. Proteomics profiling of cells expressing the wild type protein, agglomerating or misfolded variants revealed a consistent picture, with only minor, agglomerate-size-dependent changes observed and linked to the cell-wall and plasma-membrane proteins. Overall, our findings indicate that agglomerates form mostly benign structures in cells when compared to aggregates, and thereby offer a promising route for synthetic biology applications.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/612878v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (84K):
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Seisdedos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtynek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling the physiological impact of aberrant folded-state protein filamentation in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging reveals circuit computations in the raphe underlying serotonin-mediated motor vigor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As animals adapt to new situations, neuromodulation is a potent way to alter behavior, yet mechanisms by which neuromodulatory nuclei compute during behavior are underexplored. The serotonergic raphe supports motor learning in larval zebrafish by visually detecting distance traveled during swims, encoding action effectiveness, and modulating motor vigor. We found that swimming opens a gate for visual input to cause spiking in serotonergic neurons, enabling encoding of action outcomes and filtering out learning-irrelevant visual signals. Using light-sheet microscopy, voltage sensors, and neurotransmitter/modulator sensors, we tracked millisecond-timescale neuronal input-output computations during behavior. Swim commands initially inhibited serotonergic neurons via GABA, closing the gate to spiking. Immediately after, the gate briefly opened: voltage increased consistent with post-inhibitory rebound, allowing swim-induced visual motion to evoke firing through glutamate, triggering serotonin secretion and modulating motor vigor. Ablating GABAergic neurons impaired raphe coding and motor learning. Thus, serotonergic neuromodulation arises from action-outcome coincidence detection within the raphe, suggesting the existence of similarly fast and precise circuit computations across neuromodulatory nuclei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haruvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shainer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging reveals circuit computations in the raphe underlying serotonin-mediated motor vigor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global and compartmentalized serotonergic control of sensorimotor integration underlying motor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate serotonergic system plays a critical role in modulating adaptive behavior. Yet, it has been challenging to unravel the downstream targets and the effects of serotonin on ongoing neural dynamics due to its widespread innervation and the complex nature of receptor signaling. Here, we show that the serotonergic system controls brain-wide neural dynamics in a spatially dualistic manner, global and compartmentalized, during motor adaptation behavior in zebrafish. Larval zebrafish adapt the vigor of tail motions depending on environmental drag force during visual pursuit behavior in a serotonin-dependent manner. Whole-brain imaging of serotonin release and systematic spatial mapping of serotonin receptors showed highly compartmentalized patterns that span multiple brain areas. Interestingly, whole-brain neural activity imaging combined with the perturbation of tph2+ raphe serotonin neurons revealed dualistic modulation of neural activity depending on behavioral encoding: global suppression of locomotor networks and the compartmentalized enhancement of midbrain sensory networks, both of which synergistically enabled motor adaptation. The compartmentalized modulation resulted from local serotonin release and receptor expression, while the global effect was due to modulation of a key network hub that broadcasts behavioral state signals. Our results reveal how the serotonergic system interacts with brain-wide neural dynamics through its parallel interactions and provide a conceptual framework for understanding the neural mechanisms of widespread serotonergic behavioral control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haruvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shainer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malamud, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global and compartmentalized serotonergic control of sensorimotor integration underlying motor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating early intestinal stem cell response to bacterial infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are the regenerative force of the gut epithelium. Lgr5+-ISC have been shown to respond to changes in their microenvironment by coping with different metabolites, adapting to caloric changes, and recovering from injury and inflammation. However, how pathogenic bacteria affect adult stem cell regeneration and, as a consequence, the overall tissue adaption to infection has yet to be explored in depth. Here, we interrogated early Lgr5+ ISC responses to an enteric intracellular pathogen by profiling individual IECs from the mouse small intestine. Utilizing GFP-labeled Salmonella enterica, we isolated intracellular invaded cells to elucidate invasion programs of epithelial cell subsets. In particular, we identified a Salmonella-specific infection signature comprised of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, including the Defensin gene family. Our findings demonstrate that Salmonella enterica targets differentiated Paneth, enterocytes, and stem/progenitor cells at these early stages of infection. In response, a rapid Lg5+ ISC-driven cellular remodeling to enterocyte and Paneth lineages expressing AMP genes is initiated to combat the intruders. Importantly, we uncovered an ISC differentiation program via inflammasome activation to protect the crypt environment, while eliminating infected stem cells from the overall stem cell pool. This novel Lgr5+ stem cell defense mechanism not only protects the gut epithelium from persistent bacterial infection but also promotes tissue regeneration. We propose epithelial remodeling to AMP-secreting cells as a novel innate immune response to handle different gut stresses mediated by Lgr5+ ISCs to maintain organizational principles of gut homeostasis and physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lebon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidzohn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachem, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating early intestinal stem cell response to bacterial infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal lipid droplets play a conserved and sex-biased role in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTLipids are essential for neuron development and physiology. Yet, the central hubs that coordinate lipid supply and demand in neurons remain unclear. Here, we combine invertebrate and vertebrate models to establish the presence and functional significance of neuronal lipid droplets (LD) in vivo. We find that LD are normally present in neurons in a non-uniform distribution across the brain, and demonstrate triglyceride metabolism enzymes and lipid droplet-associated proteins control neuronal LD formation through both canonical and recently-discovered pathways. Appropriate LD regulation in neurons has conserved and male-biased effects on whole-body energy homeostasis across flies and mice, specifically neurons that couple environmental cues with energy homeostasis. Mechanistically, LD-derived lipids support neuron function by providing phospholipids to sustain mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Together, our work identifies a conserved role for LD as the organelle that coordinates lipid management in neurons, with implications for our understanding of mechanisms that preserve neuronal lipid homeostasis and function in health and disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LILipid droplets (LD) normally form in neurons across species Neuronal LD are regulated by a conserved gene network
C_LIO_LINeuronal LD regulation plays a conserved and sex-biased role in maintaining energy homeostasis
C_LIO_LILD regulation supports ER and mitochondrial function in hunger-activated neurons
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/613929v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1936e92org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@40478aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18d5faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@882ee9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manceau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherian, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wat, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labarre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depaauw-Holt, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, J. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callow, C. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoosefi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahraki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanderZwaag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouyakdan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodaros, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotchetkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneault, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallahpour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetreault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy-Royal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal lipid droplets play a conserved and sex-biased role in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.612891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte-derived cells but not Microglia cause Oxidative Tissue Damage in Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.612891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, iron toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) are widely held to drive tissue damage, yet the specific roles of central nervous system (CNS)- resident versus CNS-invading MPs remain unclear. Here, by combining single-cell profiling with conditional gene targeting, we systematically dissected and interfered with ROS production across CNS MPs in a preclinical model for neuroinflammation. We show that CNS-invading monocyte derived cells (MdCs) exhibit a higher oxidative stress gene signature and produce more ROS compared to CNS-resident microglia. While NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), a phagocytic source of ROS, proved redundant, our findings underscore the critical role of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) in driving oxidative tissue damage. Quenching mtROS through mitocatalase overexpression in MdCs, but not microglia, significantly alleviated neuroinflammation in mice. Thus, our study resolves a longstanding controversy, identifying MdCs as the primary driver of ROS-mediated neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villar-Vesga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Feo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulutekin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Francesch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuffels, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugada, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberbichler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seehusen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisco, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.612891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte-derived cells but not Microglia cause Oxidative Tissue Damage in Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly Reactive Anti-VHH Antibodies for Characterizing, Blocking, or Activating Nanobody-Based CAR-T Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies is dependent on the use of antibody reagents to label, isolate, and/or expand T cell products. We sought to create antibody-based tools that directly target the variable domain of heavy-chain only antibodies (VHH or nanobody) used in some CAR molecules. Two murine antibodies were identified which bind to distinct epitopes in the conserved framework regions of llama-derived VHHs, and not to human VH domains. We produced a high-quality dual-clonal anti-VHH antibody product which reacts with over 98% of VHH proteins, regardless of their antigenic specificity. Anti-VHH binding did not disrupt VHH/antigen interaction, and thus could be used for secondary labeling to assess cellular or tissue reactivity of VHH molecules. Despite not interfering with antigen binding, anti-VHH antibodies potently inhibited VHH-CAR function, blocking CAR-T activation and cytolytic killing of target cells. When immobilized, anti-VHH antibodies could also be applied for activation and expansion of VHH CAR-T cells, inducing 730-fold mean expansion, >94% CAR purity, with retained CD8/CD4 heterogeneity. Functionally, anti-VHH antibody-expanded CAR-T cells maintained strong antigen specific activity without functional exhaustion. Overall, these data identify a useful new tool for understanding and manipulating VHH-based CAR-T cells.

Funding SourceThis work was funded by the National Research Council Canada Disruptive Technology Solutions Cell and Gene Therapy challenge program, and BioCanRx

Declaration of interestsThe anti-VHH antibodies reported here are the subject of a provisional patent application by the National Research Council of Canada
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McComb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennychen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamblyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussack, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraitis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadoury, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenfant, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acchione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurice, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Bakkouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeratna, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly Reactive Anti-VHH Antibodies for Characterizing, Blocking, or Activating Nanobody-Based CAR-T Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural killer cell function is regulated by TGF-β signaling in pregnancy and tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune compartment of the maternal-fetal interface must balance between supporting maternal-fetal interactions and maintaining maternal tolerance. Despite recent advances, the cellular and molecular regulators that drive maternal immune cell remodeling remain largely unknown. Using index and transcriptional single-cell sorting, we comprehensively characterized the immune compartment dynamics in the maternal-fetal interface of both human and mouse and charted the markers and functional pathways associated with these cells. Comparing immune signatures in decidua and tumors of human and mice, we identify conserved gene modules that are activated in natural killer (NK) cells of both compartments, including TFG-{beta} signaling. Genetic ablation and antibody blockade of the TGF-{beta} pathway in NK cells resulted in enhanced anti-tumor immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yalin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landsberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamliel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Wohl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molgora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir-Salame, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural killer cell function is regulated by TGF-β signaling in pregnancy and tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caspase-Activated DNase Localizes to Cancer Causing Translocation Breakpoints During Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspase activated DNase (CAD) induced DNA breaks promote cell differentiation and therapy-induced cancer cell resistance. CAD targeting activity is assumed to be unique to each condition, as differentiation and cancer genesis are divergent cell fates. Here, we made the surprising discovery that a subset of CAD-bound targets in differentiating muscle cells are the same genes involved in the genesis of cancer-causing translocations. In muscle cells, a prominent CAD-bound gene pair is Pax7 and Foxo1a, the mismatched reciprocal loci that give rise to alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. We show that CAD-targeted breaks in the Pax7 gene are physiologic to reduce Pax7 expression, a prerequisite for muscle cell differentiation. A cohort of these CAD gene targets are also conserved in early differentiating T cells and include genes that spur leukemia/lymphoma translocations. Our results suggest the CAD targeting of translocation prone oncogenic genes is non-pathologic biology and aligns with initiation of cell fate transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alsowaida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arezza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palii, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albraidy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megeney, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caspase-Activated DNase Localizes to Cancer Causing Translocation Breakpoints During Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription swells chromosomes in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transplanting chromosomes from living to artificial cells would impact our understanding of chromosome organization and DNA transactions, with implications for autonomous biological systems. Here, we transplanted Escherichia coli chromosomes into artificial cells, enabling real-time labeling, manipulation, and steady-state gene expression down to the single-molecule limit. Chromosomes stripped of native proteins transitioned from a swollen to compacted state induced by transcription inhibition, in contrast to protein-bound chromosomes retaining an organization with blobs. In a cell-free expression reaction, RNA polymerases were uniformly distributed along the entire chromosome and rapidly detached, consistent with a global transcriptional activity. We used tailored surfaces to capture and count 20 nascent proteins per hour from a single gene on the chromosome. We mapped stably bound condensins to the blobs, supporting a model where swelling by transcription is counterbalanced by condensin-mediated compaction. Our data suggest transplanted chromosomes as active gels organized by molecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daube, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noireaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription swells chromosomes in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCR5 antagonists as neuroprotective and stroke recovery enhancing agents: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonists may improve both acute stroke outcome and long-term recovery. Despite their evaluation in ongoing clinical trials, gaps remain in the evidence supporting their use. With a panel of patients with lived experiences of stroke, we performed a systematic review of animal models of stroke that administered a CCR5 antagonist and assessed infarct size or behavioural outcomes. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched. Article screening and data extraction were completed in duplicate. We pooled outcomes using random effects meta-analyses. We assessed risk of bias using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool and alignment with the Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) and Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable (SRRR) recommendations. Five studies representing 10 experiments were included. CCR5 antagonists reduced infarct volume (standard mean difference -1.02; 95% confidence interval -1.58 to -0.46) when compared to stroke-only controls. Varied timing of CCR5 administration (pre- or post-stroke induction) produced similar benefit. CCR5 antagonists significantly improved 11 of 16 behavioural outcomes reported. High risk of bias was present in all studies and critical knowledge gaps in the preclinical evidence were identified using STAIR/SRRR. CCR5 antagonists demonstrate promise; however, rigorously designed preclinical studies that better align with STAIR/SRRR recommendations and downstream clinical trials are warranted. Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42023393438).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffers, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergusson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bapuji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speirs, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stronghill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowlatshahi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCR5 antagonists as neuroprotective and stroke recovery enhancing agents: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computationally designed panel of diverse and selective peroxygenases for terpene oxyfunctionalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme engineering has a critical role in the transition to economical, low-energy and environmentally friendly chemical production. Current approaches relying on costly iterations of mutation and selection are limited to reactions with a straightforward experimental readout and struggle to address mutational epistasis. We focus on unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), prized engineering targets due to their ability to oxyfunctionalize diverse organic molecules of industrial and environmental value. To address the lack of scalable screening for UPO functions, we applied enzyme-design calculations to focus experiments. Starting from an AlphaFold2 model of MthUPO, the automated FuncLib algorithm generated 50 diverse active-site multipoint designs--all of which were functional. Screening against nine diverse terpenes revealed large improvements and new oxyfunctionalization products, resulting in molecules of high pharmaceutical and industrial value. We rationalized observed specificity changes using AI-based docking and molecular dynamics simulations, providing molecular insights that could generalize to engineering other UPOs. Thus, computational design and modeling can dramatically accelerate the urgently needed green transition of the chemical industry.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/615329v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Borras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenborn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computationally designed panel of diverse and selective peroxygenases for terpene oxyfunctionalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaLab Platform Enables Comprehensive DDA and DIA Metaproteomics Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metaproteomics studies the collective protein composition of complex microbial communities, providing insights into microbial roles in various environments. Despite its importance, metaproteomic data analysis is challenging due to the datas large and heterogeneous nature. While Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) mode enhances proteomics sensitivity, it traditionally requires Data-Dependent Acquisition (DDA) results to build the library for peptide identification.

This paper introduces an updated version of MetaLab, a software solution that streamlines metaproteomic analysis by supporting both DDA and DIA modes across various mass spectrometry (MS) platforms, including Orbitrap and timsTOF. MetaLabs key feature is its ability to perform DIA analysis without DDA results, allowing more experimental flexibility. It incorporates a deep learning strategy to train a neural network model, enhancing the accuracy and coverage of DIA results.

Evaluations using diverse datasets demonstrate MetaLabs robust performance in accuracy and sensitivity. Benchmarks from large-scale human gut microbiome studies show that MetaLab increases peptide identification by 2.7 times compared to conventional methods. MetaLab is a versatile tool that facilitates comprehensive and flexible metaproteomic data analysis, aiding researchers in exploring microbial communities functionality and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaLab Platform Enables Comprehensive DDA and DIA Metaproteomics Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variants in Lrrk2 and Snca deficiency do not alter the course of primary encephalitis due to neurotropic reovirus T3D in newborn mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants of the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) and -synuclein (SNCA) genes are associated with Parkinsons disease risk. We previously demonstrated that two Lrrk2 knock-in variants as well as Snca expression alter survival rates from combined pneumonitis and encephalitis following intranasal inoculation of newborn mice with a double-stranded RNA virus: respiratory-enteric-orphan virus, serotype-3 strain Dearing (reovirus T3D). Here, we examined whether outcomes of direct inoculation of the brain by reovirus T3D, which invariably causes lethal encephalitis within 15 days, would also be modified by variants in Lrrk2 and Snca. When we inoculated newborn mice intracerebrally with 5x102 plaque-forming units of reovirus T3D, we found that, when compared to wild-type littermates, Lrrk2 p.G2019S mutant mice and kinase-dead p.D1994S mutant animals showed the same time-to-death intervals post-infection, revealed no sex difference, and had similar viral titres in the brain. Furthermore, the reduction or absence of endogenous -synuclein also did not alter the course of encephalitis in parallel studies. These outcomes are in contrast to those following the intranasal inoculation paradigm of newborn mice, in which Lrrk2 and wild-type -synuclein were both protective in infection outcomes. Together, these findings suggest that the Parkinsons disease-linked Lrrk2 and Snca genes contribute predominantly to systemic, innate responses by the host following reovirus T3D exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lunn, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variants in Lrrk2 and Snca deficiency do not alter the course of primary encephalitis due to neurotropic reovirus T3D in newborn mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrafish glial-vascular interactions progressively expand over the course of brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial-vascular interactions are critical for the formation and maintenance of brain blood vessels and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mammals, but their role in zebrafish is not well understood. Our previous work has detailed the timeline of BBB functional maturation in zebrafish, revealing a conserved mechanism of BBB induction through the suppression of endothelial transcytosis. Yet, as opposed to extensive research on glial-vascular interactions in rodents, such interactions remain largely overlooked in the zebrafish model system. Here, we focus on glial-vascular development in the zebrafish brain, leveraging three glial gene promoters: gfap (glial fibrillary acidic protein), glast (an astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter), and glastini (a new, shortened, equally effective version of the Glast promoter). Using these glial promoters, sparse labeling revealed fewer glial-vascular interactions during early larval stages, with both glial coverage and contact area increasing as the zebrafish brain matured. We then generated stable transgenic lines for both the Glast and Glastini promoters and observed similar increases in glial coverage during larval development, starting at [~]30% coverage at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) and peaking at [~]60% at 10 dpf. Ultrastructural assessment of glial-vascular interactions using electron microscopy (EM) confirmed a progressive increase in glial coverage over larval development, with maximal coverage reaching [~]70% in adult zebrafish, significantly lower than the nearly 100% coverage observed in mammals. Finally, immunogold-EM labeling confirmed that cells identified as glia in aforementioned morphological analyses were indeed Glast-positive. Taken together, our results identify the temporal profile of glial-vascular maturation in the zebrafish brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gall, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stains, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrafish glial-vascular interactions progressively expand over the course of brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Otub2 Modulates Pancreatic Beta-Cells Function and Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously shown that otubain 2 (OTUB2), a deubiquitinating enzyme, inhibits caspase-3/7 activity in primary human islets; promotes insulin secretion and inhibits cytokine-induced nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF{kappa}B) activity. In the present work we show that overexpression of Otub2 in MIN6 cells inhibits NF{kappa}B activity and the expression of its target genes MCP-1 and iNOS. Consequently, both the basal and the cytokine-induced apoptosis of cultured MIN6 cells and dispersed human islets were inhibited. Overexpression of Otub2 in MIN6 cells increase the mRNA levels of NKx6.1 and Glut2 and concomitantly increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) (by 2-3-fold). The beneficial effects of Otub2 on {beta}-cell function was demonstrated by the phenotype of Otub2-/+ and Otub2-/- mice, which manifested impaired glucose tolerance and increased expression of NFkB target genes (e.g. IP-10, MCP-1 and IL-1{beta}). RNAseq analysis of pancreata derived from OTUB2 KO mice revealed reduced expression of genes that down regulate K+ transporters (e.g. Ank2, Cacna1a and Kcnab1) combined with an increase in oxidative phosphorylation related genes. Given that closure of K+ channels is crucial for insulin secretion, these results could account, at least in part, for the impaired GSIS in the OTUB2 KO mice. Indeed, mass-spectrometry analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with Otub2 revealed the voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv9.3 as a major Otub2 binding-partner. Additional binding partners included the Peg3 and Camk2d proteins, which promote NF{kappa}B signaling and {beta}-cell death. Hence, by deubiquitinating proteins in complexes that contain Peg3 and Camk2d, Otub2 might inhibit propagation of NF{kappa}B signaling and {beta}-cell apoptosis. Collectively our findings implicate Otub2 as a key regulator of {beta} cell function, mainly affecting NFkB signaling and the K+ channels that regulate insulin secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oshry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura-Halfon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Otub2 Modulates Pancreatic Beta-Cells Function and Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Drosophila screen of schizophrenia-related genes highlights the requirement of neural and glial matrix metalloproteinases for neuronal remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder of complex and mostly unknown etiology, affected by genetic, developmental and environmental factors. Neuroanatomical abnormalities, such as loss of grey matter, are apparent prior to the onset of symptoms, suggesting neurodevelopmental origin. Indeed, it has been hypothesized, and recently experimentally supported, that SCZ is associated with dysregulation of developmental synaptic pruning. Here, we explore the molecular link between SCZ-associated genes and developmental neuronal remodeling. We focused on the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), which undergoes stereotypic remodeling during metamorphosis. We conducted a loss-of-function screen in which we knocked down, in either glia or neurons, Drosophila homologs of human genes that are associated with SCZ based on genomic studies (GWAS). Out of our  positive hits, we focused on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), mostly known for their role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Our combinatorial loss-of-function experiments suggest that Drosophila MMPs, which are closely related to mammalian MMPs, are required in neurons and in glia for the pruning of MB axons. Our results shed new light on potential molecular players underlying neurodevelopmental defects in SCZ and highlight the advantage of genetically tractable model organisms in the study of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keret, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor-Kollet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Drosophila screen of schizophrenia-related genes highlights the requirement of neural and glial matrix metalloproteinases for neuronal remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of bacterial DNT sensors based on computational models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting explosive compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its volatile byproduct 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) is paramount for public health and environmental safety. In this study, we present the successful application of diverse computational and data analysis models toward developing a bacterial biosensor engineered to detect DNT with high sensitivity and specificity. The Escherichia coli-based biosensor harbors a plasmid-based fusion of a gene promoter acting as the sensing element to a microbial bioluminescence gene cassette as the reporter. By analyzing endogenous and heterologous promoter data under conditions of DNT exposure, a total of 367 novel variants were generated. The biosensors engineered with these modifications demonstrated a remarkable amplification of up to 4-fold change in signal intensity upon exposure to 2,4-dinitrotoluene compared to non-modified biosensors, accompanied by a decrease in the detection threshold. Our analysis suggests that the sequence features with the highest contribution to biosensor performances are DNA folding patterns and nucleotide motifs associated with DNT sensing. These computational insights guided the rational design of the biosensor, leading to significantly improved DNT detection capabilities compared to the previous biosensor strain.

Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating computational modeling with synthetic biology techniques to develop advanced biosensors tailored for environmental monitoring applications. A similar approach may be applied to a wide array of ecological, industrial, and medical sensing endeavors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahiri Elitzur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shpigel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of bacterial DNT sensors based on computational models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EASI-ORC: A Pipeline for the Efficient Analysis and Segmentation of smFISH Images for Organelle-RNA Colocalization Measurements in Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) images is an arduous and time-consuming task that is important to perform accurately in order to translate image data into a quantifiable format. This task becomes increasingly more difficult greater the experimental scope and number of images captured. Although smFISH is the gold standard for RNA localization measurements, there are no freely available, user-friendly applications for assaying messenger RNA localization to sub-cellular structures, like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria). We have developed a pipeline that allows for the automated analysis of multiple smFISH images in yeast cells: EASI-ORC (Efficient Analysis and Segmentation of smFISH Images for Organelle-RNA Colocalization). The EASI-ORC pipeline automates the segmentation of cells and sub-cellular structures (e.g. organelles), identifies bona fide smFISH signals, and measures the level of colocalization between an organelle and mRNA signals. Importantly, EASI-ORC works in a fast, accurate, and unbiased manner that is difficult to replicate manually. It also allows for the visualization of data filtering and outputs graphical representations of the colocalization data along with statistical analysis. EASI-ORC is based on existing ImageJ plugins and original scripts, thus, allowing free access and a relative ease of use. To circumvent any technical literacy issues, a step-by-step user guide is provided. EASI-ORC offers a robust solution for smFISH image analysis for both new and experienced researchers - one that saves time and effort, as well as providing more consistent overall measurements of RNA-organelle colocalization in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levavi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EASI-ORC: A Pipeline for the Efficient Analysis and Segmentation of smFISH Images for Organelle-RNA Colocalization Measurements in Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated, Stress-Free, and Precise Measurement of Songbird Weight in Neuroscience Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the health and well-being of research animals is essential for both ethical and scientific purposes. In songbirds, body weight is one of the main indicators for their overall condition, yet traditional weighing methods can be intrusive and stress-inducing, which could decrease their song rate. We developed a novel, automated system designed to continuously monitor the weight of untethered and tethered birds without disrupting their natural behavior in neuroscience experiments. We used the system to track weight fluctuations in six canaries over several weeks, revealing physiological patterns such as overnight weight loss, with one bird losing approximately 5.17% of its body weight during a 9.5-hour period of inactivity. Our systems high sensitivity detected weight changes below 1% of body mass, validating its reliability for long-term studies. Control experiments confirmed that weight fluctuations observed were physiological rather than due to equipment deviations. By eliminating the need for manual handling, this system offers a non-invasive, hands-free approach that reduces stress and improves the accuracy of health assessments. This study demonstrates the systems potential for expanding research on how environmental factors, diet, and other variables influence bird physiology and behavior. Future applications could integrate additional health metrics, providing a more comprehensive understanding of animal welfare in neuroscience and behavioral studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonneh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shitrit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goffer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated, Stress-Free, and Precise Measurement of Songbird Weight in Neuroscience Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of mRNA operon formation in the control of the heat shock response in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic organisms rely on polycistronic transcription (i.e. operons) to express multiple mRNAs from a single promoter, enabling rapid and robust responses to stimuli. In yeast, a similar mechanism exists whereby monocistronic mRNAs are selectively assembled into ribonucleoprotein particles, termed RNA operons or transperons, to regulate the expression of genes involved in the same biological process. One example is the heat shock protein (HSP) transperon that confers the eukaryotic heat shock response (HSR), a conserved cellular mechanism that enables organisms to cope with proteotoxic stress. As it was unknown whether transperons exist in higher eukaryotes, we examined whether a similar mechanism operates in mammalian cells. Using both single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization and RNA pulldown techniques, we show that mammalian HSP mRNAs colocalize and multiplex to form mRNA assemblages during heat stress. These RNP assemblies are dependent on heat shock factor 1 transcriptional regulator and involve both inter- and intrachromosomal interactions among the HSP genes. Bioinformatic analysis identifies a conserved sequence motif within the coding regions of HSP mRNAs and mutational studies in yeast suggest that it is critical for mRNA multiplexing and the HSR. These findings emphasize the evolutionarily conserved nature of heat shock gene regulation across species and suggest that mammalian cells employ RNA operons/transperons in organizing their heat shock response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pataki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of mRNA operon formation in the control of the heat shock response in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canary Mating Season Songs Move Between Order and Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many complex behaviors involve sequences of basic motor or vocal elements governed by syntactic rules, which facilitate flexible and adaptive actions. Songbirds that crystallize their repertoire of vocal syllables and transitions allow researchers to build probabilistic models of syntax rules, providing insight into underlying neural mechanisms. However, in many complex behaviors, syntax rules change over time, such as during learning or in response to new environmental and social contexts.

In this study, we investigated the songs of canaries, a seasonal songbird species. Canaries learn a repertoire of 30-50 syllable types, produce syllables in repeat phrases, and organize these phrases into sequences with long-range syntactic dependencies. Since canaries are known to adapt their repertoire annually, we recorded their songs during the spring mating season and examined the syntactic properties that determine syllable sequencing. Over days and weeks, we observed changes in syllable usage rates, syllable numbers within phrases, phrase positions in songs, and in the long-range dependencies of phrase transitions. Acoustic features of syllables were also found to shift alongside these syntactic changes.

Quantifying the variability of these properties revealed that the observed changes were not random. Most birds exhibited a clear trend of moving between order and disorder in their songs syntactic and acoustic features. Interestingly, this trend varied across individuals; some birds increased their stereotypy and decreased variability across days, while others adopted more disordered and variable song structures.

These findings establish canaries as a valuable animal model for studying the neural mechanisms underlying syntax rules in complex motor sequences, their plasticity in social and environmental adaptation, and in implementing individual-specific strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.06.616872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canary Mating Season Songs Move Between Order and Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen chemoreceptor inhibition by dopamine D2 receptors in isolated zebrafish gills 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine is an essential modulator of oxygen sensing and control of ventilation and was the first neurotransmitter described in the carotid body. Little is known of the evolutionary significance of dopamine in oxygen sensing, or whether it plays a similar role in anamniotes. In the model vertebrate, zebrafish (Danio rerio), presynaptic dopamine D2 receptor expression was demonstrated in gill neuroepithelial cells (NECs)--analogues of mammalian oxygen chemoreceptors; however, a mechanism for dopamine and D2 in oxygen sensing in the gills had not been defined. The present study tested the hypothesis that presynaptic D2 receptors provide a feedback mechanism that attenuates the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia. Using an isolated gill preparation from Tg(elavl3:GCaMP6s) zebrafish, we measured hypoxia-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in NECs and postsynaptic neurons. Activation of D2 with dopamine or specific D2 agonist, quinpirole, decreased hypoxic responses in NECs; whereas D2 antagonist, domperidone, had the opposite effect. Addition of SQ22536, an adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor, decreased the effect of hypoxia on [Ca2+]i, similar to dopamine. Activation of AC by forskolin partially recovered the suppressive effect of dopamine on the Ca2+ response to hypoxia. Further, we demonstrate that the response to hypoxia in postsynaptic sensory neurons was dependent upon innervation with NECs, and was subject to modulation by activation of presynaptic D2. Our results provide the first evidence of neurotransmission of the hypoxic signal at the NEC-nerve synapse in the gill and suggest that a presynaptic, modulatory role for dopamine in oxygen sensing arose early in vertebrate evolution.

Key pointsO_LIFor the first time, we present an experimental model that permits imaging of intracellular Ca2+ in identified vertebrate oxygen chemoreceptors using GCaMP in a whole/intact sensing organ.
C_LIO_LIThe hypoxic response of zebrafish chemoreceptors is attenuated by dopamine through a mechanism involving D2 receptors and adenylyl cyclase.
C_LIO_LIZebrafish oxygen chemoreceptors send a hypoxic signal to postsynaptic (sensory) neurons.
C_LIO_LIPostsynaptic neuronal responses to hypoxia are modulated by presynaptic D2 receptors, suggesting a link between chemoreceptor inhibition by dopamine and modulation of the hypoxic ventilatory response.
C_LIO_LIOur results suggests that a modulatory role for dopamine in oxygen sensing arose early in vertebrate evolution.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen chemoreceptor inhibition by dopamine D2 receptors in isolated zebrafish gills]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Curated Cancer Cell Atlas: comprehensive characterisation of tumours at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has transformed the study of cancer biology. Recent years have seen a rapid expansion in the number of single-cell cancer studies, yet most of these studies profiled few tumours, such that individual datasets have limited statistical power. Combining the data and results across studies holds great promise but also involves various challenges. We recently began to address these challenges by curating a large collection of cancer scRNA-seq datasets, and leveraging it for systematic analyses of tumor heterogeneity. Here we significantly extend this repository to 124 datasets for over 40 cancer types, together comprising 2,822 samples, with improved data annotations, visualisations and exploration. Utilising this vast cohort, we systematically quantified context-dependent gene expression and proliferation patterns across cell types and cancer types. These data, annotations and analysis results are all freely available for exploration and download via the Curated Cancer Cell Atlas (3CA) website (https://www.weizmann.ac.il/sites/3CA/), a central source of data and analyses for the cancer research community that opens new avenues in cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbolin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschernichovsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mints, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Curated Cancer Cell Atlas: comprehensive characterisation of tumours at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single-cell analyses reveal evolutionary repurposing of a conserved gene program in bat wing development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are the only mammals capable of self-powered flight, an evolutionary innovation based on the transformation of forelimbs into wings. The bat wing is characterized by an extreme elongation of the second to fifth digits and a wing membrane called chiropatagium connecting them. Here we investigated the developmental and cellular origin of this structure by comparing bat and mouse limbs using omics tools and single-cell analyses. Despite the substantial morphological differences between the species, we observed an overall conservation of cell populations and gene expression patterns including interdigital apoptosis. Single-cell analyses of micro-dissected embryonic chiropatagium identified a specific fibroblast population, independent of apoptosis-associated interdigital cells, as the origin of this tissue. These distal cells express a conserved gene program including the transcription factors MEIS2 and TBX3, which are commonly known to specify and pattern the early proximal limb. Transgenic ectopic expression of MEIS2 and TBX3 in mouse distal limb cells resulted in the activation of genes expressed during wing development and phenotypic changes related to wing morphology, such as the fusion of digits. Our results elucidate fundamental molecular mechanisms of bat wing development and illustrate how drastic morphological changes can be achieved through repurposing of existing developmental programs during evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feregrino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrovandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, B.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehnder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behncke, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragesteen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagerling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vingron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti-Renom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hechavarria, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasel, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupianez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundlos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Real, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single-cell analyses reveal evolutionary repurposing of a conserved gene program in bat wing development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ATP-dependent protease ClpYQ degrades cell division proteins DivIVA and Mbl in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATP-dependent proteases play key roles in bacterial protein quality control and regulation of cellular processes. ClpYQ and ClpXP are ATP-dependent proteases in the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. To date, no substrate proteins of B. subtilis ClpYQ have been characterized. The protease component encoded by clpQ is synthetically lethal with clpP and the two genes are non-essential individually, suggesting potentially redundant roles for ClpYQ and ClpXP. Previous quantitative proteomic data predicted that B. subtilis proteins DivIVA and Mbl, components of the divisome and elongasome respectively, are potential substrates of ClpYQ. The role of DivIVA and Mbl in cell division and elongation suggests a significant role of ClpYQ in regulating cell division through targeted degradation of key divisome and elongasome proteins. Here we confirm that DivIVA and Mbl are degraded by ClpYQ both in vitro and in vivo, and thus identify the first two substrates of ClpYQ in B. subtilis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasnosky, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnowski, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazeau-Henrie, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddy, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ATP-dependent protease ClpYQ degrades cell division proteins DivIVA and Mbl in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1a promotes chromatin liquidity and drives spontaneous heterochromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalization of the nucleus into heterochromatin and euchromatin is highly conserved across eukaryotes. Constitutive heterochromatin (C-Het) constitutes a liquid-like condensate that packages the repetitive regions of the genome through the enrichment of histone modification H3K9me3 and recruitment of its cognate reader protein Heterochromatin Protein-1 (HP1a). The ability for well-ordered nucleosome arrays and HP1a to independently form biomolecular condensates suggests that the emergent material properties of C-Het compartments may contribute to its functions such as force-buffering, dosage-dependent gene silencing, and selective permeability. Using an in vitro reconstitution system we directly assess the contributions of H3K9me3 and HP1a on the biophysical properties of C-Het. In the presence of HP1a, H3K9me3 (Me-) and unmodified (U-) chromatin form co-condensates composed of distinct, immiscible domains. These chromatin domains form spontaneously and are reversible. Independently of HP1a, H3K9me3 modifications are sufficient to increase linker-DNA length within chromatin arrays and slow chromatin condensate growth. HP1a increases the liquidity of chromatin condensates while dramatically differentiating the viscoelastic properties of Me-chromatin versus U-chromatin. Mutating key residues in HP1a show that HP1a interactions with itself and chromatin determine the relative interfacial tension between chromatin compartments, however the formation of condensates is driven by the underlying chromatin. These direct measurements map the energetic landscape that determines C-Het compartmentalization, demonstrating that nuclear compartmentalization is a spontaneous and energetically favorable process in which HP1a plays a critical role in establishing a hierarchy of affinities between H3K9me3-chromatin and unmodified-chromatin.

Highlights HP1a is necessary and sufficient for heterochromatin compartmentalization.
 Heterochromatin compartmentalization is reversible and proceeds through microphase-separation.
 H3K9me3 is sufficient to change nucleosome-array dynamics and mesoscale material properties.
 HP1a increases chromatin liquidity.
 HP1a-chromatin interaction modes tune the interfacial tensions and morphologies of heterochromatin compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ego, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.618981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1a promotes chromatin liquidity and drives spontaneous heterochromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental changes in the control of primary motoneuron excitability by the M-current in larval zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal circuits for locomotion undergo maturation during early development. How intrinsic properties of individual spinal neuron populations change throughout motor maturation is not fully understood. Here we identify for the first time the presence of the persistent outward potassium current known as the M-current in primary motoneurons of larval zebrafish. We show that the M-current controls excitability of primary motoneurons and its role in excitability control changes during development such that the magnitude of the M-current in primary motoneurons transiently increases at 3 days post-fertilization. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which control over excitability of primary motoneurons in larval zebrafish is ensured, underscoring developmental changes in ion current contributions to intrinsic properties. Broadly, these data support the M-current as a conserved means to control motoneuron excitability across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudreau, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental changes in the control of primary motoneuron excitability by the M-current in larval zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomous biogenesis of the entire protein translation machinery excluding ribosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recreating the conditions for autonomous biogenesis of the protein translation machinery is fundamental to our understanding of living systems and is essential for the assembly of minimal cell models. All components of the translation machinery, including the ribosomes, translation factors and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, are made of proteins and are therefore involved in their own synthesis, posing a unique challenge for self-biogenesis. Here, we created physicochemical conditions for autonomous biogenesis of all the translation machinery, excluding the ribosome. We surface-immobilized synthetic genes coding for all thirty components as densely packed DNA brushes forming a reaction center that localizes, concentrates and catalyzes their simultaneous synthesis. To demonstrate their activity, we first determined empirically the minimal critical concentration of each translation protein required to initiate its own self-biogenesis in bulk solution. We then assembled a minimal gene expression reaction with all translation proteins at their critical concentrations. Under these dilute conditions, reporter proteins were not synthesized unless the DNA brushes encoded all the translation proteins, thereby demonstrating their co-synthesis, functionality and engagement in their own synthesis. This scenario of a complex biochemical process that amplifies itself can be generalized and extended to impact our understanding toward the design of autonomous self-replicating biological system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwarz-Schilling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daube, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomous biogenesis of the entire protein translation machinery excluding ribosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of tropodithietic acid on microbial physiology under varying culture complexities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research has increasingly focused on understanding marine bacterial physiology under environmentally relevant conditions. Biotic interactions have a key influence on microbial physiology and are often modeled in the lab by manipulating the complexity of microbial cultures. Notably, findings from low-complexity cultures that have been re-evaluated in more complex systems, occasionally lead to different outcomes. Here, we assess how the genomic capability of bacteria to produce secondary metabolites, specifically the antibiotic tropodithietic acid (TDA), influences microbial physiology and interactions, under varying microbial complexity.

We investigate the impact of TDA production on microbial physiology across systems with increasing complexity: from bacterial mono-cultures, to bacterial co-cultures of Phaeobacter inhibens with Dinoroseobacter shibae, and a more complex tri-culture that includes both bacteria and their algal host Emiliania huxleyi. In these systems, we examine both wild-type (WT) P. inhibens bacteria and mutant bacteria with a tdaB deletion ({Delta}tdaB) that are not capable of producing TDA. This systematic approach allowed us to explore the relationship between the tdaB gene, microbial physiology, and system complexity.

Our findings show that deleting the tdaB gene affected bacteria-bacteria interactions in co-cultures but not in tri-cultures with the algal host. Additionally, our data revealed that algal death was delayed in cultures containing P. inhibens {Delta}tdaB mutants compared to those with WT bacteria.

Results of our study highlight the importance of microbial complexity in the study of bacterial physiology and point to the understudied role of TDA in algal-bacterial interactions.

ImportanceThis study advances our understanding of marine bacterial physiology under varying levels of microbial complexity. We uncover how the production of secondary metabolites, specifically the antibiotic tropodithietic acid (TDA), influences microbial interactions. Our systematic approach, which includes bacterial mono-cultures, co-cultures, and tri-cultures involving algal hosts, allows us to evaluate the impact of the tdaB gene on microbial interactions. Notably, our findings reveal that the deletion of this gene affects bacteria-bacteria interactions in co-culture but does not have the same effect in more complex systems that include algae. Additionally, the observation that algal death is delayed in cultures with TDA-deficient bacteria underscores the significance of TDA in these interactions. Overall, our research highlights the influence of the microbial culture complexity on bacterial physiology and emphasizes the overlooked role of TDA in algal-bacterial dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shlakhter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of tropodithietic acid on microbial physiology under varying culture complexities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumour progression is driven by dynamic interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Investigating the spatiotemporal evolution of tumours can provide crucial insights into how intrinsic changes within cancer cells and extrinsic alterations in the microenvironment cooperate to drive different stages of tumour progression. Here, we integrate high-resolution spatial transcriptomics and evolving lineage tracing technologies to elucidate how tumour expansion, plasticity, and metastasis co-evolve with microenvironmental remodelling in a Kras;p53-driven mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. We find that rapid subclonal expansion contributes to a hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and fibrotic microenvironment that is associated with the emergence of pro-metastatic cancer cell states. Furthermore, metastases arise from spatially-confined subclones of primary tumours and remodel the distant metastatic niche into a fibrotic, collagen-rich microenvironment. Together, we present a comprehensive dataset integrating spatial assays and lineage tracing to elucidate how sequential changes in cancer cell state and microenvironmental structures cooperate to promote tumour progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathey-Andrews, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickels, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIR signaling activates caspase-like immunity in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteases of the caspase family, as well as Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domain proteins, have central roles in innate immunity and regulated cell death in humans. In this study we describe a bacterial immune system comprising both a caspase-like protease and a TIR-domain protein. We found that the TIR protein, once it recognizes phage invasion, produces the previously unknown immune signaling molecule ADP-cyclo[N7:1'']-ribose (N7-cADPR). This molecule specifically activates the bacterial caspase-like protease which then indiscriminately degrades cellular proteins to halt phage replication. The TIR-caspase defense system, which we denote as type IV Thoeris, is abundant in bacteria and efficiently protects against phage propagation. Our study highlights the diversity of TIR-produced immune signaling molecules and demonstrates that cell death regulated by proteases of the caspase family is an ancient mechanism of innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ROUSSET, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIR signaling activates caspase-like immunity in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.619803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus Entry is a Major Determinant of HCMV Latency in Monocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.619803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can result in either productive or latent infection, the latter enabling life-long viral persistence. Monocytes support latent infection but become permissive to productive infection upon differentiation into macrophages. The molecular basis for these differentiation-driven differences has been largely attributed to chromatin-mediated repression of the viral genome. Using metabolic labeling of newly synthesized RNA during the early stages of infection, we observed markedly lower viral transcription in monocytes compared to macrophages. Unbiased comparison of the two cell types revealed that this difference is partly due to reduced viral entry in monocytes: fewer viruses enter, and correspondingly fewer genomes reach the nucleus. Indeed, ectopic expression of known HCMV entry receptors in monocytes enhanced viral entry and consequently facilitated productive infection, demonstrating that these cells can support full replication if entry is efficient. We further identified integrin {beta}3 as a surface protein upregulated upon differentiation that plays an important role in HCMV entry into macrophages, partially accounting for the observed differences in entry efficiency. Finally, we show that cells receiving fewer viral genomes are the ones that establish latent infection and have the capacity to reactivate. Overall, our findings reveal that entry is a previously unrecognized factor contributing to latent infection in monocytes, adding a critical layer to the paradigm of HCMV latency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>arazi, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.619803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus Entry is a Major Determinant of HCMV Latency in Monocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights on macrosynteny, 'rebel' genes, and a new sex-linked region in anurans from comparative genomics and a new chromosome-level genome for the western chorus frog 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphibians have unique genome characteristics including slow karyotypic evolution and cytogenetically undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Yet our understanding of amphibian genomes has not kept pace with that of mammals and birds, partially due to scarce genomic resources and challenges associated with large genome sizes and high repetitiveness. We assembled and annotated a chromosome-level genome for the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata), a species of conservation concern and importance in evolutionary research. Comparison of our new genome with other chromosome-level frog genomes reveals exceptionally conserved evolution of 13 chromosomal elements and gene orders across over 200 million years of anuran evolution. We uncovered  rebel Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) genes that have been duplicated in almost all frog species, have been transposed, and showed lineage-specific synteny patterns - possibly relating to key traits such as frog advertisement calls and mitochondrial genome evolution. We also assembled a complete mitochondrial genome and found heteroplasmy of both point polymorphisms and length variation in the tandem repeat arrays in the control region. Double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing analysis indicates that the western chorus frog has an XY sex system and the sex-linked region involved an [~]1Mb indel structural variant.

Overall, our study provides important genomic resources for treefrogs and other anurans, documents highly conserved chromosomal evolution and gene orders in anurans, identifies  rebel genes that might be important for frog evolution, and reveals a new sex-linked region with indel structural variants in anurans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lougheed, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudeau, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lougheed, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights on macrosynteny, 'rebel' genes, and a new sex-linked region in anurans from comparative genomics and a new chromosome-level genome for the western chorus frog]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional interaction between transcription factor Sfp1 and the NuA4 complex in response to nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome biogenesis is a crucial process requiring enormous transcriptional output. In budding yeast, the expression of 138 ribosomal protein (RP) genes and over 200 ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) genes is regulated by an intricate network of factors, including the nutrient-sensitive transcription activator Sfp1 and the NuA4 coactivator/acetyltransferase complex. Nutrient starvation or inhibition of TORC1 by rapamycin leads to repression of RP and RiBi genes, in part through blocking Sfp1 nuclear localization and NuA4-dependent chromatin acetylation. Here, we demonstrate that Sfp1 physically interacts with NuA4 in a TORC1-dependent manner. Our results indicate that Sfp1, along with NuA4, regulate the transcription of RiBi and RP genes via distinct mechanisms depending on promoter architectures. Sfp1 promotes histone acetylation at the promoters without affecting NuA4 recruitment. In contrast, NuA4 does impact Sfp1 binding but specifically at two classes of RP genes. Importantly, NuA4 acetylates Sfp1 at lysines 655 and 657, regulating its function. Cells expressing Sfp1 with acetyl-mimicking mutations exhibit increased expression of RiBi genes while RP genes remain stable. However, the same mutants lead to the loss of Sfp1 binding/activity at RiBi genes when cells are under non-optimal growth conditions. Mimicking constitutive acetylation of Sfp1 also limits the transcriptional burst of RP genes upon addition of glucose. Altogether, these results draw an intricate functional relationship between Sfp1 and NuA4 to control ribosome biogenesis, fine-tuning transcription output in different growth conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly-Beauparlant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional interaction between transcription factor Sfp1 and the NuA4 complex in response to nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular amphiregulin is critical for heterochromatin maintenance and genomic stability in response to replication stress in BRCA2mut/+mammary epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The EGFR ligand, amphiregulin (AREG) is a key mammary ductal cell differentiation and growth factor. AREG has also been detected in the nucleus of some epithelial cancers although the physiological stimulus and nuclear role are not known. Using immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MECs), we have discovered that AREG undergoes retrograde trafficking to the nuclear membrane (nAREG) in close proximity with lamin A where it is required to both maintain constitutive heterochromatin and transiently increases H3K9me3 in response to replication stress (RS). RS resulted in an increase in AREG protein, enhanced nuclear membrane prelamin A and increased heterochromatin protein, HP1. In contrast, siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous AREG reduced HP1 and SUV39h1 proteins accompanied by decompaction and reduction in H3K9me3 heterochromatin despite the presence of soluble AREG. The nuclear membrane (NM) was also impacted resulting in dissipation of the Ran-GTPase gradient, reduced matrix lamin A with increased invaginations. Moreover, AREG knockdown slowed replication fork speed, increased new replication origins and enhanced global transcription while promoting and exacerbating DNA damage in response to RS. DNA damage was most pronounced in AREG-depleted BRCA2mut/+ MECs which entered senescence following RS, indicating an important nAREG-dependent role in genomic stabilization in these cells. Overall, this study reveals a novel and fundamental role for nAREG in heterochromatin maintenance and the response to RS, that is most critical in BRCA2mut/+ MECs deficient in replication fork protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, C. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular amphiregulin is critical for heterochromatin maintenance and genomic stability in response to replication stress in BRCA2mut/+mammary epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid adaptation and increased genetic parallelism in experimental metapopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural populations are often spatially structured, meaning they are best described as metapopulations composed of subpopulations connected by migration. We know little about how the topology of connections in metapopulations impacts adaptive evolution. Topologies that concentrate dispersing individuals through a central hub can accelerate adaptation above that of a well-mixed system in some models, however empirical support is lacking. We provide evidence to support this claim and show acceleration is accompanied by high rates of parallel evolution resulting from a reduced probability that rare beneficial mutations are stochastically lost. Our results suggest metapopulation topology can be a potent force driving evolutionary dynamics and patterns of genomic repeatability in structured landscapes such as those involving the spread of pathogens or invasive species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid adaptation and increased genetic parallelism in experimental metapopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Protocol for Neuralized Murine Olfactory Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic olfactory dysfunction can be associated with parkinsonism, dementia, demyelinating disorders and schizophrenia. The olfactory epithelium (OE) represents an interface between the environment and the central nervous system. Mounting evidence implicates environmental factors in neurodegenerative disease processes, necessitating investigations into their interactions with the hosts genome. In Parkinson disease, hyposmia often precedes motor symptoms, raising the possibility that the OE could be involved in disease initiation. We previously demonstrated abundant -synuclein expression in mammalian OE as well as aggregate formation in the olfactory nerve. Current in vitro models of OE are limited, relying primarily on post-mitotic cultures established from biopsies. To address this gap, we present a method for generating olfactory organoids of OE from adult mice. These organoids comprise neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, including sustentacular cells, thus encompassing structural elements of OE in situ. Expression of the olfactory sensory neuron marker OMP and Parkinsons-linked -synuclein was also detected in olfactory organoids, highlighting their potential usefulness to mechanistic research. We established OE organoids that were kept in culture for up to 3 weeks. In addition, we inoculated organoids with the neurotropic vesicular stomatitis virus to model infections. We conclude that this olfactory organoid model system offers a new platform for studying airborne environmental factors in their interactions with a genetically defined host; this, to study OE biology and enable the exploration of disease processes within olfactory tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozgun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>aSCENT-PD Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Protocol for Neuralized Murine Olfactory Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput single-cell proteomics of in-vivo cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell mass spectrometry-based proteomics (SCP) can resolve cellular heterogeneity in complex biological systems and provide a system-level view of the proteome of each cell. Major advancements in SCP methodologies have been introduced in recent years, providing highly sensitive sample preparation methods and mass spectrometric technologies. However, most studies present limited throughput and mainly focus on the analysis of cultured cells. To enhance the depth, accuracy, and throughput of SCP for tumor analysis, we developed an automated, high-throughput pipeline that enables the analysis of 1,536 single cells in a single experiment. This approach integrates low-volume sample preparation, automated sample purification, and LC-MS analysis with the Slice-PASEF method. Integration of these methodologies into a streamlined pipeline led to a robust and reproducible identification of more than 3000 proteins per cell. We applied this pipeline to analyze tumor macrophages in a murine lung metastasis model. We identified over 1,800 proteins per cell, including key macrophage markers and [~]500 differentially expressed proteins between tumor and control macrophages. PCA analysis successfully separated these populations, revealing the utility of SCP in capturing biologically relevant signals in the tumor microenvironment. Our results demonstrate a robust and scalable pipeline poised to advance single-cell proteomics in cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karagach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smollich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atrakchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput single-cell proteomics of in-vivo cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyses of transposable elements in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi support evolutionary parallels with fungal plant pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive DNA sequences that excise or create copies that are inserted elsewhere in the genome. Their expansion shapes genome variability and evolution by impacting gene expression and rearrangement rates. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial plant symbionts with large, TE-rich genomes, and recent findings showed these elements vary significantly in abundance, evolution, and regulation among model AMF strains. Here, we aimed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of TE function and evolution in AMF by investigating assembled genomes from representatives of all known families. We uncovered multiple, family-specific bursts of insertions in different species, indicating variable past and ongoing TE activity contributing to the diversification of AMF lineages. We also found that TEs are preferentially located within and around candidate effectors/secreted proteins, as well as in proximity to promoters. Altogether, these findings support the role of TEs in promoting the diversity in proteins involved in molecular dialogues with hosts and, more generally, in driving gene regulation. The mechanisms of TEs evolution we observed in these prominent plant symbionts bear striking similarities to those of many filamentous plant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugambi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokkoris, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banchini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadej, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyses of transposable elements in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi support evolutionary parallels with fungal plant pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Equation Modeling of Cell Population Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration from Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process orchestrated by diverse cell populations within a dynamic niche. In response to muscle damage and intercellular signaling, these cells undergo cell fate and migration decisions including quiescence, activation, proliferation, differentiation, infiltration, apoptosis, and exfiltration. The emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies of muscle regeneration offers a significant opportunity to refine models of regeneration and enhance our understanding of cellular interactions. To better understand how crosstalk between cell types governs cell fate decisions and cell population dynamics, we developed a novel non-linear ordinary differential equation model guided by scRNA-seq data. Our model consists of 9 variables and 19 parameters, capturing the dynamics of key myogenic lineage and immune cell types. We calibrated time-series scRNA-seq data to units of cells per cubic millimeter of tissue and fit our models parameters to capture the observed dynamics, validating on an independent time series. The model successfully captures regeneration dynamics, particularly after incorporating a novel type of regulatory interaction between M2 macrophages and satellite cells that has been hypothesized in the literature. Our model lays a foundation for future computational explorations of muscle regeneration, modeling of disease conditions, and in silico testing of therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Ghazawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Equation Modeling of Cell Population Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration from Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genotype and nuclear organization as driving factors in host plant nutrient acquisition and stable carbon capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate root symbionts of most plants that improve plant growth by transferring nutrients into plant roots through networks of soil hyphae. These hyphal networks represent a carbon sink in soil; thus, it has been suggested that these fungi can also boost atmospheric carbon storage, highlighting their potential role in managing greenhouse emissions. In this study, we aimed to determine whether certain AMF genotypes and nuclear organizations (homokaryons vs heterokaryons) are associated with higher rates of host plant yield and carbon storage.
C_LIO_LIWe compared Sudan-grass (Sorghum x drummondii) AMF inoculation across eight strains of Rhizophagus irregularis: four homokaryotic and four heterokaryotic strains. Sudan-grass was grown in a growth chamber, which included 13C-CO2 pulse labeling to track plant carbon into AMF.
C_LIO_LIAMF inoculation increased total and belowground biomass, as well as phosphorous, magnesium, and manganese uptake in the host. Heterokaryons led to greater belowground biomass, as well as less variable increases in shoot phosphorous. Mycorrhizal inputs to soil mineral-associated organic carbon - a highly persistent carbon pool with slow turnover - were overall greater in heterokaryons than in homokaryons but varied significantly among strains.
C_LIO_LIThis indicates that the potential for carbon storage by mycorrhizal carbon inputs varies based on fungal genomic identity and nuclear organization. Overall, inoculation improved the yield of Sudan-grass and resulted in significant inter-strain variation in persistent carbon contributions to the soil. This work highlights the importance of considering genotype and nuclear identity in assessments of AMF as bio-stimulants and drivers of carbon storage.
C_LI

Societal Impact StatementIt is crucial to develop strategies for reducing our continued excessive global increases in fertilizer applications and to offset CO2 emissions. The pervasive underground hyphal networks of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present an enticing bio-stimulant and carbon sink. We inoculated Sudan-grass plants with eight genotypically distinct strains of a model AMF species to determine if strain identity affects plant growth and carbon storage. We found that plant biomass, nutrient acquisition and stable soil carbon inputs varied among strains, emphasizing the importance of AMF strain identity in the selection of AMF inoculants for optimizing crop yield and carbon storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugambi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve-Laroche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallenbach, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genotype and nuclear organization as driving factors in host plant nutrient acquisition and stable carbon capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The organization of high-level visual cortex is aligned with visual rather than abstract linguistic information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question dominating the study of human visual cortex is whether it is organized along visual or semantic information. This question is unresolved, and the controversy has been rekindled by the recent report that surprisingly, revealed that the representations of textual description of images by linguistic artificial networks successfully predict the response of high-level visual cortex to visual images. These findings appear to support a linguistic, abstract, organizing principle of human visual cortex. Here, using iEEG recordings from high level visual cortex in patients, we contributed to this debate, by testing the hypothesis that this linguistic alignment is restricted to textual descriptions of the visual content of the images (visual text) and does not extend to abstract textual descriptions (abstract text). We selected images that depict familiar faces and places, as these images allow for the best dissociation between these two types of text and generated their visual and abstract (e.g., name and biography of a person) textual descriptions. We then predicted the relational structures of the iEEG response to the images using their textual representations based on a large language model and the image representation based on a convolutional neural network. Neural relational-structures in high-level visual cortex were similarly predicted by images and visual-text but not abstract-text representations. Abstract text best predicted responses of the fronto-parietal cortex to the images. These results demonstrate that visual-language alignment in high-level visual cortex is limited to visually grounded language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The organization of high-level visual cortex is aligned with visual rather than abstract linguistic information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metaproteomics reveals age-specific alterations of gut microbiome in hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiomes pivotal role in health and disease is well-established. SARS-CoV-2 infection often causes gastrointestinal symptoms and is associated with changes of the microbiome in both human and animal studies. While hamsters serve as important animal models for coronavirus research, there exists a notable void in the functional characterization of their microbiomes with metaproteomics. In this study, we present a workflow for analyzing the hamster gut microbiome, including a metagenomics-derived hamster gut microbial protein database and a data-independent acquisition metaproteomics method. Using this workflow, we identified 32419 protein groups from the fecal microbiomes of young and old hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. We showed age-specific changes in the expressions of microbiome functions and host proteins associated with microbiomes, providing further functional insight into the dysbiosis and aberrant cross-talks between the microbiome and host in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altogether this study established and demonstrated the capability of metaproteomics for the study of hamster microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angulo, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamming, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fekete, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodovalho, V. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinolo, M. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trottein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metaproteomics reveals age-specific alterations of gut microbiome in hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.622718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characteristics of early career health researchers and experiences of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.622718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted research globally. How it impacted Canadian early-career health researchers (ECHRs) remains unclear. We administered a survey to understand the composition of ECHRs in Canada, their job experiences, and experiences of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.

MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in May 2023 of Canadian ECHRs defined as within 7 years of their first independent research position. Quantitative analyses included a description of respondents by research pillar, socio-demographic and workplace characteristics, and the prevalence of burnout, disengagement or exhaustion. Sample characteristics were compared to national data on ECHRs from a Canadian funding agency. Thematic analysis of free-text responses was also conducted.

ResultsA total of 225 respondents met the eligibility criteria. Most respondents were assistant professors and characteristics of our sample were like the national data. The COVID-19 pandemic posed many challenges to student recruitment, and emotional support of students, with over half of the respondents reporting a moderate to significant decline in mental health compared to pre-pandemic. A significant proportion of respondents were experiencing high burnout (62%, 95%CI:56-67%), exhaustion (64%, 95%CI: 57-70%) or disengagement (91%, 95%CI: 87-95%). Thematic analysis identified three themes: ongoing benefits/problems preceding the pandemic, unintended outcomes of strategies to manage/prevent/contain COVID-19, and reasons to stay in their current position.

ConclusionsOur survey revealed that Canadian ECHRs reported many diverse challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and high burnout, putting the sustainability of this workforce at risk. Improved systems are needed to understand the long-term impacts and support the future of the Canadian health research ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalec, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvihill, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristizabal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciernia, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daraz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Association of Canadian Early Career Health Researchers,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.622718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characteristics of early career health researchers and experiences of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic elementary flux modes explain the steady state flow of metabolites in large-scale flux networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steady state fluxes are a measure of cellular activity under metabolic homoeostasis, but understanding how individual substrates are metabolized remains a challenge in large-scale networks. Pathway-based approaches such as elementary flux mode (EFM) analysis are limited to small networks due to the combinatorial explosion of pathways and the ambiguity of decomposing fluxes onto EFMs. Here, we present an alternative approach to explain metabolic fluxes in terms of the steady state flow of their atomic constituents. We refer to these pathways as atomic elementary flux modes (AEFMs) and show that computations involving AEFMs are orders of magnitude faster than standard EFMs. Using our approach, we enumerate carbon and nitrogen AEFMs in five genome-scale metabolic models and compute the AEFM decomposition of fluxes estimated in a HepG2 liver cancer cell line. Our results systematically characterize carbon and nitrogen remodelling and, on the HepG2 network, predict glutamine metabolism through a recently discovered non-canonical TCA cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitpin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic elementary flux modes explain the steady state flow of metabolites in large-scale flux networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.621573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prey movement shapes the acquisition of predator expertise in a virtual bi-trophic system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.621573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of expertise is crucial for predators to be successful hunters. To achieve this, predators must hone their skills and gain knowledge through repeated and extensive practice. On the other hand, prey may hinder the acquisition of predator expertise by employing antipredator tactics to evade detection and pursuit. However, empirical evidence on how predators acquire expertise through repeated encounters with their prey remains limited, largely due to the challenges of monitoring direct interactions in the wild. Here, we use a virtual predator-prey system (the game Dead by Daylight) to investigate how experience shapes individual and population hunting success in human predators across repeated interactions with their prey. We show that predators optimized prey consumption as they gained experience, indicating that they acquired expertise through extensive practice. At the population-level, we found that faster prey impaired the acquisition of expertise by reducing hunting success. Prey speed was also an important mediator of this relationship at the individual level, driving differences among predators in the acquisition of expertise. Our study outlines how prey antipredator behaviour can mediate the acquisition of expertise in predator populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser Franco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santostefano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montiglio, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.621573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prey movement shapes the acquisition of predator expertise in a virtual bi-trophic system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel rhodopsin-based voltage indicator for simultaneous two-photon optical recording with GCaMP in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) allow optical recording of membrane potential from targeted cells in vivo. However, red GEVIs that are compatible with two-photon microscopy and that can be multiplexed in vivo with green reporters like GCaMP, are currently lacking. To address this gap, we explored diverse rhodopsin proteins as GEVIs and engineered a novel GEVI, 2Photron, based on a rhodopsin from the green algae Klebsormidium nitens. 2Photron, combined with two photon ultrafast local volume excitation (ULoVE), enabled multiplexed readout of spiking and subthreshold voltage simultaneously with GCaMP calcium signals in visual cortical neurons of awake, behaving mice. These recordings revealed the cell-specific relationship of spiking and subthreshold voltage dynamics with GCaMP responses, highlighting the challenges of extracting underlying spike trains from calcium imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villette, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieudonne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel rhodopsin-based voltage indicator for simultaneous two-photon optical recording with GCaMP in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Ising Model with global inhibition for decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other organisms make decisions choosing between different options, with the aim to maximize the reward and minimize the cost. The main theoretical framework for modeling the decision-making process has been based on the highly successful drift-diffusion model, which is a simple tool for explaining many aspects of this process. However, new observations challenge this model. Recently, it was found that inhibitory tone increases during high cognitive load and situations of uncertainty, but the origin of this phenomenon is not understood. Motivated by this observation, we extend a recently developed model for decision making while animals move towards targets in real space. We introduce an integrated Ising-type model, that includes global inhibition, and use it to explore its role in decision-making. This model can explain how the brain may utilize inhibition to improve its decision-making accuracy. Compared to experimental results, this model suggests that the regime of the brains decision-making activity is in proximity to a critical transition line between the ordered and disordered. Within the model, the critical region near the transition line has the advantageous property of enabling a significant decrease in error with a small increase in inhibition and also exhibits unique properties with respect to learning and memory decay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapinova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitich-Stolero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Ising Model with global inhibition for decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the Dynamics of Biomass Deconstruction by the Cellulolytic Anaerobe C. thermocellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridium thermocellum is one of the most efficient microorganisms for the deconstruction of cellulosic biomass. To achieve this high level of cellulolytic activity, C. thermocellum uses large multienzyme complexes known as cellulosomes to break down complex polysaccharides, notably cellulose, found in plant cell walls. The attachment of bacterial cells to the nearby substrate via the cellulosome has been hypothesized to be the reason for this high efficiency. The region lying between the cell and the substrate has shown great variation and dynamics that are affected by the growth stage of cells and the biomass used for growth. Here, we utilized both photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) in combination with Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) to study the distribution of C. thermocellum cellulosomes at different stages of growth when actively growing on soluble and insoluble substrates, providing a clearer picture of the dynamics of cellulosome populations at the enzyme microbe substrate interface. This research demonstrates the promising application of novel optical methodologies in tandem with targeted mutations within C. thermocellum to test the prevailing theories regarding the mechanisms of cellulosomes and their potential to shuttle onto the biomass for the attachment of C. thermocellum to improve biomass deconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengge, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomble, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the Dynamics of Biomass Deconstruction by the Cellulolytic Anaerobe C. thermocellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H- and m-channel overexpression promotes seizure-like events by impairing the ability of inhibitory neurons to process correlated inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Channelopathies affecting h- and m-channels present a paradox in epilepsy research: while both over- and underexpression of these channels can be epileptogenic, channel overexpression does not appear to increase the excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance as caused by channel underexpression. We here derive a viable mechanism for ictogenesis driven by h- and m-channel overexpression from analysis of an in silico spiking neuronal microcircuit exhibiting spontaneous seizure-like events (SLEs). Such SLEs are dependent upon sufficiently strong gain in two adaptation terms phenomenologically modeling these channels effects: voltage homeostasis (h-current) and spike-frequency adaptation (m-current). Excessive gain of these adaptation terms interferes with the circuits processing of highly correlated input, promoting a sequence of network-level events that collectively provoke an SLE. Importantly, these changes do not cause increased excitability in isolated neurons, nor does this cascade require a change in the amplitude of external input to the circuit, suggesting an ictogenic pathway independent of classical changes to the E-I balance. The viability of this mechanism for SLE onset is strengthened by the host of experimentally-characterized features of seizure produced in this model reliant upon the presence of these adaptation terms, including the irregular initiation and termination of seizure-like events and time-varying peak frequency of oscillations during such events (i.e., chirps). Moreover, the cell-type dependent effects of changes in these adaptation terms, as delineated in our analyses, represent experimentally-testable predictions for future study of h- and m-channelopathies. These computational results provide vital new insights into the epileptogenic nature of h- and m-channel overexpression currently absent in the experimental literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H- and m-channel overexpression promotes seizure-like events by impairing the ability of inhibitory neurons to process correlated inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune organization in sentinel lymph nodes of melanoma patients is prognostic of distant metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sentinel lymph node (sLN) biopsy is part of melanoma staging, as involved LNs indicate a higher risk of recurrence. However, how the sLN is shaped by the tumor and reciprocally affects metastatic progression is poorly understood. Here, we mapped immune organization in involved and non-involved sLNs of 69 melanoma patients using high-resolution spatial proteomics, spatial transcriptomics and deep learning, leveraging the data for prognostic evaluation. In patients with involved LNs, a robust T cell response correlated with absence of recurrence. In non-involved LNs, protection from metastases was linked to expanded sinuses colocalized with plasmablasts whereas CCR7+ cells and Tregs correlated with future development of distant metastases. We trained a model that predicts development of distant metastases with 79% and 93% AUC for non-metastatic and metastatic LNs, respectively. Our findings reveal conserved immune patterns in sLNs that prospectively identify patients at risk for metastatic disease and may aid in therapeutic decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amitay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar-Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truzman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune organization in sentinel lymph nodes of melanoma patients is prognostic of distant metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.624676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Piezo2 in sensory neurons influences systemic and adipose tissue metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.624676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic metabolism ensures energy homeostasis through inter-organ crosstalk regulating thermogenic adipose tissue. Unlike the well-described inductive role of the sympathetic system, the inhibitory signal ensuring energy preservation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that, via the mechanosensor Piezo2, sensory neurons regulate morphological and physiological properties of brown and beige fat and prevent systemic hypermetabolism. Targeting Runx3/PV sensory neurons in independent genetic mouse models resulted in a systemic metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced body fat and increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Deletion of Piezo2 in PV sensory neurons reproduced the phenotype, protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and caused adipose tissue browning and beiging, likely driven by elevated norepinephrine levels. Finding that brown and beige fat are innervated by Runx3/PV sensory neurons expressing Piezo2, suggests a model where mechanical signals sensed by Piezo2 in sensory neurons protect energy storages and prevent a systemic metabolic phenotype.

HighlightsLack of Runx3/PV sensory neurons reduces body fat and fasting glucose levels and increases glucose tolerance in mice

Mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO2 in PV sensory neurons plays an important role in systemic metabolism under physiological and pathological conditions

PIEZO2 in PV sensory neurons regulates thermogenic programs and glucose uptake in brown and beige adipose tissues

Brown and beige adipose tissues are innervated by Runx3/PV sensory neurons
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Passini, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masschelein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huri-Ohev Shalom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardeni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.624676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Piezo2 in sensory neurons influences systemic and adipose tissue metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of transcription factors with intrinsically disordered regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription Factors (TFs) are proteins crucial for regulating gene expression. Effective regulation requires the TFs to rapidly bind to their correct target, enabling the cell to respond efficiently to stimuli such as nutrient availability or the presence of toxins. However, the search process is hindered by slow diffusive movement and the presence of  false targets - DNA segments that are similar to the true target. In eukaryotic cells, most TFs contain an Intrinsically Disordered Region (IDR), which is commonly assumed to behave as a long, flexible polymeric tail composed of hundreds of amino acids. Recent experimental findings indicate that the IDR of certain TFs plays a pivotal role in the search process. However, the principles underlying the IDRs role remain unclear. Here, we reveal key design principles of the IDR related to TF binding affinity and search time. Our results demonstrate that the IDR significantly enhances both of these aspects. Furthermore, our model shows good agreement with experimental results, and we propose further experiments to validate the models predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachmo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of transcription factors with intrinsically disordered regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asynchronous subunit transitions precede acetylcholine receptor activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid communication at synapses is facilitated by postsynaptic receptors, which convert a chemical signal into an electrical response. In the case of ligand-gated ion channels, agonist binding triggers rapid transition through a series of intermediate states leading to a transient open-pore conformation. These transitions are usually framed in terms of a mechanism where agonist binding and channel activation are separate events. Here, we collect cryo-EM images over a range of agonist concentrations to define structures of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in unliganded, mono-liganded, and di-liganded states. We show that agonist binding to a single agonist site stabilizes an intermediate state where an entire principal agonist-binding subunit has transitioned to an active-like conformation, while the other unoccupied principal subunit remains inactive, albeit poised for activation. Binding of agonist to the second agonist site fully activates the remaining subunits leading to hydration of the ion pore. Uniting this cryo-EM derived intermediate structure with single-channel recordings leads to a model where individual acetylcholine receptor subunits asynchronously undergo conformational transitions, and thus a sequential activation mechanism that has implications for the entire superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, C. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emlaw, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarkadas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>daCosta, C. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nury, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baenziger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asynchronous subunit transitions precede acetylcholine receptor activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein PRRC2B preserves 5' TOP mRNA during starvation to maintain ribosome biogenesis during nutrient recovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PRRC2B is an intrinsically disordered RNA-binding protein that is part of the cells translation machinery. Here we show that PRRC2B has two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts producing major long and minor short isoforms. Mass spectrometry-based interaction studies indicated that both isoforms associate with the 40S ribosomal subunit and translation initiation factors. Importantly, the long isoform also interacted with additional RNA-binding proteins through its unique Arg/Gly-rich region. Among these is LARP1, a regulator of 5 terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs under conditions of mTOR inhibition. We discovered that like LARP1, PRRC2B is necessary for preservation of 5 TOP mRNA levels, particularly those encoding ribosomal proteins, during amino acid starvation. In its absence, the rapid de novo translation of ribosomal proteins that takes place upon nutrient recovery is impeded. Overall, our study elucidates a newly discovered function for PRRC2B as an RNA-binding protein that regulates ribosomal biogenesis upon metabolic shift, in addition to its established function in initiating translation of specific mRNA targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bril, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrokovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-binding protein PRRC2B preserves 5' TOP mRNA during starvation to maintain ribosome biogenesis during nutrient recovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Atlas of Cellular Archetypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sought to discover universal organizing principles behind phenotypic variation within cell types. Pareto optimality describes how trade-offs between optimal solutions account for variation, predicting that the boundary points of a data distribution reflect specialized functions. We hypothesized that Pareto optimality dominates transcriptomic variation across all cell types. We used the Tabula Sapiens atlas of single-cell RNA sequencing across cell types and tissues in the human body to test this hypothesis and discovered that most cell types adhere to this theory. This enabled us to use this principled method to characterize the functions performed by each cell type. These phenotypes are derived from an unbiased approach and do not incorporate ideas from existing biological models or theories, and yet in many cases they recapitulate our understanding of the functions of major cell types. Ultimately, we conclude that multi-objective optimization broadly shapes the observed phenotypic variation within cell types. This finding enables us to write explicit representations of the low-dimensional manifolds on which transcriptomes of single cells reside. This can inform the design of the next generation of virtual cell language models, which aim to statistically learn low-dimensional transcriptomic manifolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Atlas of Cellular Archetypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can processes occurring in one individuals nervous system influence the physiology of the descendants? Here we explored the provocative hypothesis that parents sensation or perception of environmental cues can influence their offspring, extending across many subsequent generations. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, temperature perception on its own can induce transgenerational changes in RNAi factors, small RNAs, and the genes that they regulate. Moreover, we identified secreted factors that enable a pair of thermosensory neurons (AFD) to communicate with the germline and trace the path of the epigenetic signal. We further modeled the process mathematically and validated the new predictions generated by the model experimentally. Hence, our results demonstrate that sensory perception is sufficient to trigger small RNA-mediated heritable gene expression memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewe, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szanto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pex3 promotes formation of peroxisome-peroxisome and peroxisome-lipid droplet contact sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that mediate central metabolic functions, such as fatty acid {beta}-oxidation, as well as diverse tissue- and organism-specific processes. Membrane contact sites, regions of close apposition with other organelles for direct communication, are central to several aspects of their life cycle. Pex3 is a conserved multifunctional peroxisomal transmembrane protein involved in the insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins, in pexophagy, and in the formation of membrane contact sites. Here, we show that elevated Pex3 levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induce the formation of peroxisome clusters surrounded by lipid droplets, mediated by peroxisome-peroxisome and peroxisome-lipid droplet contact sites. This clustering occurs independently of Pex3 partners in other processes, Pex19, Inp1, and Atg36. The cytosolic domain of Pex3 binds peroxisomes, suggesting a direct role in homotypic contact site formation. Lipid droplet-peroxisome contact sites require the lipid droplet-localized triacylglycerol lipase Tgl4, which is enriched along with other lipases at this interface. Pex3 overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster similarly alters peroxisome and lipid droplet morphology and promotes contact site formation. Together, our results offer novel molecular insights into homotypic peroxisome contact sites and peroxisome-lipid droplet contact sites across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzkoch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percifull, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatemersch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brüggermann, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psathaki, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Montoro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pex3 promotes formation of peroxisome-peroxisome and peroxisome-lipid droplet contact sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Random Tree Model of Meaningful Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional studies of memory for meaningful narratives focus on specific stories and their semantic structures but do not address common quantitative features of recall across different narratives. We introduce a statistical ensemble of random trees to represent narratives as hierarchies of key points, where each node is a compressed representation of its descendant leaves, which are the original narrative segments. Recall is modeled as constrained by working memory capacity from this hierarchical structure. Our analytical solution aligns with observations from large-scale narrative recall experiments. Specifically, our model explains that (1) average recall length increases sublinearly with narrative length, and (2) individuals summarize increasingly longer narrative segments in each recall sentence. Additionally, the theory predicts that for sufficiently long narratives, a universal, scale-invariant limit emerges, where the fraction of a narrative summarized by a single recall sentence follows a distribution independent of narrative length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shnayderman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.627835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Random Tree Model of Meaningful Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics at the leading edge ofbiological invasions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empirical evidence shows that evolution may take place during species range expansion. Indeed, dispersal ability tends to be selected for at the leading edge of invasions, ultimately increasing a species spreading speed. However, for organisms across many different taxa, higher dispersal comes at the cost of fitness, producing evolutionary trade-offs at the leading edge. Using reaction-diffusion equations and adaptive dynamics, we provide new insights on how such evolutionary processes take place. We show how evolution may drive phenotypes at the leading edge to maximize the asymptotic spreading speed, and conditions under which phenotypic plasticity in dispersal is selected for under different dispersal-reproduction trade-off scenarios. We provide some possible future research directions and other systems where the framework can be applied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poloni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutscher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.13.628423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics at the leading edge ofbiological invasions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The formin FMNL2 plays a role in the response of melanoma cells to substrate stiffness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCells are constantly sensing and responding to changes in their local environment to adapt their behaviour and morphology. These external stimuli include chemical and mechanical signals, and much recent work has revealed the complexity of the cellular response to changes in substrate stiffness. We investigated the effects of substrate stiffness on the morphology and motility of A2058 human melanoma cells. FMNL2, a formin protein associated with actin cytoskeleton dynamics, regulates cell morphology and motility but its role in stiffness sensing remains unclear. This study examines how A2058 cells respond to substrates of varying stiffness and evaluates the impact of FMNL2 depletion on these responses.

ResultsWe found that with increasing substrate stiffness the cells transitioned from a rounded cell morphology to progressively more elongated morphologies with a concomitant increase in actin stress fiber alignment. Depletion of FMNL2 expression amplified these morphological changes, with knockdown cells showing consistently greater elongation and more pronounced stress fiber alignment compared to controls. Notably, the orientational order parameter (S) revealed higher alignment of actin filaments along the cells long axis in knockdown cells.

Substrate stiffness also affected cell motility, indicated by an apparent optimal stiffness that maximized motility followed by a notable decrease in distance travelled during cell migration on progressively stiffer substrates. This decrease was largely attributable to a decrease in the time the cells spent in motion as the substrate stiffness increased. FMNL2 depletion significantly exacerbated this effect, with knockdown cells traveling shorter net distances and spending less time moving across all substrates.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that substrate stiffness profoundly influences A2058 melanoma cell morphology and motility, with FMNL2 playing a pivotal regulatory role. Our observations suggest that FMNL2 is critical for maintaining motility and morphological adaptability under increased stiffness. Loss of FMNL2 enhanced stress fiber alignment and cell elongation while impairing motility, particularly on stiff substrates, revealing FMNL2 as a mechanosensitive effector. However, further biochemical work should be performed to determine the exact mechanisms by which FMNL2 participates in regulation of melanoma cell response to substrate stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clugston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.13.628356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The formin FMNL2 plays a role in the response of melanoma cells to substrate stiffness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt/β-Catenin coordinates muscle spindle development by regulating capsule differentiation, intrafusal fiber nuclei aggregation and proprioceptive nerve endings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprioception is essential for the regulation of posture, movement, and musculoskeletal integrity. The muscle spindle, a mechanosensory organ composed of multiple specialized tissues, detects stretch and provides proprioceptive feedback. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the development of the spindle components remain poorly understood.

Here, we reveal the involvement of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway in muscle spindle development. We show that Wnt ligands and their Frizzled receptors are expressed in the developing spindle and that {beta}-catenin is active throughout development in capsule cells and in bag2 intrafusal fibers. Embryonic deletion of {beta}-catenin from capsule and intrafusal fibers induced widespread transcriptomic changes, which led to significant malformations, including impaired capsule cell differentiation, disrupted nuclear organization in intrafusal fibers, and disorganized proprioceptive nerve endings. Postnatal deletion of {beta}-catenin from intrafusal fibers resulted in abnormal nerve endings and impaired proprioceptive function, indicating that the development of proprioceptive afferents is regulated by {beta}-catenin through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism acting in bag2 fibers.

Collectively, our findings position the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway as a central regulator that acts through both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms to coordinate the development of the various spindle tissues into a functional organ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatterer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passini, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt/β-Catenin coordinates muscle spindle development by regulating capsule differentiation, intrafusal fiber nuclei aggregation and proprioceptive nerve endings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LAG3 marks activated but hyporesponsive NK cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical for immunosurveillance yet become dysfunctional in contexts such as chronic stimulation by viral infections or cancer. This phenomenon is similar to T cell exhaustion but less well characterized, which limits therapeutic interventions. As shown for T cells, NK cells often display an increased expression of immune checkpoint proteins (ICP) following chronic stimulation, and ICP blockade therapies are currently being explored for several cancer types, which have remarkable patient benefits. Nevertheless, the nature of ICP expression in NK cells is still poorly documented. In this study, we aimed to identify the conditions that lead to and the phenotype of immune checkpoint LAG3 (Lymphocyte-activation gene 3) expressing NK cells. Using various experimental models, we found that LAG3 is expressed by murine NK cells upon activation in different contexts, including in response to cancer and acute viral infections. LAG3 marks a subset of immature, proliferating and activated cells, which, despite activation, have a reduced capacity to respond to a broad range of stimuli. Further characterization also revealed that LAG3+ NK cells exhibit a transcriptional signature similar to that of exhausted CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our results support the use of LAG3 as a marker of dysfunctional NK cells across diverse chronic and acute inflammatory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasilyeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dwyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrar, U. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanese de Souza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurdieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Hamad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Haddad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietropaolo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nersesian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquelot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciume, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waggoner, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardolino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LAG3 marks activated but hyporesponsive NK cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread family of viral sponge proteins reveals specific inhibition of nucleotide signals in anti-phage defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiviral signaling systems (CBASS) are bacterial anti-phage defense operons that use nucleotide signals to control immune activation. Here we biochemically screen 57 diverse E. coli and Bacillus phages for the ability to disrupt CBASS immunity and discover anti-CBASS 4 (Acb4) from the Bacillus phage SPO1 as the founding member of a large family of >1,300 immune evasion proteins. A 2.1 [A] crystal structure of Acb4 in complex with 3'3'-cGAMP reveals a tetrameric assembly that functions as a sponge to sequester CBASS signals and inhibit immune activation. We demonstrate Acb4 alone is sufficient to disrupt CBASS activation in vitro and enable immune evasion in vivo. Analyzing phages that infect diverse bacteria, we explain how Acb4 selectively targets nucleotide signals in host defense and avoids disruption of cellular homeostasis. Together, our results reveal principles of immune evasion protein evolution and explain a major mechanism phages use to inhibit host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond-Buccola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouchani, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread family of viral sponge proteins reveals specific inhibition of nucleotide signals in anti-phage defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell-derived IFN-γ Suppresses T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Antibody Responses during Viral Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. We have previously reported that subcutaneous lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (s.c. LCMV) infection is characterized by a stark compartmentalization of CD4+ T cells, leading to strong TH1 polarization but virtually absent T follicular helper (TFH) cells, a key driver of humoral immunity. Here, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for this impaired TFH differentiation. We found that T-bet+ cells induced by s.c. LCMV infection encompass a TH1 subset expressing Granzyme-B (GzmB) and a Tcf-1+ subset that retains the potential for TFH differentiation without expressing mature TFH markers. Interestingly, IFN-{gamma} blockade enables full differentiation of Tcf-1+ cells into TFH, formation of germinal centers and increased antibody production. Of note, the suppression of TFH cells by IFN-{gamma} is not directly mediated through CD4+ T cells but rather involves another cell type, likely dendritic cells (DCs). Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms directing early CD4+ T cell polarization and affecting humoral responses to viruses, laying a foundation for the development of effective vaccine strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Lucia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccaria, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bono, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giustini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furiato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malpighi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosselut, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidotti, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannacone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell-derived IFN-γ Suppresses T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Antibody Responses during Viral Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.01.630981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor dimerization enables ligand discrimination through tunable response heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.01.630981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling pathways enable cells to coordinate collective behaviors by exchanging specific information. Many pathways utilize multiple ligand variants to activate the same intracellular signaling cascade, raising the question of how cells discriminate between these seemingly redundant signals. It has been shown that individual cells can discriminate between signals based on their induced level of activity, temporal dynamics or combinatorial effect. Here, we demonstrate that ligand discrimination could also emerge at the population level. Using mathematical models of ligand-receptor interactions, we examine how response heterogeneity at the population level can encode ligand identity. We introduce a local scaling metric to quantify how variation in pathway components affects the cellular response. Our results reveal that for pathways with dimeric receptors, and more significantly for heterodimeric receptors, biochemical parameters of the ligands control the resulting heterogeneity in the response of a population of cells. Furthermore, we show that the population-level heterogeneity encodes the enzymatic activity of the resulting receptor complex. This suggests a functional advantage for utilizing heterodimeric receptor complexes in pathways acting across a population of cells, such as the type I interferon pathway, which shows several of the characteristics of our model. This contrasts to juxtacrine pathways, such as Notch, that do not act at the population level and use a single component receptor. Overall, our findings highlight a novel mechanism by which receptor architecture enables cells to encode ligand-specific information through population-level heterogeneity, offering insights into immune regulation, tissue development, and synthetic biology.

Significance StatementCells often communicate using distinct molecular signals (ligands) that activate the same pathway. Yet, how cells distinguish between these signals remains unclear. This study reveals that ligand discrimination can emerge at the level of entire cell populations, not just individual cells. By analyzing mathematical models, we show that certain receptor architectures, especially those involving heterodimeric receptors, allow signals to control the heterogeneity of the response level across a population. This mechanism enables cell populations to decode specific information about their environment, impacting processes like immune responses and tissue development. Our findings provide new insights into how signals coordinate collective behaviors and suggest strategies for designing synthetic systems to precisely control biological responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.01.630981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor dimerization enables ligand discrimination through tunable response heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia-related immune subsets induced by Salmonella Typhi infection link early bacterial gut invasion to human infection outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid disease, remains a major public health concern. Owing to the human-restricted nature of S. Typhi, current studies of typhoid pathogenesis in animal models are limited to a murine non-typhoidal pathogen. Furthermore, human studies are limited to analyses of peripheral immune responses which are blind to tissue-specific immunity and do not allow perturbations. What is now needed is an integrative approach that will provide mechanistic insights into S. Typhi pathogenesis and immune correlates of infection outcome. Here, we performed an integrated single-cell analysis of immune responses from the human S. Typhi challenge model and mouse model of typhoid disease, to associate biological mechanism with human infection outcome. Most prominent, we revealed immune subsets with a hypoxia-related signature in circulating immune cells from individuals that develop disease in the human challenge model. This signature was also evident in the mouse model in activated macrophages infiltrating into the Peyers patches, but not during infection with a mutant strain impaired for gut invasion. We further identified hypoxia-related signature as a general immune correlate of disease outcome in other infection- and inflammatory-related diseases. Collectively, using integrated analysis of mouse and human infection models, we revealed a hypoxia-related signature that link immune responses during bacterial invasion to increased risk of developing typhoid disease in humans, suggesting a possible causative role during the development of typhoid disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen Avivi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy Efrati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verheul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockdale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia-related immune subsets induced by Salmonella Typhi infection link early bacterial gut invasion to human infection outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule assay reveals the impact of composition, RNA duplex, and inhibitors on the binding dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome replication of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, involves a multi-subunit replication complex consisting of non-structural proteins (nsps) 12, 7 and 8. While the structure of this complex is known, the dynamic behavior of the subunits interacting with RNA is missing. Here we report a single-molecule protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (SM-PIFE) assay to monitor binding dynamics between the reconstituted or co-expressed replication complex and RNA. Increasing binding times were observed, in this order, with nsp7 (none) nsp8 and nsp12, in nsp8-nsp12 mixtures and in reconstituted mixtures bearing all three proteins. Unstable, transient, and stable binding modes were recorded in the latter case, indicating that complexation is dynamic, and the correct conformation must be achieved before stable RNA binding can occur. Notably, the co-expressed protein yields mostly stable binding even at low concentrations, while the reconstituted proteins exhibit unstable binding indicating inefficient complexation with reduced protein. The SM-PIFE assay distinguishes inhibitors that impact protein binding from those that prevent replication, as demonstrated with suramin and remdesivir, respectively. The data reveals a correlation between binding lifetime/affinity, and protein activity, and underscores differences between co-expressed vs reconstituted mixtures, suggesting the existence of trapped conformations that may not evolve to productive binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lovell, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewling, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocincova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badmalia, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchesnokov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule assay reveals the impact of composition, RNA duplex, and inhibitors on the binding dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of approach and avoidance tendencies toward physical activity and sedentary stimuli: An fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automatic tendencies toward physical activity and sedentary stimuli are involved in the regulation of physical activity behavior. However, the brain regions underlying these automatic tendencies remain largely unknown. Here, we used an approach-avoidance task and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 42 healthy young adults to investigate whether cortical and subcortical brain regions underpinning reward processing and executive function are associated with these tendencies. At the behavioral level, results showed more errors in avoidance behavior following sedentary stimuli than physical activity stimuli. At the brain level, avoidance behavior following sedentary stimuli was associated with more activation of the motor control network (dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, primary and secondary motor cortices, somatosensory cortex). In addition, increased activation of the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus -- and structural deformation of the right hippocampus - were associated with a tendency toward approaching sedentary stimuli. Together, these results suggest that avoiding sedentary stimuli requires higher levels of behavioral control than avoiding physical activity stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheval, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceravolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igloi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ruitenbeek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisgontier, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of approach and avoidance tendencies toward physical activity and sedentary stimuli: An fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Intrinsic Neural Timescales Relate To Event-Related Activity - Key Role For Intracolumnar Connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship of the brains intrinsic neural timescales (INTs) during the resting state with event-related activity in response to external stimuli remains poorly understood. Here, we bridge this gap by combining computational modeling with magnetoencephalography (MEG) data to investigate the relation of intrinsic neuronal timescales (INT) with task-related activity, e.g., event-related fields (ERFs). Using the Jansen-Rit model, we first show that intracolumnar (and thus intra-regional) excitatory and inhibitory connections (rather than inter-regional feedback, feedforward and lateral connections between the columns of different regions) strongly influence both resting state INTs and task-related ERFs. Secondly, our results demonstrate a positive relationship between the magnitude of event-related fields (mERFs) and INTs, observed in both model simulations and empirical MEG data collected during an emotional face recognition task. Thirdly, modeling shows that the positive relationship of mERF and INT depends on intracolumnar connections through observing that the correlation between them disappears for fixed values of intracolumnar connections. Together, these findings highlight the importance of intracolumnar connections as a shared biological mechanism underlying both the resting-states INTs and the task-states event-related activity including their interplay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccellato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Intrinsic Neural Timescales Relate To Event-Related Activity - Key Role For Intracolumnar Connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized Molecular Pathways Drive the Formation of Light-Scattering Assemblies in Leucophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pigmentation plays a vital role in the survival of organisms, supporting functions such as camouflage, communication, and mate attraction. In vertebrates, these functions are mediated by specialized pigment cells known as chromatophores of which, uric acid crystal-forming leucophores remain the least understood, with little known about their molecular mechanisms. A key question in pigment cell biology is whether different crystal chemistries require distinct molecular pathways, or whether similar cellular processes drive the formation of diverse crystals. This study was designed to unravel the uncharacterized process of uric acid crystallization in leucophores and compare them to guanine crystal formation in iridophores and pterin formation in xanthophores. The results of our transcriptomic, ultrastructural, and metabolomic analyses, demonstrate that leucophores share molecular pathways with iridophores, particularly those connected to organelle organization and purine metabolism, but express discrete genes involved in uric acid biosynthesis and storage. Additionally, leucophores share intracellular trafficking and pterin biosynthesis genes with xanthophores, suggesting universally conserved processes. Ultrastructural studies reveal star-like fibrous structures in leucosomes, which likely serve as scaffolds for unique one-dimensional uric acid assemblies that radiate from the core and act as efficient light scatterers. These findings provide new insights into leucophore cell biology and the specialized mechanisms driving molecular crystalline assembly, and reveal that while some cellular processes are conserved, the specific chemistry of each crystal type drives the evolution of distinct molecular pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerer-Goldshtein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized Molecular Pathways Drive the Formation of Light-Scattering Assemblies in Leucophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPRSS2-ERG confers resistance to antiandrogens: mechanism and therapeutic implications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients harbor fusions involving the TMPRSS2 and ERG genes. Despite this, tailored therapies targeting the fused gene, tERG, remain undeveloped. Our study analyzed biopsy samples from two clinical trials assessing the efficacies of androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors (ARSIs). The results revealed that tERG promotes resistance to ARSIs and is associated with elevated levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Subsequent assays showed that GR directly interacts with tERG, alleviates allosteric autoinhibition and prevents chemotherapy-induced tERG degradation. In PCa models, either inhibiting GR or lowering cortisol levels suppressed tumor growth in tERG-positive models, but not in fusion-negative models. In addition, patient-derived fusion-positive xenografts displayed enhanced sensitivity to combined GR and AR inhibitors. Collectively, these findings highlight TMPRSS2-ERG as a new biomarker and propose that simultaneous inhibition of GR and AR may specifically benefit tERG-positine patients. However, GR stimulatory corticosteroid therapies may not be advisable for this patient subgroup.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvadurai, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nataraj, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avioz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Schaffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M van Weerden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blecher-Gonen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Bright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Lis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L. Dahut, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowalsky, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPRSS2-ERG confers resistance to antiandrogens: mechanism and therapeutic implications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rubisco is slow across the tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the main gateway through which inorganic carbon enters the biosphere, catalyzing the vast majority of carbon fixation on Earth. This pivotal enzyme has long been observed to be kinetically constrained. Yet, this impression is based on kinetic measurements heavily focused on eukaryotic rubiscos, a rather conserved group of low genetic diversity. Moreover, the fastest rubiscos that we know of so far were found among the sparsely sampled prokaryotes. Could there be yet faster rubiscos among the uncharted regions of rubiscos phylogenetic diversity? Here, we perform a characterization of more than 250 rubiscos from a wide range of bacteria and archaea, thereby doubling the coverage of the diversity of this key enzyme. We assess the distribution of the carboxylation rates at saturating levels of CO2, and establish that rubisco is a relatively slow enzyme across the tree of life, never exceeding {approx}30 reactions per second at 30{degrees}C. We show that relatively faster subclades share similar evolutionary contexts, involving micro-oxygenic environments or a CO2 concentrating mechanism. Leveraging a simple machine learning model trained on this dataset, we predict the carboxylation rate for all {approx}68,000 sequenced rubisco variants found in nature to date. This study provides the largest and most diverse dataset of natural variants for an enzyme and their associated rates, establishing a solid benchmark for future efforts to predict catalytic rates from sequence data.

SignificanceDiscovering a fast carboxylating rubisco has been a long-standing challenge in the scientific community, given its potential impact on sustainable food and fuel production. Yet, only a small fraction of rubiscos natural diversity has been kinetically characterized. Here, we present a large-scale kinetic survey covering the entire spectrum of rubiscos diversity found in nature. Focusing on genetic clusters with above-average rates, we show that rubiscos catalytic rate does not exceed {approx}30 reactions per second at 30{degrees}C. Supported by a machine-learning predictive model, we extend this finding to all sequenced natural variants. Our study provides the most comprehensive kinetic dataset for a single enzyme to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malbranke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitbol, A.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Cajar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.19.633714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rubisco is slow across the tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring GPCR-mediated optogenetic modulation of seizure network in a pig model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleOptogenetics offers unmatched cellular specificity and control over cellular activity. Various opsins have been tested in animal models of epilepsy, each contributing to our understanding of seizure circuit dynamics. However, inhibitory optogenetic tools based on microbial rhodopsins have low light sensitivity and, thus, are less suitable for applications involving larger brains. We evaluated eOPN3, a red-shifted, highly sensitive inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor opsin in a porcine seizure model using integrated electro-optical sensing and modulation. The results demonstrated the feasibility of eOPN3 circuit modulation in a large animal epilepsy model.

MethodsMRI-guided stereotactic surgery was used to deliver 20-60 {micro}L of AAV-eOPN3 (AAV5-/AAV9-CaMKII-eOPN3-mScarlet) into the hippocampus (HPC) of three Gottingen minipigs. Each hemisphere received either an active or a control viral vector (AAV5/9-CaMKII-mScarlet) with gadolinium to visualize the injection sites and diffusion volume via post-operative MRI. Two to three months post-injection, bilateral deep brain stimulation electrodes integrated with optic fibers were stereotactically implanted into the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) and HPC to assess: 1) opsin expression using fiber photometry, 2) optogenetic modulation of stimulation evoked response potentials (SERPs), 3) induction and propagation of seizure-like activity via intrahippocampal kainic acid (KA) injection, and 4) optogenetic modulation of KA-induced seizure activity. After the electrophysiology recording, brains were harvested for histological analysis to evaluate injection target precision, eOPN3 expression, and estimate eOPN3-modulated volume.

ResultseOPN3 expression was confirmed during surgery via fiber photometry. ANT electrical stimulation elicited robust SERPs in the HPCs, which were attenuated by HPC light illumination. HPC stimulation similarly induced SERPs in the ipsilateral ANT and the contralateral HPC. The HPC stimulation-induced SERPs were significantly reduced by illuminating the site of the recording areas, the ipsilateral ANT and the contralateral HPC, demonstrating the optogenetic inhibition of the synaptic release from the HPC. KA injection into the HPC induced 20-30 Hz seizure-like activity. The ANT and HPC light illumination suppressed the localized KA-induced seizure activity in the early stage. However, after the generalization of KA-induced seizures, the ANT-HPC illumination lost efficacy for the control of seizures. Histological analysis confirmed eOPN3 expression in the HPC, ANT and other Papez circuit nodes.

ConclusionOur pilot study highlights that eOPN3-mediated inhibition alters SERP and the latency and spread of KA-induced seizure-like activity. We developed a platform incorporating pre- and postoperative MRI for precise viral vector delivery, real-time fiber photometry for quantifying opsin expression, and integrated electro-optical sensing and stimulation to assess optogenetic efficacy in a large animal model. The large animal model provides a solid foundation for future translational research to develop electro-optical devices and cellular therapies for human epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Or, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mivalt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltais, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kfir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daily, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swissa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring GPCR-mediated optogenetic modulation of seizure network in a pig model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.634005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ResolVI - addressing noise and bias in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.634005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technologies for estimating RNA expression at high throughput, in intact tissue slices, and with high spatial resolution (spatial transcriptomics; ST) shed new light on how cells communicate and tissues function. A fundamental step common to all ST protocols is quantification, namely segmenting the plane into regions, each approximating a cell, and then collating the molecules inside each region to estimate the cellular expression profile. Despite many advances in this area, a persisting problem is that of wrong assignment of molecules to cells, which limits most current applications to the level of a priori defined cell subsets and complicates the discovery of novel cell states. Here, we develop resolVI, a model that operates downstream of any segmentation algorithm to generate a probabilistic representation, correcting for misassignment of molecules, as well as for batch effects and other nuisance factors. We demonstrate that resolVI improves our ability to distinguish between cell states, to identify subtle expression changes in space, and to perform integrated analysis across datasets. ResolVI is available as open source software within scvi-tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.634005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ResolVI - addressing noise and bias in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAHCC1 promotes gene expression in neuronal cells by antagonizing SIN3A-HDAC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin modifications play a key role in regulating gene expression during development and adult physiology. Histone acetylation, particularly H3K27ac, is associated with increased activity of gene regulatory elements such as enhancers and promoters. However, the regulation of the machinery that write, read, and erase this modification remains poorly understood. In particular, the SIN3A-HDAC1 complex possesses histone deacetylase activity, yet it commonly resides at active regulatory regions. Here, we study BAHCC1, a large chromatin-associated protein essential for viability, and recently reported to play a largely repressive role. We show that in neuronal lineage cells, BAHCC1 is mainly associated with regulatory elements marked with H3K27ac. BAHCC1 interacts and co-occupies shared genomic regions with the SIN3A scaffold protein, and its perturbations lead to altered acetylation and expression of proximal genes in a neuronal cell line and primary cortical neurons. The regulated genes are enriched for those functioning in neurogenesis and cell migration, and primary cortical neurons with reduced Bahcc1 expression display impaired neurite outgrowth. We thus propose a model in which BAHCC1 antagonizes SIN3A histone deacetylation and positively regulates the expression of genes that are important for growth and migration-related processes in the neuronal lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monziani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tov Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hezroni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAHCC1 promotes gene expression in neuronal cells by antagonizing SIN3A-HDAC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distal mutations in a designed retro-aldolase alter loop dynamics to shift and accelerate the rate-limiting step 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino-acid residues distant from an enzymes active site are known to influence catalysis, but their mechanistic contributions to the catalytic cycle remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the structural, functional, and mechanistic impacts of distal and active-site mutations discovered through directed evolution of the computationally designed retro-aldolase RA95. Active-site mutations improve catalytic efficiency by 3,600-fold, while distal mutations alone offer no improvement. When combined with active-site mutations, distal mutations further increase efficiency by 6-fold, demonstrating an epistatic effect. X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that distal mutations promote active site opening by altering loop dynamics. Kinetic solvent viscosity effects and electrostatic analysis show that distal mutations accelerate the chemical transformation by 100-fold, shifting the rate-limiting step to product release, which is further accelerated by the increased opening of the active site. These findings highlight the critical role of distal residues in shaping the active-site environment and facilitating the structural dynamics essential for progression through the catalytic cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feixas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Borras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distal mutations in a designed retro-aldolase alter loop dynamics to shift and accelerate the rate-limiting step]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avoidance of pyroptosis accounts for the relatively high metastatic potential observed in early hybrid EMT states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EMT converts epithelial (E) phenotypes to invasive mesenchymal (M) states. However, analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) indicated that biphenotypic (E+M) CTCs better correlate with metastasis. Similarly, investigations of murine tumors undergoing EMT concluded that early E+M states posses the highest metastatic potential. To explore this, we selected in animals with breast cancer CTCs having progressively increasing intravasation abilities. This revealed that downregulation of arrestin Arrdc4 associates with CTC aggressiveness. In xenografts, depleting Arrdc4 accelerated tumor progression, whereas overexpression hindered progression in immunocompetent, but not in immunocompromised mice. Mechanistically, high Arrdc44 suppresses glucose uptake and enhances gasdermin E, triggering pyroptosis a type of pro-inflammatory cell death. Consistently, Arrdc4s lowest levels characterize the most metastatic biphenotypic states. In patients, both epigenetic and chromosomal aberrations downregulate ARRDC4 and predict poor prognosis. In summary, the uncovered mechanism portrays pyroptosis of biphenotypic EMT cells as a rheostat of CTCs, which may resolve the controversy on the role played by EMT in metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nataraj, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedrabbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvadurai, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boguslavski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avoidance of pyroptosis accounts for the relatively high metastatic potential observed in early hybrid EMT states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Customizing the Structure of a Minimal TIM Barrel to Craft a De Novo Enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TIM barrel is the most prevalent fold in natural enzymes, supporting efficient catalysis of diverse chemical reactions. While de novo TIM barrels have been successfully designed, their minimalistic architecture lacks structural elements essential for substrate binding and catalysis. Here, we present CANVAS, a computational workflow that introduces a structural lid into a minimal de novo TIM barrel to anchor catalytic residues and form an active-site pocket for enzymatic function. Starting from two de novo TIM barrels, we designed nine variants with distinct lids to form active sites for the Kemp elimination. Four designs showed measurable activity, with the most active reaching a catalytic efficiency of 21,000 M-{superscript 1} s-{superscript 1} at its optimal pH. A co-crystal structure of this variant bound to a transition-state analogue confirmed the accuracy of the designed lid and active site. Using the X-ray structure of a lower-activity variant (19 M-{superscript 1} s-{superscript 1}), we applied ensemble-based design to optimize its active site, increasing catalytic efficiency by >1,600-fold to 32,000 M-{superscript 1} s-{superscript 1}. These results demonstrate that de novo TIM barrels can be endowed with substrate binding pockets supporting efficient catalytic function, establishing a platform for building enzymes on demand from minimal protein scaffolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoecker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Customizing the Structure of a Minimal TIM Barrel to Craft a De Novo Enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing sub-organellar lipid distribution using correlative light and electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids and proteins compartmentalize biological membranes into nanoscale domains which are crucial for signaling, intracellular trafficking and many other cellular processes. Studying nanodomain function requires the ability to measure protein and lipid localization at the nanoscale. Current methods for visualizing lipid localization do not meet this requirement. Here, we introduce a correlative light and electron microscopy workflow to image lipids (Lipid-CLEM), combining near-native lipid probes and on-section labeling by click chemistry. This approach enables the quantification of relative lipid densities in membrane nanodomains. We find differential partitioning of sphingomyelin into intraluminal vesicles, recycling tubules, and the boundary membrane of the early endosome, representing a degree of nanoscale organization previously observed only for proteins. We anticipate that our Lipid-CLEM workflow will greatly facilitate the mechanistic analysis of lipid functions in cell biology, allowing for the simultaneous investigation of proteins and lipids during membrane nanodomain assembly and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lennartz, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böhlig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilsch-Bräuninger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing sub-organellar lipid distribution using correlative light and electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.635939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF1α gates tendon response to overload and drives tendinopathy independently of vascular recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.635939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tendons are mostly avascular dense connective tissues that link muscles to bones, withstanding some of the highest mechanical stresses in the body. Mechanical overload and tissue hypervascularity are implicated in tendinopathy, a common musculoskeletal disorder, but mechanistic understanding of their roles is largely lacking. Here, we identify HIF1 not only as a marker but as a driver of tendinopathy. Initial histological and multi-omics evaluation of human tendinopathic samples revealed extensive extracellular matrix remodeling, including pathological collagen crosslinking coinciding with active hypoxic signaling. Hypothesizing a causal contribution of hypoxia signaling, we generated mice with tenocyte-targeted deletions of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, which controls hypoxia signaling by regulating HIF degradation. We demonstrated that VHL inactivation suffices to induce pathological hallmarks of tendinopathy, such as collagen matrix disorganization, crosslinking, altered mechanics and neuro-vascular ingrowth. This phenotype was HIF1-dependent, since co-deleting HIF1 rescued tendon morphology and mechanics. Moreover, deleting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) alongside VHL effectively decoupled the effects of vascular ingrowth from persistently aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical dysfunction, emphasizing a direct role of HIF1 in driving tendon disease that is independent of angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we linked tendon mechanical overload to the onset of HIF1 signaling in primary cultured human tendon cells. Furthermore, genetically removing HIF1 from tenocytes prevented aberrant tendon remodeling in response to chronic overload. These findings position HIF1 signaling as a central driver of tendinopathy that acts through a maladaptive tissue response to chronic overload, providing mechanistic insights that could be leveraged for improved therapeutic approaches.

One Sentence SummaryHIF1 activation promotes tendinopathy and its inhibition prevents overload-induced maladaptation, suggesting therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moschini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewczas, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussien, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderli, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumberger, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolleb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederoest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollhalder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardicoglu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masschelein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morice, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardiles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mous, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fucentese, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passini, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blache, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surdez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennemers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elewaut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.02.635939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF1α gates tendon response to overload and drives tendinopathy independently of vascular recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupillometry Reveals Autonomic Adjustments During Diving Reflex in Face Immersion Apnea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human diving reflex (DR), an innate defensive reflex triggered during periods of apnea, concurrently activates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to regulate physiology against challenging demands. Despite pupil dilation and constriction being antagonistically controlled by the two autonomic branches, the effect of the diving reflex on pupil diameter fluctuations is still unknown. Thus, we compared participants pupil diameter fluctuations while breathing or performing apnea either with (Wet) or without (Dry) face immersion in cold water. We found that pupil diameter fluctuations in both apneic conditions are associated with lower power in the low-frequency band (< 0.25 Hz) while in the Wet condition, a reallocation of power towards higher frequencies (> 0.25 Hz) occurs, together with an increased entropy, contrary to the remaining conditions. This indicates a shift in autonomic balance and an increased complexity of pupil fluctuations during the diving reflex. Our findings present pupil dynamics as a valuable entry point to the exploration of autonomic adjustments for this reflex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montanari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolozzo-Gleich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yellin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laganovska, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemignani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupillometry Reveals Autonomic Adjustments During Diving Reflex in Face Immersion Apnea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly-L-Ornithine Coated Plant Scaffolds Support Motor Recovery in Rats after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition with far-reaching consequences for patients, including loss of motor function and significant limitations to quality of life. Implantable biomaterials have emerged as a therapeutic strategy to modulate the SCI microenvironment and facilitate regeneration of axons. In this study, plant-derived lignocellulosic scaffolds coated with poly-L-ornithine (PLO) are shown to support locomotor recovery and neural tissue repair in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Upon complete transection of the spinal cord, animals were implanted with a plant-derived scaffold coated in poly-L-ornithine, a positively charged amino acid chain that is known to promote neural stem cell differentiation into neurons and enhance myelin regeneration. Recovery of motor function was evaluated by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale as well as the Karolinska Institutet Swim Assessment Tool (KSAT). Retrograde tracing of ascending sensory tracts revealed enhanced regeneration in animals that received the PLO-coated scaffold. Numerous {beta}-III tubulin and neurofilament 200 positive fibers may indicate axonal sprouting within the lignocellulosic scaffold and LFB staining highlights myelination around the PLO-coated scaffold. These results demonstrate the potential of plant-based biomaterials in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury and highlight their enhancement after PLO functionalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Couvrette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modulevsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laliberte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuerrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc Latour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obhi, R.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shore, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galuta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelling, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly-L-Ornithine Coated Plant Scaffolds Support Motor Recovery in Rats after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The creation and validation of a fully animal component-free media for select adherent cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is one of the most commonly used media supplement for the maintenance of mammalian cell types, yet the expensive costs, ethical concerns, and lot-to-lot variation have provoked a clear need for a serum that is standardized and derived from non-animal sources. Several serum-free formulations have been developed in the past, however they are often cell type specific, contain animal-derived components, and lack long-term culture validation. In this study, we developed a novel animal component-free (ACF) media and investigated its effectiveness on four commonly used mammalian cell lines via long-term (up to 90 days) morphological, transcriptomic, and proliferative analyses. Cells cultured in our ACF medium exhibited comparable cellular morphologies and equal or greater growth rates compared with cells cultured with FBS. Additionally, differentially expressed genes between the FBS-grown and ACF-grown groups were predominantly associated with functions linked to proliferation and cell attachment. The findings from this study indicate that this medium is a suitable replacement to FBS-containing medium for several common cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mogilever, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godin Page, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelling, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The creation and validation of a fully animal component-free media for select adherent cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial lineage differentiation is pivotal to mammary gland development and it can pause metastasis of breast cancer (BC) by inducing tumor dormancy. To simulate this, we expressed epithelial genes in mesenchymal BC cells. Inducible expression of the epithelial OVOL genes in metastatic BC cells suppressed proliferation and migration. We found that C1ORF116, an OVOLs target, is susceptible to genetic and epigenetic aberrations in BC. It is regulated by steroids and functions as a putative autophagy receptor that inhibits antioxidants like thioredoxin. Accordingly, boosting epithelialization lowered glutathione, elevated reactive oxygen species and increased both DNA oxidation and double strand breaks. Epithelialization also associated with redistribution of NRF2 and an altered interplay among p38, ATM, and the other kinases regulating the DNA damage response. Hence, hormonal regulation of OVOLs and chronic stress might permit epithelial differentiation and retard exit from dormancy, while altering redox homeostasis and permitting DNA damage accumulation, which may awaken dormant tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattaerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedrabbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe Rios, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayalagu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan-Raju, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal-Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nof, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belugali Nataraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernshtein, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulhas Nair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiloh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.636592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duplications in the Chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) gene across the Viridiplantae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viridiplantae, a diverse group of green plants and alga that have evolved from a common ancestor, are unified in their ability to produce and use two types of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) to capture light energy. In addition to playing a role in light harvesting, chlorophyll b is required at the appropriate level for the accumulation, assembly, and stability of light harvesting complexes within the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyll a by the enzyme chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), a Rieske-type mononuclear non-heme iron oxygenase. A regulatory degron sequence, described in detail only in land plants, regulates the stability of CAO proteins based on the availability of chlorophyll b. Recent identification of CAO gene duplication in bryophyte and green algal species, combined with expanded availability of sequenced genomes within the Viridiplantae, prompted further investigation into the role of gene duplication in the evolution of chlorophyll b biosynthesis. Examination of genomes from 246 plant and algae species revealed independently occurring CAO duplications throughout the Viridiplantae, with a higher prevalence of duplication in land plants compared to their algal relatives. Additionally, we demonstrate that the degron sequence is poorly conserved in chlorophytes, but first appears as a conserved sequence in charophytes, and is very highly conserved among the embryophytes. The evolutionary history and functional role of CAO throughout the Viridiplantae lineage is discussed based on these key observations, adding to our understanding of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and the role of CAO in photosynthetic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poirier, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetkovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duplications in the Chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) gene across the Viridiplantae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-to-onset and temporal dynamics of EEG during breath-watching meditation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionMind-body practices, such as meditation, enhance mental well-being. Research studies consistently demonstrate improved brain function and psychological well-being in meditation practitioners. A substantial body of neuroscientific evidence highlights changes in alpha and theta frequency bands during meditation among practitioners. Neurophysiological effects of meditation are reported as average power changes from resting to meditative states. However, there is a notable gap in research concerning the time-to-onset and temporal dynamics of these changes during meditation.

MethodOur study addresses this gap by recording high-density 128-channel EEG data during breath- watching meditation in three groups: meditation-naive controls (n = 28), novice meditators (n = 33), and advanced meditators (n = 42). Meditators were trained in the Isha Yoga tradition. Real-time changes in brain power across different frequency bands were analyzed by segmenting the EEG data into 1-minute intervals. Using the first 30 seconds of breath- watching as the baseline, we calculated within-group power differences between this baseline and successive 1-minute segments (non-overlapping, non-sliding windows). For between- group comparisons, we assessed power differences among the three groups at 0.5, 3, 6, and 9 minutes.

ResultsOur results indicate that time-to-onset of statistically significant increases in alpha, theta, and beta1 power, as well as decreases in delta and gamma1 power, occur around the 2-3 minute mark, with effects starting to peak between 7- and 10-minutes duration across all three groups. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups in the magnitude of these changes: advanced practitioners exhibited higher theta and theta-alpha power at all time points compared to the other groups.

ConclusionOur findings suggest that neurophysiological changes begin around 2-3 minutes after starting meditation and peak around 7-10 minutes across all three groups. However, the magnitude of these effects is greater in the advanced meditator group. As long as meditation retreats are not possible for many individuals, brief meditation practices of 7 minutes or more, delivered through digital platforms, could offer accessible, effective, and scalable solutions to improve mental well-being. This suggests a broader application of meditation practices in daily life, encouraging even those with tight schedules to incorporate such beneficial practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malipeddi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasidharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewarie, P. K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P.N., R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laureys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-to-onset and temporal dynamics of EEG during breath-watching meditation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of polyphosphate-binding proteins in E. coli uncovers targets involved in translation control and ribosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many bacteria, polyphosphate kinase (PPK) enzymes use ATP to synthesize polyphosphate (polyP) in response to cellular stress. These chains of inorganic phosphates are joined by high-energy bonds and can reach hundreds of residues in length. PolyP plays diverse functions in helping bacteria adjust to changing environmental conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions are poorly understood. In eukaryotic cells, polyacidic serine- and lysine-rich (PASK) motifs of proteins can mediate binding to polyP chains. Whereas PASK motifs are relatively common in yeast and human cells, we report that these sequences are rare in bacteria commonly used for polyP research. Thus, to identify novel polyP-binding proteins in Escherichia coli, we carried out an untargeted screen and identified 7 novel targets with links to translation control and ribosome biogenesis. For two targets, the GTPase activating protein YihI and the ribonuclease Rnr, we mapped the regions of polyP interaction to non-PASK sequences and identified lysine residues critical for binding. We found that deletion of rnr suppressed the slow growth phenotype of {Delta}ppk mutants grown on minimal media. Conversely, ppk deletion resulted in decreased Rnr protein expression. These phenotypes were dependent on the polyP binding region of Rnr but independent of polyP binding itself, suggesting a complex interplay between PPK and Rnr function in E. coli. Overall, our work provides new insights into the scope of polyP binding proteins and extends the connections between polyP and the regulation of protein translation in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baijal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramchuck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denoncourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simms, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagenais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee-Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of polyphosphate-binding proteins in E. coli uncovers targets involved in translation control and ribosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Metaproteomics Mapping Reveals Functional and Ecological Landscapes of Human Gut Microbiota Responses to Therapeutic Drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic compounds exert impacts on gut microbiota; however, how they affect the community functional ecology, especially as reflected at the protein level, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically map metaproteomic responses of ex vivo human gut microbiota to 312 compounds, generating 4.6 million microbial protein responses, available as an interactive resource (https://shiny.imetalab.ca/MPR_Viz/). Protein-level analyses identify significant metaproteomic shifts induced by 47 compounds, with neuropharmaceuticals as the sole drug class significantly enriched among these hits. Further analyses on the community level reveal a tri-stability pattern in microbial composition and the emergence of three distinct functional states, based on a functional beta-diversity metric. Notably, neuropharmaceuticals cause particularly strong effects on the microbiomes, lowering the proteome-level functional redundancy and raising the level of antimicrobial resistance proteins, ultimately pushing the microbiome into an alternative functional state. Preliminary validation suggests that enhancing functional redundancy may contribute to maintaining microbiota resilience against neuropharmaceutical-induced antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this work establishes a comprehensive view of how drugs influence gut microbiome function and ecology at the protein level, proposes a landscape-based framework for interpreting community resilience, and highlights the need to consider protein-level and ecological responses in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simopoulos, C. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stintzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.637346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Metaproteomics Mapping Reveals Functional and Ecological Landscapes of Human Gut Microbiota Responses to Therapeutic Drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoded and non-genetic alternative protein variants expand human functional proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each stage of the Central Dogma contributes to proteome diversity through mechanisms such as heterozygosity, somatic mutations, transcriptional errors, and translational errors. As a result, a diverse array of protein variants can coexist within a single proteome, such as that of humans. However, until now, methods to detect, quantify, and evaluate the functional consequences of these variants have been lacking. Here we examined a large-scale proteogenomic dataset from 29 healthy human tissues and uncovered over 46,000 of unique single amino acid variants co-existing alongside their corresponding reference proteoforms. Our analysis reveals that substitutions preferentially occur in proteins with low expression levels and often affect less frequently encoded amino acids such as tryptophan, cysteine, histidine, or methionine. We found that the abundance of both genetic (SNPs, somatic mutations) and mistranslated protein variants mirror their allele frequencies in the human population. Moreover, we show that non-genetic substitutions provide a distinct route for exploring protein sequence space, circumventing the mutational constraints imposed by the genetic code. Further, we demonstrate that substitution prevalence correlates negatively with their predicted pathogenicity, particularly in proteins expressed at low levels. We identified hundreds of substituted non-genetic proteoforms that recur consistently in multiple individuals and map to annotated protein functional sites. We propose that these substitutions constitute a novel class of functional protein phenotypic variants. Finally, we illustrate the impact of active-site substitutions in genes such as GAPDH and hemoglobin and highlight potential non-genetic routes of immunoglobulin diversification. Collectively, our findings indicate that non-genetic amino acid substitutions in human proteins provide a recurring and specific route to expanding the functional proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tretyachenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asraf, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoded and non-genetic alternative protein variants expand human functional proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold-induced nucleosome dynamics linked to silencing of Arabidopsis FLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature influences nucleosome dynamics, and thus chromatin, to regulate gene expression. Such mechanisms underlie the epigenetic silencing of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) by prolonged cold. Here, we show a temperature-dependent transition in local chromatin structure at the H3K27me3 nucleation region, from a modality active for transcription to a state that can be Polycomb silenced. In vivo chromatin measurements and coarse-grained simulations at near-atomistic resolution show the active transcription state is characterized by a highly dynamic nucleosome arrangement that exposes the FLC TSS. Cold exposure then changes the chromatin structure by reducing nucleosome dynamics and re-positioning the +1 nucleosome, leading to transcriptional repression. This local chromatin transition partially depends on VRN1, a non-sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. Loss of VRN1 results in hyperaccumulation of H2A.Z, more dynamic nucleosomes and an inability to accumulate H2Aub and H3K27me3. Our work highlights how local nucleosome dynamics link to chromatin structure transitions to integrate temperature inputs into epigenetic switching mechanisms in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristany, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutjens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collepardo-Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold-induced nucleosome dynamics linked to silencing of Arabidopsis FLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.639181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial transcriptomics atlas of live donors reveals unique zonation patterns in the healthy human liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.639181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing gene expression atlases for human tissues is challenging due to limited access to healthy samples from live donors. Neurologically deceased donors often show ischemic changes, while tissues near diseased regions may have altered gene expression. The liver, with its unique regenerative capacity, allows analysis from live healthy donors (LHDs). Using spatial transcriptomics (Visum, Visium HD and MERFISH), we analyzed 16 liver samples: eight from young LHDs and eight from patients with liver pathology, sampling  adjacent normal tissue. LHD livers displayed significant gene expression differences from  adjacent normal tissues. Hepatocytes exhibited marked zonation along the porto-central axis of liver lobules, with key functions pericentrally shifted compared to other mammals. Our atlas identified dynamic programs in early steatotic hepatocytes, showing transitions from lipid uptake in low-lipid regions to insulin hypersensitivity in high-lipid regions. This study presents a spatial gene expression reference for the healthy human liver and insights into hepatocyte adaptations in steatosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yakubovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afriat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoselsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellus-Alyagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pencovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timucin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.22.639181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial transcriptomics atlas of live donors reveals unique zonation patterns in the healthy human liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latitudinal phylogenetic and diversity gradients are explained by a tropical-temperate transitional region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of ecological and evolutionary forces throughout space bring about the patterning of biodiversity. In large geographical areas, this causes the regionalization of biodiversity into structured units known as bioregions. In order to understand how such patterns emerge, a clear delineation of bioregions is required. We use tree species as model taxa in order to analyze the global distribution of biodiversity and understand how latitudinal gradients of biodiversity, specifically the latitudinal phylogenetic and diveristy gradients are formed. By compiling an extensive dataset of tree species distributions and their phylogenetic relationships, we use a data-driven approach to delineate global bioregions of similar evolutionary histories, termed phyloregions. Our analysis reveals the presence of a region between the tropical and temperate regions, coined  bridge phylore-gion, with a unique evolutionary composition and characteristically weaker association to climatic and environmental parameters. Through simulations, we show that the pres-ence of latitudinal phylogenetic and diversity gradients are much more likely to emerge in the presence of an independent ecological region between tropical and temperate regions, suggesting that its role as a stepping-stone in colonization of species between distinct climatic zones has shaped latitudinal gradients. This study highlights that accurate de-lineation of evolutionary structures of biodiversity can reveal previously cryptic regions with fundamental evolutionary roles in the formation of biodiveristy patterns.

1 Significance StatementBiodiversity patterns are shaped by geography, forming distinctive units known as bioregions. At global scales there are important gradients in terms of species diversity and phylogenetic relations that are well documented, but the underlying processes that generate them are unclear. We comprised an extensive dataset of tree species distributions and phylogeny, and identified the bioregions from the dataset. We analyzed the diversity and the phylogenetic gradients and identified a previously cryptic bioregion between tropical and temperate zones. Though less climatically distinct, we show through simulations that the presence of this transition zone better explains latitudinal biodiversity patterns. Our findings refine the global dispersal dynamics of species between tropical and temperate regions and highlight the role of this intermediate region in shaping global biodiversity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lerner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.23.639794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latitudinal phylogenetic and diversity gradients are explained by a tropical-temperate transitional region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corrections in single cell migration path in vivo are controlled by pulses in polar Rac1 activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directed migration of single cells is central to a large number of processes in development and adult life. Corrections to the migration path of cells are often characterized by periodic loss of polarity that is followed by the generation of a new leading edge in response to guidance cues, a behavior termed  run and tumble. While this phenomenon is essential for accurate arrival at migration targets, the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for the periodic changes in cell polarity are unknown. To investigate this issue, we employ germ cells in live zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model and show that a tunable molecular network controls periodic pulsations of Rac1 activity and actin polymerization. This process, which we term  polar pulsations, is responsible for the transitions between the run and tumble phases. In addition, we provide evidence for the role of apolar blebbing activity during tumble phases in erasing the memory of the previous front-back polarity of the migrating cell. To understand how the molecular components give rise to this distinct behavior, we develop a minimal mathematical model of the biochemical network that accounts for the observed cell behavior. Together, our in vivo findings and the mathematical model suggest that a pulsatory signaling network regulates the accuracy of individual cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agranov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corrections in single cell migration path in vivo are controlled by pulses in polar Rac1 activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel integrated framework to identify and characterize regional-scale pest insect dispersal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forest pest insects cause major socio-economic impacts, global losses of millions of dollars, and ecosystem changes. A key challenge for their management is tracing regional dispersal events critical to outbreak dynamics. We developed an integrated tracing framework for pest insects by combining isotope geolocation, ecological data, and atmospheric modeling, and applied this framework to the eastern spruce budworm moth (Choristoneura fumiferana), the most severe defoliator of the North American boreal forest, to trace outbreak dispersal events. We first generated a North American model of bioavailable sulfur isotope ({delta}34S) variation in space (isoscape), which predominantly varied in response to oceanic sulfate deposition, and then calibrated it to spruce budworm tissues of known origin. We used an automated trap network with high temporal resolution to collect samples and identify potential immigration events of eastern spruce budworm to Nova Scotia, Canada. We traced the natal origin of these immigrants by integrating high-probability regions derived from{delta} 34S probabilistic assignments and HYSPLIT atmospheric dispersal models. Since high larval density is a strong predictor of budworm defoliation and emigration, HYSPLIT atmospheric dispersal models, which integrated spruce budworm behavioral constraints (e.g., flight velocity, altitude, and temperature thresholds), were started from defoliated areas to narrow-down the area of natal origin and estimate the migration route. We find that this integrated framework allows to narrow down the region of pest origins, restricting it to a few possible locations and demonstrating long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm across [~]400Km over the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Our framework demonstrates the utility of{delta} 34S geolocation in insect tracing, and that combining isotopic data with ecological indicators and atmospheric modeling offers an unprecedented resolution in understanding insect dispersal ecology. The approach is transferable to trace other migratory insect species to address conservation, agriculture, and bio-surveillance needs in the context of global environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dargent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benvidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aibueku, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bataille, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candau, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel integrated framework to identify and characterize regional-scale pest insect dispersal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch-mediated regulation of β-Catenin-TCF activity instructs anteroposterior neuron positioning in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neuron positioning and organization along the neuroaxis is crucial for proper nervous system connectivity and function. In newly hatched C. elegans, the ventral nerve cord contains 22 motor neurons, divided into three classes (DD, DA, and DB), with their cell bodies showing a largely stereotypical positioning and sequential arrangement. However, the mechanisms controlling this precise positioning are not fully understood. Here, we uncover a left-right asymmetry in {beta}-catenin-TCF complex activity that controls motor neuron positioning. Loss of BAR-1/{beta}-catenin or POP-1/TCF causes a shift of motor neuron cell bodies toward the anterior, while loss of PRY-1/Axin shifts them toward the posterior. During embryonic ventral cord morphogenesis, BAR-1 expression is restricted to right-side motor neuron precursors through asymmetric Notch signaling, which promotes PRY-1 expression on the left to degrade BAR-1. Our findings highlight an atypical Notch-mediated regulation of Axin expression and reveal that left-right asymmetry during neuroaxis formation specifies anteroposterior motor neuron placement in the central nerve cord.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roenspies, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.641079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch-mediated regulation of β-Catenin-TCF activity instructs anteroposterior neuron positioning in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1 on TILs with distinct expansion properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.641030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT), particularly tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), holds great promise for cancer treatment, yet it still faces major challenges such as variability in expansion rates, cytotoxic potency and immune suppression. Recent studies suggest that a "synthetic immune niche" (SIN), composed of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM-1, enhances both the expansion and cytotoxicity of murine and patient-derived T cells. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying the expansion variability by identifying morphological and molecular markers that distinguish low- and high-expanding TILs and predict their ex vivo expansion potential. We further developed novel SIN-based strategies that differentially reinforce the efficacy of both low- and high-expanding TILs. We demonstrate that a 14-day REP with feeder cells and SIN facilitates the proliferation of the low-expanding cells, while the high-expanding counterparts benefit from a sequential expansion protocol of 7 days with feeder cells only, followed by 7 days with SIN treatment. At the end of the REP both TIL populations display high levels of granzyme B and perforin and reduced levels of exhaustion markers. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the refined CCL21+ICAM1 SIN treatment improves expansion rates and activation profiles of both TIL populations, thereby enabling personalized SIN-enhanced protocols for TIL-based immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yado, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezinger-Dayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahmad, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilat, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.641030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1 on TILs with distinct expansion properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pharmacological modality to sequester homomeric proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecules that can perturb protein-protein interactions have an immense impact on chemical biology and therapeutics. However, such compounds typically rely on accessory proteins to function, such as E3 ligases in the case of targeted degradation, which may restrict their target and tissue scope or lead to resistance. Here we alleviate the need for accessory proteins with a novel pharmacological modality to knock-down protein function. Our strategy exploits protein symmetry as a selective vulnerability, and is widely applicable owing to the ubiquitous nature of homomeric proteins in cellular systems. We target homomeric proteins with PINCHs (Polymerization Inducing Chimeras) - bifunctional molecules composed of two linked ligands that act as bridges between homomers and trigger their supramolecular assembly into insoluble polymers. We design PINCHs that achieve efficient polymerization of three homomeric targets. In cells, we observed that a PINCH targeting Keap1 exhibited a longer duration of action compared to its monomeric inhibitor, and a PINCH targeting BCL6 displayed selective and improved B cell toxicity compared to its monomeric parent. Our results highlight PINCHs as a novel and general strategy to modulate and knock out protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livnah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suss, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tivon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pharmacological modality to sequester homomeric proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein massively parallel binding assay reveals transcription factor binding determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors select their genomic binding sites in genomes depending on their DNA binding domain (DBD) but also on regions outside the DBD (nonDBD). However, it remains challenging to define these determinants within nonDBDs and reveal their mechanism of action. Towards this, we introduce here an in-vivo method for parallel analysis of thousands of designed peptides for binding a DNA sequence of interest (Protein Massively Parallel Binding Assay, pMPBA). We apply it to scan the full sequence space of budding yeast TFs and generate a detailed map of DNA localizing determinants. Within the set of predicted DBDs, we reveal a large variation in DNA binding affinities, depending on the family and on different sequence characteristics, including charge. Strong signals were not confined to predicted DBDs but included a considerable fraction of nonDBD peptides, most of which were predicted as intrinsically disordered. pMPBA opens new possibilities for high-throughput analysis of peptide-DNA binding within cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lupo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana Lang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manadre, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein massively parallel binding assay reveals transcription factor binding determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide abundance correlations in metaproteomics enhance taxonomic and functional analysis of the human gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is widely used for quantitative protein profiling and has become a powerful tool for studying protein interactions. However, most current research focuses on single-species proteomics to study protein interactions. Protein interactions within more complex microbiomes, composed of 100s of bacterial species, remain largely unexplored. The human gut microbiome, closely linked to human health and disease, has become a key area of study using metaproteomics. Yet, due to the complexity of the microbiome, the interactions between gut microbes and their host remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed peptide abundance correlations within a metaproteomics dataset derived from in vitro cultured human gut microbiomes subjected to various drug treatments. Our analysis revealed that peptides from the same protein or taxon exhibited correlated abundance changes. By using t-SNE for visualization, we generated a peptide correlation map in which peptides from the same taxon formed distinct clusters. Furthermore, peptide abundance correlations enabled genome-level taxonomic assignments for a greater number of peptides. In single-species subsets of the dataset, peptide correlation networks constructed using taxon-based normalized peptide abundance (TNPA) linked peptides from functionally related proteins. These networks also provided insights into the potential functions of previously uncharacterized proteins. Altogether, our study demonstrates that analyzing peptide abundance correlations enhances both taxonomic and functional analyses in human gut metaproteomics research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doxey, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide abundance correlations in metaproteomics enhance taxonomic and functional analysis of the human gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Millisecond bidirectional protein translocation by a HSP100 machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How biological machines harness ATP to drive mechanical work remains a crucial question. Structural studies of protein-translocating AAA+ machines proposed a coupled and sequential translocation process, whereby ATP hydrolysis events lead to short threading steps. Yet, direct real-time observation of these events remains elusive. Here, we employ single-molecule FRET spectroscopy to track substrate translocation through ClpB, a quality control AAA+ machine. We isolate ClpB and its substrate within lipid vesicles and find that translocation events, while dependent on ATP, take milliseconds, much faster than ATP hydrolysis times. Surprisingly, the translocation rate depends weakly on temperature and ATP concentration. Using three-color FRET experiments, we find that translocation events can occur bidirectionally but are not always complete. Replacing ATP with the slowly hydrolysable analog ATP{gamma}S abolishes both rapid translocation and directionality. These results indicate a fast, stochastic Brownian-motor-like mechanism, redefining how ATP is coupled with mechanical action in AAA+ machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riven, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Millisecond bidirectional protein translocation by a HSP100 machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpikeMAP: An unsupervised spike sorting pipeline for cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons in high-density multielectrode arrays with ground-truth validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale extracellular recording techniques represent a major advance in interrogating the structure and dynamics of neuronal circuits. However, methods that can resolve cell-type identity in a principled way, while simultaneously scaling to thousands of neurons, are currently lacking. Here, we introduce spikeMAP, a pipeline for the analysis of large-scale recordings of in vitro cortical activity that not only allows for the detection of spikes produced by single neurons (spike sorting), but also allows for the reliable distinction between genetically determined cell types by utilizing viral and optogenetic strategies as ground-truth validation. This approach tightly integrates the data analysis pipeline to an optogenetic, viral, and pharmacological protocol allowing for the dynamical probing of distinct cell-types while simultaneously recording from large populations. The novelty of spikeMAP is to combine a stream of well-established analysis techniques in an end-to-end fashion, creating a unified framework as follows. First, individual spike waveforms are fitted by spline interpolation to estimate their half-amplitude and peak-to-peak durations. These values are then entered in a principal component analysis with k-means clustering to identify uncorrelated signals from single channels on the array. Optimal separability of clusters is assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Finally, each channels source location is identified using spatiotemporal characteristics of spike waveforms across the array. We show that spikeMAP can resolve cell type identity in high-density arrays by analyzing activity monitored from mouse prefrontal cortex in vitro slices with an array of 4,096 closely-spaced channels. Using an optotagging functional strategy, we show an effective distinction of regular-spiking excitatory neurons from fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons using measures of action potential waveform, Fano factor, and spatially-dependent cross-correlations. In sum, the approach introduces a toolbox, validated by an experimental pipeline, that allows for a comprehensive characterization of neuronal activity obtained from different cell-types in high-density multielectrode recordings. This provides a scalable approach to investigate the interplay between distinct cell types in microcircuits of the brain.

SummaryWe introduce spikeMAP, an automated cell-type specific spike sorting pipeline tailored to high-density, large-scale multielectrode array recordings. We integrate this analysis pipeline to an experimental protocol allowing for the dynamical probing of distinct cell-types while simultaneously recording from large populations of neurons. Using high-density multielectrode arrays containing 4,096 closely spaced electrodes, we monitor the spiking activity of PFC neurons in acute slice preparations. Our spike sorting technique combines spline interpolation and principal component analysis to distinguish regular-spiking excitatory neurons from fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons. We provide an experimental validation of our sorting algorithm using a targeted combination of pharmacological, viral and optogenetic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent-Lamarre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beique, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thivierge, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpikeMAP: An unsupervised spike sorting pipeline for cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons in high-density multielectrode arrays with ground-truth validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Protein Degradation of NUDT5 Reveals an Unexpected Non-Enzymatic Role in 6-Thioguanine-Mediated Toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
6-Thioguanine (6-TG), an FDA-approved antimetabolite drug, is widely used in the treatment of leukemia. Its cellular effects require metabolic activation and are regulated through interactions with various proteins such as NUDT15, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the active 6-TG metabolites 6-thio-deoxyGTP (6-thio-dGTP) and 6-thio-GTP. Recent genome-wide CRISPR loss-of-function studies have identified another NUDIX hydrolase, NUDT5, as a crucial mediator of 6-TG toxicity. Here, we present the development and characterization of potent and selective NUDT5 degraders, guided by a cell-based assay screening strategy. These degraders, in conjunction with orthogonal CRISPR knock-out and reconstitution experiments, reveal a novel and unexpected, non-enzymatic role for NUDT5 in modulating the cellular response to 6-TG. Depletion of NUDT5 protein is antagonistic to NUDT15 inhibition, suggesting a distinct mode-of-action with potential implications for patient therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques, A.-S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orta, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venne, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balikci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tivon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubicek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, K. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Protein Degradation of NUDT5 Reveals an Unexpected Non-Enzymatic Role in 6-Thioguanine-Mediated Toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.642820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Algorithm for the Harmonization of Pan-cancer Proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.642820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteomic characterization of cancer tissues holds the potential to advance therapeutic options and reveal novel biomarkers by unlocking insights available only on the proteome level. However, proteomics data analysis is greatly challenged by systematic technical variability in experimental protocols, instrumentation and data processing, restricting comparisons between studies. With the continued and unprecedented growth of proteomics datasets, a comprehensive strategy for harmonizing these datasets is necessary to enable large-scale integrative analyses. Herein, we describe a novel framework for pan-cancer harmonization and imputation, which offers the scientific community an updated approach to this challenge. Rather than relying on a single batch-effect correction algorithm, our multi-step approach accurately addresses critical systematic differences with custom-tailored solutions, including standardized reanalysis of raw data and an autoencoder for pan-cancer integration. By introducing a suite of benchmarks, we bridge the critical gap in reliable harmonization evaluation. Using this framework, we created a harmonized pan-cancer dataset and demonstrated its superiority over existing solutions and previous pan-cancer harmonization efforts. We further demonstrated its utility in revealing prognostic markers, estimating indication-wide biomarker prevalence, and facilitating target discovery for cancer subtypes. We expect our work to provide powerful tools supporting proteomics research for precision cancer medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrikman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.642820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Algorithm for the Harmonization of Pan-cancer Proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in background ECoG activity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of CHD2-related developmental delay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous loss of function mutations in the CHD2 gene, encoding for chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2, are associated with severe childhood-onset epilepsy, global developmental delay, and autistic features. Here, we characterized the behavioral and epileptic phenotypes of a mouse model harboring a frameshift truncating mutation in the Chd2 gene (Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m mice). Genetic background dramatically affected the phenotypes. While no phenotypes were observed on the pure C57BL/6J background, crossing these mice onto the 129X1/SvJ genetic background gradually uncovered neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Transcriptomic analysis identified Kcnj11 as a potential genetic modifier. On the 129X1/SvJ background, Chd2m/m mice demonstrated growth retardation, and both Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m showed motor deficits, including clasping behavior and reduced abilities to balance on a rotating rod. Autistic-like features were also observed, with Chd2m/m showing reduced nest-building abilities and Chd2WT/m demonstrating increased repetitive-like behavior in the marble burying test and altered social behavior. Quantitative analysis of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings revealed neuronal changes consisting of a global reduction in the total power of background activity in Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m mice, as well as increased susceptibility to seizures induced by acute administration of 4-aminopyridine. Overall, this mouse model recapitulates multiple key phenotypes observed in CHD2 patients, providing a valuable platform to study the molecular basis and treatment options for this intractable disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavashov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Tov Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almog, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in background ECoG activity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of CHD2-related developmental delay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIR192 Upregulates GLP-1 Receptor and Improves Statin-Induced Impairment of Insulin Secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statins are a commonly prescribed cholesterol lowering drug class that can increase the risk of new-onset diabetes (NOD). To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals identified from electronic health records of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California who were susceptible to developing NOD after statin initiation or controls who maintained stable fasting glucose on statin treatment. RNA-seq analysis of iPSCs incubated with atorvastatin, simvastatin or mock buffer for 24 hours identified the long non-coding RNA MIR194-2HG as a top candidate gene. Statin-induced increases in its expression were observed in NOD resistant controls, while statin-induced reductions occurred in NOD susceptible cases. MIR194-2HG encompasses two microRNA genes: MIR192 and MIR194-2. The mature microRNA miR-192-5p, derived from the 5 arm of MIR192, was predicted to bind the 3UTR of the glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) transcript. Transfection of a rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 with a miR-192-5p mimic increased Glp1r transcript (1.41-fold) and protein (1.51-fold) levels compared to a scrambled control. Using a luciferase reporter containing the human GLP1R 3UTR, miR-192-5p overexpression similarly increased luciferase signal (1.44-fold). The miR-192-5p mimic enhanced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in response to GLP1R agonists (1.64-1.81-fold) and rescued simvastatin-induced GSIS impairment in INS-1 cells. Wild-type mice treated with miR-192 AAV8 had improved glucose sensitivity. Islets isolated from these mice exhibited enhanced GLP-1 potentiated GSIS during perifusion ex vivo. These effects were absent in the DIRKO (Glp1r/Gipr double knockout) mouse islets, consistent with the idea that miR-192 promotes GLP-1 mediated GSIS through GLP1R. These findings implicate MIR192 in statin-induced impairment of GSIS by modulating GLP1R, potentially contributing to the susceptibility to NOD in statin users.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locatelli, C. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Howell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalamanchili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalula, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattis, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oni-Orisan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvihill, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIR192 Upregulates GLP-1 Receptor and Improves Statin-Induced Impairment of Insulin Secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.642201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-of-the-art covalent virtual screening with AlphaFold3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.642201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covalent inhibitors are a prominent modality for research and therapeutic tools. However, a scarcity of computational methods for their discovery slows progress in this field. AI models such as AlphaFold3 (AF3) have shown accuracy in ligand pose prediction, but their applicability for virtual screening campaigns was not assessed. We show that AF3 co-folding predictions and an associated predicted confidence metric ranks true covalent binders with near-optimal classification over property-matched decoys, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art covalent docking tools for a set of protein kinases. In a prospective virtual screening campaign against the model kinase BTK, we discovered a chemically distinct, novel, covalent small molecule that displays potent inhibition in vitro and in cells while maintaining marked kinome and proteomic selectivity. Co-crystallography validated the sub-angstrom accuracy of the predicted AF3 binding mode. These results demonstrate that AF3 can be practically used to discover novel chemical matter for kinases, one of the most prolific families of drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.642201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-of-the-art covalent virtual screening with AlphaFold3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The prefusion structure of the HERV-K (HML-2) Env spike complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is a retrovirus that got assimilated into the human genome in ancient times and has been inherited in our germline ever since. It enters cells using a class-I spike protein (Env) that mediates receptor recognition and membrane fusion. On top of having a biological role during development, HERV-K is activated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, various cancers, and other pathological conditions. Antibodies that target the HERV-K spike complex have therapeutic value, flagging the spike as a novel drug target. Here, we use cryo-EM to determine the trimeric structure of the HERV-K spike. The spike presents a distinct structure, which substantially differs from other class-I fusogens. Nevertheless, some general architectural features suggest a common origin with other retroviruses. Our structural analysis points to the putative receptor binding sites of the spike and provides insights into its function. The ability to structurally characterize the HERV-K spike may facilitate the development of antibody-based therapies.

SignificanceRetroviruses integrate their genomes into host cell DNA. When this occurs in germline cells, the retroviral elements can be inherited and become part of the offspring genome. HERV-K is one such retrovirus that integrated into the human genome in ancient times. Over time, it gained a role in embryonic development but is also linked to various diseases, making it a potential drug target. To enter cells, HERV-K uses a spike protein, whose atomic structure we determined using electron microscopy. This structure reveals insights into the spikes function and HERV-Ks evolutionary ties with contemporary viruses. This structural information further provides a foundation for future drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaked, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Dvashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The prefusion structure of the HERV-K (HML-2) Env spike complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life gut microbiome and stress-axis perturbations dysregulate systemic, mucosal, and brain immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEarly-life disruptions to the gut microbiome and stress-axis significantly influence the development of immune, neuroendocrine, and other physiological systems. However, the precise microbial species and pathways mediating these effects remain poorly characterized. Using a murine model, we investigated the individual and combined effects of early-life antibiotic exposure and chronic stress on gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and systemic, mucosal, and neuroimmune responses.

ResultsBroad-spectrum antibiotic treatments severely reduced microbial diversity and SCFA concentrations, with changes persisting into adulthood. Chronic early-life stress exerted more modest but notable effects, reducing key SCFA-producing taxa and impacting microbiome metabolic output. Combined disruptions led to altered microglial active phenotype and cytokine profiles, impaired immune cell populations, and suppressed HPA axis activity. Multi-omic correlational analyses revealed strong associations between SCFAs, specific gut microbes, and immune responses, implicating SCFAs as critical mediators of gut-brain communication. Notably, antibiotic exposure exacerbated susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation, highlighting the systemic consequences of early-life microbiome disturbances.

ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that early microbial perturbations impair neuroimmune maturation, HPA axis regulation, and host resilience to inflammatory diseases. Our study underscores the importance of preserving the early-life microbiome to support long-term immune and neurodevelopmental health, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions for mitigating the impact of early-life microbiota disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arrieta, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicentini, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafeez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vanTilburg Bernardes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalbfleisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersen, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life gut microbiome and stress-axis perturbations dysregulate systemic, mucosal, and brain immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The positionally conserved long non-coding RNA DANCR is an essential regulator of zebrafish development and a human melanoma oncogene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate gene expression. Some are essential for organismal development and physiology and can contribute to diseases including cancer. Whilst most lncRNAs exhibit little sequence similarity, conservation of lncRNA transcription relative to neighbouring protein-coding genes suggests potential functional significance. Most positionally equivalent lncRNAs are uncharacterized and it remains unclear whether they exert similar roles in distant species. Here, we identified syntenic melanoma-associated lncRNAs predicted to be components of the MITF gene regulatory network in human melanoma, with positionally equivalent transcripts in zebrafish. We prioritized Differentiation Antagonizing Non-Protein Coding RNA (DANCR), a cancer-associated lncRNA critical for maintaining somatic progenitor cells in human models, for functional investigation. Dancr is a multi-exonic, cytoplasmically-enriched lncRNA transcribed from syntenic regions in the human and zebrafish genomes. MITF and c-MYC, key melanoma transcription factors, regulate human DANCR expression and melanoma patients with high DANCR display significantly decreased survival. DANCR is a melanoma oncogene that controls cancer-associated gene expression networks and promotes human melanoma cell proliferation and migration. Zebrafish dancr is dynamically expressed across multiple different cell types in the developing embryo, regulates genes involved in cell death, and is essential for embryonic development. Our work suggests that cancer-critical lncRNAs such as DANCR, expressed from similar regions in vertebrate genomes, may regulate related genes and processes involved in both embryonic development and tumorigenesis across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coe, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsh, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The positionally conserved long non-coding RNA DANCR is an essential regulator of zebrafish development and a human melanoma oncogene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia is characterized by significant molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, which confounds its mechanistic understanding, diagnosis, and effective treatment. In this study, we harness the most comprehensive dataset of paired ante-mortem blood omics, clinical, psychological, and post-mortem brain multi-omics data and neuroimaging to extensively characterize and translate the molecular taxonomy of AD dementia to living individuals. First, utilizing a comprehensive integration of eight complementary molecular layers from brain multi-omics data (N = 1,189), we identified three distinct molecular AD dementia subtypes exhibiting strong associations with cognitive decline, sex, psychological traits, brain morphology, and characterized by specific cellular and molecular drivers involving immune, vascular, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Next, in a significant translational effort, we developed predictive models to convert these advanced brain-derived molecular profiles (AD dementia pseudotimes and subtypes) into blood-, MRI- and psychological traits-based markers. The translation results underscore both the promise of these models and the opportunities for further enhancement. Our findings enhance the understanding of AD heterogeneity, underscore the value of multi-scale molecular approaches for elucidating causal mechanisms, and lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapies in living persons that target multi-level brain molecular subtypes of AD dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paiva Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geddes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaider Beeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal coding enables hyperacuity in event based vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fact that the eyes are constantly in motion, even during  fixation, entails that the spike times of retinal outputs carry information about the visual scene even when the scene is static. Moreover, this motion implies that fine details of the visual scene could not be decoded from pure spatial retinal representations due to smearing. Understanding the interplay of temporal and spatial information in visual processing is thus pivotal for both biological research and bio-inspired computer-vision applications. In this study, we consider data from a popular event-based camera that was designed to emulate the function of a biological retina in hardware. Similarly to biological eye, and in contrast to standard frame-based cameras, this camera outputs an asynchronous sequence of "spike" events. We used this camera to obtain dataset of event streams of tiny images, i.e., images whose recognition is impaired by photosensors pixelization and thus their recognition requires hyperacuity. Using these datasets we demonstrate here the superiority of event-based spatio-temporal coding over frame-based spatial coding in the recognition of tiny images by artificial neural networks (ANNs). We further demonstrate the benefits of event sequences for unsupervised learning. Interestingly, Vernier hyperacuity, which is a standard measure of shape hyperacuity, emerged in ANNs following training on tiny images, resembling the natural hyperacuity observed in humans. Our findings underscore the essential role of precise temporal information in visual processing, offering insights for advancing both biological understanding and bio-inspired engineering of visual perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiserman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal coding enables hyperacuity in event based vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ELIP is preferentially expressed in stomatal guard cells and has a role in stomatal opening upon transition to light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant early light-induced proteins (ELIPs) are chlorophyll-binding thylakoid membrane proteins commonly believed to function in photoprotection. However, results of studies with mutants or transgenic plants have been contradictory regarding this function, and the mechanistic workings of ELIPs have mostly remained elusive. We studied: (1) ELIP function in tomato (Solanum lycoperiscum) by generation and photosynthetic/physiological characterization of slelip mutants under various light conditions; and (2) ELIP tissue/cell localization by monitoring expression of the Venus yellow fluorescent protein fused to the native SlELIP1 promoter ( pSlELIP1::Venus) in transgenic tomato. Notably, slelip mutants did not display compromised photosynthetic performance and were not more sensitive to photoinhibition compared to parental plants, even following direct sunlight exposure. Surprisingly, pSlELIP1::Venus fusions revealed preferential expression in the leaf epidermis and specifically in stomatal guard cells, with no apparent expression in the mesophyll. No major alterations were observed in leaf gas exchange in slelip mutants at different light conditions. Intriguingly, stomatal conductance was reduced in slelip mutants upon the transition from dark to light. We propose an alternative hypothesis for plant ELIPs as players in the response of guard cells to light, connecting chlorophyll to stomatal function, and presenting a novel research direction for these enigmatic proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bednarczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itafa, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belausov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charuvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ELIP is preferentially expressed in stomatal guard cells and has a role in stomatal opening upon transition to light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-Abl Phosphorylates Plk1 in Facilitating DNA Damage-Induced G2/M Checkpoint Release with a Trade-off of Micronuclei Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a critical threat to cellular proliferation and genomic integrity. Upon genotoxic stress, the DNA damage response (DDR) rapidly activates repair pathways and halts cell cycle progression through checkpoint activation. Previously, we demonstrated that DDR-activated c-Abl tyrosine kinase (ABL1) attenuates error-prone late-phase DSB repair. However, the broader functional implications of c-Abl in DDR regulation, and the fate of any residual unrepaired DNA fragments remained poorly understood. Here, we show that c-Abl regulates G2/M checkpoint release by targeting Polo-like kinase1 (Plk1). Depletion or inhibition of c-Abl resulted in increased G2-M accumulation and impaired checkpoint exit. We identified Y217 as a c-Abl phosphorylation site on Plk1, important for Plk1-mediated Claspin destabilization, a key step in G2/M checkpoint release. CRISPR-mediated introduction of the phopsho-silencing Plk1 Y217F mutation or the phospho-mimicking Y217E mutation into cells resulted in impaired and enhanced G2/M checkpoint release, respectively. Intriguingly, c-Abl-mediated G2/M checkpoint release correlated with elevated DNA damage-induced micronuclei (MNi) formation. Depletion or inhibition of c-Abl reduced MNi formation, whereas induction of c-Abl expression increased it, implicating c-Abl as an active effector in both processes. We propose a trade-off model whereby, following the rapid initial repair phase, c-Abl shifts cellular priorities from prolonged, potentially error-prone DSB repair toward cell cycle resumption, thereby promoting G2-M checkpoint exit and DDR deactivation at the cost of increased MNi formation. Our findings describe a novel regulatory DDR axis involving c-Abl and Plk1 and provide mechanistic insights into how DDR termination is orchestrated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meltser, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yehoyada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-Abl Phosphorylates Plk1 in Facilitating DNA Damage-Induced G2/M Checkpoint Release with a Trade-off of Micronuclei Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the Controls on Microbial Iron and Manganese Reduction in Methanic Sediments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial iron and manganese respiration processes have been observed in deep methanic sediments of lacustrine and marine environments, challenging the "classical" model of microbial respiration in aquatic systems. Nonetheless, assessments of the type and relative role of these respiration processes in the methanic zone are lacking. Here, we quantify both the thermodynamic and the kinetic controls of potential iron and manganese respiration processes in the diffusive controlled steady state methanic sediments of lacustrine and marine sites - Lake Kinneret (LK) and the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea (MedS). We consider the substrates (electron donors) and iron and manganese oxides (electron acceptors) at concentrations that have been measured at these sites. Using theoretical bioenergetic methods, we develop a nominal model to calculate catabolic rates, considering both kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Then, we estimate the biomass growth rates from the catabolic rates, the energy generated in each reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction, the biomass yield from a given amount of energy, the number of cells participating in each reaction, and the energetic needs of the cells. Lastly, we estimate the microbial community sizes of expected iron and manganese reducers. Additionally, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation to account for variations in uncertain parameter values, along with a sensitivity analysis. Together, these calculations enable estimation of the expected total reaction rates of the various metabolic processes.

Our results indicate that the type of iron or manganese oxide, which determines its thermodynamic and kinetic properties, is more significant in influencing bioreaction rates than its concentration. Thus, bioreactions with amorphous manganese oxides are more favorable than those with highly reactive iron oxides. Among the iron oxides, the reduction of amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and ferrihydrite are the only reactions capable of generating biomass in the methanic sediments at both sites. In both environments, manganese oxide reduction by ammonium and methane oxidation are expected to be significant, while manganese oxide reduction by hydrogen and acetate oxidation are expected to be considerable only in LK. The most probable iron oxide reduction process in LK is hydrogen oxidation, followed by methane oxidation. In the MedS iron oxide reduction is most probably coupled to the oxidation of ammonium (Feammox) to molecular nitrogen (N2), and in a few cases may be coupled to methane oxidation. The Monte Carlo simulation agrees with the nominal model results for manganese reduction, and additionally predicts that iron reduction may be possible with some combinations of parameter values. These findings improve our understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on the composition of microbial communities and their effect on the geochemistry of methanic sediments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neumann Wallheimer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halevy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.30.646147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the Controls on Microbial Iron and Manganese Reduction in Methanic Sediments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular and cellular interplay between the osteopetrosis-associated proteins SNX10, OSTM1, and CLC-7 during osteoclastogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) are large, multi-nucleated cells that are formed through well-regulated differentiation and cell fusion of monocyte-macrophage precursors. Disruption of OCL-mediated bone resorption perturbs bone formation, remodeling, and homeostasis that, in turn, can lead to severe illnesses, such as autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO). Mutations in the intracellular trafficking-associated protein sorting nexin 10 (SNX10) lead to "OCL-rich" ARO, in which OCLs are produced but are inactive. Furthermore, OCL fusion is deregulated in SNX10-knockout (SKO) mice: mature mutant OCLs fuse continuously to generate gigantic cells, in vitro and in vivo, unlike wild-type OCLs that stop fusing with each other upon maturation. Mutations in CLC-7, the lysosomal voltage-gated Cl-/H+ exchanger, and OSTM1, the beta-chain of the exchanger, also induce ARO in humans and in mouse models, and are associated with the presence of large OCLs. This study explored the molecular interplay between SNX10, CLC-7 and OSTM1 by directly comparing the phenotypes of cultured OCLs lacking one of these proteins. We show that loss of SNX10, OSTM1, or CLC-7 leads to the formation of similarly-gigantic OCLs in culture, due to deregulated fusion between mature OCLs that proceeds with similar kinetics. All three proteins are associated with LAMP1-positive lysosomes, localized in both perinuclear and peripheral regions of mature wild-type OCLs. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that SNX10 physically interacts with CLC-7. Notably, SNX10-KO OCLs exhibited a significant reduction in peripheral lysosomes containing CLC-7 and OSTM1, suggesting that SNX10 is required for their transport to the cell periphery. Taken together, these findings indicate that SNX10 regulates the subcellular distribution of lysosomes containing CLC-7 and OSTM1, thereby controlling both the fusion and functionality of mature OCLs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-Katz, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea-Zohar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pri-Or, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular and cellular interplay between the osteopetrosis-associated proteins SNX10, OSTM1, and CLC-7 during osteoclastogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two opposing redox signals mediated by 2-Cys peroxiredoxin shape the redox proteome during photosynthetic induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic induction, characterized by the lag in CO2 assimilation rates typically observed upon plant transition from darkness to light, has traditionally been attributed to Rubisco activase activity and stomatal opening. Yet, the faster induction of photosynthesis in the 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) mutant (2cpab) highlighted the critical role of chloroplast redox state in regulating photosynthetic rates during this phase. Since 2-Cys Prxs are involved in transmission of oxidative signals to target enzymes, it was hypothesized that it slows down photosynthesis during the induction phase. SPEAR, a redox proteomics approach for simultaneous protein expression and redox analysis, was used to systematically map redox changes occurring at the proteome level during photosynthesis induction and to unravel the role of 2-Cys Prxs in shaping these redox alterations. No significant difference was observed in protein expression levels between WT and 2cpab plants, suggesting that protein abundance does not account for the 2cpab phenotype. During the transition from dark to low light, 82 and 54 cysteine-containing peptides were reduced or oxidized, respectively, in WT plants. Most redox-regulated cysteines in photosynthetic proteins were found oxidized in the dark and became reduced in response to light, including ATP synthase gamma chain 1 (ATPC1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPB). A reverse pattern was observed among redox-regulated cysteines in proteins involved in starch degradation and chloroplast glycolysis, which shifted from a reduced to an oxidized state in response to light. These findings demonstrate the initiation of two opposing redox responses, affecting distinct sets of metabolic proteins during the induction phase. Remarkably, a significantly lower number of cysteines were reduced or oxidized in 2cpab plants, highlighting the crucial role 2-Cys Prxs play in shaping both signals. Taken together, rotational shifts between metabolic pathways during the photosynthesis induction phase are regulated by two opposing redox signals mediated by 2-Cys Prx activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savidor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pri-Or, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejudo, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two opposing redox signals mediated by 2-Cys peroxiredoxin shape the redox proteome during photosynthetic induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the role of the lncRNA TRIBAL in hepatocyte models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently reported that the long non-coding RNA TRIBAL/TRIB1AL was required to sustain key hepatocyte functions. Here, we identify HepaRG cells as a model for studying TRIBAL and provide additional validation and functional insights. In contrast to HepG2 and HuH-7 cells, differentiated HepaRG cells showed similarities to primary hepatocytes in response to TRIBAL suppression. TRIBAL suppression was associated with reduced HNF4A and MLXIPL abundance in hepatocytes and HepaRG cells. TRIBAL targeting using a panel of targeting ASOs confirmed specificity. Comparing TRIBAL-suppressed hepatocyte and HepaRG transcriptomics identified extensive functional overlap. Biological ontologies associated with key hepatic metabolic functions were predicted to be inhibited in both models. Comparative analyses with TRIB1-suppressed HepaRG cells, a major metabolic regulator vicinal to TRIBAL, also revealed extensive functional congruence with TRIBAL. Interestingly, TRIBAL transduction failed to restore function in TRIBAL-suppressed cells, which may be linked to structural differences, as supported by contrasting RNAseR sensitivities between the endogenous and transduced forms. In summary, these findings support the use of HepaRG cells as an experimental model to study TRIBAL and underscore its importance in regulating key hepatocyte genes essential for metabolic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soubeyrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the role of the lncRNA TRIBAL in hepatocyte models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural stem cell epigenomes and fate bias are temporally coordinated during corticogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex orchestrates complex cognitive functions, yet how its distinct temporal lineages are molecularly patterned during development remains unresolved. Here, we integrate single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility, together with genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and 3D chromosomal contact across mouse corticogenesis (E13-E18) to elucidate cell fate transitions. Using metacell flow analysis, we reveal that neural stem cells (NSCs) progressively shift from a progenitor-biased state toward an astrocytic lineage and that this process is accompanied with changes in DNA methylation and 3D genome organization. A model integrating transcription factor motif affinities with epigenetic features identifies key regulators of cis-regulatory element (CRE) activation. In vivo reporter assays further decouple the intrinsic regulatory potential of CREs from context-dependent synergistic activation. Collectively, our findings uncover temporal epigenomic reprogramming that underlies the evolving differentiation potential of NSCs, providing insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that pattern cortical lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noack, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangelisti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural stem cell epigenomes and fate bias are temporally coordinated during corticogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EPB41L4A-AS1 long noncoding RNA acts in both cis- and trans-acting transcriptional regulation and controls nucleolar biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed into long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), whose functions and modes of action remain poorly understood. EPB41L4A-AS1 is an evolutionary conserved, broadly and highly expressed lncRNA that produces the H/ACA snoRNA SNORA13 from one of its introns. We studied the consequences of EPB41L4A-AS1 perturbation in breast cancer cells and found that it acts both in cis, to enhance transcription of the proximal EPB41L4A gene and additional genes in its two flanking topologically associated domains, and in trans by broadly regulating gene expression, including expression of snoRNAs, transcription of genes involved in nucleolar biology and the distribution of nucleolar proteins. These effects are phenocopied by the loss of SUB1, an interactor of EPB41L4A-AS1, and are observed following transient perturbations of EPB41L4A-AS1 that do not affect steady-state SNORA13 levels or the rRNA modification it helps install. Exogenous expression of the full-length EPB41L4A-AS1 locus but not SNORA13 expression can rescue the trans-acting transcriptional effects of its perturbation. The EPB41L4A-AS1 gene is thus a versatile locus producing RNA molecules acting on multiple levels for key cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monziani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unfried, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EPB41L4A-AS1 long noncoding RNA acts in both cis- and trans-acting transcriptional regulation and controls nucleolar biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Langerhans Cells Regulate Tongue Intraepithelial Innervation in a Microbiota- and Age-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral Langerhans cells (LCs) are well recognized for their immunological roles, but their involvement in other physiological processes remains poorly understood. This study identifies a novel function of oral LCs in regulating tongue epithelial innervation. Postnatal LC development coincides with the establishment of local innervation, and LC depletion impairs innervation and alters nociceptive responses, underscoring their neuroimmune function. This function is driven by LC-derived IL-1{beta}, which stimulates basal epithelial cells to produce nerve growth factor (NGF), thereby promoting sensory nerve growth. Transcriptomic analyses revealed neuronal-related pathways enriched in LCs. Aging reduces LC frequency, NGF expression, and epithelial innervation, linking neuroimmune regulation to epithelial aging. While LC frequencies in the tongue remain unaffected in germ-free mice, the microbiota is essential for optimal LC function and NGF production. These findings expand our understanding of oral LCs, revealing their pivotal role in epithelial innervation beyond immune surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netanely, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naamneh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eli-Berchoer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovav, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Langerhans Cells Regulate Tongue Intraepithelial Innervation in a Microbiota- and Age-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structural basis for chaperone repression of stress signalling from the endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) is tuned by the balance between unfolded proteins and chaperones. While reserve chaperones are known to suppress the UPR transducers via their stress-sensing luminal domains, the underlying structural mechanisms remain unclear. Cellular and biophysical analyses established that the ER chaperone AGR2 forms a repressive complex with the luminal domain of the UPR transducer IRE1{beta}. Structural prediction, X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy identify critical interactions between an AGR2 monomer and a regulatory loop in IRE1{beta}s luminal domain.

However, in the repressive complex it is an AGR2 dimer that binds IRE1{beta}. Cryo-EM reconstruction reveals a mechanism of unanticipated simplicity: one AGR2 protomer engages the regulatory loop, while the second asymmetrically binds IRE1{beta}s luminal domains C-terminus, blocking IRE1{beta}-activating dimerization.

Molecular dynamic simulations indicate that the second, disruptive AGR2 protomer exploits rare fluctuations in the IRE1{beta} dimer that expose its binding site. Thus, AGR2 actively disrupts IRE1{beta} dimers to suppress the UPR, while chaperone clients compete for AGR2 to trigger UPR signalling
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neidhardt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchersky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milczarek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kargas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structural basis for chaperone repression of stress signalling from the endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.647781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Rosella-PLIN2 Knock-in Mouse Reveals Lipophagy and Immunometabolic Interplay in Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.647781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) regulate lipid homeostasis, with abnormal LD dynamics linked to metabolic diseases like atherosclerosis. In macrophage foam cells, LDs undergo autophagic degradation via lipophagy, but the extent of this process in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) foam cells remains unclear. To track lipophagy in real time, we developed a Rosella-PLIN2 biosensor by tagging perilipin 2 (PLIN2) with the fluorescent pH-biosensor Rosella. We show that proatherogenic lipoproteins and autophagy activators stimulate lipophagy in human macrophages. Targeting LDs with an LC3 fusion protein or LD-autophagy tethering compounds (LD-ATTECs) selectively enhanced lipophagy, promoting foam cell LD clearance. In an atherosclerosis model, Rosella-PLIN2 accurately tracked lipophagy in arterial foam cells, revealing distinct PLIN2 expression patterns in macrophage and non-leukocyte foam cells. We identified a lipophagy deficiency in VSMC foam cells and demonstrate that enhancing lipophagy promotes LD catabolism in primary VSMC foam cells. TREM2+ macrophages exhibited high lipid content and low lipophagy flux, whereas TREM2- macrophages had low lipid content and high lipophagy flux. Our findings highlight a cell-specific interplay between lipophagy and immunometabolism in arterial foam cells, unveiling novel therapeutic avenues for atherosclerosis. Additionally, the Rosella-PLIN2 model provides a powerful tool for studying LD metabolism, offering new insights into lipid homeostasis and disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robichaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorant, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffrion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbings, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutter, L. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouimet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.647781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Rosella-PLIN2 Knock-in Mouse Reveals Lipophagy and Immunometabolic Interplay in Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide insufficiency induced by p53 deficiency leads to replication stress driving genomic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P53 prevents DNA damage by inducing repair processes, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. P53 loss leads to replication stress and genomic instability, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects and their contribution to catastrophic genomic events such as chromothripsis remain poorly understood. Using patient-derived fibroblasts with germline p53 variants, that spontaneously undergo chromothripsis, and p53-downregulated fibroblasts, we discovered that p53 loss leads to aberrant transcriptional upregulation, increasing nucleotide consumption while simultaneously decreasing nucleotide biosynthesis. This imbalance in production and consumption results in insufficient nucleotide pools, leading to replication stress and genomic instability, which are rescued by nucleoside supplementation or transcription normalization. The replication stress triggers telomere dysfunction, micronuclei formation, and ultimately chromothripsis. Emerging dominant chromothriptic clones exhibit normal DNA replication, telomere stabilization, and ecDNA, highlighting critical features for clonal selection. Hence, p53 coordinates transcription and nucleotide pools, crucial for maintaining genomic stability and preventing early cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaatra, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otonicar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliassaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irony-Tur Sinai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigismondo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijgsveld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide insufficiency induced by p53 deficiency leads to replication stress driving genomic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability of human lifespan is about 50% when confounding factors are addressed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heritability of human lifespan is a fundamental question in biology. Current estimates of heritability are low - twin studies show that about 20-25% of the variation in lifespan is explained by genetics, and some large family pedigree studies suggest it is as low as 7%. However, these studies do not distinguish between deaths driven by intrinsic biological processes and deaths caused by extrinsic factors such as accidents or infections. Here we use mathematical modeling and analyses of twin cohorts raised together and apart to show that extrinsic mortality skews heritability estimates by driving down measured lifespan correlations among twin pairs. We also identify a nonlinear effect of the cutoff age--the minimum age of death included in each study -- on estimates of heritability. Correcting for these factors more than doubles previous estimates, revealing that intrinsic heritability of human lifespan is above 50%. Such high heritability is similar to most other complex human traits. We thus challenge the consensus that genetics has only a minor effect on lifespan and show that genes explain the majority of lifespan variation. Since genes are important, understanding the genetics of longevity can reveal aging mechanisms and inform medicine and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shenhar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pridham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.649385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability of human lifespan is about 50% when confounding factors are addressed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic Encoding of Time in Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe processing of temporally-extended sequences of stimuli critically relies on Working Memory (WM). Yet, how WM supports the encoding and retrieval of novel sequences is unknown. Existing theories rely on associative learning driven by repetitions and are, thus, unable to explain how people can reproduce novel sequences of stimuli immediately. Here, we propose that detailed temporal information about a novel sequence can be rapidly stored in WM by short-term synaptic plasticity over multiple time scales. To substantiate this proposal, we extend our previously-proposed synaptic theory of WM to include synaptic augmentation, besides more short-lived depression and facilitation, consistently with experimental observations. The long time scales associated with augmentation naturally lead to the emergence of a temporal gradient in the synaptic efficacies, which can be used to immediately replay, at normal speed or in a time-compressed way, novel sequences. The theory is consistent with behavioral and neurophysiological observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misha Tsodyks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic Encoding of Time in Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.648873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 toxic gain of function links ALS/FTLD-TDP and Alzheimer's Disease through splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.648873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of nuclear TDP-43 splicing activity is a common feature across neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), but its relevance to Alzheimers disease (AD) remains unclear. Here, we show that TDP-43 pathology in AD is broadly associated with splicing abnormalities, including aberrant splicing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). TDP-43 drives the formation of elongated APP isoforms, disrupting alternative splicing across ALS, FTLD-TDP and AD, providing a compelling mechanism for a long-standing observation of APP isoform dysregulation. We further establish a mechanistic link between TDP-43, APP splicing, and A{beta} pathology. Surprisingly, the disruption to alternative APP splicing is mediated by a toxic gain of cytoplasmic TDP-43 function, rather than loss of its nuclear role. Using proximity proteomics and base editing in human iPSC-derived neurons, we show that TDP-43 pathology causes cytoplasmic co-sequestration of splicing regulators SCAF11, SRSF5, and TIAL1. Knockdown of these regulators also results in APP mis-splicing and increased A{beta} burden, without affecting other TDP-43 targets such as STMN2 or UNC13A. Together, our findings suggest that TDP-43-mediated splicing dysfunction upstream of APP contributes to the pathogenesis of seemingly disparate neurodegenerative diseases, uniting AD and ALS/FTLD-TDP through a shared molecular mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Zuiden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meimoun, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. D. G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautwig, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.648873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 toxic gain of function links ALS/FTLD-TDP and Alzheimer's Disease through splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro and Viral Evolution Convergence Reveal the Selective Pressures Driving Omicron Emergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro protein evolution provides powerful insights into the amino acid sequences that underlie key biological functions. Here, we used this approach to explore the evolutionary trajectories of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) constrained to engage the human ACE2 receptor--an essential first step in viral infection. Applying mild (LSS) or stringent (HSS) selection pressures starting from the ancestral Wuhan strain, we found that HSS, but not LSS rapidly converged on mutations characteristic of the Omicron variant. HSS resulted in fewer, but dominant, non-synonymous mutations mirroring Omicron mutations and its advanced sub-lineages. Conversely, LSS produced only some Omicron-like mutations at much lower frequencies and with incomplete representation. Notably, initiating evolution from Omicron itself resulted in high-fidelity maintenance of Omicron-defining mutations under both HSS and LSS conditions. This evolutionary pattern parallels global SARS-CoV-2 mutation trends as well as in silico simulations, emphasizing the critical role of receptor-binding constraints in shaping viral adaptation, which may be a frequent driver during zoonosis. Predominantly immune evasion associated mutations not selected in vitro. Our findings demonstrate the predictive capacity of in vitro evolution, suggesting Omicrons abrupt emergence resulted from rare, high-stringency selection, superimposed on a background of broader, milder pressures, with Omicron being the humanized SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoshany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokrejs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro and Viral Evolution Convergence Reveal the Selective Pressures Driving Omicron Emergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.24.648904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The essential co-chaperone Sgt1 regulates client dwell time in the Hsp90 chaperone cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.24.648904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hsp90 machinery is the most complex chaperone system in the eukaryotic cell. It is characterized by numerous co-chaperones that modulate the function of Hsp90. In S. cerevisiae, most of these cofactors can be deleted without affecting viability. Of the three essential ones, only the function of Sgt1 remained enigmatic. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments define key structural elements and determine the essential function of Sgt1 in the chaperoning of client proteins. We show that yeast Sgt1 exhibits a unique binding mode to Hsp90. The simultaneous interaction of Sgt1 with Hsp90 and client proteins enhances client maturation efficiency. Specifically, Sgt1 stabilizes Hsp90-client complexes and prevents their dissociation by the co-chaperone Aha1. Together, our findings reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism of the Hsp90 function, highlighting Sgt1 as a critical modulator of chaperone cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delhommel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popowicz, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.24.648904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The essential co-chaperone Sgt1 regulates client dwell time in the Hsp90 chaperone cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-duality in brain and experience of advanced meditators - Key role for Intrinsic Neural Timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing between self (internal) and environment (external) is fundamental to human experience, with ordinary waking consciousness structured around this duality. However, contemplative traditions describe non-dual states where this distinction dissolves. Despite its significance, the neural basis of non-duality remains underexplored. Using psychological questionnaires for non-duality experience and EEG-based intrinsic neural timescales as measured by the autocorrelation window (ACW), we studied non-duality in advanced meditators, novice meditators, and controls. All subjects underwent breath-watching meditation (internal attention) and a visual oddball cognitive task (external attention); this allowed us to conceptualize non-duality as a lack of distinction between internal and external attention. Our key findings include: (a) advanced meditators report greater experience of non-duality during breath-watching (psychological scales), (b) EEG-based ACW is longer during internal attention (breath watch) than external attention (oddball task) in all subjects taken together, (c) advanced meditators show no such distinction with equal duration of their ACW during both internal and external attention (we replicated this finding in another dataset of expert meditators); (d) the advanced meditators internal-external ACW difference correlated with their experience of the degree of non-duality (psychological scales) during internal attention. Together, these findings suggest that the brains intrinsic neural timescales during internal and external attention play a key role in mediating the experience of non-duality in advanced meditators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malipeddi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasidharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewarie, P. K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrotra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laureys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-duality in brain and experience of advanced meditators - Key role for Intrinsic Neural Timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large global soil carbon sink informed by repeated soil samplings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Partitioning the terrestrial carbon sink between vegetation and soil is crucial for predicting future climate change, but the role of soils remains poorly quantified. Here, we compiled 3,099 soil organic carbon time series spanning five decades. We found a global soil organic carbon sink of 1.83 {+/-} 0.9 (mean {+/-} SE) petagrams per year from 1992 to 2020, driven by extratropical young forests, boreal old forests, and grasslands, while trends in tropical ecosystems remain uncertain. Our findings suggest the net land sink resides almost exclusively belowground as soil carbon, emphasizing the global opportunity of soil conservation and restoration for climate mitigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineiro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzoni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>te Beest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutton, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothandaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDougall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhauer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlingstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond-Lamberty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large global soil carbon sink informed by repeated soil samplings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.650402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the transcriptional landscape of algal resistance to viral infection reveals a core expression program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.650402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAlgal blooms and their demise by viruses drive global-scale ecological processes in the ocean. These blooms form the foundation of marine food webs, regulate microbial communities, and shape biogeochemical cycles. Although algal populations are constantly infected by viruses, resistant subpopulations frequently emerge after the infection. Yet, antiviral molecular mechanisms of marine microalgae are underexplored.
C_LIO_LIWe used a model system of the ubiquitous microalga Emiliania huxleyi and its giant virus, E. huxleyi virus (EhV), to study how resistant populations evolve and to identify their transcriptional programs. We generated a detailed temporal transcriptomic dataset during a viral infection, covering the stages of lysis and the recovery of a resistant subpopulation.
C_LIO_LIViral infection triggered prominent transcriptome changes to support viral propagation, followed by a unique transcriptional response in resistant cells. Both infected and resistant cells highly expressed innate immune response genes, notably those with Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Additionally, resistant cells expressed genes involved in membrane-bound glycan remodeling, sphingolipid metabolism, and nutrient uptake.
C_LIO_LIUsing comparative transcriptomics across diverse resistant E. huxleyi strains, we identified a core group of resistance-related genes, providing a set of gene markers to detect this rare phenotype during the host-virus arms race in algal blooms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.650402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the transcriptional landscape of algal resistance to viral infection reveals a core expression program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conserved Venous Remodeling Program Governs Inferior Vena Cava Formation in Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), the largest venous conduit in mammals, forms through complex remodeling of the embryonic cardinal veins (CVs), a process prone to congenital anomalies, with significant clinical implications. However, the mechanisms underlying IVC formation remain unclear. Here, we identify a conserved IVC in zebrafish that emerges during metamorphosis through remodeling of the embryonic CVs, mirroring the mammalian process. Using in vivo imaging and clonal lineage tracing, we identify the cellular origins and molecular mechanisms controlling IVC formation and demonstrate that the transition from CV to IVC represents a shift from a multifunctional embryonic vein to a specialized adult conduit adapted for high-volume blood return. Overall, our findings illuminate conserved mechanisms of venous remodeling and establish a foundation for investigating congenital venous anomalies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambiase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raanan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.650985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conserved Venous Remodeling Program Governs Inferior Vena Cava Formation in Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postoperative Stress Accelerates Atherosclerosis through Inflammatory Remodeling of the HDL Proteome and Impaired Reverse Cholesterol Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDOver 10 million patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery annually experience major cardiovascular complications within 30 days, many due to destabilized atherosclerotic plaques. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a key pathway for cholesterol removal by HDL and apoA-I, is critical in preventing plaque progression. While surgery-induced inflammation is known to impair HDL function, its effects on RCT and plaque stability remain unclear.

METHODSTo isolate the impact of surgical inflammation, independent of blood loss, we developed an abdominal laparotomy model in apoE-/- mice on a Western diet, minimizing blood loss and avoiding perioperative blood sampling. We assessed plasma cholesterol efflux capacity, performed proteomic analysis of HDL, and analyzed atherosclerotic plaques for lipid content, perilipin-2 (PLIN2), cleaved-caspase-3 (c-Casp-3), and necrotic core expansion. A novel dual-label, dual-cell-type in vivo RCT model was developed to compare RCT from macrophage-derived (BMDMs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)-derived foam cells. Recombinant apoA-I (rApoA-I) was tested for therapeutic rescue of impaired RCT.

RESULTSSurgery significantly reduced RCT for at least 48 hours, paralleled by a drop in cholesterol efflux capacity and inflammatory remodeling of HDL, marked by elevated serum amyloid A (SAA1/2) and reduced apoA-I. Plaques showed a 1.6-fold increase in intracellular lipids and PLIN2 expression at 24 hours post-surgery, with elevated c-Casp-3 indicating lipid-driven apoptosis. Foam cell analysis revealed increased PLIN2 in both CD45+ (leukocyte) and CD45- (non-leukocyte) subtypes, with leukocyte foam cells expressing higher PLIN2. c-Casp-3+ apoptotic cells were predominantly PLIN2high and of both leukocytic and non-leukocytic origin. By day 15, the necrotic core area increased by 1.5-fold with sustained loss of plaque cellularity. Using our dual-cell-type RCT model, we found that surgery significantly impaired BMDM RCT in vivo, while VSMC RCT remained largely unaffected, highlighting foam cell subtype-specific vulnerability to surgical inflammation. These findings were mirrored in general surgery patients, whose postoperative plasma exhibited markedly reduced cholesterol efflux capacity. In mice, rApoA-I treatment partially restored RCT and reduced plaque lipid accumulation.

CONCLUSIONSSurgical inflammation acutely impairs HDL function and RCT, triggering lipid accumulation, foam cell apoptosis, and accelerated plaque destabilization independent of blood loss. Immediate restoration of apoA-I at the time of surgery, aiming to counteract the acute phase response, may offer a targeted strategy to reduce postoperative cardiovascular risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boucher, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorant, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinayak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaffidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouimet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postoperative Stress Accelerates Atherosclerosis through Inflammatory Remodeling of the HDL Proteome and Impaired Reverse Cholesterol Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent spatial multicellular network motifs for single-cell spatial biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical state of diseased tissue is caused by complex intercellular processes that go beyond pairwise cell-cell interactions and are difficult to infer due to the combinatorial explosion of such high-dimensionality. We present context-dependent identification of spatial motifs (CISM), a two-step method to identify local cell structures associated with a disease state in single cell spatial data. First, for each tissue, CISM enumerates structures of enriched reoccurring multicellular patterns that define modular  motifs in the multicellular network. Second, discriminative motifs are selected according to the context - their presence in patients at different clinical disease states. By applying CISM, we show that modular structures composed of as little as 3-5 cells and their relative spatial arrangement can encode differences in clinical disease states in cohorts of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and melanoma patients. Machine learning validation indicated that discriminative motifs outperform state-of-the-art methods for disease state prediction while enabling interpretation of which interactions in what spatial context are associated with these predictions. CISM-derived discriminative motifs may define an intermediate spatial scale of abstraction and modularity in multicellular organization and function with broad applicability in the domain of spatial single cell omics and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.651422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent spatial multicellular network motifs for single-cell spatial biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algal Betaine Triggers Bacterial Hydrogen Peroxide Production that Promotes Algal Demise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays various roles in the ocean, acting as a signaling molecule at low concentrations and causing oxidative stress when accumulated. While many marine microbes produce H2O2, its role in microbial interactions remains unclear. Here, we used transcriptomics, genetics, and metabolomics to study H2O2 dynamics in the interaction between Emiliania huxleyi algae and Phaeobacter inhibens bacteria. We found that H2O2 levels rise during algal death and that bacterial H2O2 production triggers this demise. Manipulating H2O2 levels shifted the outcome of the interaction. We also uncovered a link between H2O2 and betaine metabolism: aging algae release betaine, which promotes bacterial H2O2 production and, in turn, accelerates algal death. Genes involved in H2O2 and betaine metabolism were upregulated in environmental samples from an algal bloom. Together, our findings identify H2O2 and betaine as key molecules that modulate algal-bacterial interactions, potentially impacting microbial dynamics in marine ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narvaez-Barragan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalomi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algal Betaine Triggers Bacterial Hydrogen Peroxide Production that Promotes Algal Demise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellTune: An integrative software for accurate cell classification in spatial proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial proteomics measures multiple proteins in situ, capturing tissue complexity. However, cell classification in densely packed tissues remains challenging due to the lack of efficient classification algorithms, annotation tools, and high-quality labeled datasets to benchmark computational methods. We introduce CellTune, an integrated software for analysis of large spatial proteomics datasets, which streamlines precise cell classification through an optimized human-in-the-loop active learning workflow. It advances core capabilities across within a unified, intuitive, and code-free interface. To evaluate CellTune, we created CellTuneDepot, a resource of 40k manually-annotated cells and 3.5 million high-quality labeled cells across 60 cell types. CellTune outperforms alternative methods, achieving accuracy comparable to human performance while enabling increased classification resolution and discovery of novel cell types. Together, CellTune and CellTuneDepot provide researchers with a tool for state-of-the-art classification accuracy and resolution at scale to drive biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shainshein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovits, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azulay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-uri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellTune: An integrative software for accurate cell classification in spatial proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pus7 mutation links tRNA dysregulation to aggressive behavior through activation of the integrated stress response and glycolytic reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is a prevalent RNA modification found in multiple RNA species. It is deposited by {Psi} synthases (Pus) and it can stabilize RNA structures. Patients carrying alterations in the Pus7 gene suffer from developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, hyperactivity and increased aggression levels. Here we show that the Pus7 mutation in human patient cells and in a Drosophila model is associated with a specific decrease of tRNA:Aspartate (tRNA-Asp) levels, which leads to slow decoding at Aspartate codons. This in turn activates the integrated stress response and induces a metabolic shift towards increased glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Elevating tRNA-Asp expression, inhibiting the integrated stress response or dampening the glycolytic pathway is sufficient to rescue the aggressiveness phenotype, demonstrating the involvement of the tRNA-Asp-ISR-glycolysis axis in this behavior. Together our data provide new insights into the molecular defects associated with the loss of Pus7 and suggest potential new avenues for therapeutic treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Angel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witzenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chramiec-Glabik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brummer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallart-Ayala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanisevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guex, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleenman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roignant, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pus7 mutation links tRNA dysregulation to aggressive behavior through activation of the integrated stress response and glycolytic reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkin-dependent ubiquitination of TAX1BP1 directs efficient autophagic removal of defective mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In stressed cells, the recessive Parkinson disease (PD) associated gene products PINK1 and parkin mediate the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy). Upon mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, PINK1 phosphorylation activates the ubiquitin ligase parkin which ubiquitinates various mitochondrial protein substrates. These feed-forward modifications on the mitochondria surface attract ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors that target ubiquitinated mitochondria for degradation. Investigating post-translational protein modifications during this process, we detected transient ubiquitination of K549 within the third coiled-coil domain (CC3) of TAX1BP1 in HeLa cells expressing wild-type (WT) but not catalytically inactive parkin. Parkin-dependent ubiquitination did not target TAX1BP1 to proteasomal degradation but was rather indicative of a regulatory modification. In cells with the full complement of autophagy receptors, TAX1BP1 plays only a minor role in mitophagy. However, when expressed as a sole autophagy receptor, both WT and ubiquitination deficient TAX1BP1 were capable of promoting mitophagy, albeit mitochondria degradation was slightly delayed under mutant conditions. Use of the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A indicated classical autophagolysosomal targeting of damaged mitochondria mediated by WT TAX1BP1. However, for the ubiquitination-deficient TAX1BP1, we observed an increased prevalence of enlarged endolysosomal vesicles carrying accumulated TAX1BP1-positive autophagosomes filled with mitochondrial material. Thus, while ubiquitination of the CC3 domain of TAX1BP1 is not essential for complete mitophagy, the lack of CC3 in TAX1BP1 reroutes the degradation flux to a less efficient endolysosmal degradative pathway. Interestingly, the PD gene product VPS35 becomes prominently engaged in this alternative mitophagy pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lechado-Terradas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zittlau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahle, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkin-dependent ubiquitination of TAX1BP1 directs efficient autophagic removal of defective mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.650489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescuing Ischemic Brain Injury by Rewiring Mitochondrial Electron Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.650489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial metabolic flux alterations are critical drivers of acute ischemia-reperfusion (IR) brain injury. Reverse electron transfer (RET), defined as the upstream flow of electrons from the quinone pool to complex I, is a major source of pathological reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress conditions. In an in vivo brain IR model, oxygen deprivation induces the buildup of RET-supporting substrates, with glycerol 3-phosphate identified as the dominant contributor in addition to succinate. Rapid oxidation of these substrates by brain mitochondria upon reoxygenation drives massive ROS production, while also leading to over-reduction and dissociation of the complex I flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor. The resulting FMN-deficient complex I becomes catalytically impaired, unable to oxidize NADH or to produce ROS.

To mitigate RET and preserve complex I function, we used transgenic mice xenotopically expressing alternative oxidase (AOX). This enzyme bypasses complexes III and IV by directly oxidizing the reduced quinone pool and passing electrons onto molecular oxygen. AOX expression did not alter complex I abundance, supercomplexes assembly, or basal respiration rates, but effectively diverted electrons from the quinone pool, decreasing RET flux via complex I and limiting ROS generation during IR. For the first time we showed that AOX expression and attenuation of RET preserved complex I FMN binding, suppressed oxidative stress, and conferred neuroprotection in vivo. Our findings reveal a novel strategy for rewiring mitochondrial electron flux to mitigate initial IR brain injury, highlighting modulation of the quinone pool by AOX as a potential therapeutic strategy for IR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoval-Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosunov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siragusa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niatsetskaya, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khruschev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bereshchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witting, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szibor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ten, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.650489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescuing Ischemic Brain Injury by Rewiring Mitochondrial Electron Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions facilitate Msn2 target search to drive promoter selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding specific DNA motifs, yet only a fraction of putative sites is occupied in vivo. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) have emerged as key contributors to promoter selectivity, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we use single-molecule optical tweezers to dissect how IDRs influence DNA binding by Msn2, a yeast stress-response regulator. We show that IDRs facilitate initial non-specific association with DNA and promote one-dimensional diffusion toward target motifs, supported by charge-mediated interactions. Remarkably, the IDR-dependent search mechanism displays sequence sensitivity, with promoter-derived sequences enhancing both initial binding and sliding rates, demonstrating that Msn2-DNA interactions alone are sufficient to confer promoter selectivity in the absence of chromatin or cofactors. These findings provide direct mechanistic evidence for how IDRs tune transcription factor search dynamics and expand sequence recognition beyond canonical motifs, supporting a mechanism for promoter selectivity in complex genomic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strugo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nago, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.654710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically disordered regions facilitate Msn2 target search to drive promoter selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis of Cluster AZ Arthrobacter phages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus belong to the phylum Actinobacteria and are primarily soil-dwelling. Over 600 bacteriophages infecting Arthrobacter hosts have been isolated and sequenced, and genomic analyses show these phages to be highly diverse with mosaic genome architectures. We describe here a group of 32 Arthrobacter phages grouped in Cluster AZ, isolated on four different Arthrobacter strains all with siphoviral morphologies. The Cluster AZ phages exhibit a spectrum of diversity and can be subdivided into four subclusters. The diversity in minor tail protein and endolysin genes correlates partly with isolation host strain and may be predictive of the host range of these phages. Most of the Cluster AZ phages are temperate, form stable lysogens, and encode an integrase; however, an immunity repressor gene has not been identified. The intracluster diversity was analyzed in-depth at the whole genome level and through individual genes. As more Arthrobacter phages are isolated and analyzed they continue to provide new insights into phage evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freise, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klyczek, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgington, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibb, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendele, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Costas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.655371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomic analysis of Cluster AZ Arthrobacter phages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of network inference algorithms for derivation of metabolic relationships from lipidomic and metabolomic datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVarious methods have been proposed to construct metabolic networks from metabolomic data; however, small sample sizes, multiple confounding factors, the presence of indirect interactions as well as randomness in metabolic processes are of major concern.

ResultsIn this study, we benchmark existing algorithms for creating correlation- and regression-based networks of changes in metabolite abundance and we evaluate their performance across different sample sizes of a generative model. Using standard interaction-level tests and network-scale analyses based on centrality scores, we assess how well these methods capture simulated metabolomic networks. Our findings reveal significant challenges in network inference and result interpretation, even when sample sizes are significant and data are the result of computer modeling of metabolic pathways. Despite these limitations, we demonstrate that correlation-based network inference can, to some extent, discriminate between two different metabolic states. This suggests potential utility in distinguishing overarching changes in metabolic processes but not direct pathways in different conditions.

AvailabilityAll relevant data is provided at https://github.com/HosnaJabbari/metabolicRelationships

Contactjabbari@ualberta.ca

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Archinuk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stege, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, S. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuperlovic-Culf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.654112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of network inference algorithms for derivation of metabolic relationships from lipidomic and metabolomic datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin Networking Collapse Under STAT5A Deficiency Drives Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autocrine IFN-beta Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordination between actin cytoskeleton networking and mitochondrial organization and health underpins cellular homeostasis. Here, we found STAT5A to be a pivotal transcription factor that sustains the expression of key actin regulators, including ACTN1. STAT5A, but not STAT5B deficiency dismantles F-actin architecture leading to amorphous cell shape, reduced cellular motility, and corrals mitochondria around the nucleus. This actin networking disruption impairs mitochondrial DRP1 recruitment and dynamic equilibrium, leading to ROS-associated DNA damage and cGAS-STING mediated type I IFN production. Consequently, this establishes a chronically IFN-stimulated state in neighboring cells. Conversely, overexpression of STAT5A increases actin cytoskeleton networking and promotes faster cell motility. Moreover, ectopic expression of ACTN1 in the background of STAT5A-knockout cells is sufficient to restore the actin cytoskeleton organization and mitochondrial network morphology, eliminating DNA damage and IFN-signaling. Giving the importance of actin in cellular homeostasis, our findings place actin abundance, as regulated by the STAT5A-ACTN1 axis as essential for linking cytoskeletal integrity with mitochondrial health, restraining aberrant innate immune activation.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/656095v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cee57aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3be0cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@123ed52org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b1bfcc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Key pointsSTAT5A deficiency disrupts cytoskeletal integrity via ACTN1 loss.

The disrupted actin-cytoskeleton impairs mitochondria organization, causing ROS production and DNA damage.

STAT5A knockout activates cGAS-STING signaling and IFN-{beta} production.

Restoring ACTN1 rescues cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function, and immune balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamohan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.656095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin Networking Collapse Under STAT5A Deficiency Drives Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autocrine IFN-beta Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemotaxis of branched cells in complex environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration in vivo is often guided by chemical signals. Such chemotaxis, such as performed by immune cells migrating to a wound site, is complicated by the complex geometry inside living tissues. In this study, we extend our theoretical model of branched-cell migration on a network by introducing chemokine sources to explore the cellular response. The model predicts a speed-accuracy tradeoff, whereby slow cells are significantly more accurate and able to follow efficiently a weak chemoattractant signal. We then compare the models predictions with experimental observations of neutrophils migrating to the site of laser-inflicted wound in a zebrafish larva fin, and migrating in-vitro inside a regular lattice of pillars. We find that the model captures the details of the sub-cellular response to the chemokine gradient, as well as the large-scale migration response. This comparison suggests that the neutrophils behave as fast cells, compromising their chemotaxis accuracy, which explains the functionality of these immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williantarra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgantzoglou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemotaxis of branched cells in complex environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Plasma Membrane Vesicle Imaging-Based Platform for Studying Membrane Fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane fusion is central to biological processes such as viral entry, fertilization and cell-to-cell fusion. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of fusion requires the ability to visualize and quantify the dynamic interaction between two membranes and their associated protein machineries at high temporal and spatial resolution. However, studying these processes in live cells remains challenging due to the complexity of the cellular environment. Here we demonstrate a versatile cell-free platform based on giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) that enables controlled, quantitative analysis of receptor binding and membrane fusion kinetics in a native membrane context. As proof of concept, we reconstitute the SARS-CoV-1 Spike-ACE2 interaction, capturing specific receptor engagement and accumulation at the membrane interface using confocal microscopy and micropipette aspiration. Fusion was induced by proteolytic activation and quantified using both high-resolution microscopy and high-throughput Imaging Flow Cytometry. The platform also reveals the influence of membrane composition on fusion efficiency, demonstrated by the impact of cholesterol depletion. This approach provides a broadly applicable system for dissecting membrane fusion and protein-protein interactions across membranes, with compatibility for biophysical, imaging and structural analysis. It offers new opportunities for mechanistic studies and inhibitor screening in a biologically relevant yet experimentally accessible context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yosibash, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaknin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Plasma Membrane Vesicle Imaging-Based Platform for Studying Membrane Fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scVIVA: a probabilistic framework for representation of cells and their environments in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics provides a significant advance over studies of dissociated cells in that it reveals the environment in which cells reside, thus opening the way for a more complete description of their state and function. However, most current methods for embedding and discovery of cell states rely only on the cells own gene expression profile, thus raising the need for ways to account for the neighboring cells as well. Here, we introduce scVIVA, a deep generative model that leverages both cell-intrinsic and neighboring gene expression profiles to output stochastic embeddings of cell states as well as normalized gene expression profiles. We demonstrate that scVIVA produces informative fine-grained partitions of cells that reflect both their internal state and the surrounding tissue and that its generative model facilitates the testing of hypotheses of differential expression between tissue niches. We leverage these properties of scVIVA to uncover a spatially-restricted tumor-promoting endothelial population in breast cancer and niche-associated T cell states that are shared across multiple cancers. scVIVA is available as open source software within scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnirella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scVIVA: a probabilistic framework for representation of cells and their environments in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Invasive Mechanical-Functional Analysis of Individual Liver Mitochondria by Atomic Force Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in energy production, signaling, and apoptosis. Yet, probing their functional state at the single-organelle level without invasive labels remains a major challenge. Here, we introduce a novel, label-free approach that leverages Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) beyond its traditional imaging role, transforming it into a powerful tool for functional analysis of individual, isolated mitochondria. By immobilizing mouse liver mitochondria on polylysine-coated mica, we achieved nanoscale resolution of mitochondrial mechanical properties including height, height fluctuation power spectra, and Youngs modulus, under different respiratory states. Strikingly, fluctuations in mitochondrial height fluctuations below 20 Hz showed robust correlation with the mitochondria membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m), a cornerstone of mitochondrial function. This relationship allows AFM to sensitively detect changes in the mitochondria bioenergetic status. Applying this method to mitochondria from liver-specific MTCH2 liver-conditional knockout mice, a model of mitochondrial malfunction, we confirmed AFMs diagnostic potential. The technique reliably distinguished malfunctional mitochondria, mirroring and adding new insights beyond conventional fluorescence assays. By bridging nanomechanics and mitochondrial bioenergetics, this approach paves the way for non-invasive, high-resolution diagnostics at the single-organelle level, holding promise to monitor the actual functional state of mitochondria in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zorikova, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourasia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesterov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Invasive Mechanical-Functional Analysis of Individual Liver Mitochondria by Atomic Force Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purinergic receptor activation rectifies autism-associated endothelial dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early cerebrovascular alterations affect brain maturation by impacting trophic support and energy supply. Recent evidence in a 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) revealed brain endothelial abnormalities postnatally. Yet, the endothelial alterations eliciting these changes remain unknown. Isolation of brain endothelial cells (ECs) from 14-day old male 16p11.2-deficient and wild-type mice revealed that 16p11.2 deletion-induced endothelial dysfunction is linked to a bioenergetic failure, with reduced intracellular ATP. Intra- or extra-cellular ATP supplementation rescued the function of 16p11.2-deficient ECs in vitro via P2 purinergic receptor activation, specifically P2Y2 receptors. Activating P2Y2 receptors restored cerebrovascular reactivity in 16p11.2-deficient parenchymal arterioles ex vivo and rescued 16p11.2 deletion-associated mouse behaviors. Taken together, this study demonstrates that metabolic reprogramming of brain ECs via purinergic receptor engagement represents a possible therapeutic avenue for ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubert-Tandon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pileggi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yandiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manickam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabertrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purinergic receptor activation rectifies autism-associated endothelial dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent ECM Scarring Reprograms Intestinal Stem Cells to Drive Chronic Inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue regeneration is conventionally viewed as a return to homeostasis. Here, we uncover that the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the colon undergoes a lasting pathological reprogramming following inflammation, forming a remodeled niche--modECM--that persistently disrupts intestinal stem cell (ISC) identity. Using temporal multi-omics, biomechanical profiling, and spatial fate mapping in murine colitis models, we show that modECM, characterized by Collagen XVIII accumulation and immune-driven proteolysis, redirects ISCs toward a wound-associated, squamous-like epithelial state with pro-inflammatory transcriptional signatures. Ex vivo, modECM alone reprograms ISC fate by suppressing Wnt signaling and activating immune recruitment pathways. In vivo, modECM-rich zones sustain T cell infiltration and KRT14 epithelial cell emergence from Lgr5 progenitors. This aberrant epithelial program is mirrored in inflamed rectal biopsies from ulcerative colitis patients. Our findings redefine the ECM as a long-lived instructive compartment that encodes injury memory and promotes maladaptive regeneration, positioning it as a potential therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sochen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachem, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toval, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holiar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidzohn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savickas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>auf dem Keller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent ECM Scarring Reprograms Intestinal Stem Cells to Drive Chronic Inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metacaspases mediate thermotolerance of diatoms following marine heat waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIMarine heat waves (MHW) are extreme climate events characterized by elevated ocean temperatures lasting from days to months and spanning thousands of kilometers. Recent predictions show an increment in MHW frequency, duration and intensity worldwide along with climate change. Nevertheless, little is known about MHW impacts on marine microbial life and, specifically, on algal blooms. Recent studies in yeast and green algae suggested that thermotolerance is mediated by metacaspases (MC), cysteine proteases, structurally similar to caspases known to mediate programmed cell death.
C_LIO_LIInitially we created a heatwave model of 72-hours that exposes the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to elevated temperature with a recovery phase that enables to capture the mechanisms underpinning such acclimation. We generated triple knock-out mutants of the PtMCA genes and identified a vital role for MC in heat-stress acclimation.
C_LIO_LIPtMCA triple mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to the heatwave treatment, which induced cell death that peaked days after returning to initial temperatures. We further revealed that heatwave treatment induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the PtMCA mutants were hypersensitive to oxidative stress as compared to WT cells.
C_LIO_LIWe propose that metacaspases have a pivotal role in diatoms acclimation to elevated temperatures a trait vital for algal survival considering climate change.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff van Creveld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafrin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metacaspases mediate thermotolerance of diatoms following marine heat waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.07.658314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pcbp1 orchestrates amino acid metabolism burst during the naive-to-primed pluripotency transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.07.658314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryo implantation is accompanied by the naive-to-primed pluripotency transition in epiblast cells, making them receptive to external differentiation signals. In addition to this developmental program switch, implantation suggests that an anabolic boost is required for this process, as the embryo-uterine connection begins supplying the requisite nutrients. In this study, we show that the DNA-binding protein Pcbp1 plays a key role in intensifying amino acid metabolism during the priming of pluripotent stem cells. Knockout of the Pcbp1 gene leads to embryo growth arrest a few days after implantation. By modeling the naive-to-primed pluripotency transition in vitro, we observe reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cells deficient for Pcbp1. Using multi-omics approaches, we uncover a crucial role for Pcbp1 in driving a transcriptional burst of numerous genes involved in the import and the de novo synthesis of essential and conditionally essential amino acids. Pcbp1 deficiency is consequently associated with a slowdown in protein biosynthesis, explaining the early lethal phenotype of knockout embryos. Our findings thus uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying anabolic changes during the naive-to-primed pluripotency transition and highlight the essential role of Pcbp1 in this process, also pointing to its functions in highly proliferative cells.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=159 SRC="FIGDIR/small/658314v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakhmet, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapenko, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuvalov, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobyeva, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korablev, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopylov, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeler, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomilin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.07.658314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pcbp1 orchestrates amino acid metabolism burst during the naive-to-primed pluripotency transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperpolarization activated cation channel mediated intrinsic plasticity changes underlie the malleability of with-in cell-type electrophysiological heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within cell-type neuronal electrophysiological, morphological, and transcriptomic heterogeneity is the norm in the brain. Although generally considered a fixed property within cell-types, this heterogeneity is malleable and declines in regions of the human brain that generate seizures. Building off this foundational work we hypothesize that such plasticity of cell-type heterogeneity, specifically its decline, arises from the shared history of neuronal activity that drive intrinsic plasticity mechanisms in a concerted fashion. To explore this hypothesis we study neuronal activity in two model systems: human cortical slice cultures from patients with epilepsy as well as slices from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and subiculum of rodent kainic acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Biophysical properties and spiking dynamics were characterized using whole-cell patch clamp recordings of layer 2 and layer 3 (L2&3) pyramidal neurons in human slice culture as well as deep layer subicular neurons and layer 5 (L5) mPFC of KA mice. We found a significant decline in biophysical heterogeneity and a reduction in information coding in both the KA and slice culture models. In both these models we found a consistent increase in hyperpolarization-activated cation current (HCN) dependent electrophysiological properties, the blockade of which restored electrophysiological heterogeneity and information coding. Our findings demonstrate that within cell-type heterogeneity is malleable, and despite being a complex distributed network property, can be tuned by a single ionic current. These findings emphasize the plasticity of within cell-type heterogeneity, suggesting the potential for targeted interventions to restore neuronal heterogeneity changes that accompany epilepsy and potentially other neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chameh, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movahed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbabi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarathy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperpolarization activated cation channel mediated intrinsic plasticity changes underlie the malleability of with-in cell-type electrophysiological heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.660018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-science discovery of DNDI-6510, a compound that addresses genotoxic and metabolic liabilities of the COVID Moonshot SARS-CoV-2 Mpro lead inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.660018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2020 SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic highlighted the urgent need for novel small molecule antiviral drugs. (S)-x38 DNDI-6510 is a non-covalent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor developed by the open science collaboration COVID Moonshot.

Here, we report on the metabolic and toxicologic optimization of the lead series previously disclosed by the COVID Moonshot Initiative, leading up to the selection of (S)-x38 DNDI-6510 as the preclinical candidate. We describe the thorough profiling of the series, identifying key risks such as formation of genotoxic metabolites and high clearance, which were successfully addressed during lead optimization. In addition, we disclose the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of (S)-x38 DNDI-6510 in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models, exploring multiple approaches to ameliorate rodent-specific metabolic clearance, and show that both co-dosing of (S)-x38 DNDI-6510 with an ABT inhibitor and utilizing a metabolically humanized mouse model (8HUM) achieve significant improvements in exposure. Through comparisons of ABT co-dosing and humanized mouse models in efficacy experiments, we demonstrate that continuous exposure over cellular EC90 is required for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral efficacy in vivo in an antiviral model using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain. Finally, (S)-x38 DNDI-6510 was assessed in maximum tolerated dose experiments in two species, demonstrating significant in vivo PXR-linked auto-induction of metabolism, leading to the discontinuation of this compound.

In summary, we report the successful effort to overcome series-specific AMES liabilities in a lead development program. Downstream optimization of existing series will require in-depth optimization of rodent-specific liabilities and metabolic induction profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koekemoer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcomb, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szommer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fate, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duberstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braillard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangeel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laporte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charvillon, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochmans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.660018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-science discovery of DNDI-6510, a compound that addresses genotoxic and metabolic liabilities of the COVID Moonshot SARS-CoV-2 Mpro lead inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.14.659040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic growth trajectories distinguish bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.14.659040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subinhibitory antibiotic exposures are common in clinical and environmental contexts, yet their effects on bacterial growth dynamics remain incompletely understood. We studied the temporal response of Escherichia coli to a panel of bactericidal ("cidal") and bacteriostatic ("static") antibiotics at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC). We uncover a sharp dynamical distinction between the two classes. Bacteriostatic antibiotics reduce the initial growth rate in a dose-dependent manner, similar to a nutrient starvation response. In contrast, bactericidal antibiotics do not alter initial growth rates - cells continue to grow as fast as untreated cells - until an abrupt slowdown in growth rate. The onset of slowdown occurs earlier with increasing dose, suggesting a damage accumulation mechanism leading to a lethal threshold. Cidals also show a steeper dose-response curve. We propose that bacteria respond to cidal antibiotics with a "grow-fast-then-crash" strategy that is adaptive for transient lethal threats, whereas static antibiotics trigger stress adaptation and slower growth. While clinical outcomes of statics and cidals may be similar at full inhibitory doses, these sub-MIC dynamical signatures could influence resistance evolution and treatment outcomes in biofilms or partially resistant strains. Our findings offer a dynamic framework for antibiotic classification and raise new questions about how bacteria respond to sublethal antibiotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaisbourd, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.14.659040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic growth trajectories distinguish bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite correlation networks reveal complex phenotypes of adaptation-driving mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living organisms are organized into hierarchical levels of increasing complexity. As mutational effects propagate through these levels, multiple phenotypes are produced. However, identifying which phenotypes influence fitness and drive selection remains a key challenge in understanding genotype-phenotype-fitness relationships. Here, we demonstrate that mutation-induced structural changes in metabolite correlation networks--an organizational level with emergent properties shaped by the cumulative effects of multiple biochemical reactions and regulatory mechanisms--constitute complex phenotypes linking mutations to bacterial fitness. We engineered a metabolically suboptimal E. coli strain by replacing the metK gene encoding methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) with an ortholog from U. urealyticum and subjected it to laboratory evolution. Analysis of correlation networks constructed from 2,118 untargeted metabolites revealed that adaptive mutations enhanced the strains fitness by reducing network density, removing node hubs, and extensively rewiring connectivity. These changes yielded smaller, more cohesive, and better-interconnected network clusters. Moreover, evolution shifted the node representing S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the product of the MAT-catalyzed reaction, from a peripheral role to a key connector between network clusters with a significantly increased betweenness. None of the accumulated mutations potentially driving this transition directly influenced MAT activity or SAM metabolism, indicating that the shift in SAMs role is an adaptive phenotype emerging from the metabolic systems complexity. Targeted metabolomics of key nodes displaying similar network transitions unveiled additional metabolites involved in SAM-related pathways. We propose the construction and analysis of metabolite correlation networks as an experimental and analytical framework for mapping genotype-phenotype-fitness relationships and exploring the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samuel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasinska, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternlicht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikelshparg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite correlation networks reveal complex phenotypes of adaptation-driving mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of orally bioavailable Zika and West Nile Virus antiviral compounds targeting the NS2B-NS3 protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaviviruses are a class of pathogenic viruses with pandemic potential which are typically transmitted via infected arthropods. In particular, Zika virus is sexually transmissible and causes congenital malformations if infection occurs during pregnancy. Although over 1.5 million people were infected during the 2015-2016 Zika outbreak, to date, there are no clinical-stage vaccines or antivirals. Herein, we report the discovery of potent inhibitors of the Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease that also show activity against the West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. Starting from a crystallographic fragment screen, we employed a pharmacophore approach coupled with high-throughput library chemistry to elaborate fragments in the active site. Potent, metabolically stable, non-covalent, non-peptidomimetic inhibitors were identified with cellular antiviral activity, with one example demonstrating excellent murine bioavailability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenton, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherepakha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelmont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degtyarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirksen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbrecht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayvert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochmans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliatskiy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochetkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordubailo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marples, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nady, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakymenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of orally bioavailable Zika and West Nile Virus antiviral compounds targeting the NS2B-NS3 protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An advanced head-to-tail mouse embryo model with hypoxia-mediated neural patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The developing mammalian embryo is guided by the continuously changing signals that it receives from maternal tissues and its microenvironment. The dynamic cell-cell and cell-environment interactions that together shape the embryo largely remained unexplorable until the advance of stem cell-based embryo models. These revealed the self-organizing properties of cells in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. Among the latter, restricted oxygen (hypoxia) emerged as a critical microenvironmental regulator that influences cell type diversification in multicellular systems. Here we built a modular ESC-based head-to-tail model of mouse embryogenesis by developing an antero-posterior (AP) assembly strategy under hypoxia. These structures called HAP-gastruloids feature stage-appropriate anterior neural tissues that recapitulate the morphological organization and transcriptional identity of fore- and midbrain including spatial organizer regions such as the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. These anterior tissues develop in synchrony with posterior tissues such as the spinal cord, somites, and gut endoderm derivatives, ultimately yielding a unified structure. We show via genetic, environmental, and pharmacological perturbations that timed hypoxia is essential to boost anterior neural cell identities and their patterning through HIF1a and in part by modulating TGF{beta} activity. These results underline the key beneficial role of hypoxia in early development and offer a uniquely modular system to investigate antero-posterior phenotypes for basic discovery and translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozguldez, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omgba, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolondi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzmer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulut-Karslioglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An advanced head-to-tail mouse embryo model with hypoxia-mediated neural patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of CHMP2A implicates an ordered assembly of ESCRT-III proteins during cytokinetic abscission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRT machinery mediates membrane remodeling in fundamental cellular processes including cytokinesis, endosomal sorting, nuclear envelope reformation, and membrane repair. Membrane constriction and scission is driven by the filament-forming ESCRT-III complex and the AAA-ATPase VPS4. While ESCRT-III-driven membrane scission is generally established, the mechanisms governing the assembly and coordination of its twelve mammalian isoforms in cells remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the spatial organization and interdependence of ESCRT-III subunits during mammalian cytokinetic abscission by depleting CHMP2A, a core ESCRT-III component. Using live cell imaging, structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM), we show that CHMP2A knockout cells display a significant delay--but not failure--in abscission, accompanied by distinct mislocalization phenotypes across ESCRT-III subunits. While IST1 and CHMP2B were minimally disrupted, CHMP4B, CHMP3, and CHMP1B display progressively severe organization defects at the abscission site. Dual- protein imaging reveals disrupted coordination between ESCRT-III subunits in individual CHMP2A-deficient cells, supporting an ordered assembly of ESCRT-III subunits in cytokinetic abscission. Together, our findings provide the first in vivo evidence for hierarchical assembly of ESCRT-III subunits during ESCRT-mediated membrane remodeling and identify CHMP2A as a key organizer of ESCRT-III architecture essential for timely membrane abscission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamenetsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of CHMP2A implicates an ordered assembly of ESCRT-III proteins during cytokinetic abscission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Survey of Gut Microbiome Associations with Health Conditions in the Human Phenotype Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiome is increasingly implicated with diverse health conditions, highlighting the importance of developing comprehensive resources to systematically map these associations. In this study, we leveraged the Human Phenotype Project (HPP) 10K cohort, a large, deeply phenotyped population study cohort with extensive metagenomic profiling, to explore associations between the gut microbiome and 37 health indications. These include conditions with established or emerging links to the microbiome, such as obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, liver disease, cardiovascular and kidney conditions, immune and allergic diseases, gastrointestinal symptoms, mental health, and sleep-related traits. Using a curated set of approximately 200 refined phenotypic features and analyzing 1,184 microbial species, we performed robust statistical association analyses. We observed significant enrichment of associations in 14 health indications, with most associations reflecting increased microbial abundance in favorable health states, thereby suggesting potential microbial targets for intervention. This work introduces a publicly available, high-resolution resource to facilitate future research and support the development of microbiome-informed health strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissglas-Volkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diament, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankelow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Survey of Gut Microbiome Associations with Health Conditions in the Human Phenotype Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.22.660951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct sex differences in the production of steroids and neuropeptides in the adult zebrafish brain-pituitary gonadal axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.22.660951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish are increasingly used as experimental models in studies of human disease, environmental toxicology, and reproductive biology. However, sex differences in hormone production are rarely examined, despite evidence from gene mutation studies indicating differential effects in females and males. The emerging reproductive peptide secretoneurin (SN) has not been quantitatively compared between sexes in any species. Here, we employed a newly developed extraction and LC-MS method to simultaneously quantify and compare levels of five steroids and thirteen peptides in brain, pituitary, and gonads. As expected, testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were higher in male tissues, while estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were elevated in the female pituitary/ovary and brain, respectively. Estriol (E3) was more abundant in testes. Gonadotropin-releasing hormones Gnrh2 and Gnrh3 were notably higher in testes. Oxytocin (isotocin) and vasopressin (vasotocin) were elevated in the female brain and in testes. Kisspeptins 1 and 2 also showed higher levels in testes. Similarly, SNa and SNb were more abundant in the female brain and pituitary, and markedly higher in testes than ovaries. Several smaller SN fragments were detected at low levels, with patterns suggesting sex-specific enzymatic processing. These findings reveal pronounced sex differences in both classical and emerging reproductive hormones and identify the SN peptide family as a new component of the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis. This dataset provides a foundation for future studies on sexually differentiated neuropeptide production and function across tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudeau, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.22.660951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct sex differences in the production of steroids and neuropeptides in the adult zebrafish brain-pituitary gonadal axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitizing Immune-Refractory Ovarian Tumors via p53 Mutation-Tailored Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-grade serous ovarian cancer demonstrates limited responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors, owing in part to immunosuppressive environments shaped by nearly universal p53 aberrations. Utilizing an immunocompetent mouse model and individual p53 mutations, we identified a dependence of the p53-R270H mutation (equivalent of human R273H) on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Analysis of patient datasets associated R273H with elevated levels of two p53 targets, PD-L1 and amphiregulin (AREG), a Tregs growth factor. In contrast to p53-R172H tumors, where there was limited activity, dual antibody therapy targeting AREG and PD-L1 selectively and effectively inhibited R270H tumors. This involved polarization toward M1 macrophages, infiltration of CD8+ T cells, diminished Ly6G+ neutrophils and downregulation of interleukin-4. In patient-derived R273C organoids, the combination treatment reduced the CD4/CD8 ratio. This study is the first to establish a mutation-tailored therapeutic approach that leverages the capacity of p53 to modulate immunosuppressive mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni-Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozmen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvadurai, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramarski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozmen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noronha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh-Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitizing Immune-Refractory Ovarian Tumors via p53 Mutation-Tailored Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Two-Phase Core-Plasma Model for Microvascular Blood Flow: Comparative Analysis of Hemodynamic Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microcirculatory blood flow exhibits complex non-Newtonian behavior, including shear-thinning properties and the formation of a cell-free layer (CFL)--a plasma-rich region near vessel walls. While traditional rheological models such as Newtonian, Power Law, and Carreau describe certain flow characteristics, and empirical models like the double-parameter power fit have been used to capture velocity profiles, these approaches fall short in fully characterizing the dynamic interplay between red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma. This study introduces the Core-Plasma Model, a two-phase framework that integrates Newtonian and non-Newtonian elements to represent the RBC-rich core and surrounding CFL. In vitro experiments in 25 {micro}m and 50 {micro}m round channels across varying flow rates, hematocrit levels (5-20%), and suspending media (PBS and native plasma) demonstrate the models superior ability to capture velocity and shear rate profiles. The Core-Plasma Model offers a robust platform for advancing microscale hemodynamic predictions and deepening the understanding of microvascular flow dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Two-Phase Core-Plasma Model for Microvascular Blood Flow: Comparative Analysis of Hemodynamic Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phototactic Decision-Making by Micro-Algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study how simple eukaryotic organisms make decisions in response to competing stimuli in the context of phototaxis by the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. While negatively phototactic cells swim directly away from a collimated light beam, when presented with two beams of adjustable intersection angle and intensities, we find that cells swim in a direction given by an intensity-weighted average of the two light propagation vectors. This geometrical law is a fixed point of an adaptive model of phototaxis and minimizes the average light intensity falling on the anterior pole of the cell. At large angular separations, subpopulations of cells swim away from one source or the other, or along the direction of the geometrical law, with some cells stochastically switching between the three directions. This behavior is shown to arise from a population-level distribution of photoreceptor locations that breaks front-back symmetry of photoreception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raikwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Kassem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanneret, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phototactic Decision-Making by Micro-Algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic DNA nicking reveals the structural logic of protein recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific genomic sites to regulate gene expression1,2. These interactions almost universally require DNA deformation and the accumulation of local mechanical strain within the double helix. As a result, TF-DNA recognition is determined not only by the linear base sequence but also by the spatial alignment of bases and phosphates, as well as their ability to adopt and retain structural deformations3.

However, the sequence-centric focus of existing studies makes it challenging to directly probe DNA structural determinants and to decouple their impact from alterations in base sequences, limiting our ability to unravel the key factors influencing binding beyond the sequence identity and leaving significant gaps in our understanding of the principles governing TF-DNA recognition.

Here, we introduce a high-throughput strategy to perturb TF binding sites without altering their base sequence, enabling systematic investigation of the structural features of DNA that govern TF binding. Our method, PIC-NIC, introduces single-strand breaks (SSBs) at every position within the binding site, selectively disrupting backbone continuity while preserving nucleotide identity, with the resulting effects on TF binding measured quantitatively.

Applied to 15 human TFs spanning eight structural classes, and supported by seven high-resolution TF-DNA crystal structures and molecular dynamics simulations, PIC-NIC uncovers discrete backbone positions serving as structural anchor points where nicks can abolish binding, rewire sequence preferences, or even enhance affinity. By decoupling structural and chemical contributions, we demonstrate that DNA mechanics--encoded in backbone geometry and continuity--can independently shape binding specificity beyond the linear code of base identity. These findings shift the paradigm of TF-DNA recognition, establishing the backbone not as a passive scaffold, but as a functional determinant capable of directing regulatory mechanisms through its physical architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hagan, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer-Rogotner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipatpolkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic DNA nicking reveals the structural logic of protein recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence Analysis of P4-ATPases Reveals the Structural Determinants for the Stable Monomeric P4B-ATPase Phospholipid Transporters. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The P4-ATPase family of phospholipid flippases plays a critical role in the maintenance of membrane asymmetry and consequently, various roles in cellular protein traffic and eukaryotic homeostasis. Currently, several structures of these (usually heterodimeric) phospholipid flippases have been resolved, along with extensive biochemical characterization of the substrate transport properties. However, an essential subfamily of monomeric phospholipid flippases, the P4B-ATPases, remains to be characterized in depth. While these P4B-ATPases appear to have similar lipid transport properties to their heterodimeric counterparts, the P4A-ATPases, the basis of their existence as monomers is currently unknown. In addition, the unique features of this group have yet to be comprehensively analyzed since the resolution of one P4B-ATPase member. In this study, we investigated the divergence of P4B-ATPases from other P-type ATPases using a structure-based sequence analysis approach. This led to identification of features unique to P4B-ATPases, as well as previously unidentified conserved properties of P4-ATPases. The results of this study provide a basis for further studies on P4-ATPases to characterize conserved properties of this group that supersedes substrate specificities.

MANUSCRIPT INFORMATION- Number of manuscript pages: 20 (double-spaced).
- Number of Figures: 5.
- Number of Tables: 3.
- Supplementary materials include 2 supplementary tables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sai, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, S. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence Analysis of P4-ATPases Reveals the Structural Determinants for the Stable Monomeric P4B-ATPase Phospholipid Transporters.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Glucose Regulation by GLUT4-Overexpressing Engineered Muscle Tissue in T2D Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by impaired glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues, which contributes to systemic hyperglycemia. GLUT4 is a crucial component in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and its expression as well as translocation are impaired in T2D onset. This study explored the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from GLUT4-overexpressing engineered muscle constructs (G4OE-EMC) in glucose metabolism. G4OE-EMC-derived EVs enhanced glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity both in vitro, when tested on wild-type (WT) engineered muscle constructs, and in vivo using the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the EVs were enriched in IGF1 and contained reduced levels of miRNAs, such as miR-122-5p, miR-16-5p, and miR-486-5p, which target IGF1R. The multi-omic approach used here suggests a mechanism whereby G4OE-EMC-derived EVs enhance glucose metabolism via IGF1 signaling and miRNA-mediated regulation of IGF1R expression, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoyhet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachinsky, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenhek-Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamyshinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Glucose Regulation by GLUT4-Overexpressing Engineered Muscle Tissue in T2D Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.661192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fibroblast State Choreographs an Epithelial YAP-dependent Regenerative Program Essential to (Pre)malignancy via ECM-mediated Mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.661192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic lung injury generates metaplasia which occasionally, but ominously, progresses to squamous dysplasia and squamous lung cancer. To identify mechanisms through which disrupted tissue homeostasis contributes to malignant initiation and progression, we used in vivo and in vitro heterotypic recombinant models of human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) and fibroblasts. We demonstrate that injury-associated TGF-{beta} signaling creates a fibroblast state dependent upon HSP47 upregulation. These fibroblasts accumulated collagen, thus elevating tissue stiffness and activating mechanosignaling that sustained YAP-dependent embryonic-like, pro-malignant activities in adjacent hBECs. This Stress/Tension-Instructive Fibroblast (STIF) state, exhibited by stressed fibroblasts in premalignant and malignant lesions across multiple cancer types, was sufficient to reprogram disease-free hBECs to metaplasia and to drive hBECs with compromised tumor suppressor function to dysplasia, yet could be inhibited and reversed. STIFs suffice to activate epithelial phenotypes reminiscent of oncogene-mediated cell transformation and induce (pre)malignancy via increased force transmission, providing novel targets for prevention.

Statement of significanceTissue injury creates a regenerative pro-tumorigenic Stress/Tension-Instructive Fibroblast (STIF) state which is sufficient to activate a YAP-dependent, pre-malignant program to induce or unmask pre-cancerous phenotypes in epithelial cells through mechanotransduction. Inhibition of STIF activity or mechanosignaling prevents metaplasia and progression to dysplasia.

HighlightsO_LITissue injury creates a pro-tumorigenic Stress/Tension-Instructive Fibroblast (STIF) state in multiple organs that precedes and persists through cancer
C_LIO_LISTIF signaling alone, working through fibroblasts and not epithelial cells, is sufficient to activate embryonic-like plasticity and induce epithelial pre-cancerous metaplastic lesions
C_LIO_LISTIFs program (pre)malignant phenotypes in adjacent epithelial cells through mechanosignaling by activating YAP prior to tumor formation
C_LIO_LIInhibiting STIFs or mechanosignaling prevents/reverts metaplasia and prevents progression to dysplasia
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen-Tanyolac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilleri-Broet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasser, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fels-Elliott, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragoussis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlsty, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.661192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fibroblast State Choreographs an Epithelial YAP-dependent Regenerative Program Essential to (Pre)malignancy via ECM-mediated Mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swidden pollen spectra are unique, having no modern analogues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LISlash-and-burn cultivation (SABC), a widespread premodern agricultural practice, shaped vegetation across the temperate zone of Eurasia for millennia, yet the SABC-associated plant communities and their modern analogues remain poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIWe compared 74 fossil pollen spectra from radiocarbon-dated swidden horizons with 223 modern surface soil spectra using non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis.
C_LIO_LIThe results show that slash-and-burn cultivation creates a unique palynological assemblage in soil, distinguishable from forests, meadows, fallows, and ruderal habitats. This signature was most pronounced in sites from broad-leaved coniferous forest, where cryptogam diversity was highest.
C_LIO_LIHere, we report that pollen spectra from buried swidden soils across the Eastern European forest zone consistently form a distinct and cohesive cluster, lacking modern analogues. These spectra are characterized by high proportions of Betula, Tilia, Epilobium angustifolium, cereal pollen, and a diverse assemblage of spores (Marchantia, Lycopodium, Pteridium), reflecting a mosaic of post-cultivation successional stages.
C_LIO_LIInsect activity, particularly pollen-storing burrows of ground-nesting bees, may enhance the swidden signal through selective accumulation of fireweed entomophilous pollen.
C_LIO_LIOur results provide SABC reference pollen spectra for temperate mixed and deciduous forest zones and can be used as a tool for reconstructing the extinct suite of plant communities associated with swidden cultivation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ershova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swidden pollen spectra are unique, having no modern analogues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollen indicators of slash-and-burn agriculture in forest soils and peatlands: a case study of Zvenigorod biological station (Moscow region, Russia) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aimed to analyze pollen indicators of slash-and-burn agriculture in soils and aquatic deposits of the southern forest zone of Eastern Europe. Pollen spectra from buried swidden soils (500 - 1800 cal BP) were compared with coeval peat layers and modern surface soils. Swidden horizons exhibited highly distinctive pollen spectra, characterized by Betula dominance, low conifer pollen, and the presence of cultivation indicators (Cerealia) and post-fire succession taxa (Chamaenerion, Pteridium, Marchantia). The abundance of insect-pollinated Chamaenerion angustifolium - the most prominent indicator - suggests both its wide distribution in swidden landscapes and a possible link to ground-nesting bee activity, which may aid in identifying buried swiddens. In peat records, the onset of slash-and-burn agriculture was marked by microcharcoal, a decline in late-successional trees, a rise in pioneer taxa, and the appearance of agricultural indicators. Betula dominance in both archives reflects secondary stands typical of long-term swidden use. However, indicators of cultivation and succession were much less pronounced in peat. Our results show that paleosol pollen spectra provide reliable, site-specific evidence of swidden agriculture through local indicator taxa and traces of bee activity, though they tend to overrepresent local vegetation. In contrast, peat and lake records offer broader regional perspectives but detect swidden activity only indirectly. These insights provide a methodological basis for localizing ancient agricultural practices in future archeology and palaeoecology-related studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ershova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivokorin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakumenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollen indicators of slash-and-burn agriculture in forest soils and peatlands: a case study of Zvenigorod biological station (Moscow region, Russia)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic and intrinsic membrane defects disrupt early neural network dynamics in Down syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, affects around six million people worldwide and features learning, memory and language deficits. However, the mechanisms underlying trisomy 21 neurophenotypes involving human cortical circuitry are unknown. By characterising developing neural network dynamics and single cell excitability profiles, with synaptic and voltage-dependent ion channel behaviour, using an isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell- derived neuronal model, we show that trisomy 21 impairs the activity and development of cortical circuitry. This is caused by deficient glutamatergic synaptic connectivity and by aberrant intrinsic membrane properties involving K+ and Na+ channels culminating in spike firing defects that weaken neural network activity and disrupt the synchrony of developing neurons. We also identify transiently activated A-type K+ channels, specifically Kv4.3 channels, as a key orchestrator for Down syndrome during neurodevelopment. Overall, these excitability changes will significantly contribute towards the aberrant neurophenotypes observed later on in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannan, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plecas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizetic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic and intrinsic membrane defects disrupt early neural network dynamics in Down syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object detection through dynamic motor-sensory convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To interact effectively with the world, animals coordinate how they move and how they sense. In natural settings, perceivers adapt their motor-sensory strategies as they approach and explore objects, dynamically shaping both the generation and interpretation of sensory cues. Previous attempts to explain this process by reducing it solely to neuronal representations have failed to capture the mechanisms underlying dynamic perception. In this study, we use precise behavioral tracking to investigate the initial phase of object interaction, asking: What motor-sensory strategies support object detection during natural approach? Using high resolution video tracking of rats freely exploring objects under infrared illumination, we analyzed how head and whisker dynamics evolved across sequential contacts. We found that whisker-object interactions converged toward a distinct line, *, within a motor-sensory plane, where small changes in voluntary whisker movements produced large changes in whisker curvature, a sensory correlate of contact force. This convergence was actively controlled, predicted head movements and marked the completion of object approach. Convergence to * was consistent across different objects, suggesting it serves as an invariant motor-sensory contingency for object detection. Proximity to *predicted the emergence of touch-induced pumps, a rapid motor-sensory reflex that further facilitated convergence within a single whisking cycle. Together, these results reveal that object detection is a closed-loop dynamic process, in which animals actively steer motor-sensory dynamics toward a robust detection-optimized state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf-Sinik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object detection through dynamic motor-sensory convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.666930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active Conformations of Neuronal Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms and a Disease-Causing Mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.666930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Na+,K+-ATPases establish and maintain the vital electrochemical gradients for Na+ and K+ across animal cell membranes. The protein is a ternary complex composed of , {beta} and FXYD subunits, of which isoforms that fine-tune transport properties are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. Here we report cryo-EM structures under active ATPase turn-over conditions of the ubiquitously expressed human 1{beta}1FXYD1 and neuron-specific 3{beta}1FXYD1 isoform complexes and probe their specific functional and biophysical properties. The data provides an extensive insight into Na+-transport of ATP-activated enzyme through four distinct conformational states, including a long-sought sodium-bound phosphoenzyme intermediate, denoted [Na3]E2P. This hitherto elusive conformation reveals a crucial structural change that precedes Na+ release in the inward to outward (E1P-E2P) transition, within the general context of the sequential, active transport mechanism. We investigated and discuss the mechanism of the physiologically important differentiation in Na+ affinity of 3 compared to 1, the co-operative Na+ binding at the ion-binding sites, and the mechanistic aspects of cytoplasmic ion gating and extracellular Na+ release. Finally we present the first structures of a disease-causing mutant form of 3, associated with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (Q140L). The mutation compromises a specific phospholipid-binding pocket and impedes polyunsaturated phospholipid-mediated stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruergaard, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pick, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlish, S. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.666930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active Conformations of Neuronal Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms and a Disease-Causing Mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting Value Coding Features from Individual Serotonin Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behaviour requires animals to continually reevaluate the appetitive or aversive quality of their surroundings. Dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, the main source of serotonergic input to the forebrain, have been implicated in both signaling the quality of an animals environment and regulating reward-seeking and punishmentavoiding behaviour, but the precise quantity signaled by these neurons has remained unclear, as well as how these neurons relate with behaviour. Using open-access recordings of serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus while animals perform a dynamic Pavlovian task, we compare firing rate and behavioral data with a model that considers reward history accumulated over a tunable timescale. Our Bayesian parameter estimation supports that serotonergic neurons are consistent with reward history being estimated over about a hundred trials on average, with a heterogeneity across individual neurons spanning 30 to 300 trials. Anticipatory licking also correlated with reward history at multiple timescale, but could not be dissociated from that of a time/thirst nuisance variable and otherwise mostly on a timescale faster than seen in serotonergic cells. These results provide a more precise picture of the dynamics of serotonergic cells under a dynamic Pavlovian task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beique, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting Value Coding Features from Individual Serotonin Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can you trust your reconstructed lineage tree? A homoplasy-based approach for irreversible evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogeny inference is a fundamental problem in computational biology, with many proposed algorithms. Emerging techniques that couple single-cell genomics with Cas9-based genome editing open the way for indepth analysis of cell phylogenies that underlie processes of clonal expansion, selection and diversification, from embryogenesis to cancer. A key distinguishing feature of cell lineage analysis with these techniques is the non-modifiability of Cas9-induced mutations, which motivates revisiting questions in phylogenetics. In this work, we ask one such fundamental question: is it possible to assess the reliability of an inferred lineage tree, even though we do not know its underlying ground truth? We present a homoplasy-based approach for this question that leverages the non-modifiability property. We show via simulations that under a broad range of settings, our method can effectively distinguish accurate reconstructions out of a pool of candidate solutions. Importantly, our homoplasy-based score is substantially more powerful than the commonly used parsimony score - a result that we back by both empirical and theoretical analysis. The computation of the homoplasy score is simple and scalable, thus opening the way for more rigorous analysis of cell lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zilber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.667007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can you trust your reconstructed lineage tree? A homoplasy-based approach for irreversible evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processing and sectioning of organ donor spinal cord tissue for electrophysiology on acute human spinal cord slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute spinal cord slice electrophysiology is a powerful technique used in preclinical basic science research to investigate sensory and motor neuron function and pathophysiology. A major barrier that stands between implementing these findings into effective clinical treatments is the translational gap between rodent models and human patients. To date, no methods or protocols describe how to prepare viable human spinal cord slices for acute electrophysiological recordings. To bridge this translational divide, we describe here a protocol for the extraction of spinal cord tissue from consenting human organ donors and the preparation and sectioning of this tissue for acute spinal cord slice electrophysiology. With the collaboration of a transplant service and licensed surgeon, tissue can be extracted in 30-50 minutes. Acute spinal cord slices can then be prepared in the laboratory by trained graduate students in 2.5-5 hours, depending on the amount of tissue and scope of experiments. Using a viability stain to confirm that spinal slices are of sufficient quality to proceed, slices can then be used for either patch-clamp recordings to study the excitability of individual neurons or for high-density multielectrode array recordings to study intact sensory circuits. Slices remain viable for 4 to 8 hours, providing ample time for investigating synaptic and circuit-level signalling dynamics, including the use of pharmacological agents to probe the roles of specific molecular targets. The approaches described here can be implemented to improve translational physiological research and as a human tissue-based preclinical drug target identification and validation assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dedek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambeta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriraam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topcu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajewski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.26.666132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processing and sectioning of organ donor spinal cord tissue for electrophysiology on acute human spinal cord slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramide Connects TNF-α Signaling to Organelle Biophysical Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ceramides are essential bioactive lipids involved in cell physiology and stress responses, yet the mechanisms linking their biophysical effects on membranes to downstream cellular outcomes remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous ceramide generation in response to TNF--induced stress results in the rapid remodeling of the plasma membrane, triggering a cascade of cellular events. Ceramide accumulation increases membrane order and drives the formation of internalizing vesicles enriched in ceramides, which traffic through the endolysosomal system. These vesicles act as carriers that transmit membrane remodeling signals to intracellular compartments, altering their biophysical properties and function. In parallel, ceramide production reprograms lipid droplet metabolism, decreasing polarity and modifying gene expression related to lipid storage. Our findings provide direct evidence that ceramides function as biophysical integrators of the TNF- stress response, coupling membrane order, vesicle trafficking, and lipid metabolic adaptation. This work reveals how localized lipid remodeling at the plasma membrane propagates intracellularly to support cellular adaptation and homeostasis under inflammatory stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ventura, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokorna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laviad, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futerman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.26.666759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramide Connects TNF-α Signaling to Organelle Biophysical Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Functional Pathway Development in Type 1 Spinal Interneurons: Stage-specific roles of retinoic acid activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of dI1 spinal interneurons is orchestrated by an interplay of transcriptional and signaling programs whose dynamics remains to be elucidated. By single-cell RNA sequencing of the E4 quail neural tube under both normal and retinoic acid (RA) activity-deprived conditions, we provide a high-resolution atlas delineating a continuous developmental trajectory from proliferative progenitors to differentiated neurons, each marked by distinct gene expression profiles and spatial positioning. Early stages are dominated by proliferation and cell cycle regulators, while differentiation involves waves of genes controlling cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. Signaling pathways, including BMP and RA, exhibit stage-specific activity: BMP signaling is prominent in early progenitors and antagonized as differentiation proceeds, with RA modulating both BMP and Wnt pathways in a context-dependent manner. RA exerts dual roles, promoting cell cycle progression in progenitors but restraining differentiation at later stages, and is essential for proper dI1 interneuron migration and localization. Loss of RA signaling disrupts ventral migration, leading to aberrant positioning and increased cell numbers, linked to altered expression of genes governing cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and axon guidance. These findings illuminate the multifaceted, stage-dependent functions of RA in coordinating the specification, differentiation, and migration of dI1 interneurons, advancing our understanding of neural circuit formation in the developing spinal cord.

Summary StatementLoss of retinoic acid activity in neural tube alters specification, migration and differentiation of dI1 interneurons
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rekler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krutous, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalcheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Functional Pathway Development in Type 1 Spinal Interneurons: Stage-specific roles of retinoic acid activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated brain α-synuclein, phosphorylated-tau, and oxidative stress in mice that survived influenza A pneumonitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza virus infection increases the incidence of parkinsonism in humans. We have previously shown that allelic variants at the Parkinsons disease (PD)-linked Lrrk2 locus modulate host responses in vivo. Here, we asked whether Lrrk2 kinase activity alters disease outcomes in adult mice that survived a nasally acquired infection. We inoculated mice with the mouse adapted A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 influenza A virus, serotype H1N1 (LD50, 2x103 plaque forming units), leading to pneumonitis. We found that neither the hyperkinase-active Lrrk2 p.G2019S knock-in mutant nor the kinase-dead Lrrk2 p.D1994S mutant altered the course of an acute H1N1 lung infection. We then probed for long-term effects of H1N1 pneumonitis on brain health by monitoring surviving mice for six weeks post-inoculation. Intriguingly, at this time point, when mice had recovered and showed no detectable viral proteins in the brain, levels of H2O2 and protein nitrotyrosination were significantly elevated in H1N1 survivors vs. mock-treated littermates. In addition, total -synuclein concentrations were increased in an infection-dependent manner but independent of the Lrrk2 genotype. Intriguingly, at the same timepoint, the ratio of phosphorylated-to-total tau (but not total tau itself) was significantly increased in the brains of H1N1-virus exposed Lrrk2 p.G2019S mice compared to wild-type animals. Our collective results demonstrate that a preceding pneumotropic influenza A virus infection can lead to a rise in several neurodegeneration-linked markers in the brains of surviving mice. The increased ratio of phosphorylated-to-total tau in Lrrk2 p.G2019S animals adds to the growing evidence of interactions between specific microbial pathogens and allelic variants at the Lrrk2 locus. The described outcomes in animals that survived an influenza A virus infection may be of relevance to the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in ageing humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lunn, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengacher, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake-Volling, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>aSCENT-PD Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated brain α-synuclein, phosphorylated-tau, and oxidative stress in mice that survived influenza A pneumonitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of an EMC:Spf1 insertase-dislocase complex in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotic membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This essential but error-prone process relies on molecular quality control machineries to prevent mistargeting and incorrect structure formation. Here we show that the ER membrane protein complex (EMC) forms an evolutionarily conserved supercomplex with the P5A-ATPase Spf1/ATP13A1. This supercomplex combines the transmembrane domain (TMD) insertase function of the EMC and the TMD dislocase activity of Spf1 in a single entity. Our cryo-EM structure of this supercomplex shows that EMC and Spf1 form a shared intramembrane cavity for substrate engagement and reveals that the ATPase cycle of Spf1 regulates access to this cavity. Together, our study suggests that proteins with opposing biochemical activities in membrane protein biogenesis - insertion versus dislocation - form an integrated molecular machine in eukaryotes to proofread membrane protein insertion and topogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klose, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabu, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenech, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braeuning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baydar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steigenberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Gronau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feige, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of an EMC:Spf1 insertase-dislocase complex in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.667486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant IDH silences GSX2 to reprogram neural progenitor cell fate and promote gliomagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.667486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations arise early in gliomas and are associated with a defined neurodevelopmental cancer cell hierarchy. However, how mutant IDH contributes to this hierarchy and whether this interaction promotes gliomagenesis remain unclear. We captured the dynamics of IDH-mutant glioma initiation in genetically engineered mice through time-resolved, single-cell genomics. Mutant IDH activates and induces lineage switching of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). These actions expand oligodendrocyte precursor cells, the predominant cell-of-origin for these tumors, at the expense of interneurons. Lineage switching is mediated by promoter hypermethylation and silencing of Gsx2, a homeobox gene required for neurogenesis. Critically, Gsx2 ablation recapitulates NPC fate reprogramming by mutant IDH. We provide a new model of neural cell fate control by IDH oncogenes and insights into the developmental origins of glioma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaphle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyappadamba, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savani, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wansapura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahme, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBrayer, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.667486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant IDH silences GSX2 to reprogram neural progenitor cell fate and promote gliomagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proteomics reveals mechanisms of cell-intrinsic tryptophan metabolism controlling ovarian cancer survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) depletes tryptophan to dampen anti-tumor T cells, yet IDO1 inhibitors (IDO1i) have failed clinically. Using deep visual proteomics, we isolated IDO1 high, medium and low ovarian tumor cells in situ and found IDO1 tightly linked to interferon-{gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) signaling and heterogeneously expressed. Across orthogonal models with tunable IDO1, IFN-{gamma} killed ovarian cancer via a pathway requiring IFN-{gamma} signaling, IDO1-dependent tryptophan depletion, and a biphasic integrated stress response that initially protects from starvation and later drives death. IDO1i or tryptophan supplementation rescued these effects, promoting tumor survival. These data reveal a context-dependent, tumor-suppressive facet of IDO1 and explain how IDO1i can paradoxically favor cancer viability. Our findings call for re-evaluation of IDO1 as a target and suggest exploiting the tryptophan-starvation/GCN2-ISR axis to enhance therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metousis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainacher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steigenberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duteil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermayr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordmann, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proteomics reveals mechanisms of cell-intrinsic tryptophan metabolism controlling ovarian cancer survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.16.670672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgenic Cowpea Expressing Synthetic BtCry1Ab Confers High Resistance to Legume Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.16.670672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cowpea, an important food legume crop, suffers significant yield losses due to insect pests, particularly the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata). Narrow genetic base and lack of sufficient resistance to M. vitrata in existing cowpea germplasm, make them less effective in managing M. vitrata populations. To address this challenge, a transgenic approach is explored. In this study, we develop transgenic cowpea with enhanced resistance to M. vitrata by overexpressing a synthetic cry1Ab gene, driven by constitutive CaMV35S viral promoter, in an Indian cowpea cultivar. High expression of Cry1Ab was detected in leaves and pods. Bioassays with M. vitrata and Helicoverpa armigera larvae demonstrated significant resistance of transgenic lines to these lepidopteran pests. The transgenic lines exhibited reduced pod damage, decreased larval feeding, and increased insect mortality compared to non-transgenic controls. NMR analysis demonstrated absence of any new metabolites in transgenic plants. Furthermore, these transgenic lines showed no penalty on growth and development. The transgenic lines exhibited no observable phenotypic drawbacks, indicating their promise for sustainable agricultural practices. Our findings suggest that these transgenic cowpea lines could offer broad-spectrum protection against these pests, providing an effective pest management solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jothi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maravi, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altosaar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.16.670672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgenic Cowpea Expressing Synthetic BtCry1Ab Confers High Resistance to Legume Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Leukocyte Dynamics during Neuroinflammation Identifies Meningeal Monocyte-Derived Macrophages as Drivers of Progressive Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by increasing disability. The cellular and molecular drivers of clinical transition towards progressive disease are poorly understood. Here, we combine single-cell profiling technologies with genetic and pharmacological perturbations across the course of murine CNS inflammation to dissect the role of the local immune landscape in disease progression. We uncover a chronic monocyte-to-phagocyte transition as a hallmark of progressive disease, characterized by the emergence of maladaptive, lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) marked by lysosomal activation and fibrotic features. Spatial transcriptomics and multiplexed imaging revealed that these LAMs localized to the leptomeninges in close proximity to parenchymal colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 producing disease-associated microglia (DAMs) and meningeal granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF-expressing T helper cells that license their differentiation. Interference with this local cytokine network revealed a protective role for resident microglia and implicated monocyte-derived phagocytes as key drivers of progressive neuroinflammation. Notably, LAM-like macrophages could also be identified in the meninges of people with MS, indicating a homology to human disease. By elucidating their ontogeny, spatial niche, and regulatory cytokine milieu, we provide a mechanistic framework for targeting harmful myeloid states while preserving reparative CNS immunity in progressive MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villar-Vesga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hove, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuffels, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugada, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorba-Adolff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashworth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelenburg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatsch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschenbaum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herwerth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugues, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFeo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Leukocyte Dynamics during Neuroinflammation Identifies Meningeal Monocyte-Derived Macrophages as Drivers of Progressive Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Suite of Stains: Characterization of four fluorophores as complementary tools for visualizing neutral lipids in an extremophilic green alga 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding lipid metabolism in algae is critical to advancing our knowledge on fundamental algal physiology and for harnessing these organisms as platforms for the sustainable production of high-energy lipids. BODIPY is the most prevalently used fluorescent dye for the visualization of lipid droplets (LDs) in algae; however, its limitations warrant exploration of alternatives. Here we evaluate and compare four lipophilic fluorophores (BODIPY, DAF, Cou, DPAS) for their effectiveness in staining LDs in the extremophilic green alga Chlamydomonas priscui. We assess each dyes photophysical properties, synthetic accessibility, LD specificity, cellular toxicity, and suitability for microscopy and flow cytometry. All four dyes successfully stain LDs, but their performance diverges under different experimental conditions. BODIPY permits long-term incubation allowing quantification in time-course studies but exhibits poor LD specificity and high susceptibility to photobleaching. DAF enables polarity-sensitive staining but is highly toxic on prolonged exposure or during cellular stress. Cou and DPAS yield strong LD-specific signals with low cytotoxicity, making them ideal for studies involving environmental stress. However, DPAS requires room-temperature incubation, pointing toward greater potential utility for non-extremophilic algae. These results expand the toolbox for lipid biotechnology research in extremophiles and underscore the importance of tailoring dye selection and experimental conditions to algal physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osmers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisvert, E.-J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddy, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogg, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetkovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Suite of Stains: Characterization of four fluorophores as complementary tools for visualizing neutral lipids in an extremophilic green alga]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.668405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fibroblast-centric network drives cold fibrosis in the tumor microenvironment of lung squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.668405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) of chronic inflammation-associated cancers (CIACs) is shaped by cycles of injury and maladaptive repair, yet the principles organizing fibrotic stroma in these tumors remain unclear. Here, we applied the concept of hot versus cold fibrosis, originally credentialed in non-cancerous fibrosis of heart and kidney, to lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), a prototypical CIAC. Single-cell transcriptomics of matched tumor and adjacent-normal tissue from 16 treatment-naive LUSC patients identified a cold fibrotic architecture in the LUSC TME: cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expanded and adopted myofibroblast and stress-response states, while macrophages were depleted. This macrophage-poor, CAF-rich stroma was maintained by CAF autocrine growth factor loops, including TIMP1, INHBA, TGFB1, and GMFB. In parallel, the immune compartment exhibited a hot tumor phenotype with abundant T and B cells, forming spatially distinct but molecularly engaged networks with CAFs. CAF gene programs typifying cold fibrosis in LUSC were conserved in other CIACs, including esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. These results redefine desmoplastic regions of tumors through the lens of a non-cancer fibrosis model, demonstrating that conserved stromal circuits constitute therapeutic vulnerabilities in CIACs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Shalom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilleri-Broet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiset, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragoussis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlsty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.668405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fibroblast-centric network drives cold fibrosis in the tumor microenvironment of lung squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.671980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dynamics of episodic recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.671980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanistic understanding of memory recall, a process long known to be influenced by environmental context, has posed a persistent challenge to neuron-centric models. In this study, we approached recall by shifting the focus from internal neuronal representations to brain-environment interactions, employing precise tracking of gaze dynamics within a well-controlled virtual reality (VR) setting. We found that each verbal report of recalled event was consistently preceded by a gradual process of brain-environment coupling: fixational pauses became progressively longer, while gaze direction slowly converged on a specific spatial location associated with the memorized object--a recall-specific location (RSL). Upon the initiation of the verbal report, gaze rapidly diverged from the RSL. Chunked verbal reports were associated with convergence onto shared or spatially clustered RSLs. Moreover, when recall occurred in the same spatial context as encoding, participants recalled objects in the order they were encountered and RSLs were more correlated with gaze locations during encoding. These findings reveal a direct mechanistic dependence of memory recall on the environment and support the view that the environment is not merely a context for memory, but an integral component of the memory itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.671980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dynamics of episodic recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the Origin and Plasticity of Circulating Endothelial Cells: A Model for Systemic Angiogenesis Programs in Health and Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells line the inner surface of blood and lymphatic vessels and play key roles in vascular function. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are endothelial cells found in the bloodstream, yet their origin and functional potential have not been fully elucidated.

To investigate their identity, we assembled and analyzed multiple public single-cell gene expression atlases comprising 212,144 endothelial cells from 23 human tissues. Using these datasets, we identified gene modules that quantitatively resolve endothelial types and states, including arterial, capillary, venous, lymphatic, and angiogenic-state programs, along with genes that are unique to endothelial cells of specific tissues.

Leveraging this knowledge to 597 CECs, which we isolated from 2.1 million circulating CD34 cells across 287 donors, we found that CECs span a wide spectrum of mature endothelial identities and tissue-specific programs, consistent with diverse vascular origins. In culture, CECs downregulate mature endothelial markers (e.g., CD34) and acquire a progenitor-like PROCR transcriptional expression. Alteration of the Notch signaling in-vitro reverses this shift, with indirect activation of the pathway inducing a capillary and angiogenic program reminiscent of mature endothelial cells.

As we profiled the angiogenic program in-vivo and created an in-vitro angiogenic EC model, we sought to determine whether similar transcriptional programs are present in the context of cancer. We analyzed publicly available single-cell RNA-seq datasets from normal and malignant breast tissue, uncovering a marked enrichment of angiogenic endothelial cells not only within the tumor but, surprisingly, also in histologically normal contralateral breast tissue from breast cancer patients, pointing to a previously unrecognized systemic paraneoplastic effect. Transcriptomic overlap between these in-vivo angiogenic cells and Notch-biased cultured CEC derivatives suggests that CEC cultures may serve as an accessible human model for tumor-driven and paraneoplastic vascular remodeling.

Together, our study introduces a comprehensive framework for deciphering endothelial cell identity, illuminates CEC origin and plasticity, and provides a scalable platform to study cancer-associated endothelial reprogramming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efros, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the Origin and Plasticity of Circulating Endothelial Cells: A Model for Systemic Angiogenesis Programs in Health and Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Juvenile Hormone Signalling Underlies the Switchpoint and Differentiation of Soldiers in Camponotus floridanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organisms are composed of various cell types derived from cellular determination and differentiation, which carry out specialized functions in the individual. Ant societies are composed of various castes of individuals derived from caste determination and differentiation, which divide specialized tasks in the colony. From cells to societies, the underlying mechanisms orchestrating determination and differentiation at different biological levels are fundamental in generating biological diversity. While past work has described the developmental process of caste determination and differentiation in ants, the endocrinological and molecular basis for these processes in the genus Camponotus remains unknown. Here we show that minor worker and soldier development is determined by a Juvenile hormone (JH)-mediated minor-soldier switchpoint in C. floridanus. Hormonal treatments identified a sensitivity period when JH can induce bipotential larvae to become soldiers. Induced soldiers phenocopy natural soldiers in size and soldier-specific head-to-body allometry and this is associated with a heterochronic shift in metamorphosis. Furthermore, we molecularly characterize the activity of the JH pathway at the level of synthesis, degradation, reception, and downstream effectors during caste determination and differentiation. Surprisingly, rather than JH synthesis, we found JH reception and JH degradation are the major signalling processes differentially regulated across castes and RNAi of juvenile hormone degradation enzymes generates soldiers. Finally, our data suggests that the hyperdiverse genus Camponotus has independently evolved a JH-mediated minor-soldier switchpoint similar to that known in Pheidole. More generally, the evolution of plastic hormonal regulation may facilitate the origin of developmental determination and differentiation processes underlying complex adaptive phenotypes.

Significance StatementAnts live in complex societies like a superorganism where individuals divide reproductive and various non-reproductive labors, which are analogous to the array of functions of germ cells and highly differentiated somatic cells in an organism. While there are over 1500 species of the hyperdiverse genus Camponotus, a genus whose diversity reflects their complex caste system including minor workers and soldiers, the molecular and endocrinological basis for how these castes develop remains unknown. Here we have identified a juvenile hormone (JH) mediated minor-soldier switchpoint during larval development, and have characterized components of the JH signalling pathway that regulate soldier development. This work enables further understanding of how castes are regulated across ants and social insects more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacMillan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntanga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Juvenile Hormone Signalling Underlies the Switchpoint and Differentiation of Soldiers in Camponotus floridanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Sox10 in a HER2+ model prevents tumor initiation and induces luminal-to-basal reprograming in cancer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SRY-HMG-Box transcription factor SOX10 plays a critical role in neural crest development, but its function in epithelial tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we identify SOX10 as a key regulator of tumor-initiating activity in Neu-driven mammary cancers. Genetic ablation of Sox10 in the luminal compartment of MMTV-Neu (NIC) mice resulted in delayed but normal mammary gland development. Sox10 deletion resulted in a reduction in mammary progenitors and tumor initiating activity with a complete loss of tumor initiation in Sox10-deficient luminal cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Sox10 inactivation in Neu-transformed tumor cells led to diminished self-renewal in mammosphere assays, markedly impaired growth in orthotopic transplant models and profoundly reduced lung colonization following tail vein injection, suggesting a depletion of cancer stem cell activity. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that Sox10-deficiency in Neu+ tumor cells induces a luminal-to-basal/stem-like shift and the downregulation of several genes associated with genetic networks regulating stemness. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Sox10 is required for a permissive luminal cell state for Neu-driven tumor initiation and that it is critical for cancer stem cell activity and the establishment of metastases.

SignificanceThe Sox10 transcription factor is critical for mammary stem cell function and plasticity. Animal studies suggest that different subtypes of breast cancers arise from luminal epithelial cells and hypothesized the implication of luminal stem cells in breast cancer initiation. We show that Sox10 deletion in the luminal compartment of adult female mice abrogates tumor initiation. Sox10 inactivation impairs tumor cell growth, dissemination and reprograms luminal Neu+ tumor cells to a basal phenotype. Our data supports a model whereby luminal progenitors are required for tumor initiation, self-renewal and growth at distant sites. The findings suggest that therapies aimed at interfering with Sox10 activity or expression might be beneficial in the treatment of breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delisle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Hamad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Souza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccarini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabourin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Sox10 in a HER2+ model prevents tumor initiation and induces luminal-to-basal reprograming in cancer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of spinal cord comparator modules for rapid corrections of movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful movement requires continuous adjustments in response to changes in internal and external environments. To do so, neural circuits continuously compare efference copies of motor commands with sensory input to respond to sensory prediction errors. Some responses need to be very fast and, for limbs, likely occur in as yet undefined spinal cord circuits. Here, we describe spinal circuits involving dI3 neurons, showing that they receive multimodal sensory inputs and direct efferent copies from both Renshaw cells and motor neurons. We further show that they form connections to motor pools, including diverging connections to antagonist motor nuclei. Reducing dI3 neuronal activity diminished stumbling responses, as did disrupting Renshaw cell circuits, providing evidence for a comparator role of dI3 neurons for online corrections. Together, our findings reveal a pivotal role for dI3 neurons functioning as comparators of internal predictions and external sensory feedback to mediate rapid corrections of ongoing movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozyurt, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiasson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laliberte, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhumbra, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownstone, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of spinal cord comparator modules for rapid corrections of movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetically designed anti-defense proteins overcome barriers to bacterial transformation and phage infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial defense systems present considerable barriers to both phage infection and plasmid transformation. These systems target mobile genetic elements, limiting the efficacy of bacteriophage-based therapies and restricting genetic engineering applications. Here, we employ a de-novo protein design approach to generate proteins that bind and inhibit bacterial defense systems. We show that our synthetically designed proteins block defense, and that phages engineered to encode the synthetic proteins can replicate in cells that express the respective defense system. We further demonstrate that a single phage could be engineered with multiple anti-defense proteins, yielding improved infectivity in bacterial strains carrying multiple defense systems. Finally, we show that plasmids that express synthetic anti-defense proteins can be introduced into bacteria that naturally restrict plasmid transformation. Our approach can broaden host ranges of therapeutic phages and can improve genetic engineering efficiency in strains that are typically difficult to transform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garb, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardeni, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blokesch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetically designed anti-defense proteins overcome barriers to bacterial transformation and phage infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of Pex8 in complex with peroxisomal receptor Pex5 reveals its essential role in peroxisomal cargo translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes are essential cellular organelles that enable the sequestered execution of a broad range of metabolic processes. Due to the lack of an internal protein synthesis machinery, they entirely depend on the import of target proteins to carry out their functions within peroxisomes. While the process of cargo/receptor recognition is well understood, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of the subsequent translocation steps, including cargo release and receptor recycling, is lacking behind. Here, we provide structural and functional evidence on the role of Pex8 in these processes. First, we show that Pex8 in yeast is essential for peroxisomal cargo translocation, irrespective of the mechanism of receptor/cargo recognition. Next, we reveal that Pex8 binds through an irregular twelvefold HEAT repeat array to a short three-helical bundle within the otherwise unfolded N-terminal domain of the Pex5 receptor. Impairing this interaction abolishes peroxisomal protein translocation. It is complemented by a secondary autonomous Pex8 cargo-like interaction site with the C-terminal domain of Pex5, thus generating a bipartite interaction between the two proteins.

Our data support a model in which Pex5/Pex8 complex formation allows assembly with the peroxisomal Pex2/Pex10/Pex12 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex to initiate recycling of the receptor. In summary, our findings provide in-depth insight into the transition from cargo release into peroxisomes to receptor recycling, which is essential to uncover the overall process of the peroxisomal cargo translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendscheck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chojnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullapudi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warscheid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmanns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of Pex8 in complex with peroxisomal receptor Pex5 reveals its essential role in peroxisomal cargo translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitability as a Design Principle in the Immune System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing datasets and mechanistic detail in immunology have outpaced the development of unifying concepts. Such concepts are required to explain the primary goals of immune circuits - strong response to pathogens, tolerance to self, and prevention of collateral damage. A principle that achieves these goals across diverse immune circuits could unify our understanding of the immune system.

Here, we propose that excitability, a concept from dynamical systems, serves this role. We screen thousands of circuits to identify those that generate excitable dynamics, and find a single robust design. We scan the human immune network to find this circuit architecture in dozens of innate and adaptive subsystems.

We provide evidence for excitability in data on longitudinal responses to SARS-CoV-2. Similar motifs underlie T cell activation, autoimmune flares, and tumor immune responses. This conserved motif provides therapeutic targets and suggests that excitability is a core design principle of immunity, bridging molecular and cellular levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lebel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitability as a Design Principle in the Immune System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular activity of a bacterial protease associated with reduced phage infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To defend against bacteriophage (phage) infection, bacteria have developed various defense systems, dozens of which were discovered and mechanistically studied recently. To date, almost all defense systems whose mechanisms were deciphered were shown to operate within the bacterial cell. Here we describe a secreted protease from the Actinobacterium Salinispora mooreana which, when expressed heterologously in Streptomyces coelicolor, reduces titers of two taxonomically related Siphoviridae phages. Antiphage effects were maintained when concentrated supernatant from S. coelicolor expressing the Salinispora protease was added externally to phage-containing medium, even in the absence of bacterial cells, supporting an extracellular mechanism. We further show that phages can escape the antiphage effect of the Salinispora protease by mutating a tail-associated protein. The antiphage effect is associated with an increased proportion of phage particles devoid of DNA. Our data suggest antiphage activity of a secreted bacterial protease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen Blechman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular activity of a bacterial protease associated with reduced phage infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keeping an Eye on Plasticity Genes: Insulin/TOR Pathway Components Mediating Nutritional Plasticity of Eyes Within and Between Sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eyes of insects exhibit extreme morphological variation through changes in size and shape. While the model organism Drosophila melanogaster has been used to elucidate the underlying gene networks and cell-signalling pathways that regulate the patterning and growth of the eye, insight into the regulators of nutrient-dependent growth and allometry within and between the sexes remains poorly understood. Here we show that perturbations of different nodes of the Insulin/TOR pathway modulate the impact of nutritional variation on the growth of the eye to varying degrees, and that this is further influenced by sex. When starved, wild-type flies decrease in eye size and body size isometrically in females, yet males change eye-to-body size allometrically. Subsequently we used eye-specific RNAi to knockdown each component of the Insulin/TOR pathway to characterize the influence each component has in modulating nutritional plasticity of the sizing properties of the eye. Surprisingly, this resulted in a range of size and scaling variation, components modulating the plastic response on eye size mean, eye-to-body slope, intercept, as well as eye size variance, some effects ranging in magnitude from shutting off plasticity to amplifying, and some which were sex-limited. Therefore, components of the Insulin/TOR pathway vary in their degree and ability to influence the effect of nutritional variation on eye growth within and between sexes in terms of average size, allometry at both the level of intercept and slope, as well as the degree of variance. More generally, the morphospace and allometry of a trait can evolve within and across the sexes through modifications of plasticity genes that mediate gene-by-environment interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heffernan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etchells Foisy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keeping an Eye on Plasticity Genes: Insulin/TOR Pathway Components Mediating Nutritional Plasticity of Eyes Within and Between Sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OSDR2.0 infers microenvironment-driven cell-state transitions and population dynamics from a single spatial biopsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell populations in human tissues change over time by cell division, death and transitions between functional states. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), such dynamics are central to immune evasion, stromal remodeling and therapeutic response. However, it is difficult to measure such dynamics in vivo because usually only a single biopsy is available providing a static snapshot. To obtain cell population dynamics from a snapshot we previously developed One Shot Dynamic Reconstruction (OSDR1.0), an algorithm that reconstructs cell population dynamics over weeks to months from a spatial biopsy using cell-type information and a proliferation marker. OSDR1.0 however does not include transitions between cell states. Here we present OSDR2.0, an extension that incorporates transitions between cell states inferred from the local cellular neighborhood. The algorithm OSDR2.0 models the probability of a cell being in a given state (e.g., PD1+ vs. PD1- T cell, or cancer-associated vs. resting fibroblast) as a function of its surrounding cell types. These state-transition rules are then integrated into simulations of population dynamics. After the cell population is advanced by a timestep, the cell states are adjusted according to the new neighborhoods, using the fact that cell state transitions, which take hours, are typically much more rapid than cell population changes on the scale of weeks, and can thus be considered at quasi-steady-state. Applying OSDR2.0 to spatial proteomics data from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we find that cell state is strongly associated with local microenvironment composition. Incorporating state transitions significantly improves the ability to predict treatment response - OSDR2.0 accurately separates responders from nonresponders to chemotherapy and immunotherapy based on early post-treatment biopsies, outperforming OSDR1.0 that does not include cell state transitions. This work highlights the importance of cell state plasticity in shaping tumor response and opens a way to infer both population dynamics and cell state transitions from static clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Shalom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OSDR2.0 infers microenvironment-driven cell-state transitions and population dynamics from a single spatial biopsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving hematopoietic stem versus progenitor cell potential in the mouse dorsal aorta by differential Runx1 +110 enhancer activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are important in cell-based therapies for blood-related disorders. While progress has been made in the directed differentiation of pluripotent PSCs, such cultures promote hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) over HSCs. Thus, elucidating signals, factors, and markers associated with HSC versus HPC lineage development in the embryo is imperative. During mouse embryonic development, HSCs and HPCs originate from hemogenic endothelium (HE) through a process critically dependent on the transcription factor Runx1. Here, we identified a Runx1 enhancer that distinguishes emerging dorsal aorta HSCs from HPCs. Phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic analyses of Runx1 +110 enhancer-GFP reporter (110GFP) transgenic embryos showed that 110GFP expression marks HPCs, but not the emerging HSC lineage. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a 17-gene signature associated with in vivo long-term HSC potential. Furthermore, 110GFP- preHSCs showed increased expression of Jarid2 and other PRC2 components, suggesting a role for epigenetic regulation in establishing the HSC fate during EHT. Finally, single-cell multiome analysis of dorsal aorta EHT identified the Runx1 +3 enhancer as preferentially accessible in preHSC and underlined the specific activity of the +110 enhancer in HPCs. Our study demonstrates the power of cell-type specific enhancer-reporter models to dissect cell fate decisions in development and provides new inroads to label and/or perturb HSC versus HPC fate decisions in vivo and in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frontera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rode, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarratt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehmood, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruijn, M. F. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving hematopoietic stem versus progenitor cell potential in the mouse dorsal aorta by differential Runx1 +110 enhancer activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TECPR2 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis in neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HSAN9 is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disease in children linked to bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the TECPR2 gene. TECPR2 is a multi-domain protein harboring N-terminal WD repeats and C-terminal TECPR repeats, followed by a functional LIR motif that serves in autolysosomal targeting. Here, we show that the lack of TECPR2 leads to impairment of mitophagy that can be recovered by the expression of its C-terminal domain. Accordingly, we uncover severe mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of mitochondrial content in primary fibroblasts derived from an HSAN9 patient, and in embryonic fibroblasts and dorsal root ganglia derived from an HSAN9 mouse model. Strikingly, these mitochondrial defects are mediated by a mitochondrial stress through activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), whereas mitochondrial function is recovered by pharmaceutical or genetic suppression of ISR. Our findings provide a new link between mitophagy and ISR in mitochondrial homeostasis during neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elazar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaurasia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraiberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokabi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogoi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamim-Yecheskel, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demishtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourasia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainbinder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TECPR2 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis in neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based discovery of inhibitors of Mac1 domain of nonstructural protein-3 of SARS-CoV-2 by machine learning-augmented screening of chemical space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant efforts have been recently dedicated to the discovery of small molecule inhibitors against the Macrodomain 1 (Mac1) of nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) as potential antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, Mac1 has also been selected as the target for the Critical Assessment of Hit-finding Experiments (CACHE) challenge #3. As contestants in that challenge, we developed a computational strategy that ranked on the top among all 23 participants in the competition and resulted in the discovery of a novel chemical series of non-charged Mac1 inhibitors. Those have been identified through the combination of machine learning-accelerated virtual screening of Enamine REAL Diversity Subset of approximately 25 million compounds and consequent hit expansion into the entire Enamine REAL Space library. In particular, the initially identified hit compound CACHE3-HI_1706_56 (KD = 20 {micro}M) was explored by probing 17 close analogues from a library of 44 billion molecules from the Enamine REAL. All those analogues effectively displaced the Mac1-binding ADP-ribose peptide, and 12 were confirmed to engage with Mac1 by the Surface Plasmon Resonance experiments, revealing a new chemical series of compounds for hit-to-lead optimization.

The structure of the CACHE3-HI_1706_56-Mac1 complex was further determined at high resolution with crystallography, confirming initial computational predictions. Our results illustrate the effectiveness of ML-accelerated docking to rapidly identify novel chemical series and provide a strong foundation for the development of SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 Mac1 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ban, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correy, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herasymenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotokova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loppnau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based discovery of inhibitors of Mac1 domain of nonstructural protein-3 of SARS-CoV-2 by machine learning-augmented screening of chemical space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated surface La promotes hyperfusion and contributes to impaired resorption in osteopetrosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skeleton is a living, biological tissue responding to the biomechanical demands placed upon it throughout life. The individual bones creating this physiological system are each shaped by a multinucleated cell type - the osteoclast - that sculpts each bone in collaboration with local cellular partners, which offer chemical and even tactile feedback of many sorts. Unfortunately, the perturbation of osteoclast formation and function underpins a broad range of human skeletal pathologies, including osteopetrosis - a systemic pathology characterized by impaired osteoclast resorption leading to skeletal thickening, brittle bones, frailty, and lethality. Here, we describe a molecular dysfunction observed in murine and human models of two forms of osteoclast-rich, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and our approach for exploiting this molecular dysfunction to correct pathologic osteoclast hyperfusion and resorptive impairment. We find that La - a manager of osteoclast fusion and subsequent resorptive activity - is greatly elevated at the surface of osteoclasts upon loss of SNX10 or OSTM1. Using inhibitory antibodies, we suppress excessive La surface function in these mutant osteoclasts, impede osteopetrotic hyperfusion and restore osteoclast resorptive function. We share these observations as proofs-of-principle that osteoclast fusion represents a viable therapeutic target for addressing osteoclast dysfunction in diseases underpinned by excessive osteoclast multinucleation and perturbed resorptive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WHITLOCK, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leikina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernomordik, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated surface La promotes hyperfusion and contributes to impaired resorption in osteopetrosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular mRNA localization patterns across tissues resolved with spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular RNA localization, including nuclear retention and apical-basal compartmentalization in polarized epithelia plays a central role in post-transcriptional regulation. However, methods for high-throughput mapping of mRNA localization within intact tissue sections remain limited. Here, we apply high-resolution spatial transcriptomics (VisiumHD) to systematically resolve intracellular mRNA localization across diverse mammalian tissues. We introduce a computational approach that extracts subcellular features from spatial data and quantifies transcript localization patterns. Using this framework, we map apical-basal mRNA localization and nuclear retention in gastrointestinal epithelia and in liver hepatocytes. Our analyses reveal conserved and tissue-specific localization signatures that can be readily obtained from standard high-definition spatial transcriptomics experiments. This approach broadens the scope of spatial transcriptomics by enabling routine investigation of intracellular RNA distributions in both healthy and diseased tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novoselsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular mRNA localization patterns across tissues resolved with spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of rearing environment on C. elegans: Phenotypic, transcriptomic and intergenerational responses to 3D enriched habitats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental context profoundly influences organismal biology, yet laboratory studies often rely on simplified conditions that may not fully capture natural phenotypic repertoire. This exploratory study investigated how rearing environment affects various aspects of Caenorhabditis elegans biology by comparing worms cultured in three-dimensional decellularized fruit tissue scaffolds with those raised on standard two-dimensional agar plates. While fat content and feeding rate remained stable across conditions, other life history traits demonstrated varying degrees of plasticity in response to environmental context. We observed that scaffold-grown worms exhibited reduced body size, altered reproductive strategies, and mild enhancements in stress resistance, burrowing ability, swimming kinematics and exploratory behavior. RNA sequencing revealed distinct transcriptional profiles between scaffold-grown and agar-grown worms, with most changes arising within one generation. Some traits showed evidence of intergenerational inheritance. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of C. elegans biology to rearing conditions and underscore the importance of considering environmental context in interpreting laboratory results. This work sets the foundation for future research into the mechanisms underlying environmental adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in model organisms.

Summary statementThis study reveals how simple changes in environmental complexity can alter the development, behavior, and gene expression of laboratory animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guisnet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halaby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero Quineche, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of rearing environment on C. elegans: Phenotypic, transcriptomic and intergenerational responses to 3D enriched habitats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-individual variability of neurotransmitter receptor and transporter density in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter receptors guide the propagation of signals between brain regions. Mapping receptor distributions in the brain is therefore necessary for understanding how neurotransmitter systems mediate the link between brain structure and function. Normative receptor density can be estimated using group averages from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. However, the generalizability and reliability of group-average receptor maps depends on the inter-individual variability of receptor density, which is currently unknown. Here we collect group standard deviation brain maps of PET-estimated protein abundance for 12 different neurotransmitter receptors and transporters across 7 neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, cannabinoid, and opioid. We illustrate how cortical and subcortical inter-individual variability of receptor and transporter density varies across brain regions and across neurotransmitter systems. We complement inter-individual variability with inter-regional variability, and show that receptors that vary more across brain regions than across individuals also demonstrate greater out-of-sample spatial consistency. Altogether, this work quantifies how receptor systems vary in healthy individuals, and provides a means of assessing the generalizability of PET-derived receptor density quantification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuisku, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnity, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliveau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezgin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hietala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomero-Gallagher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nummenmaa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuominen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-individual variability of neurotransmitter receptor and transporter density in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3.3 De Novo Mutations Alter Lysine 36 Methylation via Distinct Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bryant-Li-Bhoj syndrome (BLBS) is caused by de novo mutations on histone H3.3 and is generally characterized by severe neurodevelopmental deficits. Oncogenic H3.3 amino acid substitutions were described over the past decade, but the molecular impact of BLBS mutations remained unstudied. The remarkable number and spread of the missense mutations led us to hypothesize that some converge on the same downstream effectors.

We recently showed that H3.3G34R/V substitutions, seen in both cancer and BLBS, impair associations with the DNMT3A DNA methyltransferase. Our proteomic, enzymatic, and structural analyses now show that H3.3 BLBS mutations flanking glycine 34 have surprisingly stark effects on H3K36 methyltransferases, drastically altering H3K36 methyl states in cis and the binding of effector proteins with a PWWP domain, including DNMT3A/B. That confirms the existence of molecular commonalities amongst BLBS H3.3 point mutants while providing some of the first mechanistic insights into the syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morcos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saettone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayoumy, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angireddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhoj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couture, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3.3 De Novo Mutations Alter Lysine 36 Methylation via Distinct Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of the developmental factor Otp in the adult forebrain reveals its diverse physiological functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthopedia (Otp) transcription factor is a critical determinant in the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, and its embryonic deletion results in lethality. Although Otp expression is maintained throughout life, its physiological function in adulthood is not well understood. Here, we generated a forebrain-specific, tamoxifen-inducible, conditional knockout mouse model to investigate the roles of Otp beyond development. Conditional deletion of Otp in two-month-old mice resulted in impaired stress responses, characterized by increased depressive-like behavior and elevated stress-induced cortisol levels. It also led to various metabolic changes, including reduced thyroid hormone levels and body temperature, a higher percentage of fat mass, and diminished responsiveness to ghrelin without affecting food intake, energy expenditure, or body weight. This composite metabolic phenotype was associated with reduced hypothalamic neuropeptides TRH, CRH, AgRP, and NPY expression. Our findings highlight the role of Otp in adult physiological functions as a key neuroendocrine integrator of adaptive stress response and energy balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tahor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of the developmental factor Otp in the adult forebrain reveals its diverse physiological functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shadow Montage and Cone-Beam Reconstruction in 4D-STEM Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffraction images in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provide a real-space projection of the sample at sufficient probe defocus. These so-called shadow images can be acquired patch by patch in a 4D-STEM setup using a pixelated detector and assembled into a shadow montage. Due to parallel acquisition within each illuminated patch, an upscaled bright field (BF) image is rendered efficiently in time and with little additional computational demand compared to other STEM techniques. We show that in this shadow regime described by geometrical optics, the algorithm achieves the result of a tilt-corrected bright field image. Furthermore, the solution is equivalent to cone-beam reconstruction in a particular scenario of a scanning point illumination source in a plane. The contrast transfer is similar to that of conventional wide-field TEM, but like STEM the focus is insensitive to energy loss and objective lens chromatic aberration. By adjusting the overlap between shadow patch images in the diffraction plane, the shadow montage is synchronized to specific layers in the sample, rendering a 3D shadow volume from a single dataset. The method is also amenable to conventional tilt tomography, by adding a shadow montage or shadow volume to each tilt view prior to back-projection. This approach effectively circumvents the basic presumption of parallel-projection tomography that the depth of field must be greater than the specimen thickness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seifer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houben, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shadow Montage and Cone-Beam Reconstruction in 4D-STEM Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CytoVI: Deep generative modeling of antibody-based single cell technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their robustness, dynamic range and scalability, antibody-based single cell technologies, such as flow cytometry, mass cytometry and CITE-seq, have become an irreplaceable part of routine clinics and a powerful tool for basic research. However, their analysis is complicated by measurement noise and bias, differences between batches, technology platforms, and restricted antibody panels. This results in a limited capacity to accumulate knowledge across technologies, studies, experimental batches, or across different antibody panels. Here, we present CytoVI - a probabilistic generative model designed to address these challenges and enable statistically rigorous and integrative analysis for antibody-based single cell technologies. We show that CytoVI outperforms existing computational methods and effectively handles a variety of integration scenarios. CytoVI enables key functionalities such as generating informative cell embeddings, imputing missing measurements, differential protein expression testing, and automated annotation of cells. We applied CytoVI to generate an integrated B cell maturation atlas across 350 proteins from a set of smaller antibody panels measured by conventional mass cytometry, and identified proteins associated with immunoglobulin class-switching in healthy humans. Using a cohort of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients measured by flow cytometry, CytoVI uncovered T cell states that are associated with disease. Finally, we show that CytoVI is a robust probabilistic framework for the analysis of standard diagnostic flow cytometry antibody panels, enabling the automated detection of tumor populations and diagnoses of incoming patient samples. CytoVI facilitates accurate and automated analysis in both preclinical and clinical settings and is available as open-source software at scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maaskola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheimer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CytoVI: Deep generative modeling of antibody-based single cell technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 macrophages are associated with enhanced response to PD-1 blockade in human hepatocellular carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are known to dampen tumor immunity. However, identifying druggable targets that modulate these cells to improve existing immunotherapies has been limited by a dearth of studies identifying macrophages that associate with pathological response to immune checkpoint blockade. To fulfill this unmet clinical need, we leveraged transcriptional and spatial profiling of specimens collected from a Phase II clinical trial studying neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We determined that the intratumoral abundance of TREM2-expressing macrophages and serological levels of soluble TREM2 are elevated in patients who responded to PD-1 blockade, compared to non-responders. We validated these findings in a second HCC cohort and in the IMbrave150 trial. These highlight the robust potential for TREM2 macrophages to predict therapeutic responses of HCC to immunotherapy. Therefore, our study provides a novel basis for the use of TREM2 macrophages to strategize treatment for patients with HCC to maximize therapeutic benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Berichel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soong, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckup, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennequin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattiuz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnikova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'souza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barboy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuyns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malissen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desland, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiel, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekervel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 macrophages are associated with enhanced response to PD-1 blockade in human hepatocellular carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resynchronization of the biological clock using exposure to low oxygen levels in humans: an exploratory study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCircadian desynchronization, evident in scenarios such as jet lag, shift work, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders, detrimentally affects sleep quality and overall health, both acutely and chronically. Aligning the circadian system with environmental time cues is therefore essential for maintaining physiological and psychological well-being. While luminotherapy and melatonin supplementation are widely used to facilitate circadian realignment, emerging evidence suggests that fluctuations in oxygen levels may also help in circadian realignment. However, the effect of hypoxia on the synchronisation of the circadian clock in humans remains largely unexplored.

MethodsUsing a randomized controlled crossover study design, 11 healthy participants (6 men, 5 women, mean age 23.3 {+/-} 1.9 years) completed one baseline condition and two 48-h experimental conditions. The baseline condition (BL) was used to establish circadian markers. Both experimental conditions simulated a phase advance of 4 hours. In condition 1 (Hypo), participants underwent a 2-hour normobaric hypoxic exposure (FiO2 = 12%), starting 2 h after habitual wake time. In condition 2 (Lum+Mel), participants received a 3-hour luminotherapy session (500 nm, 506 lux) at the same time point, combined with 5 mg of exogenous melatonin administered 6 hours before usual bedtime. Salivary melatonin levels were measured in each phase of the study to assess circadian phase shifts. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models.

ResultsSalivary melatonin levels increased progressively over time in all conditions (p < 0.001), with significant differences observed between experimental conditions (p < 0.001), but no interaction effect (p = 0.854). Exposure to hypoxia significantly reduced oxyhemoglobin saturation (p < 0.05) and increased heart rate and subjective symptoms of fatigue. In terms of circadian phase, the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) occurred 1.30 hour (78 minutes) earlier in the Lum+Mel condition compared to baseline (p=0.001). In the hypoxia condition, the DLMO occurred on average 0.58 hour (34.8 minutes) earlier than baseline, but this change did not reach statistical significance (p=0.156).

ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that normobaric hypoxia may modestly advance the human circadian phase, although not to a statistically significant extent. In contrast, combined phototherapy and melatonin administration produced a robust and significant phase advance in salivary melatonin onset. These findings suggest that while hypoxia may influence circadian timing, established interventions like light and melatonin remain more effective for circadian realignment. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and optimize the application of hypoxia in circadian modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolet, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, F.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauger, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbeault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resynchronization of the biological clock using exposure to low oxygen levels in humans: an exploratory study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vsb1, Ypq1 and Ypq2 control dynamic cationic amino acid storage in the yeast vacuole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the yeast vacuole plays a crucial role in storing and mobilizing cationic amino acids (CAA), CAA transport at the vacuolar membrane remains poorly understood. Here, by combining analysis of CAA pools, uptake and permeabilization assays, we establish Vsb1 as the principal vacuolar lysine transporter, enabling its strong accumulation in the vacuole while mitigating its toxicity. We further show that, although Ypq1 can mediate proton-independent vacuolar lysine import, it mainly functions as a lysine exporter necessary for lysine mobilization under conditions of lysine scarcity and downregulated as lysine stores are exhausted. Using quantitative models based on dynamic metabolic labeling, we further show that, surprisingly, in growing cells, CAA rapidly exchange between vacuolar and cytosolic compartments, a process involving the export activity of Ypq1 and its paralogue Ypq2, specific for lysine and arginine, respectively. Together, our findings reveal the unexpectedly complex function of Vsb1 and Ypq1/2 as the key transporters mediating dynamic vacuolar CAA storage.

40-word summaryZaremba et al. characterize Vsb1 as the main yeast vacuolar lysine importer and Ypq1/2 as bi- directional vacuolar transporters of lysine and arginine. Their study highlights the role of vacuolar transporters in regulating cationic amino acid homeostasis under fluctuating nutrient availability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaremba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierendeels, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutoit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifulco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onischenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vsb1, Ypq1 and Ypq2 control dynamic cationic amino acid storage in the yeast vacuole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-based approach to characterize the dynamics of cellular processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells continuously produce and degrade multiple small and large molecules, essential for maintaining homeostasis. The study of these dynamics has gained momentum since the development of pulse-chase and wash-in/out methods, utilizing fluorescent or isotopic labeling of cellular components to assess properties such as turnover rates or half-lives. However, standard analyses of these experiments often depend on simplifications such as the homogeneity of analyzed molecules or their immediate labeling, which do not always hold. Here, we present a rigorous analytical framework that interprets the readouts of dynamic labeling experiments as the distribution of metabolic ages, defined as the time that molecules have spent within a cell, and show that metabolic ages can be quantified by dynamic labeling with minimal assumptions. Using age-based interpretation, we demonstrate how the experimentally observed labeling dynamics is connected to a variety of dynamic parameters including half-lives, decay rates, and residence times and how these interpretations are affected by the conditions of delayed input or complex degradation patterns. To aid in the experimental quantification of dynamic parameters, we introduce a compartmental model framework including an open-source software package. We illustrate the frameworks practical utility by quantifying dynamic parameters and determining the kinetic pool structure of budding yeast proteins at optimal and suboptimal growth temperatures.

Significance StatementTo be functional, cells must balance the production and degradation of biological molecules. This is often studied by labeling newly-made molecules with isotopic or fluorescent labels. However, determining parameters of these processes, such as degradation rates, is not easy and is challenged by non-instantaneous labeling and complex degradation patterns. We describe a generic framework for interpreting the results of dynamic labeling experiments based on the concept of metabolic age, defined as the time since a molecule entered the metabolic system. By analyzing the effects of heat stress on protein stability in yeast, we illustrate how this framework and its implementation in a custom opensource package enable us to standardize the determination of various dynamic parameters of metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefimov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifulco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onishchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.676129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-based approach to characterize the dynamics of cellular processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative developmental transcriptomics of Drosophila mushroom body neurons highlights the mevalonate pathway as a regulator of axon growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of neurons to extend axons is governed by tightly regulated genetic programs that vary across developmental stages and cell types. Understanding the molecular features that control axon growth potential is critical for uncovering how neural circuits form, mature, and respond to injury or disease. The Drosophila mushroom body (MB) offers a powerful model to dissect axon growth programs, as lineage-related Kenyon cells (KCs) undergo different developmental events under shared spatiotemporal conditions. During metamorphosis, {gamma}-KCs undergo axon pruning, followed by developmental regrowth at the same time-frame as /{beta}-KCs initiate axon growth - thus providing a unique opportunity to compare these distinct growth paradigms. We thus performed RNA-sequencing of /{beta}-and {gamma}-KCs during their initial growth and developmental regrowth, respectively, revealing dynamic transcriptional changes and identifying 300 shared genes upregulated during both growth states. A targeted loss-of-function screen revealed genes specifically required for either /{beta} initial growth, {gamma} regrowth, or both. Focusing on one such candidate, Pmvk, we found that it plays a crucial role in axon regrowth by acting within the mevalonate pathway. Notably, other enzymes in this pathway were also required, suggesting that the entire metabolic pathway is essential for supporting regrowth. Genetic mutant analyses and rescue exepriements suggest that Pmvk likely controls axon regrowth via Rheb, an effector of the TOR pathway, which we previously found to be required for regrowth. Our developmental transcriptomic atlas not only advances understanding of intrinsic axon growth programs, but also provides candidate genes and a valuable framework for future studies aimed at enhancing axon regeneration in the adult nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fahdan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative developmental transcriptomics of Drosophila mushroom body neurons highlights the mevalonate pathway as a regulator of axon growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IRF1 Tunes Basal Immunity and Antiviral Readiness in a Context-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1) plays a pivotal role in interferon (IFN) signaling, yet its context-dependent regulatory functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the impact of IRF1 on gene regulation in HeLa cells, by targeted knockout (KO) or overexpression (OE) of IRF1. IRF1 KO did not impair interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression regulation upon IFN-{beta} stimulation, but partially diminished IFN-{psi} induced gene regulation. IRF1 KO did show a homeostatic role in basal gene abundance, including increasing the abundance of some antiviral genes. RNA-seq analysis showed altered expression of both ISGs and immune signaling genes, implicating IRF1 as a dual regulator that fine-tunes gene abundance through both activation and repression. IRF1 OE induced potent antiviral protection in the absence of exogenous IFN, mediated by type I IFN secretion, particularly of IFN- subtypes. This paracrine effect was confirmed by transcriptomics, cytokine profiling, and mass spectrometry, and was functional even in JAK1-deficient or Ruxolitinib-treated cells but not type I IFN receptor KO cells, suggesting the involvement of non-canonical signaling pathways. Hierarchical clustering of RNA-seq data revealed distinct IFN-independent gene clusters activated or repressed by IRF1, including pathways related to adaptive immunity and T cell function. Using protein-binding microarrays and predictive modeling, we mapped IRF1 binding across promoters and validated functional motifs in the IFIT2 gene promoter by a reporter assay. Our integrative approach establishes IRF1 as a central regulator of antiviral immunity, capable of shaping gene expression both through cytokine signaling and direct promoter binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miodownik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IRF1 Tunes Basal Immunity and Antiviral Readiness in a Context-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 pathology triggers SRRM4-dependent cryptic splicing of G3BP1 in ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of nuclear TDP-43 is a defining feature of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), yet how this leads to selective neuronal vulnerability is poorly understood. Here, using human iPSC-derived neurons and a large multi-omics dataset of ALS/FTD patients, we demonstrate that TDP-43 pathology induces the inclusion of an in-frame cryptic exon in human G3BP1. The resulting CRYPTIC G3BP1 protein contains an additional 10-amino acids within the highly conserved NTF2L domain, which acts as a dominant negative and disrupts stress granule dynamics. We further show that cryptic exon inclusion in G3BP1 upon TDP-43 loss is enriched in neurons. Mechanistically, the loss of TDP-43 unmasks a binding site for the neuron-specific splicing regulator SRRM4 within intron 2 of G3BP1, enabling the inclusion of the cryptic exon. Collectively, our findings reveal that neuron-specific regulatory mechanisms intersect with TDP-43 -mediated splicing and suggest a mechanistic basis for the increased neuronal vulnerability observed in ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzallag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triassi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshaies, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauchon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfahani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trempe, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velde, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 pathology triggers SRRM4-dependent cryptic splicing of G3BP1 in ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing the Functions of Immediate Early Proteins in HCMV Infection Outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent pathogen of the herpesvirus family, infecting most of the human population worldwide. Like all herpesviruses, HCMV can establish a latent infection that persists throughout the lifetime of the host. The HCMV immediate early (IE) proteins, IE1 and IE2, are viewed as master regulators of HCMV infection and are commonly assumed to play pivotal roles in regulating the balance between latent and lytic infection, as their repression is a hallmark of latency. However, it is still unclear whether their expression can indeed determine the establishment of productive infection and what functions, either related to viral gene expression or to cellular pathways, are involved in this activity. Using THP1 monocytes, ectopically expressing the HCMV receptor, PDGFR to boost viral entry, we show that overexpression of either IE1 or IE2 significantly enhances productive infection, illustrating their critical role in determining infection outcome. Mechanistically, we show IE2 drives expression of the viral early genes at early stages of infection, whereas IE1 acts more broadly to enhance global viral gene expression. We further show that from the many functions of IE1, its ability to promote lytic infection is mainly linked to the disruption of PML nuclear bodies. Importantly, induction of either IE1 or IE2 expression in latently infected cells enhances viral reactivation, with IE1-mediated PML representing a central mechanism. Taken together, our findings elucidate the distinct and complementary roles of IE1 and IE2 in overcoming barriers to productive infection and reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginossar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.676120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing the Functions of Immediate Early Proteins in HCMV Infection Outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit processes do not contribute to learning to reach in small mirror reversed environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to reach with a small visuomotor rotation (VR; a rotation of visual feedback relative to hand motion) has been shown to arise unconsciously (i.e., implicitly). Whether the same processes support learning in a small mirror reversal (MR), where feedback is reflected across the body midline, remains unknown. To address this gap, we asked whether implicit processes contribute to learning in a small MR. Forty-two right-handed participants reached to targets located 10{degrees} to the left and right of body midline using a Kinarm exoskeleton robot. Half of the participants experienced a VR distortion (VR group), which consisted of a 20{degrees} clockwise or counterclockwise cursor rotation. The remaining participants experienced a 20{degrees} MR distortion (MR group), where cursor feedback was reflected across body midline (y-axis). Following reaches with a VR or MR distortion, participants completed assessment trials in which they reached in the absence of cursor feedback to assess implicit learning. Analysis of angular errors (AE) revealed that all participants in the VR group learned to reach with the VR distortion, however, only 55% of MR participants learned to reach with the MR distortion. AEs on the no-cursor trials revealed that only the VR group engaged in implicit learning. These findings demonstrate that MR learning, even when small MR distortions are introduced, is not supported by implicit learning. The absence of implicit learning in MR provides evidence that MR is a different form of learning (i.e., skill acquisition) compared to VR learning (i.e., motor adaptation).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heirani Moghaddam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cressman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit processes do not contribute to learning to reach in small mirror reversed environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA amplifications promotes cancer evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene amplification in the form of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a frequent driver in multiple cancer types. As ecDNA lack centromeres, their mitotic segregation does not follow traditional inheritance principles. However, the mechanisms that govern ecDNA fate following mitosis remain unclear. We found that ecDNA undergo numerical and structural optimization under increased selective pressure, with mitotic chromosomal tethering, or detachment, dictating ecDNA fate. When tethered, ecDNA aggregates promote uneven distribution into the newly formed daughter cells, thereby driving inter-cellular numerical heterogeneity and rapid increase of amplification under selective pressure. Mitotically detached ecDNA frequently encapsulate within micronuclei of variable size and content that appear to be highly fragile. Strikingly, ecDNA enclosed in very small micronuclei, which we term nanonuclei, are being actively degraded through autophagy. Together with ongoing structural rearrangements, nanonuclear ecDNA degradation promotes their structural evolution, which facilitates cancer cell adaptation. Our work highlights ecDNA aggregation, micronucleation, and degradation, as pivotal events in directing cancer genome evolution trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshits Dayan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimha Kadali, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giurgiu-Kraljic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koifman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakeny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaurasia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benamozig, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryvkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oniashvili, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardoukh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iremadze, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipony, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupervaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigoda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshkowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoshani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA amplifications promotes cancer evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiomyocyte-expressed TGFβ signals to fibroblasts to program early heart maturation and adult myocyte identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF{beta}) is a secreted growth factor that is sequestered to the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a latent complex. In adult disease TGF{beta} release in the heart transforms fibroblasts into a differentiated state that synthesizes more ECM. However, it is not known how TGF{beta} functions in the early developing heart to impact resident fibroblasts. Here, we observe that deletion of the Tgfb1, Tgfb2, and Tgfb3 genes (TGF{beta} ligands) from cardiomyocytes in the early developing heart results in cardiac dysfunction by 6 weeks of age with altered fibroblast activity and altered ECM content. Early postnatal hearts from Tgfb1/2/3 cardiomyocyte-deleted mice are dysmorphic and cardiac fibroblasts have incorrect activity and produce inappropriate ECM with reduced stiffness. Gene expression profiling of hearts from myocyte-specific Tgfb1/2/3 deleted mice reveal defects in both cardiomyocyte and fibroblast maturation with ectopic expression of multiple skeletal muscle-specific genes beginning at embryonic day 17.5 and progressing with age. However, cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of TGF{beta} receptors I/II encoding genes (Tgfbr1/2) or Smad2/3 encoding genes (Smad2/3) do not recapitulate this phenotype suggesting that TGF{beta} directly programs early heart fibroblast development that in turn specifies cardiomyocyte maturation. Importantly, Col1a2-/-;Col6a2-/- mice with defective cardiac ECM stiffness, mice lacking cardiomyocyte Itgb1 with reduced ECM load sensing, and Tcf21-/- embryos at E17.5 lacking cardiac fibroblasts each fail to generate the same pathologic ECM program with ectopic cardiomyocyte differentiation observed with Tgfb1/2/3 myocyte-specific deletion. These and additional results indicate that TGF{beta} generated by cardiomyocytes in the embryonic heart mediates fibroblast differentiation that co-evolves the ECM environment that in turn programs cardiomyocyte maturation to establish their identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minerath, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasam, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swoboda, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfieri, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eads, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saviola, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallquist, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirauch, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yutzey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molkentin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiomyocyte-expressed TGFβ signals to fibroblasts to program early heart maturation and adult myocyte identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal dI3 neurons are involved in sustained motor adaptation elicited by low-threshold cutaneous afferents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation of muscle activity to meet a certain target or intention is traditionally attributed to supraspinal structures. However, evidence is mounting that this process can occur within the spinal cord through intrinsic plasticity and circuit reorganization. Here, we investigate the role of a class of excitatory spinal interneurons, called dorsal interneuron 3 (dI3), in the acquisition of novel motor behaviors independent of supraspinal input. Using a real-time closed-loop stimulation paradigm in spinalized mice, we promoted a persistent adaptation in the hindlimb position to be higher than its resting level by delivering saphenous nerve stimulation contingent on toe elevation. The stimulation intensities were calibrated to selectively recruit low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). To test the contribution of dI3s in this motor adaptation, inhibitory DREADD (hM4Di) receptors were expressed in Isl1/Vglut2 cells, achieving reversible, cell-type-specific silencing of dI3s. Our results demonstrate that stimulation of cutaneous inputs to the spinal cord contingent on a certain positional goal can generate sustained changes in motor activity, in this case, in the form of elevation of toe position above a preset vertical threshold. Chemogenetic silencing of dI3s abolished this motor adaptation induced by activation of LTMRs. These findings indicate that dI3 activity is essential for a particular type of motor adaptation driven primarily by LTMR input.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYWe developed a real-time, closed-loop stimulation paradigm in spinalized mice using kinematic video tracking to trigger electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve. We discovered that low-threshold stimulations targeting non-nociceptive cutaneous afferents can elicit sustained motor adaptations independently from supraspinal input. Furthermore, using two chemogenetic techniques to transiently inhibit a population of spinal neurons, called dI3s, we found that these neurons are crucial for integrating these low-threshold stimuli to elicit sustained changes in motor behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiasson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvrette, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laliberte, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal dI3 neurons are involved in sustained motor adaptation elicited by low-threshold cutaneous afferents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAcentral in 2026: Genes and literature integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNAcentral was founded in 2014 to serve as a comprehensive database of non-coding RNA sequences. It began by providing a single unified interface to more specialised resources, and now contains 45 million sequences. It has grown beyond providing a single interface to many specialised resources and now provides several services and analyses. These include secondary structure prediction with R2DT, sequence search, and analysis with Rfam. Since its last publication in 2021, RNAcentral has developed two major features. First, literature integration with the development of LitScan and LitSumm. LitScan automatically identifies and links relevant publications to RNA entries, while LitSumm uses natural language processing to generate functional summaries from the literature. Together, these tools address the critical challenge of connecting sequence data with scattered functional knowledge across thousands of publications. Secondly, RNAcentral has created gene level entries. Gene level entries represent a large structural change to RNAcentral. While RNAcentral previously organized data exclusively at the sequence level, we now group related transcripts into gene-centric views. This allows researchers to explore all isoforms, splice variants, and related sequences for a gene in a unified interface, better reflecting biological organization and facilitating comparative analyses. RNAcentral is freely available at: https://rnacentral.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandalala, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muston, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Cathail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrigal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attrill, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marygold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobzinski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panneerselvam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbich, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths-Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordyl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujnicki, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appasamy, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovering, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesiti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szikszai</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAcentral in 2026: Genes and literature integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic data enable study of cell-cell communication, yet current analysis tools often fail to provide dynamic, interpretable estimates of interactions and their spatial range across tissue. We present AMICI, an interpretable attention framework that jointly estimates interaction length scales, adaptively resolves sender-receiver subpopulations, and links communication to downstream gene programs. AMICI recovers ground-truth interactions in semi-synthetic data, uncovers gene programs linked to cell communication in the mouse cortex, and reveals length-scale-dependent tumor-immune signaling that reinforces estrogen receptor (ER) programs in breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemodynamic and electrophysiological progression of the Rose Bengal photothrombotic stroke model in mice: vasoactive properties of Rose Bengal, tissue heating, wavelength optimization, and sex differences in lesion volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The photothrombotic stroke model is gaining popularity due to its relative simplicity, minimal invasiveness, and clinical relevance. Photothrombosis involves the delivery of an intravascular photosensitizer (Rose Bengal) followed by its photoactivation, resulting in vessel occlusion and ischemia. Using a combination of complementary optical and non-optical techniques, we characterized the physiological changes in mice undergoing photothrombosis. We report that Rose Bengal acts as a rapid vasoconstrictor, inducing hypoemia both in the brain and periphery even in the absence of its photoactivation. Conversely, we find that light, when used at photothrombosis-appropriate intensities and durations, induces large amounts of tissue heating and hyperemia even in the distal non-illuminated hemisphere. Furthermore, we show that use of the optimal photothrombotic wavelength based on the Rose Bengal absorption spectrum (yellow-561nm) produces a more consistent and pronounced drop in blood flow, and a shorter latency to the initial spreading depolarization (SD), ultimately resulting in a larger stroke. Similarly, when yellow light is used to induce a stroke in ChR2-expressing mice, the electrophysiological and hemodynamic confounds from green light cross activation of ChR2 are eliminated. Finally, we observe across cohorts that male mice have larger strokes than females. Altogether, we extensively describe important caveats and confounds concerning photothrombosis and provide a detailed characterization of its early ischemic events.

Significance statementPhotothrombosis is a powerful model of ischemic stroke which uses light to photoactivate an intravascular dye (Rose Bengal). However, little is known about the independent effects of both the Rose Bengal and the light used to activate it. We show that both manipulations introduce separate confounds relevant to stroke outcomes, something which should be considered and accounted for when using this technique. In addition, we demonstrate that by using the optimal Rose Bengal excitation wavelength, the blood flow drop is more pronounced and consistent, resulting in larger strokes and perhaps better modelling human injury. Furthermore, we show that precautions can be taken to avoid spectral overlap when integrating photothrombosis in optogenetic experiments. Finally, we explore sex differences in lesion volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehmani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silasi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemodynamic and electrophysiological progression of the Rose Bengal photothrombotic stroke model in mice: vasoactive properties of Rose Bengal, tissue heating, wavelength optimization, and sex differences in lesion volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation and divergence of transcriptional heterogeneity in the cardiac conduction system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that initiate and propagate electrical activity through the heart. While the transcriptional programs underlying CCS development and function have been studied within individual species, how these programs compare across species and developmental stages remains unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive cross-species and cross-stage analysis of the CCS transcriptome using single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic datasets from human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, and medaka hearts. We identify shared and species-or stage-specific gene expression patterns, spanning CCS-wide, zonal-, and component-level features, as well as conserved gene regulatory networks across the species. Many conserved genes are associated with human CCS function and related disorders, highlighting their translational relevance for conduction disease. This work refines the molecular characterization of CCS cell types across vertebrates and provides a resource for advancing our understanding of CCS development, function, and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dababneh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbits, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation and divergence of transcriptional heterogeneity in the cardiac conduction system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and metabolomic analyses of brown adipose tissue during cold-deacclimation reveal rapid adaptations in N-acetylated amino acid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is rapidly activated in cold environments and is an important thermoregulatory process. Despite the consensus that BAT is inactive under warm ambient temperatures, few studies have sought to examine the metabolic remodelling that occurs when recovering from the cold and re-acclimating to thermoneutral environments (28-32{degrees}C). To elucidate mitochondrial functional and structural aspects involved in BAT metabolic remodelling during cold deacclimation, we acclimated C57BL/6J mice to the cold (4{degrees}C) for 7 days, and subsequently transferred them to thermoneutrality (30{degrees}C) for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h. Comprehensive metabolic phenotyping analyses demonstrated elevated metabolic rates and high food intake during the cold acclimation period, which immediately decreased by [~]40% upon returning to thermoneutrality. High-resolution respirometry of saponin-permeabilized BAT revealed decreases in mitochondrial leak uncoupling by 24 h of cold deacclimation, which corresponded with gradual declines in mitochondrial protein content and UCP1 gene expression. Decreases in BAT mitochondrial content paralleled declines in protein content, as indicated by decreases in the mtDNA/nDNA ratio and mitochondrial surface area by 48 h of cold deacclimation. Metabolomic analysis of BAT from cold-acclimated mice and from mice deacclimated for 48 h at thermoneutrality revealed major changes in pathways related to amino acid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), glutathione, and purine metabolism. Marked decreases in the abundance of N-acetylated amino acids in cold deacclimated mice corresponded with increased aminoacylase 1 (Acy1) expression. Together, these findings highlight the profound metabolic remodelling in BAT during thermogenesis and deactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pileggi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIlroy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuksal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hankouri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burelle, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuperlovic-Culf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and metabolomic analyses of brown adipose tissue during cold-deacclimation reveal rapid adaptations in N-acetylated amino acid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Neural Oscillations Predict Verbal Learning Performance and Encoding Strategy Use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals adopt different encoding strategies to facilitate learning. However, few studies have investigated the neurophysiological basis that support these different encoding strategies across individuals. The present work addresses this gap by extending our previous findings on the direct relationship between cortical spectral power, measured via resting-state magnetoencephalography, and performance on standard cognitive test results. Our results highlight the complex interactions between endogenous brain oscillations, learning and verbal encoding strategies assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-2). First, we found that resting-state theta oscillations were significantly associated with verbal learning and subjective clustering strategies. Second, we observed that semantic clustering is facilitated by oscillatory patterns in left sensory-motor brain regions. Finally, our analyses revealed that serial and semantic clustering strategies are related to opposite regression patterns, indicating a competitive interaction. Together, these findings provide novel insights into the neural oscillatory dynamics that support diverse encoding strategies in verbal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oswald, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>abdelhedi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robaey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerbi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Neural Oscillations Predict Verbal Learning Performance and Encoding Strategy Use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.673679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.673679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the fourth most commonly used plastic worldwide. Like all plastics, post-consumer PET is poorly managed and accumulates in the environment, posing significant ecological threats. After 70 years of accumulation, microorganisms capable of degrading and assimilating PET have been isolated, demonstrating that PET can be broken down and converted into valuable cellular biomass or metabolic products. These natural isolates, however, are poorly characterized and challenging to genetically manipulate, which limits their further optimization and applicability. Here, we engineer a well-established synthetic biology chassis for the biodegradation and assimilation of PET. We modified the bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to heterologously express an active PET-hydrolytic enzyme extracellularly and to metabolize PET biodegradation products. The resulting strain, named PETBuster, was capable of growing on PET as the sole carbon source on solid and liquid media. We achieved 91% PET degradation after 21 days of culture, with a doubling time of 3.6 days, under mesophilic conditions. In this way, we demonstrate that PET fermentation is feasible, opening the door to the production of valuable chemicals from waste.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freund, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherukuri, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mireles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shossel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.673679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Ribosomal RNA Methylation Regulates Translation in the Hematopoietic System and is Essential for Stem Cell Fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-renewal and differentiation are at the basis of hematopoiesis. While it is known that tight regulation of translation is vital for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) biology, the mechanisms underlying translation regulation across the hematopoietic system remain obscure. Here we reveal a novel mechanism of translation regulation in the hematopoietic hierarchy, which is mediated by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) methylation dynamics.

Using ultra-low input ribosome-profiling, we characterized cell-type-specific translation capacity during erythroid differentiation. We found that translation efficiency changes progressively with differentiation and can distinguish between discrete cell populations as well as to define differentiation trajectories. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we performed comprehensive mapping of the most abundant rRNA modification - 2-O-methyl (2OMe). We found that, like translation efficiency, 2OMe dynamics followed a distinct trajectory during erythroid differentiation.

Genetic perturbation of individual 2OMe sites demonstrated their distinct roles in modulating proliferation and differentiation. By combining CRISPR screening, molecular and functional analyses, we identified a specific methylation site, 28S-Gm4588, which is progressively lost during differentiation, as a key regulator of HSC self-renewal. We showed that low methylation at this site led to translational skewing, mediated mainly by codon frequency, which promoted differentiation. Functionally, HSCs with diminished 28S-Gm4588 methylation exhibited impaired self-renewal capacity ex-vivo, and loss of fitness in-vivo in bone marrow transplantations.

Extending our findings beyond the hematopoietic system, we also found distinct dynamics of 2OMe profiles during differentiation of non-hematopoietic stem cells. Our findings reveal rRNA methylation dynamics as a general mechanism for cell-type-specific translation, required for cell function and differentiation.

KEY POINTSO_LIHematopoietic differentiation is associated with rRNA methylation dynamics to control cell-type-specific translation.
C_LIO_LITranslation efficiency can distinguish discrete cell types and define differentiation trajectories.
C_LIO_LIHSC fitness is regulated by a single rRNA methylation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabany, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanovski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ussishkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reches, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wexler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monderer-Rothkoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanInsberghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Tidow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oudenaarden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motorin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Ribosomal RNA Methylation Regulates Translation in the Hematopoietic System and is Essential for Stem Cell Fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the DNA syntax of human microbiomes to infer health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human microbiome is a key factor in human health and alterations in community structure are associated with diverse pathological conditions. However, defining universal criteria to distinguish healthy from altered microbiome configurations remains challenging due to inter- and intra-individual variability, database-dependent approaches, and the complexity of analyzing numerous microbial features simultaneously. Here, we developed an approach that learns the syntax of the entire DNA of human microbial communities, using Sequence-Informed GC-normalized 4-mers (SIG-mers) that feed into statistical and machine learning frameworks. We identified distinct SIG-mer signatures that differentiate microbiomes of body sites across diverse healthy human populations. These signatures reveal both global microbiome shifts and individual-specific dynamics in response to antibiotic treatments and in chronic inflammatory disease. Leveraging machine learning models, we inferred health- and disease-associated microbiome states from SIG-mer profiles, capturing the degree of perturbation and disease severity. Our findings highlight SIG-mer profiling as a robust, unbiased and broadly applicable approach for personalized microbiome diagnostics and guiding therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mejia-Fleisacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeevi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the DNA syntax of human microbiomes to infer health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MECP2 Mutations Rewire Human ESC Fate and Bias Cortical Lineage Commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome arises from loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked chromatin regulator MECP2, yet the earliest molecular derailments in human development remain poorly defined. Using isogenic hESC models carrying three patient-derived MECP2 mutations, we followed the transcriptome from pluripotency through neuro-ectoderm, neural stem, and neural progenitor stages and into three-month cerebral organoids. Stage dominated transcriptional variance, but mutants shared a secondary program enriched for synaptic-membrane and extracellular-matrix genes. Single-cell profiling revealed a naive-like, hyper-proliferative state marked by up-regulation of ZFP42 at ESC stage. Strikingly, EMX1, a cortical radial-glia determinant, was consistently suppressed from the earliest stage onward, and cerebral organoids subsequently generated fewer excitatory neurons in favour of inhibitory and glial lineages. These data chart a continuous developmental trajectory for MECP2-mutant human cells and nominate ZFP42 and EMX1 dysregulation as tractable entry points for dissecting Rett pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromaire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MECP2 Mutations Rewire Human ESC Fate and Bias Cortical Lineage Commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.676159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ca2+ Plateau Potentials Reflect Cross-Theta Cortico-Hippocampal Input Dynamics and Acetylcholine for Rapid Formation of Efficient Place-Cell Code 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.676159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central tenet of Systems Neuroscience lies in an understanding of memory and behavior through learning rules, but synaptic plasticity has rarely been shown to create functional single-neuron code in a causal and biophysically rooted manner. Behavioral Time-Scale Synaptic Plasticity (BTSP), identified in vivo, holds a great potential for explaining instantaneous hippocampal selectivity emergence by long-term potentiation (LTP), yet the cellular and endogenous mechanisms are unknown, impeding broader conceptualization of this novel rule for its algorithmic, systems-level and theoretical implications. Here, we addressed this gap by in-vivo, ex-vivo, in-silico and computational approaches to seek neurophysiologically inspired protocols for synaptically evoking Ca2+ plateau potentials and inducing potentiation in the CA1. We found induction of BTSP-LTP is best explained by a theta-oscillation-paced, gradually developed cellular state being supported with precisely timed weak ramping inputs. Remarkably, the previously presumed one-shot LTP for in-vivo place-field formation is possible under the influence of muscarinic activation. Through modeling, the notion of acetylcholine-gated BTSP gave rise to a computational advantage for low-interference continual learning. We further demonstrated that biophysics of Transient Receptor Potential (TRPM) and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) channels powerfully shapes the cross-theta dynamics underlying BTSP. These results which cover pre-, post-synaptic and neuromodulatory factors and their timing suggest fundamental principles for graded plateau potentials and hippocampal LTP induction. Overall, our work dissects cellular mechanisms potentially important for a prominent in-vivo hippocampal plasticity phenomenon, and offers a biological basis for framing BTSP as an input-dynamics-aware, neuromodulation-tuned synaptic algorithm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.676159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ca2+ Plateau Potentials Reflect Cross-Theta Cortico-Hippocampal Input Dynamics and Acetylcholine for Rapid Formation of Efficient Place-Cell Code]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrospectrometry of the Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A powerful computational feature of the brain is its ability to compartmentalize different functions in a way that can be flexibly recombined. Experimental evidence for such modularity arose from cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and electroencephalograms, while magnetic resonance imaging could attest that this modularity is dynamic. More spatially precise and more widely recordable, the local field potential (LFP) has an unknown brain wide organization. Here, we developed deep electrospectroscopy, a method to assess nonlinear spectral similarity between the LFP of different areas. A brain-wide application of this technique to the mouse brain revealed an organization composed of groups of spectrally similar areas. Such communities were mostly found in the fore-brain and showed an organization that did not strictly follow the cytoarchitecture. For instance, visual parts of the cortex and the visual parts of the colliculus were found in the same community. These electrospectral communities reshaped with context, showing splitting and merging operations, growing in size around brain areas required for a task. In particular, upper and lower limb parts of the somatosensory cortex were primarily in separate communities but merged during a task that required turning a wheel. Similarly, oculomotor reflexes and associative parts of the thalamus merged during the visuo-motor task. These analyzes show that LFPs are organized in a modular fashion, offering a window onto subcortical and layer-specific contributions to the compositionality of cortical brain functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beique, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrospectrometry of the Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA mutation alters the stromal landscape in normal ovaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For BRCA mutation (BRCA+) carriers, the risk of ovarian cancer can be as high as 59% compared with 1.4% for the general population. While the impact of BRCA mutations on epithelial cell transformation has been extensively studied, we hypothesize that these mutations cause structural changes that prematurely transform the ovary into a rich metastatic niche that supports the early onset of ovarian cancer. Analysis of collagen content and organization in human ovaries revealed increased coherence associated with fibrosis in premenopausal BRCA+ ovaries relative to those without a BRCA mutation. Brca1 deficiency and haploinsufficiency in murine ovarian fibroblasts triggered the expression of hallmarks of senescence, including Cdkn2a (p16) and acidic {beta}-galactosidase activity. Brca1-deficient fibroblasts also acquired an antigen-presenting myofibroblastic phenotype, characterized by expression of MHC-II molecules, -SMA and extracellular matrix components, suggesting the capacity to modulate immune activity and drive structural changes resembling fibrosis. These results provide insight into the mechanisms contributing to accelerated ovarian aging in BRCA+ carriers.

TeaserBRCA mutation promotes fibroblast hyperactivity and senescence that changes the stromal architecture of the ovarian niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccolo, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloskey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echaibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mes-Masson, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderhyden, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA mutation alters the stromal landscape in normal ovaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on microemboli clearance in a mouse model of microinfarction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCerebral microinfarcts often occur as a result of microvessel occlusion and are prevalent among dementia patients and the aging population. Detailed studies on the timecourse of microvascular occlusions indicate that endogenous mechanisms exist to re-canalize occluded vessels. One recently discovered mechanism is angiophagy, where vessels engulf and expel microemboli, thus mitigating damage caused by micro-occlusions. While several previous studies have shown that angiophagy occurs in rodent models, the frequency and timing of this process is not well characterized. In addition, there is limited data on the impact of aging on angiophagy, or the occurrence of this process in clinically relevant diseases such as Alzheimers disease.

MethodsTo further study the timecourse of angiophagy, we induced micro-occlusions in young, aged and 3xTg Alzheimers mice via injection of 20m microspheres into the carotid artery. Mice were sacrificed on day 3, 7 or 14 and the brains were processed for brain-wide localization of microspheres and quantification of angiophagy.

ResultsWe found the largest number of microspheres in the neocortex, yet when accounting for region size, microspheres were more evenly distributed across brain regions. When quantifying angiophagy in young non-diseased mice, we found that approximately 43% of microspheres had extravasated from the vessel by day 14. This process was delayed in aged mice, with only 10% of microspheres extravasated by day 14. Moreover, in young 3xTg Alzheimers mice, we found the rate of angiophagy to be more efficient at day 14 compared to non-transgenic controls, with 47% and 43% of microspheres extravasated, respectively. A similar trend was observed in aged Alzheimers mice, in which 38% of microspheres were extravasated by day 14 in 3xTg mice, compared to only 30% in non-transgenic controls.

ConclusionsTaken together, we find that while aging impairs the process of angiophagy, Alzheimers mice exhibit a paradoxical increase in the rate of microsphere extravasation.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/679680v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haugen, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silasi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on microemboli clearance in a mouse model of microinfarction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RamanBot: Versatile high throughput Raman system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis in various scientific and industrial fields. However, the development of multisample automated screening remains relatively unexplored. In this paper, we develop RamanBot, a low-cost, easy-to-assemble, and automated Raman spectroscopy system designed for efficient signal collection from samples stored in different types of containers. For the first time, the proposed device introduces the Cartesian motion system, commonly used in 3D printers, to Raman spectroscopy automation. This is achieved by replacing the extrusion head of a commercially available 3D printer with a novel designed "Raman Head". The Raman head integrates all the necessary optical components required for in-place sample excitation and signal collection. A multimode fiber is used to deliver the excitation laser to the Raman head, whereas the collected Raman signal is delivered to the spectrometer via a fiber bundle. The motion system is programmed to scan predefined sample arrangements using the standard programming language for computer numerical control (G-code). The effect of movement precision on the Raman signal is studied. The introduced device is used in the quantitative analysis of ethanol and methanol. In addition, RamanBot is used to screen six eggs in their commercial packaging with minimal human intervention. The results show that the system is highly stable and capable of delivering reliable Raman measurements, making it a promising solution for high-throughput Raman spectroscopy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asare-Werehene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K. Tsang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RamanBot: Versatile high throughput Raman system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preselection CD4+CD8+ thymocytes modulate TCR responsiveness following TCRβ selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modulation of TCR sensitivity during positive selection is critical to avoid negative selection and direct thymocytes into their appropriate lineage. Thymocytes just prior to positive selection (preselection) are highly responsive to low affinity self-ligands and are also actively rearranging their TCR locus as they await a positive selection signal. Preselection DP thymocytes were thought to be relatively homogeneous and TCR modulation during this stage had not been previously described. Here we provide evidence for progressive gene expression changes within the preselection DP thymocyte population that correlates with a gradual loss of TCR responsiveness and a defect in upregulating TCR target genes associated with the CD4 fate. We relate these observations to the link between positive selection and T cell lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preselection CD4+CD8+ thymocytes modulate TCR responsiveness following TCRβ selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease causes bone marrow myelopoiesis dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence suggests that both innate and adaptive immunity play crucial roles in combating Alzheimers disease (AD). Specifically, enhancing the homing of monocyte-derived macrophages to the affected brain has been shown to reduce local inflammation, decrease proteinopathy, rescue neurons, and mitigate cognitive decline. However, the factors limiting their spontaneous recruitment remain unclear. Using multi-omics techniques, we identified impaired myelopoiesis and monocyte development in both mice and AD patients. While not the primary cause of the disease, this impairment is associated with disease progression. In the 5xFAD mouse model, monocyte differentiation was found to be disrupted due to a maladaptive bone marrow (BM) response, driven by type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. A similar phenotype was found in circulating monocytes from AD patients compared to healthy controls. Blocking IFN-I with monoclonal antibodies or using chimeric AD mice with BM from mice lacking the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR1) alleviated myelopoiesis dysfunction, normalized monocyte phenotypes, and reduced cognitive impairment. These improvements in myeloid function were accompanied by an increased homing of monocyte-derived macrophages in the AD brain. Our results reveal an unexpected dysfunction in BM myelopoiesis in the context of neurodegeneration and support the emerging concept that neurodegenerative diseases are not solely brain-centric.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abellanas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basurco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnapatre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgaletto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phoebeluc Colaiuta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta-Ramos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Androsova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathansohn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahalon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Mas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephides, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espelosin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuadrado-Tejedor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Osta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deczkowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's disease causes bone marrow myelopoiesis dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromodulation of zebrafish primary motoneuron firing is shaped by developmental changes in the M-current 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Movements during development are refined through the ongoing maturation of the spinal circuits that mediate them. In many vertebrates, including zebrafish, this maturation process involves neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine; however, the targets of this neuromodulation remain largely unknown. Recent work has revealed distinct developmental dynamics of the non-inactivating subthreshold potassium current - the M-current - in primary motoneurons of larval zebrafish. Considering that neuromodulators play a role in the maturation of locomotor control in larval zebrafish, we asked whether neuromodulators might target the M-current in primary motoneurons during development. Our patch-clamp experiments in primary motoneurons of zebrafish aged 3 to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) reveal distinct modulation of the M-current by serotonin and acetylcholine that is age-dependent. Our data demonstrates an inhibitory influence of serotonin signaling via 5HT1A receptors that promotes repetitive firing in primary motoneurons specifically at 3 dpf. We also show that acetylcholine, likely via M2/M4 receptors, enhances the M-current and limits repetitive firing in primary motoneurons but does so only after 3 dpf. Modulation of the M-current in primary motoneurons was not observed across all neuromodulators as dopamine had no effect at any age. Considering that the M-current transiently peaks at 3 dpf and is reduced at 4 and 5 dpf, our findings suggest that the developmental changes in this current can shape how neuromodulators modulate firing properties of primary motoneurons.

Key pointsO_LIThe amplitude of the M-current is subject to modulation by several neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and serotonin
C_LIO_LISerotonin via 5HT1A inhibits the M-current in primary motoneurons at 3 dpf
C_LIO_LIMuscarinic agonist enhances the M-current in primary motoneurons after 3 dpf
C_LIO_LINeuromodulation of motoneuron firing properties by 5-HT1A and muscarinic agonist is consistent with modulation of the M-current
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreau, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromodulation of zebrafish primary motoneuron firing is shaped by developmental changes in the M-current]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.679225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNMT3A-R882 mutations intrinsically drive dysfunctional neutropoiesis from human haematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.679225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) arises from the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) carrying leukaemia-associated somatic mutations. CH is linked to pathological immune dysregulation and a greater risk of age-related inflammatory diseases. Yet, how CH mutations impact HSC differentiation into immune effector cells remains understudied. Here, we report a single-cell resolution functional and multi-omic investigation of HSC clonal and differentiation dynamics in individuals with DNMT3A-R882 CH. DNMT3A-R882 reshapes the clonal architecture of haematopoiesis towards an aged phylogenetic structure. Functionally, DNMT3A-R882 HSCs produce decreased monocytic output but more abundant and mature neutrophil progeny compared to WT HSCs in the same individual. Whereas DNMT3A-R882 myeloid progenitors display attenuated inflammatory transcriptional programmes, DNMT3A- R882 mature neutrophils acquire proinflammatory and immunomodulatory features typical of maladaptive immunity and CH co-morbidities.

Our findings, validated in humanised mice, identify aberrant DNMT3A-R882 HSC-driven neutropoiesis as a key link between CH, immune dysregulation and risk of inflammatory disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mantica, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerga Encabo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzywon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biezuner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marongiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassiliou, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nangalia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurenti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.679225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNMT3A-R882 mutations intrinsically drive dysfunctional neutropoiesis from human haematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VASP regulates the polar organization of adhesion-associated actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal adhesions (FAs) are dynamic macromolecular assemblies that anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via integrin receptors, thereby regulating cell morphology and migration. Although FA maturation and organization have been extensively studied, it remains unclear how regulatory proteins influence the 3D architecture of FAs. Here, we show that loss of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) impairs adhesion dynamics. We employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of VASP and/or the mechanosensitive adaptor protein zyxin to investigate their respective roles in actin-adhesion coupling. Loss of VASP and zyxin correlates with altered FA morphology and impaired dynamics. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), we resolved the polarity of individual actin filaments associated with FAs and identified a contractility-related actin layer enriched with tropomyosin. VASP and zyxin are required for the assembly of dense and aligned actin bundles with uniform polarity, oriented with their barbed ends towards the cell edge. In contrast, the tropomyosin-decorated dorsal actin layer remains unaffected by these perturbations. Our findings reveal distinct, layered architectures within FAs and underscore the cooperative role of VASP and zyxin in stabilizing the organization of actin filaments at functional adhesion sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boujemaa-Paterski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd-Katz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eibauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VASP regulates the polar organization of adhesion-associated actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chryseobacterium indologenes mediates resistance to osimertinib by activating the IGF1R pathway in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionLung cancers harboring sensitizing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations typically exhibit an initial response to osimertinib; however, the development of resistance is inevitable, and there are currently no approved targeted therapies available once resistance emerges. Accumulating evidence indicates that intra-tumoral bacteria can influence tumor biology and contribute to therapy resistance in several cancer types, including pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Despite these findings, whether intra-tumoral bacteria play a role in modulating response and resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma remains largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the contribution of intra-tumoral bacteria to osimertinib resistance, thereby providing new insights into resistance mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic strategies.

MethodsBacteria previously identified in lung cancer tissue samples were cultured in liquid growth medium, and their preconditioned medium (PCM) was collected. PC9 cells were treated with PCM in the presence or absence of osimertinib to screen for bacteria capable of mediating resistance. Cell viability was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. To investigate potential mechanisms, Western blotting and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) phosphorylation arrays were performed. Control groups included cells treated with osimertinib alone, PCM alone, or vehicle. Statistical analyses were conducted using Students t-test as appropriate, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Data represent mean {+/-} SD from at least three independent experiments.

ResultsThe addition of PCM from Chryseobacterium indologenes restored cell viability in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cells treated with osimertinib. PCM exposure markedly increased insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) phosphorylation levels. PCM did not enhance cell viability when IGF1R was silenced or inhibited with linsitinib, demonstrating the pathways essential role. Proteinase K treatment abolished the ability of PCM to protect cells from osimertinib, and removal of proteins potentially interacting with IGF1R further diminished its efficacy. Finally, PCM also conferred resistance to osimertinib in patient-derived EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines.

ConclusionOur study demonstrates that the intra-tumoral bacteria C. indologenes may significantly influence sensitivity to osimertinib or impart resistance in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma by activating the IGF1R signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter-Maskowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potempa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straussman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chryseobacterium indologenes mediates resistance to osimertinib by activating the IGF1R pathway in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methane Cycling Microbes are Important Predictors of Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice Paddies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial production of methylmercury from inorganic mercury in rice paddies poses health risks to consumers of this essential dietary staple. Although mercury-methylating communities are well characterized, the microbial guilds contributing to methylmercury accumulation in rice paddies remain unclear. Here, we collected paddy soils across a mercury concentration gradient throughout the rice growing season to identify microbial and environmental factors influencing methylmercury dynamics. We show that hgcA gene abundance, the key gene required for methylation, was not a significant predictor of methylmercury concentration in paddy soils. We also show that merB gene abundance correlated with methylmercury in mercury-polluted rhizosphere samples. Methane cycling genes were actively expressed, and their beta-diversity was significantly associated with methylmercury levels. Methanogen abundance correlated with higher methylmercury under elevated total mercury concentrations. Analysis of the methanotroph-associated mbnT gene, implicated in demethylation, revealed an unexpected positive correlation with methylmercury. Multiple regression and machine learning models converged on mercury bioavailability and methanogen/methanotroph abundances as key predictors of methylmercury, with methanogen-associated hgcA gene abundance and methanogen-methanotroph interactions highlighted under flooded, low-redox conditions. These findings suggest that methane-cycling microbes play key roles in methylmercury cycling dynamics and point to management strategies that could simultaneously mitigate mercury pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

ImportanceMethylmercury is a microbially-derived neurotoxin that accumulates in rice, which is a global food staple. Predicting mercurys fate in rice paddies is challenging because of the interplay between microbes responsible for methylmercury cycling and variables that control mercury availability. Our study coupled genomic and geochemical measurements with machine learning to identify the key predictors of methylmercury accumulation in paddy soils. We demonstrate that methanogen and methanotroph abundance, and mercury bioavailability, are major predictors of methylmercury variability in paddies. We show that considering interactions between methane cycling guilds improves our capacity to predict methylmercury accumulation in soils compared to approaches that rely solely on mercury cycling genes. This work can inform remediation strategies for mercury in rice paddies but also wetlands and permafrost where methane and mercury cycling are tightly coupled. Such strategies could provide a solution to simultaneously mitigate methylmercury exposure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions amid global environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelhafiz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methane Cycling Microbes are Important Predictors of Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice Paddies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open CAR-T single-cell atlas to enable in-depth characterization and rational engineering of CAR-T products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRIEF ABSTRACTWe built a CAR-T cell functional atlas from over one million cells across 13 studies, integrating data from patients and healthy donors. The atlas captures 11 phenotypes, links infusion product composition with clinical response, and reveals sex- and age-dependent effects, metabolic signatures, and rare ICANS-associated cells. This open-access resource provides a foundation to understand CAR-T cell function and guide the design of next-generation therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camara-Pena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Marquez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calleja-Cervantes, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordana-Urriza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnirella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Otero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamariz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Madoz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosper, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernaez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open CAR-T single-cell atlas to enable in-depth characterization and rational engineering of CAR-T products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mechanistic Model for the HPA Axis Cortisol Paradox in PTSD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive memories, hyperarousal, avoidance, and cognitive and mood disturbances. A longstanding biological paradox in PTSD is the observation of low basal cortisol levels, despite the expectation of elevated cortisol under chronic stress. This "low cortisol paradox" challenges traditional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation models. Individuals with PTSD also exhibit normal or near-normal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels despite reduced cortisol and blunted hormonal responses to acute stress. In this paper, we provide further evidence of reduced cortisol levels using a large medical database from thousands of individuals diagnosed with PTSD. To understand this dysregulation, we apply a systems-level mathematical model of HPA axis regulation that incorporates dynamic changes in gland functional mass, the pituitary corticotrophs and adrenal cortex, over weeks to months. Using this model, we demonstrate that enhanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity, a known risk factor for PTSD, can lead to a steady state with low cortisol and normal ACTH, reconciling key clinical observations. The model also recapitulates the blunted cortisol and ACTH responses to acute stress and the dexamethasone/ corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test, reported in PTSD cohorts. Importantly, despite low cortisol levels, basal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity is higher than normal due to the reduced receptor affinity. Thus, individuals with PTSD effectively experience elevated cortisol signaling relative to their GR sensitivity. These findings provide a unified mechanistic explanation for HPA axis dysregulation in PTSD, grounded in the slow time scale of changes in gland functional mass and supported by literature and clinical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosskopf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayut, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doenyas-Barak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mechanistic Model for the HPA Axis Cortisol Paradox in PTSD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage origin and microenvironment shape neuroblastoma transcriptional state and plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma, a neural-crest-derived malignancy of the peripheral nervous system, is a devastating pediatric disease, characterized by high intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity. While expression of several tumor expression modules correlates with poor patient survival, the determinants of their emergence and plasticity remain elusive. Here, we systematically dissected neuroblastoma transcriptional heterogeneity and measured how tumor expression programs are determined by early developmental signaling versus local tumor environment. To achieve this, we combined single-cell transcriptomics with high-throughput lineage tracing and tumor cell transplantations in zebrafish models of high-risk neuroblastoma. We observed transcriptional programs determined by the cell of origin, including an ALK-activated state linked to poor disease prognosis in humans - in contrast to plastic states associated with physiological processes. Even lineage-determined tumor states can be reprogrammed upon exposure to a developmental signaling environment, indicating high plastic potential in vivo and a crucial role for the signals received in early tumorigenesis for tumor phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fresmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senoussi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Chauvet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajewsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanjaard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann, A. I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage origin and microenvironment shape neuroblastoma transcriptional state and plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucinolysome in gut microbiomes of farm animals and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucins are glycoproteins that create a protective barrier protecting host tissues from microbial pathogens and are instrumental for host health. Here, we provide evidence that mucin glycan degradation in the gut can be mediated by mucinolysomes, defined as extracellular multi-enzyme complexes specializing in mucin glycan degradation. We computationally predicted the presence of mucinolysomes across 63 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and two isolated genomes of anaerobic Limousia bacteria, including seven MAGs from human samples of six countries. All 65 genomes were found to display core mucinolysome components, consisting of 3[~]6 scaffoldins (containing up to 12 cohesin modules) and up to 22 dockerin-containing mucin glycan-degrading CAZymes (carbohydrate active enzymes). The organization of mucinolysomes allows the assembly of up to 24 CAZymes in the same complex. We validated that a cultivated Limousia strain ET540 from chicken cecum can support growth on mucins as its sole carbon source, triggering the expression of most mucinolysome-related genes, including both scaffoldins and CAZymes. We also modeled the assembly of proteins into a multi-enzyme complex by predicting the cohesin-dockerin interactions among most of the mucinolysome proteins using AlphaFold3. While mucinolysosome-encoding Limousia have low abundance in different animal hosts, their abundance and prevalence are higher in farm animals than in humans, highlighting a potentially important role in livestock gut ecosystems. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of mucin glycan degradation and provide a framework to explore microbial contributions to gut health and host-microbe interactions across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akresi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugam, N. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucinolysome in gut microbiomes of farm animals and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination regulates granulostasis and DRiP accumulation in SGs under heat stress via the E3 ligase MKRN2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs) are transient cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates that play a role in the cellular response to proteotoxic stress. It has been previously shown that ubiquitination regulates SG dynamics; however, the specific mechanisms by which ubiquitin affects SGs are not fully understood. Here, using proximity proteomics, we discover that the engagement of several E3 ubiquitin ligases in SGs is dependent on UBA1 activity. A detailed study of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Makorin 2 (MKRN2) demonstrated that it is localized to SGs in a manner dependent on active ubiquitination. MKRN2 promotes both the proper formation of SGs and their disassembly following stress recovery, by preventing the accumulation of defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) within SGs. Therefore, MKRN2 is a novel regulator of SGs that mediates the maintenance of granulostasis, suggesting that the localization of a subset of E3 ligases into SGs is linked to their capacity to ubiquitinate target proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amzallag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination regulates granulostasis and DRiP accumulation in SGs under heat stress via the E3 ligase MKRN2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-C in Solanum Uncovers Conserved Genome Folding and Epigenetically Defined Loops with Bifunctional Enhancer-Silencer Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-range chromatin loops are key to genome organization, yet their landscape in plants remains poorly defined. Here, we generated a 1.45-billion-contact Micro-C map of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that resolves [~]4,600 loops, seven times more than previous Hi-C data. Loop anchors segregate into two epigenetic classes: 1) promoter-centered loops with anchors enriched for RNA polymerase II, accessible chromatin, active histone modifications, and 2) loops with anchors enriched for Polycomb-linked or heterochromatic signatures. Both classes strongly repel young Gypsy retrotransposons, while retaining older copies directly at the anchor, revealing an age-selective filter. Unlike mammalian genome organization, loop anchors rarely overlap insulation boundaries, indicating that loop and domain formation are largely independent. Cross-species Micro-C in two wild tomatoes shows conserved anchor positions despite rapid sequence turnover. Integrating cross-species transcriptomics further reveals a dual regulatory role for promoter-anchored loops: they can enhance expression when paired with activating chromatin or poise/repress it via H3K27me3-rich, distal anchors. These data provide a high-resolution framework for interpreting plant gene regulation in 3D and a resource to probe how looping shapes trait variation and can be leveraged in breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Filler-Hayut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-C in Solanum Uncovers Conserved Genome Folding and Epigenetically Defined Loops with Bifunctional Enhancer-Silencer Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.681972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-targeting MERTK and EGFR with a Bispecific Antibody Overcomes Drug Resistance Across Mutations in Exons 19, 20, and 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.681972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance of lung cancer to EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as osimertinib, often arises from secondary mutations or the activation of bypass signaling pathways. We noted elevated levels of GAS6 and its receptor, MERTK, in patients acquiring resistance to osimertinib, hence hypothesized that the GAS6-MERTK axis can serve as a therapeutic target. GAS6 promoted cell survival and an anti-GAS6 antibody we generated delayed tumor relapses in a xenograft model. Likewise, MERTK ablation sensitized lung cancer cells to osimertinib due to a newly described EGFR-to-MERTK crosstalk. Hence, we developed Bis3, a bispecific antibody targeting both MERTK and EGFR and promoting their degradation. Bis3 plus TKIs cooperatively inhibited the growth of TKI-resistant lung cancer spheroids and markedly delayed relapses of patient-derived xenografts harboring the clinically challenging exon-20 mutations. These findings establish the GAS6-MERTK axis as a driver of drug resistance and provide a rationale for clinical development of Bis3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvadurai, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni-Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van-Daele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh-Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wippich, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpatrick, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romaniello, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauriola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.681972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-targeting MERTK and EGFR with a Bispecific Antibody Overcomes Drug Resistance Across Mutations in Exons 19, 20, and 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLYATL1 is associated with metabolic and epigenetic changes and with endocrine resistance in luminal breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-positive luminal breast cancer is commonly treated with aromatase inhibitors (AI) to block estrogen signaling; however, resistance frequently develops, limiting therapy success.

We observed that GLYATL1 (Glycine-N-Acyltransferase Like 1) expression is upregulated in AI-resistant breast cancer cell models and in patients undergoing AI therapy, correlating with poorer survival. Here we demonstrate that GLYATL1 promotes resistance to estrogen deprivation by elevating succinate levels and altering epigenetic histone marks associated with active transcription. Knockdown or knockout of GLYATL1 reverses these effects and reduces proliferation under estrogen-deprived conditions. Notably, GLYATL1 expression is positively regulated by estrogen receptor alpha signaling independently of estrogen.

These findings reveal GLYATL1 as a metabolic and epigenetic mediator of endocrine therapy resistance, suggesting it as a potential target to overcome AI resistance in luminal breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofyali, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzmueller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlicker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karolus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues de Melo Costa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichenhan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belugali Nataraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plass, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLYATL1 is associated with metabolic and epigenetic changes and with endocrine resistance in luminal breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modelling of functional maturation of primary motoneuron firing properties in developing zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several ion currents of zebrafish primary motoneurons undergo changes in expression level during early development. Similarly, the firing properties of primary motoneurons and their involvement during locomotor activity change during early development as locomotor control of developing zebrafish matures. To test whether the experimentally observed changes in ion currents during development could underlie changes in firing properties and in participation during locomotor activity, we created models of primary motoneurons at developmental stages. Changes in the expression levels of a persistent outward potassium current, persistent inward potassium current, and several high-voltage activated calcium currents were modelled based on experimental observations. Simulations of our computational models replicated shifts in primary motoneuron firing properties and involvement during light-evoked swimming observed at 3 and 5 days post-fertilization. Our results suggest that developmental changes in specific ion currents of primary motoneurons could be sufficient to foster changes in firing properties of primary motoneurons that shape their activity level during maturation of motor control in developing zebrafish.

Key pointsO_LIDevelopmental changes in persistent inward and outward currents could explain changes in firing properties of primary motoneurons in larval zebrafish
C_LIO_LIModelling suggests these currents are sufficient to explain differences in primary motoneuron firing during light-evoked swimming responses at two developmental stages
C_LIO_LIDevelopmental changes in high-voltage activated calcium currents explain differences in appearance of persistent inward currents during voltage-clamp ramp
C_LIO_LIInteraction between high-voltage activated calcium currents and calcium-dependent potassium currents could explain why blocking calcium currents increases primary motoneuron firing
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudreau, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modelling of functional maturation of primary motoneuron firing properties in developing zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-supervised learning enables robust microbiome predictions in data-limited and cross-cohort settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, but machine learning applications in this field face significant challenges, including limited labeled data availability, high dimensionality, and batch effects across different cohorts. To address these limitations, we developed representation learning models for gut microbiome metagenomic data, drawing inspiration from foundation models approaches based on self-supervised and transfer learning principles. By leveraging a large collection of 85,364 metagenomic samples, we implemented multiple self-supervised learning methods, including masked autoencoders with varying masking rates and adapted single-cell RNA sequencing models (scVI and scGPT), to generate embeddings from bacterial abundance profiles. These learned representations demonstrated significant advantages over raw bacterial abundances in two key scenarios: first, when training predictive models with very limited labeled data, improving prediction performance for age (r = 0.14 vs. 0.06), BMI (r = 0.16 vs. 0.11), visceral fat mass (r = 0.25 vs. 0.18), and drug usage classification (PR-AUC = 0.81 vs. 0.73); and second, when generalizing predictions across different cohorts, consistently outperforming models based on raw abundances in cross-dataset evaluation. Our approach provides a valuable framework for leveraging self-supervised representation learning to overcome the data limitations inherent in microbiome research, potentially enabling more robust and generalizable machine learning applications in this field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahavi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinkina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-supervised learning enables robust microbiome predictions in data-limited and cross-cohort settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OASIS: in vivo AAV-mediated transduction and genome editing of adult oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New viral approaches have revolutionized neuroscience by precisely delivering genes in neurons; for example, to control or monitor activity in specific neuronal cell types. In contrast, the manipulation of oligodendrocytes requires the Cre-LoxP system and gene-by-gene engineering, breeding, and genotyping. Here we introduce OASIS (Oligodendrocyte AAV-CRISPR mediated Specific In vivo editing System), a versatile platform that combines SELECTIV, an AAV-receptor-based transduction strategy, with HiUGE, an NHEJ-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in approach. We show efficient and specific oligodendrocyte transduction across the brain and tagging of endogenous cytoskeletal, myelin, cell adhesion, scaffolding, and junctional proteins. OASIS enables sparse yet reliable labeling, allowing direct visualization of a proteins subcellular localization with single-cell resolution. We successfully fused the biotin-ligase TurboID with endogenous oligodendroglial Neurofascin-155, thereby achieving targeted biotinylation of the axoglial junction. OASIS is rapidly customizable for any gene-of-interest. Together, OASIS overcomes longstanding barriers in oligodendrocyte biology, providing a powerful system for precise, customizable genome editing and subcellular visualization in the adult brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OASIS: in vivo AAV-mediated transduction and genome editing of adult oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDCluster: High-Degree Graph Clustering for Robust Analysis of Single Molecule Localization Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering is a fundamental task in data analysis: grouping similar objects together into distinguishable subsets. Here, we introduce HDCluster, a novel high-degree graph-based clustering algorithm designed to effectively and rapidly handle various real-world clustering applications, particularly in the context of super-resolution single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). HDCluster efficiently handles datasets with large and variable numbers of clusters, without requiring prior knowledge of the cluster count, relying on only one parameter. The high speed and efficiency of HDCluster allow it to handle large SMLM datasets with millions of localizations. A comprehensive quantitative comparison against state-of-the-art clustering methods using simulated, public, and real-world datasets demonstrates that HDCluster outperforms other clustering algorithms in terms of time efficiency and clustering performance measures, such as ARI and AMI. HDCluster is particularly robust to noise, making it a promising and effective tool for various clustering tasks in big-data settings, such as SMLM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khater, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabi, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamarneh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDCluster: High-Degree Graph Clustering for Robust Analysis of Single Molecule Localization Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Mimetics of Exosomal Lipid Profile Enhance Gemcitabine Delivery in Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer ranks fourth among cancer-related deaths. Despite decades of research, the cure rate of disease remains disappointingly low. This dismal prognosis is due to late detection and to resistance of tumors to all known systemic therapies. Here, we build upon our previous findings that highlighted the selective uptake of tumor-associated macrophage-derived exosomes by cancer cells. We hypothesize that the prominent lipid contents on the exosome surface play a crucial role in facilitating selective cellular interactions, offering a novel avenue for developing efficient drug delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer. Lipids affinity toward cancer cells was measured, following mass spectral lipidomic analysis for screening the lipidic composition of macrophages and their derived exosomes. Subsequently, optimized and characterized synthetic exosomes underwent detailed intracellular trafficking studies in human pancreatic cancer cells, demonstrating enhanced cellular uptake kinetics. Notably, gemcitabine-loaded synthetic exosomes exhibited superior efficacy in inducing programmed cell death compared to both the free drug and conventional liposome formulations. The biodistribution examination of these synthetic exosomes underscored their potential for tumor specificity. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that the treatment with gemcitabine-incorporated synthetic exosomes inhibited tumor growth by nearly 50% compared to the administration of the free drug, indicating a significantly enhanced treatment efficacy. Our findings indicate that leveraging the lipid membrane composition of exosomes could lead to breakthroughs in drug delivery efficiency. This innovative strategy offers a promising direction in the ongoing battle against pancreatic cancer, highlighting the potential of exosomal lipid profiles for cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Napso Shogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Rudzki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Mimetics of Exosomal Lipid Profile Enhance Gemcitabine Delivery in Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin stimulates proliferation of ionocytes via the 5-HT2A receptor in zebrafish larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmoregulation is an essential process in all living organisms. For aquatic organisms, such as freshwater fishes whose natural environment is hyperosmotic, specialized cells, called ionocytes, are present in the skin during developmental stages and contribute to the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. Such cells are known to proliferate in response to osmotic stress, but the molecular mechanism by which that process is regulated remains poorly characterized. In this study, using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that cutaneous ionocytes in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) express serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by co-labeling with other known ionocyte markers, such as the Na+/K+-ATPase, Concanavalin A and Mitotracker. Furthermore, by quantifying ionocyte number through early stages of development, we implicate 5-HT2A receptors in initiating ionocyte proliferation. Exposure of zebrafish embryos and larvae to acidic pH, or exogenous 5-HT, increased the number of cutaneous ionocytes. The effects of both stimuli were abolished in the presence of the 5-HT2A receptor-specific antagonist, ketanserin. Moreover, activation of 5-HT2A receptors led to increased detection of ionocytes with phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), a key regulator of cell division and differentiation linked with 5-HT2A. We used tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2) and 5-HT storage, to deplete potential sources of 5-HT. Tetrabenazine treatment in fish exposed to acidic pH reduced ionocyte proliferation, implicating an endogenous source of 5-HT in regulation of ionocyte populations.These results demonstrate the importance of a pathway initiated by 5-HT2A activation that regulates ionocyte proliferation in developing zebrafish exposed to osmotic stress.

SUMMARY STATEMENTSerotonin stimulates 5-HT2A receptors on ionocytes leading to proliferation upon acclimation to acidic environments in zebrafish larvae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin stimulates proliferation of ionocytes via the 5-HT2A receptor in zebrafish larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silk fibroin as a modulator of the amyloidogenic α-synuclein aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe aggregation of fiber-forming proteins presents a duality of biological functions, where certain proteins, such as -synuclein, are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinsons, while others, like silk fibroin, serve as essential building blocks for functional biomaterials. Despite ongoing investigations into the interplay between these contrasting protein groups, existing reports suggest that the presence of "functional" fibrillar proteins can accelerate amyloid growth via a crowding effect. In this study, we report a counterintuitive outcome, demonstrating that silk fibroin inhibits amyloidogenic aggregation of -synuclein protein. Our findings reveal that although the fibrillar aggregation of both proteins--individually and in mixtures--remains affected by environmental factors such as concentration and temperature, silk fibroin significantly alters the rheological behavior of the mixed solutions. Our structural and kinetic analyses reveal that silk modifies the structural transitions and self-assembly dynamics of -synuclein through macromolecular crowding and non-specific interactions that eventually suppressed the amyloidogenic aggregation of the -synuclein. Notably, when nanofibrillar amyloidogenic assemblies are forced to form in the presence of silk, they exhibit a markedly increased susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, a phenomenon not observed with pure -synuclein fibrillar constructs. These results prompt further investigation into the potential role of "functional" fiber-forming proteins in modulating protein aggregation processes and their implications for therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miali, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimanovich, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sirkis, Y. f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silk fibroin as a modulator of the amyloidogenic α-synuclein aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Functional Dynamics Hotspots for Protein Engineering with NMR Peak Intensity Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural dynamics play a crucial role in protein function, and tuning these dynamics through mutagenesis has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing activity. However, identifying dynamics hotspots for protein engineering remains a labor-intensive challenge. Here, we demonstrate that NMR peak intensity analysis--a rapid, qualitative method with residue-level resolution--can identify functionally relevant dynamic regions with high precision. Using a family of red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) as a case study, we reveal that flexibility in specific regions of their structures correlates with function. Specifically, as quantum yield increases, the side of the {beta}-barrel closest to the chromophore phenolate moiety becomes more rigid, while the opposite side, closest to the acylimine group, gains flexibility. Notably, the phenolate face corresponds to a mutational hotspot frequently targeted in directed evolution campaigns aimed at enhancing brightness, underscoring its functional significance. B-factor analysis of non-cryogenic X-ray crystal structures further supports our findings. Our results establish NMR peak intensity analysis as a promising tool for mapping functional dynamics hotspots to guide protein engineering campaigns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goto, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Functional Dynamics Hotspots for Protein Engineering with NMR Peak Intensity Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal control of axonal floor plate crossing through a combination of incoherent feedforward and feedback loops of gene regulatory network regulating Robo3 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal commissural neurons play a fundamental role in motor control and sensory perception. Robo3, a receptor expressed on pre-crossing commissural axons, is required for midline crossing. Its downregulation in post-crossing axons is essential for forming synapses with contralateral CNS targets. We demonstrate that, at the transcriptional level, the dynamic expression of Robo3 in pre-crossing neurons is controlled by incoherent feed-forward loops (iFFLs) and negative feedback loops (NFLs) that precisely regulate its transience and thereby determine midline crossing. Lhx2 and Lhx9 activate Robo3 while also inducing its repressor, Barhl2. Additionally, negative feedback loops fine-tune the transience of Robo3 expression by adjusting the relative strength of the activation and repression modules. Our genomic analysis reveals that this regulatory circuitry converges on an enhancer element of the Robo3 gene. These findings imply that diverse iFFLs, together with NFLs, are essential for regulating the extent of midline crossing across different spinal commissural subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sudakevitz-Merzbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhtan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rekler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheaton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Arie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalchiem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivy Wilson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal control of axonal floor plate crossing through a combination of incoherent feedforward and feedback loops of gene regulatory network regulating Robo3 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary origin of host association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastids) encompass multiple lineages of parasitic protists with monoxenous or dixenous life cycles, infecting insects, vertebrates, and plants; in vertebrate hosts, some are intracellular, while others are extracellular. To understand the origin and diversification of their host associations, we integrated comparative genomics across 47 genomes. Results highlight that monoxenous, extracellular trypanosomatids originated from predatory ancestors through reductive evolution, which diminished their metabolic and hunting capabilities. Intracellularity and dixenous lifestyle convergently originated three times independently. Progressive consolidation of genes into polycistronic transcription units (PTUs) was a central innovation that began in early Glycomonada and expanded through chromosome fission-fusion and gene relocation/inversion. In present-day PTUs, protein complex subunits and metabolic pathway enzymes are positioned for co-expression in temporal synchrony, and chromosomes minimize colinear PTUs to counter transcriptional readthrough. Together, these results provide a time-resolved origin of host-association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids, possibly through an intermediate phase of facultative parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary origin of host association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the Oral Microbiome: Metagenomic Insights into Host Metabolic Health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral microbiome may capture system-specific information about host metabolic health, yet large-scale, multi-system evidence remains scarce. We analyzed 9,431 participants in the Human Phenotype Project (HPP), integrating buccal-swab oral whole-metagenome profiles with 44 metabolic measures spanning liver ultrasound, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Using a microbiome-wide association study (MWAS) framework, we constructed a multilayer map across strains, gene families and pathways, revealing widespread associations: 213 strains, 124,603 gene families and 299 pathways were significantly associated with metabolic measures. Prioritizing the strongest and cross-phenotype signals, we identified multiple oral features with most significant associations to metabolic health. For example, acyl carrier protein (ACP) was associated with lower liver inflammation and reduced adiposity, whereas polyamine biosynthesis and ceramide -oxidation tracked higher glucose variability and adverse liver and adiposity phenotypes. Leveraging these MWAS-derived signals, we trained disease classification models using phenotype-selected oral features, which outperformed full-feature oral models across six metabolic diseases. These association signals were also robust in oral-health sensitivity analyses in HPP, and key BMI and waist-circumference associations directionally replicated at the genus level in an independent cohort (n = 20,293). Together, these findings provide a population-scale oral metabolic association map and highlight the potential of oral microbial markers as non-invasive tools for metabolic risk stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>XUE, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the Oral Microbiome: Metagenomic Insights into Host Metabolic Health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve injury triggers localized translation of axonal mRNAs to respond to injury and nerve regeneration. The core stress granule protein G3BP1 sequesters axonal mRNAs in granules before and after axotomy. G3BP1 granule disassembly can be regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation of S149 phosphorylation and acetylation of human K376 (mouse K374). Axonal G3BP1 undergoes phosphorylation after axotomy, but acetylation of G3BP1 in axons was unknown. Here we show that rodent G3BP1 undergoes K374 acetylation after axotomy is ELP3-dependent, which enhances axonal protein synthesis, accelerates nerve regeneration, and supports functional recovery. ELP3-depleted neurons exhibit reduced axon growth and increased axonal G3BP1 granules. The proximal axons degenerate rapidly despite maintaining soma connectivity, an effect prevented by expression of acetylmimetic G3BP1.Together, these findings identify G3BP1 acetylation via ELP3 as a critical regulator of both axonal regeneration and neuronal resilience, revealing a post-translational mechanism that links stress granule regulation to neuronal repair and protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalla Costa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michenfelder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thames, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElveen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manaswiyoungkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics of noradrenaline release at fine spatial scales during motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noradrenaline (NA) released from the locus coeruleus (LC) has been known to play pivotal roles in arousal, sensory processing, decision-making, and learning through global release across the entire neocortex. Recent studies have demonstrated heterogeneous and modular NA release in distinct brain regions and highlighted its spatiotemporal dynamics across the neocortex. However, the spatiotemporal specificity of NA release at fine scales within a single brain region remains unclear, and it has not been reported whether the release patterns evolve functionally throughout prolonged learning processes such as motor skill acquisition. Here, by employing in vivo two-photon imaging with various genetically encoded NA sensors, we reveal that behavior-induced NA release in the primary motor cortex (M1) is spatially heterogeneous at the scale of local microcircuitry. Over the course of learning, the release pattern is locally refined, achieving consistent spatial precision within M1. Intriguingly, pharmacological manipulations that disrupt the spatial specificity also alter local neurons activity and representations. Furthermore, LC-NA axonal calcium imaging uncovered two distinct temporal activity patterns, in which non-behavior-related  rapid axonal activity (sub-second duration events) profoundly affect the temporally precise behavior-induced  persistent axonal activity (seconds duration events). Closed-loop optogenetic manipulations that bi-directionally modulate non-behavior-related rapid events directly impacted the learning process. Together, our results provide novel insights into the temporal dynamics of NA release at fine spatial scales within one brain region and underscore the critical role of local NA specificity in regulating circuit plasticity during motor skill acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumarang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patriarchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics of noradrenaline release at fine spatial scales during motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherent coupling of perceptual judgments to actions in the mouse cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity during perceptual tasks is distributed across many cortical regions, but it remains unclear where perceptual judgments are made and whether they are encoded independently of the resulting actions. To address these questions, we designed a vibrotactile detection task in which mice flexibly switched between standard and reversed contingency blocks, requiring them to lick when a stimulus was present or absent, depending on the block. A cortex-wide optogenetic screen revealed that the premotor cortex is important for perceptual judgments rather than for the ability to lick. However, we did not find action-independent coding of perceptual judgments in the premotor cortex or other cortical regions; instead, coding of perceptual judgments was coupled to actions. Finally, we identified a subset of premotor cortex cells whose activity encoded the current block identity. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which vibrotactile perceptual judgments are inherently, but flexibly, coupled to actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokoletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waychal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherent coupling of perceptual judgments to actions in the mouse cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biotope-dependent High Level Resistance to Reactive Oxygen Species, Antibiotic Tolerance, and Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human and livestock pathogen Staphylococcus aureus poses a major clinical challenge due to antibiotic treatment failure. Its resilience is mainly attributed to antibiotic resistance and tolerance mechanisms related to persistence. Here we investigate how two infection-relevant biotopes, milk and serum, shape S. aureus pathogenic properties and capacity to withstand environmental stresses. Milk-versus serum-adapted bacteria show gross differences in envelope physical properties, membrane fatty acid composition and rigidity, and pigment production, and display distinct proteomic profiles. Compared to serum, milk adaptation of S. aureus confers extreme resistance to ROS damage, pronounced antimicrobial tolerance, and accelerated killing in an insect infection model. High level S. aureus pigmentation in whole milk is stimulated by milk lipids, and is responsible for high ROS resistance. The remarkable robustness of S. aureus in a milk biotope may signal the need to adjust antibiotic regimens when treating mastitis infections in humans and livestock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leguillier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalife, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Mello, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sentic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechoux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen-Leroux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heddi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biotope-dependent High Level Resistance to Reactive Oxygen Species, Antibiotic Tolerance, and Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.685347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimerin1, not Galectin-8, Promotes Gastric Chief Cell Differentiation by Tempering WNT Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.685347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind galactose-containing glycans. One member, galectin-8, preferentially binds galactose that contains a terminal sulfate. Aberrant expression and secretion of sulfated glycosylation epitopes, such as 3-Sulfo-LeA/C, is a feature of high-risk human foregut metaplasias. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that 3-Sulfo-LeC is a marker of mature murine zymogenic chief cells of the stomach and that 3-Sulfo-LeC epitope is secreted via cathartocytosis during the cellular transition to a metaplastic state. Based on those findings, we used Lgals8-/-mice, to determine whether galectin-8 might play a role in chief cell homeostasis. We observed delayed gastric differentiation in the Lgals8-/-mice and discovered that this phenotype was due to an unappreciated deletion of Mmrn1 and Snca in the Lgals8-/- line. We show that multimerin-1 tempers WNT stimulation of the gastric corpus at an early age, as evidenced by nuclear beta-catenin staining and proliferation throughout the gland. Because multimerin-1 is synthesized and secreted from endothelial cells and not from the epithelial compartment, these data uncover a role for mesodermal cells in epithelial developmental and maturation of the mouse stomach. As prior studies have suggested galectin-8 and multimerin-1 have overlapping functions albeit, divergent with respect to bone, future studies using pure knockouts are necessary to refine these phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolazzi, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwokolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.685347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimerin1, not Galectin-8, Promotes Gastric Chief Cell Differentiation by Tempering WNT Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute AMPK activation does not adequately stimulate insulin signaling in skeletal muscle models of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic neuromuscular disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, myotonia, cognitive impairments, gastrointestinal complications, and insulin resistance. While insulin resistance is well characterized in type 2 diabetes, its pathomechanism in DM1 remains unclear. Our study aims to elucidate the pathomechanism of insulin resistance in DM1 and how the pathway responds to AMPK stimulation. Proteomic analysis from sedentary wildtype and sedentary HSA-LR mice, a common DM1 mouse model, revealed downregulation of the AMPK-PGC-1 axis. Analysis of sedentary HSA-LR mice and exercised HSA-LR mice revealed activation of the AMPK-PGC-1 axis in exercised animals. To investigate this pathway, we treated WT and HSA-LR mice with the AMPK activator AICAR to examine the impact of AMPK stimulation on insulin signaling in DM1. This revealed impaired responses in the insulin pathway activation in the HSA-LR mice. Next, we examined whether these differences extended to a human model by treating control and DM1 myotubes with insulin and/or AICAR. In DM1 myotubes, both treatments produced dampened responses of key insulin signaling intermediates compared to controls. Taken together, these results suggest impaired activation of insulin signaling pathways in DM1 models and confirm the presence of insulin resistance with an impaired response to acute AMPK stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adjei-Afriyie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spendiff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona-Martinez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentschel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubicic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel-Chapuis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochmuller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute AMPK activation does not adequately stimulate insulin signaling in skeletal muscle models of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria sense virus-induced genome degradation via methylated mononucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phages often degrade the genome of their bacterial host to individual nucleotides and use these nucleotides to build their own genome. In this study, we describe a bacterial defense system that directly senses phage-mediated host genome degradation. This system, called Metis, aborts phage infection once it detects the accumulation of the modified mono-nucleotide N-methyl-deoxyadenosine monophosphate (mdAMP). As methylation of deoxy adenosines occurs only in the context of the DNA polymer, intracellular accumulation of mdAMP serves as a definitive signal that the host genome has been degraded to its individual constituents. In type I Metis, sensing of mdAMP activates an NAD+ diphosphatase, leading to rapid NAD depletion and cessation of the infection process; while the effector in type II Metis is a transmembrane-spanning protein whose toxicity is triggered in response to the modified mono-nucleotide. We further show that Metis defense depends on endogenous DNA methylases, and that phages can escape Metis via mutations that inactivate phage-mediated host genome degradation. Our results demonstrate how molecular byproducts released during virus-induced cell exploitation can be used as specific danger signals that trigger host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurieve, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkovich, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria sense virus-induced genome degradation via methylated mononucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread DNA off-targeting confounds studies of RNA chromatin occupancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) functions is recognized across biological systems, but their modes of action remain poorly understood. One mechanism proposed to be particularly common is gene expression regulation via recruitment to specific genomic regions. Several high-throughput sequencing methods were developed for studying the genome-wide chromatin occupancy of lncRNAs, including ChIRP-seq, CHART-seq, and RAP-seq. These methods utilize biotin-labeled probes targeting the RNA of interest to isolate and recover the chromatin associated with it. Many of the datasets obtained with these methods contain thousands of binding sites, which appears to be in contradiction with the low abundance of the interrogated lncRNAs. We studied the chromatin interactome of NESPR lncRNA in cells with varying levels of endogenous expression and then performed a meta-analysis using dozens of RNA-chromatin interaction datasets in human and mouse cells. We demonstrate that thousands of regions reported to bind lncRNAs most likely arise from the spurious recovery of DNA elements, where the ends of the recovered DNA fragments exhibit partial complementarity with the probes used for the pulldown. In addition, crucial controls were rarely used in studies profiling RNA-chromatin interactions. Therefore, most chromatin regions reported as bound by trans-acting RNAs in recent studies in mammalian cells appear to be technical artifacts. We provide suggestions for assessing the quality of RNA-chromatin datasets and their improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldrich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delhaye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekaert, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decaesteker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nieuwerburgh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speleman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyckerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestdagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread DNA off-targeting confounds studies of RNA chromatin occupancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic zonation and characterization of tissue slices with spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exchanges of small molecules between cells and their environments are essential for the formation of functioning tissues. To study them at scale, we developed Harreman (Basque for "receive and give"), an algorithm for identifying metabolic crosstalk from spatially resolved transcriptomics of intact tissues. Unlike previous methods, which primarily focus on the secretion or reception of protein signals, Harreman reconstructs molecular metabolic crosstalk based on the co-localized expression of metabolite transporters. By utilizing a series of increasingly detailed models for testing spatial correlation, Harreman provides insight at multiple levels: a) coarse partition of the tissue into regions sharing metabolic characteristics; b) identification of metabolic exchanges within each region; and c) inference of the cell subsets involved in those exchanges. Harreman identified a sodium/calcium exchange at the tumor boundary in human lung metastases of human renal cancers, and associated it with nearby pro-inflammatory macrophages. In the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, Harreman identified vitamin A and lysophosphatidylcholine transport at the interface of the epithelial monolayer as major signals associated with regeneration. Harreman is available at https://github.com/YosefLab/Harreman.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etxezarreta Arrastoa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirona, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic zonation and characterization of tissue slices with spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining Ovarian Fibrosis Through Comparative Analysis of Collagen Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short abstractOvarian fibrosis is a known pathology of reproductive aging, becoming a growing concern for infertility and complex ovarian diseases. In research, mouse and human ovary samples are utilized, though distinct differences between species warrant validation of architectural phenotypes to accurately define its pathology. Using polarized light microscopy and orientation analysis of collagen fibers in mouse and human ovaries, we define ovarian fibrosis as the accumulation and/or anisotropic organization of fibrillar collagen within the ovarian stroma and/or cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aitken, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadhim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining Ovarian Fibrosis Through Comparative Analysis of Collagen Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No rest for the rodent: energy management strategies in the naked mole-rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have access to a limited amount of energy that must be distributed among multiple physiological processes. Broadly, the total daily energy expenditure (DEE) can be partitioned into maintenance costs (i.e., resting metabolic rate RMR) and active energy expenditure (AEE). The slope (b) between DEE and RMR provides insights into energy management strategies. In the additive model, where changes in activity are independent of maintenance energy, DEE and RMR follow a part-whole relationship with b=1. In the allocation model, where increased activity requires compensatory reductions in maintenance costs, a limit on DEE causes a DEE-RMR relationship with b<1. In the performance model, increased activity causes an increase in maintenance costs, which causes a DEE-RMR relationship with b>1. Despite their high lifetime energy expenditure and resistance to age-related metabolic decline, energy management is yet to be explored in the African naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber). To investigate metabolic strategies in the NMR, repeated metabolic and activity measurements were taken in 32 individual NMRs using a multiplexed metabolic system. DEE was not repeatable, thus the DEE-RMR covariance at the among-individual level could not be fitted. At the within-individual level, however, the positive correlation between RMR and activity and the DEE-RMR relationship with b > 1 indicated support for the performance model. Hence, our results indicate that within-individual changes in activity and RMR are associated, suggesting that when a NMR increases activity on a given day, the impact on DEE are disproportionate because of a concurrent increase RMR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchyn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Careau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamenter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No rest for the rodent: energy management strategies in the naked mole-rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell quantification of senescence burden reveals cell type-specific ageing dynamics across organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence, a hallmark of ageing, drives tissue dysfunction by promoting inflammation and fuelling disease. Yet, the dynamics of senescent cell accumulation across tissues and their cell type identity remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce the first, single-cell, protein-level approach, combining multiple senescence markers for the identification and quantification of senescent cells across multiple tissues in mice and in human PBMCs. Applying this method, we reveal widespread but heterogeneous changes in senescence marker expression across cell types and tissues. The cells we identify as senescent displayed transcriptomic senescence signatures, providing a direct molecular link between protein- and mRNA-level detection of senescence. Importantly, senescence accumulation was strongly coordinated within organs but showed little correlation across them, supporting the idea of a tissue specific progression of ageing. These findings refine our understanding of the tissue-specific dynamics of senescence accumulation with age, and provide a framework for evaluating diverse therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherqui, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sopher, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menahem, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blecher-Gonen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachmian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell quantification of senescence burden reveals cell type-specific ageing dynamics across organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiplexed approach for genetic screening of human cells by electron microscopy uncovers a critical effector of mitochondrial cristae shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria form complex and diverse membrane-architectures essential for their multiple functions. Whereas critical proteins sculpting mitochondrial membranes have been identified, the molecular basis for many key features remains enigmatic. Exploration of membrane ultrastructure, in general, is limited by the tradeoff between resolution and throughput: electron microscopy (EM) is essential to resolve their ultrastructure but lacks scalability for systematic functional discovery. To overcome this limitation, we developed a high-resolution screening pipeline for EM of multiplexed human cell pools, hMultiCLEM (human Multiplexed Correlative Light and EM). To showcase the power of hMultiCLEM we performed a genetic screen exploring mitochondrial ultrastructure. hMultiCLEM confirmed proposed cristae modulators and uncovered additional ones illuminating the protein networks driving cristae organization. Validation of candidates highlighted an intermembrane space (IMS) protein linked to Menieres disease, which we named MISHA (Mitochondrial-IMS membrane-SHApe-impacting protein). More broadly, hMultiCLEM transforms the EM field, enabling genetic/chemical screening in basic and medical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassdenteufel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubreuil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamyshinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von der Malsburg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.15.688601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiplexed approach for genetic screening of human cells by electron microscopy uncovers a critical effector of mitochondrial cristae shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex- and ketogenesis-dependent effects of intermittent fasting against diet-induced obesity and fatty liver disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSIntermittent fasting (IF) improves metabolic health, yet the requirement for hepatic ketogenesis in mediating these benefits remains unclear. Here, we investigated how hepatic ketogenesis contributes to the metabolic and hepatic effects of IF in male and female mice. In the human liver, ketogenesis-associated genes showed sex-dependent correlations with inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. In mice, fasting increased circulating ketone bodies, with females exhibiting a greater rise, indicating intrinsic sex differences in ketone metabolism. IF reduced body weight and adiposity in both sexes, and these systemic benefits persisted despite antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated knockdown of hepatic Hmgcs2. In contrast, hepatic benefits were sex- and ketogenesis-dependent. IF markedly reduced steatosis and fibrosis in male mice, but these improvements were attenuated or abolished when hepatic ketogenesis was disrupted.

Female mice showed minimal hepatic benefit from IF and displayed heightened susceptibility to steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory activation under ketogenic insufficiency. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses identified neutrophils and myofibroblasts as key responders to hepatocyte-derived ketone bodies, and IF suppressed neutrophil-driven inflammatory signaling in a ketogenesis-dependent manner in males but not females. Together, these findings demonstrate that while systemic metabolic improvements from IF are largely ketogenesis-independent, the hepatic anti-steatotic and anti-fibrotic effects of IF are sexually dimorphic and require intact hepatic ketogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aslani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dababneh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullick, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbits, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullerton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvihill, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex- and ketogenesis-dependent effects of intermittent fasting against diet-induced obesity and fatty liver disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.684874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TurboID-based proximity labeling enables in vivo mapping of Plasmodiophora brassicae secretome in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.684874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease, is an obligate biotrophic protist belonging to the poorly characterized Rhizaria. Its intracellular lifestyle and resistance to genetic manipulation have hindered functional analysis of its effector repertoire, leaving mechanisms underlying disease development unresolved. Here, we sought to experimentally define the P. brassicae secretome within infected plant cells and identify effectors targeted to specific host subcellular compartments.
C_LIO_LIA proximity labeling approach based on the TurboID biotin ligase was used to capture pathogen-derived proteins within the nucleus, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane of infected Arabidopsis roots during primary and secondary stages of clubroot disease.
C_LIO_LIThis strategy yielded the first in planta experimental view of the P. brassicae secretome, identifying both established and previously uncharacterized effectors. The resulting dataset provides a valuable resource and methodological framework for dissecting effector function in this and other intracellular plant pathogens.
C_LIO_LIThis study expands our understanding of Rhizarian pathogenicity and provides a methodological template for identifying the secretomes of other obligatory intracellular plant pathogens.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalinger, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallipeau-Burns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourimand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mietkiewska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talasila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhrig, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.684874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TurboID-based proximity labeling enables in vivo mapping of Plasmodiophora brassicae secretome in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global warming drives the evolutionary rate of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of the seasonal influenza A virus have circulated among humans for decades. Because of their pathogenicity, these viruses have been extensively studied from epidemiological, molecular and evolutionary perspectives. Their seasonality is primarily driven by variations in temperature and humidity, which also play a key role in shaping outbreak dynamics. Yet, despite numerous studies estimating the substitution rates of different Influenza A subtypes, it remains unclear whether these rates change over time in response to shifting climate conditions. To address this outstanding question, we collected genomic sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes for both H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes circulating worldwide. Keeping only sequences from countries with records spanning at least 2 decades, we performed a Bayesian analysis to estimate substitution rates. We show that substitution rate is driven by temperature for both subtypes and genes for multiple countries (Australia, China, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Thailand, U.S.A.). When it is not the case, a power analysis indicates a potential lack of sequences to detect the effect. As temperatures keep increasing due to global warming, further research is needed to understand if a speed up in the influenza evolution rate has any impact on epidemic burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mghabghab, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aris-Brosou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global warming drives the evolutionary rate of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the network of horizontal gene exchange in bacteria to differentiate direct and indirect transfers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a central role in bacterial evolution. Yet, its large-scale dynamics and underlying network structure remain poorly characterized. We present a theoretical framework that models HGT as a continuous stochastic process over a network of bacterial genera and analyze its genomic footprint via the distribution of exact sequence matches shared across taxa--the match length distribution (MLD). We show that different evolutionary regimes imprint distinct statistical signatures on the MLD: single episodic gene transfer events yield exponential distributions, while continuous sustained HGT processes lead to power-law tails. The power-law exponent is analytically linked to the topology of the transfer network, distinguishing between intraclade transfers and hub-mediated dissemination. Empirical MLDs derived from bacterial genomes recapitulate these predicted patterns. Moreover, we find that defining a genus-specific "transferability" parameter that governs pairwise HGT rates and incorporating a high-transferability hub accurately reproduces the observed data. Our approach provides a general framework for inferring hidden structure in genomic horizontal transfer processes, enabling quantitative analysis of microbial evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheinman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stentella, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etheimer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massip, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the network of horizontal gene exchange in bacteria to differentiate direct and indirect transfers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferroptosis governs lymphatic vessel growth and regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether, when, and how lymphatic vessels undergo cell death remains poorly understood. Here we identify ferroptosis as a physiological, cell-intrinsic regulator of the lymphatic endothelial cell survival during development and following injury, in stark contrast to the resilient organotypic blood endothelial cells. The lymphatic susceptibility to ferroptosis stems from tampered cystine/ hydropersulfide metabolism, alongside reduced glutathione availability triggered by an SH3RF3 E3 ligase mediated GPX4 degradation, and enhanced integration of polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched membrane phospholipids. Inducing ferroptosis genetically or pharmacologically elevated lymphatic lipid peroxidation, halted embryonic lymphangiogenesis and prevented post-injury lymphatic overgrowth while simultaneously shaped immune responses. Conversely, ferroptosis inhibition through saturated fatty acid supplementation led to pathological lymphatic hyperplasia. Targeting lymphatic ferroptotic mechanisms holds promise against pathological lymphatic growth in response to injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drekolia, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliraj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthess, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaulich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobreva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linkermann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibli, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferroptosis governs lymphatic vessel growth and regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subanesthetic Ketamine Disrupts Predictive Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corollary discharge (CD) signals allow the brain to predict and suppress the sensory consequences of its own actions, providing stability to perception and thought. Disruption of these predictive mechanisms has long been hypothesized to contribute to the disorganization of experience in schizophrenia, yet direct circuit-level evidence has been lacking. Here, we show that ketamine, a dissociative N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, at subanesthetic doses, selectively disrupts CD signaling in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC)--a region thought to be the seed of mental representations and one of the most affected areas in schizophrenia. We recorded activity from 1,342 neurons in LPFC areas 8a and 9/46 of macaques performing a visuospatial working-memory task in a virtual environment, before and after subanesthetic ketamine administration. Ketamine impaired performance and increased overall firing rates but markedly suppressed saccade-related responses carrying CD signals. This led to decreased discriminability of eye movement signals. This finding links two major ideas in neuroscience research: the role of disrupted glutamate signaling and the failure of the brains predictive models. It provides evidence for how these mechanisms may interact in the prefrontal cortex to disturb the sense of reality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subanesthetic Ketamine Disrupts Predictive Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClsDiff-AMP30: Generating Antimicrobial Peptides by a Classifier Guidance Noise Predictor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising therapeutic strategy to combat the increasing challenge of multidrug-resistant pathogens, a crisis intensified by the overuse of conventional antibiotics. In addition to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, low toxicity, and reduced propensity for resistance development, AMPs offer significant advantages over traditional antibiotic therapies. However, the discovery of novel AMPs through biological experiments remains constrained by high costs, labor-intensive workflows, and time-consuming procedures, underscoring the urgent need for in silico computational methods to design AMP sequences. Notably, shorter AMPs ([&le;] 30 residues) demonstrate superior antimicrobial efficacy, improved structural stability, and minimal cytotoxicity toward human cells. To address these challenges, we present a classifier-guided diffusion framework specialized for generating AMPs shorter than 30 residues (ClsDiff-AMP30). The architecture integrates two interdependent submodels, including a noisy AMP classifier that evaluates AMP likelihood at intermediate denoising steps and a noise predictor guided by classifier-derived probability scores, dynamically adjusted via a self-optimized coefficient to modulate guidance strength. ClsDiff-AMP30 achieves a validation accuracy of 66% across 10,000 synthesized sequences by a self-developed AMP classifier. Furthermore, wet lab experiments demonstrated that all 11 selected sequences exhibited high antimicrobial activity against at least one of the three tested bacterial strains and low hemolytic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Valois, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, S. W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClsDiff-AMP30: Generating Antimicrobial Peptides by a Classifier Guidance Noise Predictor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Azimuthal Segment Imaging in cryo-STEM Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy is transitioning from investigation of isolated macromolecules to in situ studies bridging the realms of structural and cellular biology. Newly available detector technologies enable unconventional contrast modes with particular advantages. Here we demonstrate application of quadrant diode detectors to visualize a range of biological specimens by cryo-Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography (cryo-STET). Theoretically, we decompose coherent contrast by parallax analysis to isolate phase and amplitude contributions in specimens too thick for energy-filtered TEM. We thereby expand the cryo-STEM toolchest to parallax-filtered bright field (pBF) and parallax-filtered integrated differential phase contrast ({pi}DPC) and demonstrate their advantages in tomography using T4-bacteriophages, whole cells, and cryo-lift-out lamellae of cellular multilayers. The results show significant improvements over traditional STEM modalities in a realm where conventional wide-field transmission EM imaging methods are not applicable. The commercial availability of such detectors and the relative ease and speed of image reconstruction should make this realm accessible to the broader community in life science EM and beyond.

TeaserParallax-corrected cryo-STET imaging provides coherent phase and amplitude contrast of thick biological specimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirchweger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schur, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Azimuthal Segment Imaging in cryo-STEM Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse-engineering B-Arrestin Bias in the d-Opioid Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest family of cell-surface receptors and remain prime targets in drug discovery. A central challenge in modern GPCR drug discovery is understanding and exploiting biased agonism: the ability of ligands to favor signaling via therapeutically beneficial pathways while avoiding those that trigger side effects. Therefore, pinpointing the structural determinants of signaling bias is crucial for rational drug design. Biased agonists are particularly compelling for targeting opioid receptors, as in this family, ligands that limit {beta}-arrestin ({beta}-arr) recruitment are believed to preserve analgesia while reducing respiratory depression and addiction liabilities.

Here, we use extensive all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to dissect signaling bias in the {delta}-opioid receptor ({delta}OR). Focusing on a receptor mutant with a strong {beta}-arr bias, we employed a reverse-engineering approach to reveal the conformational mechanisms that promote {beta}-arr recruitment. Building on these insights, engineer new mutations that reshape the receptors signaling profile. Importantly, this approach allowed us to pinpoint signaling bias to motions of a single microswitch and identify how structural receptor motions induced by the mutations and ligand contacts cooperate to promote a specific functional response. In this proof-of-concept study, we not only provide structural insights into {delta}OR pharmacology but also demonstrate how computational methods can be leveraged to probe structural mechanisms of signaling specificity across GPCRs, paving the way for the rational design of tailored receptor variants and novel, safer, and more effective therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stepniewski, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeghal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Espigares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchevaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrens-Fontanals, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Fabritiis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giguere, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse-engineering B-Arrestin Bias in the d-Opioid Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell surface ATP6V1B2 marks a subset of persistent senescent cells with increased resistance to apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of senescent cells promotes ageing and age-related diseases. While senescent cells are heterogenous and increasingly persistent in vivo with age, the mechanisms underlying their heterogeneity, resistance to apoptosis, and tissue accumulation remain insufficiently understood. Here we report that in response to DNA damage, a subset of senescent cells upregulates the v-type ATPase subunit, ATP6V1B2 (V1B2) on the cell surface. This upregulation is associated with altered lysosomal activity and changes in intracellular pH. Heterogeneity of senescent cells marked by cell surface V1B2 (csV1B2) is present in naturally occurring senescent cells within both ageing and fibrotic lungs. Senescent cells expressing csV1B2 show an age-independent transcriptional signature associated with DNA repair and resistance to apoptosis. Consistent with this, we show that csV1B2 expression correlates with senescent cell resistance to ABT-737-induced apoptosis in culture. Our study identifies a subset of senescent cells, marked by csV1B2, with a distinct signature of apoptosis resistance. Understanding the functional heterogeneity of senescent cells and the mechanisms accountable for persistence of specific subpopulations in tissues may facilitate the development of improved senotherapeutic strategies for age-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freizus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewska, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopitman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir-Salame, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.30.691415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell surface ATP6V1B2 marks a subset of persistent senescent cells with increased resistance to apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial strains in the human gut associate with host physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.30.691432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human microbiota influences host physiology, yet much of its complexity lies beneath the species level. Here, we analyzed the intra-species genetic diversity of 936 gut bacteria across 24,997 individuals from three countries. Our findings show that highly abundant species exhibit greater strain stability, whereas low-abundance species display increased in-clonal mutations. Clonal strains are often mutually exclusive, while genetically variable strains tend to coexist. Strain turnover is associated with the presence of annotated chemotaxis and sporulation genes in reference genomes, whereas strain coexistence is associated with quorum sensing and secretion systems. Leveraging deep phenotypic data, we constructed an atlas detailing strain-level associations with diverse host physiological domains. For example, Phocaeicola vulgatus sub-types relate to host obesity, Lachnospira eligens to sleep, and Parabacteroides distasonis to iron hemostasis. This resource may guide personalized microbiome-based interventions to improve human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.30.691432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial strains in the human gut associate with host physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Damselflies Overcome Color Saturation Barriers of Photonic Glasses via Structural Dispersion and Pigment Loading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biologys strategies for manipulating light offer rich inspiration for the design of sustainable replacements to conventional pigments in paints, coatings, and displays. For these applications, where angle-independent color is required, photonic glasses, composed of random arrangements of dielectric spheres, offer a promising solution. However, their intrinsic disorder, particularly from particle polydispersity, fundamentally limits their color saturation and practical utility. In contrast, insects like damselflies and dragonflies exhibit surprisingly vivid, non-iridescent structural colors, despite relying on disordered photonic structures. Here, we show how damselflies combine compositional and structural dispersion to overcome color saturation limits of photonic glasses. Firstly, doping transparent particles with yellow pigments dramatically enhances blue-green structural resonances by the coupled effects of narrowband absorption and refractive index (material) dispersion. Secondly, the refractive index of the nanospheres varies with their size and crystallinity. This gives rise to a  structural dispersion which maintains consistent optical path lengths in polydisperse assemblies, preserving high color purity. Finally, we show how damselflies tune their structural colors during maturation by precisely modulating the size of the nanospheres. Remarkably, the tuning of particle size, refractive index and pigment loading, arises naturally during the development of the pigment cells - where the pteridine nanospheres undergo a process of densification, crystallization and metabolic maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemcoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batushansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyitner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haataja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.29.691096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Damselflies Overcome Color Saturation Barriers of Photonic Glasses via Structural Dispersion and Pigment Loading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic discovery of TIR-based immune signaling systems in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are important for immune signaling across humans, plants and bacteria. These domains were recently found to produce immune signaling molecules in plant immunity as well as in a family of bacterial defense systems called Thoeris. Here, we systematically scanned bacterial defense islands to identify anti-phage defense systems involving TIR-mediated signaling. We detected numerous configurations of such systems in bacterial genomes, involving [~]30 different protein effectors predicted to respond to TIR-produced immune signals. We experimentally verified 15 new TIR-containing systems, showing that they provide defense against phages through effector protein domains not previously known as associated with immunity. Further biochemical analyses revealed bacterial Thoeris systems that generate 2'cADPR, an immune signaling molecule central to plant immunity. We also discover multiple types of Thoeris that drive antiphage defense via canonical cADPR, a signaling molecule known to mediate human innate immunity. Our studies show that TIR-based immune signaling systems exist in at least 8% of bacterial genomes, and suggest conservation of TIR-derived immune signals across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurieva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>alkovich, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic discovery of TIR-based immune signaling systems in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An extended structure of the intracellular domain of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its proposed interactions with rapsyn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To gain insight into the interactions between rapsyn and the nAChR that induce clustering at the post-synaptic membrane, we refined a cryo-EM dataset using an intracellular domain focused strategy to obtain a 3.0 [A] map with the most extensive density yet for the intracellular domain of the Torpedo nAChR. The improved map allowed us to extend the structure beyond the MX -helix and prior to the MA -helix of the intracellular domain. The new structure defines a sharp N-terminal boundary of each MA -helix to place agrin-dependent phosphorylated tyrosines unambiguously within the flexible regions of the MX-MA loops. Two distinct conformations of the {delta} M4 -helix were also resolved, indicating that M4 conformational heterogeneity reflects intrinsic flexibility rather than a change in gating state. The new structural constraints defined for the MX-MA loop were then used to evaluate AlphaFold3-predicted full-length models of the nAChR, rapsyn, and various rapsyn-nAChR complexes, identifying a consistent, asymmetric 3:1 binding architecture where each rapsyn is always sandwiched between the MX-MA loops from two subunits and where each phospho-tyrosine is lodged in a cationic pocket formed by conserved residues implicated in congenital myasthenic syndromes. The defined architecture fits published cryo-ET maps of Torpedo post-synaptic membranes and explains how both phosphorylated tyrosines and myasthenic syndrome-causing rapsyn mutations modulate receptor clustering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henault, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, C. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baenziger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An extended structure of the intracellular domain of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its proposed interactions with rapsyn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleic acid strand length governs mitochondrial reprogramming and mtROS-associated antiviral responses following TLR3 engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are important rheostats that regulate innate sensing processes by producing energy, biosynthetic precursors, and bioactive molecules that affect cellular signaling. When viral nucleic acids engage endosomal and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR), antiviral immune responses are supported by mitochondrial remodeling but the role of mitochondria in fine tuning ligand-specific responses remains incompletely understood. For example, endosomal TLR3 can detect various lengths of dsRNA (0.4-8 kb) ranging from viral segmented genomes or endogenous nucleic acids have been shown to induce distinct cytokine profiles. However, it is unclear if these differences are associated with differential mitochondrial remodeling. Here, we report that TLR3 engagement with both high (HMW; 1.5-8 kb) or low molecular weight (LMW; 0.2-1 kb) Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is associated with reduced but sustained oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production/accumulation to support antiviral responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). They differed in the amount of mtROS production, their spare respiratory capacity (SRC) and their mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Interestingly, while uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was found required for antiviral cytokine production, it did not contribute to ligand specific responses. Dynamic modulation of complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC), however resulted in the differential accumulation of mtROS (HMW>LMW). Further, selectively targeting the mtROS derived from Complex I leads to augmented type I IFN production. Overall, these findings highlight that targeting specific sources of mtROS without affecting electron flow may be a potential avenue for specific augmentation of antiviral responses during viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Daraawi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versey, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejlaoui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abizaid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.691914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleic acid strand length governs mitochondrial reprogramming and mtROS-associated antiviral responses following TLR3 engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In form for a swarm: programmable neutrophil swarming impacts infection outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrating cells often pattern the distribution of chemoattractants to support their accumulation in target tissues. Neutrophil swarming represents a prominent example in which cells engage in coordinated paracrine chemoattractant signalling for rapid clustering at sites of injury or infection. Whether neutrophil swarming can be regeared to influence immune outcomes is unclear. Here, we show that neutrophil swarming is subject to reprogramming after microbial experience and amenable to genetic enhancement with measurable effects on infection outcome. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae exposed to prior microbial experience are trained to be more resistant to subsequent wound infection. Through live imaging and chemical perturbations, we show that these training effects are in part attributed to changes in neutrophil swarming and associated gene expression signatures. Among the reprogrammed genes, genetic enhancement of 5-lipoxygenase is sufficient to maximise neutrophil swarming and improve infection outcome. Finally, through mathematical modelling, we demonstrate that alterations in attractant secretion, sensitivity of bacterial detection and stop signals predict kinetics of neutrophil swarming and bacterial clearance in trained animals. Together, these data suggest new routes for reprogramming cell accumulation and positioning in tissues, via manipulating their ability to shape chemoattractant landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borbora, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williantarra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrentes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In form for a swarm: programmable neutrophil swarming impacts infection outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Rewiring by alpha-Synuclein Enables Mitohormetic Protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Synuclein (Syn) is widely associated with Parkinsons disease pathology, yet its physiological impact on cellular metabolism remains unclear. Here we show that stable Syn expression in HEK293 cells induces coordinated metabolic remodeling that enhances mitochondrial resilience. Syn interacts with lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Syn-expressing clones exhibit elevated LDHA activity. Moreover, these clones exhibit increased lactate secretion, enhanced glycolysis, and reduced mitochondrial-reactive oxygen species, coupling metabolic rewiring to improved mitochondrial adaptation. Strikingly, following chronic low-dose rotenone preconditioning, Syn- expressing clones acquire robust resistance to subsequent respiratory complex I inhibition, revealing a potent Syn-dependent mitohormetic response. These findings identify Syn as a conditional metabolic modulator that supports mitochondrial adaptation under sustained stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosheva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaltsmann, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourasia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Rewiring by alpha-Synuclein Enables Mitohormetic Protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based design of antibody repertoires with drug-like properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal immunization is the prevalent strategy for discovering antibody therapeutics, but it is a lengthy and poorly controlled process. As an alternative, antibody repertoires can be synthesized by recombining human antibody genes and introducing random mutations in their complementarity-determining regions. Synthetic repertoires can deliver binders quickly and without associated animal-welfare concerns, but the resulting antibodies often fail to exhibit "drug-like" biophysical properties. We developed a principled structure- and energy-based strategy, called CADAbRe, for designing repertoires of human antibodies that are stable by design. Every antibody was programmed to ensure its stability while maximizing the structural diversity of the entire repertoire. We also developed a cost-effective strategy for repertoire assembly and, as a proof of concept, synthesized over 500 million unique antibodies based on hundreds of human antibody gene combinations and designed CDR H3 sequences. Structurally diverse binders against four unrelated antigens exhibited affinities, specificities, and drug-like properties seen in therapeutic leads. CADAbRe is the first programmable structure-based strategy for antibody-repertoire design, enabling design-test-learn cycles towards high-quality universal and customized repertoires. We envision that these will accelerate and rationalize basic and applied antibody discovery and optimization while addressing animal-welfare concerns. The repertoire will be available for academic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tennenhouse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiduk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardeni, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based design of antibody repertoires with drug-like properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polar ecosystems harbor highly divergent DNA viruses underrepresented in current reference databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses dominate global ecosystems, yet their genetic diversity remains incompletely represented in current reference databases. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a latitudinal comparison of environmental DNA viromes spanning marine and terrestrial habitats across polar north and south and temperate regions. Viral genes were reconstructed from metagenomic datasets and their phylogenetic divergence assessed relative to database reference sequences. Three consistent patterns emerged. First, reconstructed sequences were substantially more divergent than database references, underscoring the limited coverage of existing viral sequence collections. Second, polar viromes exhibited significantly higher within-region divergence, with south polar assemblages consistently the most distinct and north polar divergence varying by biome. Third, these patterns were found to be robust to potential reconstruction artifacts; all datasets underwent identical processing, and divergence inflation was observed exclusively in polar samples. Together, these results challenge the canonical latitudinal diversity gradient in viral communities and identify polar environments as major reservoirs of uncharacterized viral diversity, with implications for biodiversity baselines under global climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aris-Brosou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polar ecosystems harbor highly divergent DNA viruses underrepresented in current reference databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Funders' expectations for open science in cardiovascular research: A Scoping review of the largest cardiovascular research funders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Open science practices, including data sharing, open access, and prospective study registration, have been increasingly recognized to improve transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility in research, yet their uptake and implementation by cardiovascular research funders is unclear. We conducted a scoping review of publicly available policies, guidance, and grant instructions from 12 members of the Global Cardiovascular Research Funders Forum to assess expectations, monitoring, and support for open science in cardiovascular research. We included 105 documents from 9 funders; no relevant documents were identified for 3 funders. Data sharing (75%) and open access (67%) were the most common mandates by funders, followed by prospective registration (50%). Requirements for other practices, including code sharing, use of reporting guidelines, preprints, and open peer review, were uncommon. Monitoring compliance was inconsistent, with many funders not specifying any mechanisms, even for widely required practices. Where available, support was most often provided through financial assistance, guidance, or infrastructure, particularly for open access, data sharing, and patient or public involvement. These findings suggest that while cardiovascular funders are engaging with open science, policies remain uneven in scope, monitoring, and support. Navigating the open science implementation gap in cardiovascular research will be essential to reap the benefits of transparency and innovation, only possible through the sharing of information and data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira Armond, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaoui, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Funders' expectations for open science in cardiovascular research: A Scoping review of the largest cardiovascular research funders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological Inhibition of FKBP51 Mitigates Early Life Adversity-Induced Social Deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, but targeted preventative strategies are lacking due to poor mechanistic insight. The FKBP51 protein, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor, is a key mediator of stress vulnerability. We tested if pharmacological inhibition of FKBP51 with the selective inhibitor SAFit2 prevents the long-term consequences of ELA. Mice exposed to ELA exhibited persistent deficits in social behavior, manifesting as social subordination in adolescence and adulthood. Early-life SAFit2 treatment fully rescued these ELA-induced behavioral impairments. Transcriptional profiling across six stress-relevant brain regions revealed that SAFit2 normalized ELA-driven gene expression changes, particularly in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Functional analysis showed the rescue converged on immunoregulatory and neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling pathways. Our findings establish FKBP51 as a critical pharmacological target for reversing the lasting impact of early life adversity on brain function, offering a path toward preventative treatment for ELA-related psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bordes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudre-Chinsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachskamm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namendorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.694102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological Inhibition of FKBP51 Mitigates Early Life Adversity-Induced Social Deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Fidelity Tuning of Olfactory Mixture Distances in the Perceptual Space of Smell Through a Community Effort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal in sensory science is to establish quantitative mappings between physical stimuli and perceptual responses. While such mappings are well characterized in vision and audition, they remain poorly defined in olfaction, limiting progress toward understanding the representations of smell. Predicting perceptual similarity between odor mixtures offers a promising route to formalize these relationships. To advance this effort, the DREAM (Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessment and Methods) Olfactory Mixtures Prediction Challenge assembled a curated, cross-study dataset describing the similarity of 507 mixture pairs and an unpublished test set of 46 mixture pairs. Teams competed to predict the perceptual similarity of mixture pairs, and then collaborated post-challenge to create an ensemble combining top-performing models that notably improves predictions over the existing state-of-the-art models. Moreover, ensemble model maintains high predictive accuracy in novel validation set. Our model provides a reproducible framework for neuroscientists, chemists, and engineers to compare odor mixtures and provides a foundation for future efforts towards better understanding the olfactory properties of mixtures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satarifard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilidio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hladis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreoletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'hondt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghinis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharahighehi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DREAM Olfactory Mixtures Prediction Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Lengeling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainland, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.694160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Fidelity Tuning of Olfactory Mixture Distances in the Perceptual Space of Smell Through a Community Effort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic, epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in postnatal 16p11.2 deficient murine astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are associated with metabolic dysregulation. While astrocytes are integral to cerebral metabolism, their molecular and functional changes in ASD are poorly known. Using early postnatal primary cortical astrocytes from a mouse model of 16p11.2 deletion ASD syndrome (16p11.2df/+ mice), we observed core molecular alterations with sex-specific profiles, suggesting divergent energetic pathways and epigenetic regulation. Targeted metabolomics revealed opposing phenotypes in male versus female 16p11.2df/+ astrocytes, particularly for alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Functionally, 16p11.2df/+astrocytes exhibited elevated phosphorylation in low glucose culture conditions, and reduced glycolysis in high glucose. Epigenetic profiling of male 16p11.2df/+astrocytes revealed differentially hydroxymethylated and methylated regions, with foci on chromosomes 3 and 13. Finally, bulk RNA sequencing in male and female mutant astrocytes indicated differential gene expression with profound sex differences, mostly affecting pathways related to cellular morphology. By establishing 16p11.2df/+ astroglial molecular signatures, this study refines our understanding of glial changes in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic, epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in postnatal 16p11.2 deficient murine astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinke crystals are immunoreactive for purine-synthesizing metabolic enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinke crystals are a defining histological feature of human adult Leydig cells, the testosterone producing cells of the testis. These structures are present in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and display quantitative alterations in a variety of physiological and pathological contexts. The functional significance and protein composition of Reinke crystals have remained elusive for over a century. Here, we demonstrate that Reinke crystals are intensely immunoreactive for inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS), two key rate-limiting enzymes in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. IMPDH and PRPS are two of several metabolic enzymes that are capable of forming mesoscale filamentous aggregates as a mechanism to regulate enzyme activity. IMPDH is also able to form crystals in cellulo. Our observations link Reinke crystal formation to purine nucleotide metabolism in Leydig cells. We discuss how this novel finding may relate to the unique dependence of Leydig cells on guanyl-based purine nucleotides for testosterone synthesis. The results of this study may have important implications for understanding metabolic contributions to male reproductive disorders as well as offering a novel diagnostic and theranostic tool applicable to Leydig cell neoplasms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinke crystals are immunoreactive for purine-synthesizing metabolic enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic administration of PD-L1 blocking antibodies leads to removal of senescent microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent microglia develop during aging and Alzheimers disease (AD), driving chronic neuroinflammation. Here we hypothesized that the previously observed disease-modifying effects of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade occur through clearance of senescent microglia. Using CyTOF, we found that a single systemic anti-PD-L1 injection leads to rapid elimination of senescent microglia in 5xFAD and aged wild-type mice, independently of Fc effector function, while increasing homeostatic microglia. These findings suggest that immune rejuvenation via PD-L1 blockade promotes disease modification in AD through senescent-microglial elimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Androsova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kertser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathansohn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abellanas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizhanovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic administration of PD-L1 blocking antibodies leads to removal of senescent microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelin Supports Cortical Circuit Function Underlying Skilled Movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary motor cortex (M1) is among the most heavily myelinated cortical regions and generates tightly coordinated neuronal activity patterns that drive skilled movement. Activity-dependent myelination is required for motor skill acquisition, and myelin loss in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis leads to motor impairment. Yet how myelination influences neuronal activity underlying skilled behavior remains unclear. By combining in vivo imaging of oligodendrocytes with high density Neuropixels recordings during dexterous reaching, we demonstrate that cuprizone-induced demyelination impairs movement efficiency, and alters cell-type-specific neuronal activity and synchrony in a manner that predicts motor output. Using a computational model constrained by these data, we identify inhibitory axonal propagation failures as a mechanistic link between myelin loss and altered circuit function. Partial remyelination normalizes cortical network-level metrics and reach consistency but leaves smooth movement impaired, revealing a selective vulnerability in inhibitory circuits. These findings close a critical gap between cellular models of demyelination and clinical motor impairment by demonstrating how myelin supports cortical circuit dynamics driving skilled behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gagon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Flora Nunes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welle, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelin Supports Cortical Circuit Function Underlying Skilled Movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.695958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Two Frontiers Project Field Handbook and OpenTools: Standardizing microbial fieldwork for biobank-scale sequencing and culturomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.695958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From medicines to materials, our planets microbial diversity comprises an enormous wellspring of biotechnological potential. For centuries, microbiologists have developed tools for interrogating microbial function, ranging from microscopy and culturing to, more recently, metagenomics. However, deploying these tools during fieldwork requires substantial forward planning, interdisciplinary technical expertise, and plans for navigating permitting and the ethical implications of bioprospecting. To address these challenges, we built The Two Frontiers Project Handbook and OpenTools Resource, which aggregates our expertise in high-throughput sampling, sequencing, and culturing of microbes from thousands of samples. We provide our full suite of fieldwork methods as well as relevant software and hardware. We lay our standards for team roles and construction, general expedition planning, sample transport, permitting, and numerous other key aspects of executing a successful field campaign. The version-controlled resource is available at https://two-frontiers-project.github.io/ and is open for non-commercial use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.695958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Two Frontiers Project Field Handbook and OpenTools: Standardizing microbial fieldwork for biobank-scale sequencing and culturomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific adaptations to mitochondrial stress underly the neurological presentations of 	MTRFR mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders that exhibit striking tissue specificity. Neurological involvement is among the most consistent features, yet the mechanisms that determine why selective neuronal populations are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction remain poorly understood. Mutations in MTRFR, a mitochondrial ribosome rescue factor, cause a progressive neuromuscular phenotype, but no relevant disease model exists to explain its cell-type-specific pathology. Here, we established the first human iPSC-derived neuronal model of MTRFR loss and identified mechanisms driving differential vulnerability between cortical and motor neurons. Although knockdown led to comparable deficits in mitochondrial translation and OXPHOS across both subtypes, cortical neurons engaged adaptive programs, including dendritic mitochondrial remodelling and heat-shock response activation, that preserved survival. Motor neurons failed to mount these responses and instead displayed apoptotic and inflammatory priming. Pharmacological enhancement of stress adaptation rescued motor neuron survival, indicating that resilience is programmable. These findings provide the first mechanistic evidence that neuronal susceptibility to mitochondrial translation defects is defined by the capacity to activate mitochondrial and cytoprotective stress-response pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarate-Mendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podmanicky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleniuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spendiff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochmüller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathazi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific adaptations to mitochondrial stress underly the neurological presentations of 	MTRFR mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in microhabitat structure around amphibian breeding ponds in the northern Rocky Mountains following severe wildfire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microhabitats promote diverse and resilient forests. Wildfire may alter critical microhabitat, yet studies directly quantifying these effects are limited. Here, we use a rare before-after-control-impact dataset to assess the impacts of severe wildfire on fine-scale gradients in microhabitat structure associated with amphibian breeding ponds in the Rocky Mountains. Using 462 photoquadrats sampled eight years before and two years after the 2017 Kenow wildfire in Waterton Lakes National Park, we quantified changes in 14 microhabitat features at three different distances (0, 3, and 10 m) away from burned and unburned ponds. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance suggested distance from pond edge was a significant predictor of microhabitat composition prior to the wildfire, with the proportion of soil (bare ground) decreasing and the proportion of shrubs and forbs increasing away from pond edges. A significant interaction between distance, burn status, and time was observed, suggesting that the relationship between microhabitat and distance depended on the joint effects of burn status and time. This result was driven by changes 10 m away from pond edges in the burn zone, where sites experienced an increase in the proportion of forbs, soil, gravel, and rocks, and the loss of moss cover following the fire. Microhabitat change was more pronounced at high elevation sites, although power to statistically test the effect of elevation was limited. Our study demonstrates heterogeneity in the impacts of wildfire on microhabitats along fine-scale gradients. We discuss implications of these findings for the management of amphibians using these sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skretting, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Yaw, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.03.697496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in microhabitat structure around amphibian breeding ponds in the northern Rocky Mountains following severe wildfire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the animal kingdom, sex determination and sexual differentiation are orchestrated by a strikingly diverse set of regulatory factors. The only type of molecules consistently deployed during sexual differentiation are members of the Doublesex/Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) family. Although each animal genome codes for a multitude of DMRT family members, in no species has the full array of DMRT genes been comprehensively analyzed across the entire animal, in all sexes and throughout development. Hence, the extent of deployment of DMRT genes in sexual differentiation remains unknown. We describe here the first genome- and nervous system-wide expression and functional analysis of all members of the DMRT gene family. Leveraging genome-engineered reporter alleles of all ten DMRT genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that six DMRTs display sexually dimorphic expression in somatic and/or reproductive tissues, including in cell and tissue types not previously known to be sexually dimorphic. In the nervous system, DMRT protein expression covers many, though not all, known sexually dimorphic neuron types. Analyses of DMRT null mutant alleles reveal a suite of neuronal differentiation defects, ranging from altered neurotransmitter identities and switched neuropeptide signatures to impaired glia-to-neuron transdifferentiation. Several DMRT proteins do not exhibit sexually dimorphic expression, indicating roles beyond sexual differentiation. Similar comprehensive analyses of DMRT genes in other organisms may help to better understand the extent and regulation of sex-specific cellular differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosome-Related Organelles Orchestrate Guanine Crystal Formation in Pigment Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iridosomes, the guanine crystal-forming organelles of pigment-producing iridophores, are among the most versatile, visually striking yet mechanistically uncharacterized organelles in vertebrate biology. Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) support cell type-specific functions by adapting endolysosomal pathways for specialized roles. Here, we show that iridosomes represent a previously unrecognized subtype of LROs. Using transcriptomic profiling of zebrafish iridophores, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene disruption, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we define the molecular program underlying iridosome biogenesis. Iridosomes have evolved unique adaptations for crystal growth while retaining core features of other LROs. Key regulators, including RAB32a, AP3M2, and HPS5, are essential for crystal formation, with gene knockouts causing reduced crystal number, altered morphology, and distinct maturation defects. We further identify hallmark LRO features in iridosomes, including intraluminal vesicles and pH-regulated developmental transitions. Cross-species transcriptomic analysis confirms that iridosomes share an LRO signature across vertebrates, including teleost fish and reptiles, suggesting ancient evolutionary origins. These findings establish iridosomes as crystalline LROs and as a model for investigating how cells construct structurally specialized organelles through coordinated trafficking, acid-base regulation, and crystallization, with implications for LRO evolution and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorelick-Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerer-Goldshtein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broder, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosome-Related Organelles Orchestrate Guanine Crystal Formation in Pigment Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.696182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Features affecting Cas9-Induced Editing Efficiency and Patterns in Tomato: Evidence from a Large CRISPR Dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.696182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 is a cornerstone of genome editing, yet the determinants of editing efficiency and DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) repair outcomes remain poorly understood, particularly in plants. To address this gap, we generated a dataset of 420 sgRNAs targeting promoters, exons, and introns of 137 genes in tomato protoplasts and quantified editing efficiencies together with ATAC-seq-derived chromatin accessibility and transcriptional states in the same cellular system. Editing efficiency was consistently higher at open chromatin sites and modestly elevated in promoters and introns relative to exons, whereas transcriptional activity did not measurably influence editing outcomes. Additionally, we identified a local genomic effect resulting in less variable editing between sgRNAs targeting the same compared to different genes. A distinct subset of sgRNAs achieved nearly complete editing, producing long deletions with extended microhomology tracts. These repair footprints closely parallel those observed for high-efficiency guides in human datasets, implicating conserved sequence-driven biases and a predominant role for microhomology-mediated end joining at these sites. Yet, widely used human-trained prediction models failed to rank sgRNA performance in plants, underscoring the limits of cross-species generalization.

This dataset defines how chromatin accessibility, genomic context, and intrinsic sequence characteristics shape Cas9 activity in plants, and provides a resource for improving guide design and advancing mechanistic understanding of plant DNA repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cucuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed-Bessudo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.696182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Features affecting Cas9-Induced Editing Efficiency and Patterns in Tomato: Evidence from a Large CRISPR Dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-12R signaling promotes type 1 regulatory T cell specialization by sustaining T-bet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating how regulatory T (Treg) cells specialize and acquire specific suppressive capacities is key for understanding immune regulation in autoimmunity and cancer. Although IL-12 is a key driver of Th1 differentiation, its role in Treg cells remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated whether IL-12R signaling contributes to Treg cell specialization during Th1 immune responses. We show that IL-12R{beta}2 KO Treg cells display reduced type 1 specialization following LCMV infection, resulting in impaired suppressive capacity. Mechanistically, IFN-{gamma} induces a first peak of T-bet, whereas IL-12 acts downstream to sustain T-bet through a positive feedback loop. The decreased suppressive function of IL-12R{beta}2 KO Treg cells alters effector T cell responses during both acute and chronic infections. Importantly, human Treg cells also respond to IL-12, promoting enhanced type 1 specialization. Together, these findings establish IL-12 as a critical regulator of type 1 Treg specialization and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway.

TeaserIL-12R signaling in Treg cells enables sustained T-bet expression, programing type 1 Tregs for suppression of Th1 responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrada Brull, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlen, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revert Rubio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-12R signaling promotes type 1 regulatory T cell specialization by sustaining T-bet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary dynamics in competitive systems: Rescue or murder? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid evolution in response to changing environments can have beneficial (e.g. evolutionary rescue) or detrimental (e.g. evolutionary suicide) outcomes for the survival of one species. Responses of multi-species systems are even harder to predict, but important to consider. Using a Lotka-Volterra competition model, we simulate eco-evolutionary dynamics in one- and two-species systems, with two traits per species: physiological performance and competitive tolerance. In the single-species system, evolution is consistently beneficial, enabling evolutionary rescue. In contrast, in the two-species system, evolution can be beneficial or detrimental. Notably, when evolution enhances the competitors persistence, it can result in evolutionary murder of the focal species. Furthermore, the effect sizes of evolution on species persistence are strongly modulated by whether both traits evolve, and by the shape of ecological and evolutionary trade-offs. Our study enables exploration of eco-evolutionary dynamics in more complex biotic settings, extending understanding of species responses to abiotic and biotic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leoz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutscher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allhoff, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govaert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eco-evolutionary dynamics in competitive systems: Rescue or murder?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3D Genome of Gigaspora margarita Unveils Stable Chromatin and Nucleolar Organization and Symbiont-Dependent Genome Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread plant symbionts that enhance nutrient acquisition and influence ecosystem productivity. Previous chromosome-level assemblies of a model species revealed a two-compartment genome architecture (active A and repressed B chromatin compartments), yet its conservation across evolutionarily distant AMF lineages remains unresolved. Here, we present a chromosome-scale and 3D genome assembly of Gigaspora margarita isolate BEG34--the largest and most repeat-rich AMF genome to date--alongside that of its obligate endobacterium, Candidatus Glomerobacter gigasporarum (CaGg), using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing. The G. margarita genome comprises 43 chromosomes (792 Mb) organized into stable A/B compartments and Topologically Associating Domains structures, irrespective of the presence of endobacteria. We uncover 21 divergent rDNA operons distributed across six chromosomes and show that these physically interact, suggesting conserved nucleolar organization. We also reveal that the CaGg genome is tripartite and mobilome-rich, encoding prophages, an orphan CRISPR array, and complete pathways for many novel and essential cofactors, including heme, which may enhance host bioenergetics. We also find that the endobacteriums presence regulates transposable elements in G. margarita. These findings reveal conserved principles of chromatin architecture in AMF symbionts and highlight the tight molecular interplay between fungal hosts and their endosymbionts, offering new insights into genome evolution and symbiotic adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mugambi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J. I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magurno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salviolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghignone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfante, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3D Genome of Gigaspora margarita Unveils Stable Chromatin and Nucleolar Organization and Symbiont-Dependent Genome Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multiomic Analysis of Cachectic Mice Reveals Cancer Driven Suppression of Muscle Stem Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cachexia affects a large proportion of cancer patients, inducing a rapid decline in muscle mass. Patients with cachexia have a worse prognosis and are less responsive to cancer therapies. The exact cause of cachexia remains unknown, nor are there any effective treatments for the condition. In this study, we use the C26 adenocarcinoma cell line to determine how cancer cells affect myofiber and muscle stem cell function. We determined that C26 cancer cells adapt to the host environment, in both male and female mice, greatly altering their transcriptome to promote their survival and growth. C26 cells directly communicate with muscle stem cells via GDF15 and MMP9. These circulatory factors cause the muscle stem cells to upregulate the EMT pathway and become less capable of undergoing differentiation and contributing to muscle regeneration. Muscle stem cells from tumor bearing mice are less proliferative and less prone to differentiation, Chromatin accessibility data shows that there are fewer accessible myogenic regulatory binding sites. Cytokine array determined that circulating GDF15 and MMP9 were highly upregulated and were derived form C26 tumor cells. However, blocking tumor derived GDF15 is not sufficient to prevent the onset of cachexia and rescue the loss of muscle stem cell function. Together, these findings establish a new conceptual paradigm in which cancer orchestrates muscle wasting through coordinated transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic suppression of muscle stem cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Corchado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahinyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorasani, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazure, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahani-Asl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafabadi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koromilas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multiomic Analysis of Cachectic Mice Reveals Cancer Driven Suppression of Muscle Stem Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigating Bias in Spatial Transcriptomic Pipelines via Human Feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological discovery from experimental data, particularly large-scale assays, requires extensive preprocessing, during which raw outputs (e.g., images, sequences) are processed into structured forms that are more amenable to analysis. While statistical methods for such processed data are at the core of computational biology, the problem of coping with uncertainties introduced during preprocessing is a significant and underexplored issue. We address this issue in the context of differential expression analysis in spatial transcriptomics, which depends on a series of preprocessing steps, including demarcation of cell regions (segmentation), quantification of gene expression in cells, and cell-type annotation. We introduce Corrected Spatial Differential Expression (CSDE), a method that builds on Prediction-Powered Inference to leverage a small set of expert-validated data points (cells) to account for uncertainty due to preprocessing errors. Using two case studies, we demonstrate that CSDE produces more reliable and calibrated estimates of differential expression compared to the prevalent approach that neglects the impact of preprocessing. CSDE incorporates an efficient workflow to generate the required expert-annotated data, and is available as open-source at https://github.com/YosefLab/CSDE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigating Bias in Spatial Transcriptomic Pipelines via Human Feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical control of CSA geometry enables relaxation-optimized 19F-13C NMR probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorine NMR is a powerful tool for probing biomolecular structure and dynamics, yet the performance of 19F probes is fundamentally constrained by rapid transverse relaxation driven by chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). Despite its central role, CSA has largely been treated as an immutable nuclear property rather than a chemically addressable design parameter. Here we demonstrate that the geometry of the CSA tensor - specifically its magnitude, symmetry, and orientation relative to the internuclear dipolar interaction - constitutes a decisive and engineerable determinant of relaxation behavior in coupled 19F-13C spin systems. Guided by electronic-structure calculations and Bloch-Redfield-Wangsness relaxation theory, we establish quantitative design rules that predict when CSA-dipolar interference can be exploited to suppress transverse relaxation. Implementation of these principles in a cysteine-reactive fluoropyrimidine scaffold yields a reporter that supports simultaneous 19F and 13C TROSY optimization, validated by solid-state MAS NMR and protein-based experiments. When incorporated into the 42 kDa maltose binding protein, the probe exhibits exceptionally slow 13C transverse relaxation (R2 {approx} 2-3 s-1) corresponding to linewidths of [~]2 Hz that persist even at apparent molecular weights exceeding 200 kDa. These results recast relaxation optimization as a chemically programmable problem and provide a general framework for the rational design of next-generation NMR probes tailored to large, dynamic, and heterogeneous biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdzhiev, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuprov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziarek, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical control of CSA geometry enables relaxation-optimized 19F-13C NMR probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dna-parser: a Python library written in Rust for fast encoding of DNA and RNA sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe ever-growing amount of available biological data leads modern analysis to be performed on large datasets. Unfortunately, bioinformatics tools for preprocessing and analyzing data are not always designed to treat such large amounts of data efficiently. Notably, this is the case when encoding DNA and RNA sequences into numerical representations, also called descriptors, before passing them to machine learning models. Furthermore, current Python tools available for this preprocessing step are not well suited to be integrated into pipelines resulting in slow encoding speeds.

ResultsWe introduce dna-parser, a Python library written in Rust to encode DNA and RNA sequences into numerical features. The combination of Rust and Python allows to encode sequences rapidly and in parallel across multiple threads while maintaining compatibility with packages from the Python ecosystem. Moreover, this library implements many of the most widely used types of numerical feature schemes coming from bioinformaticss and natural language processing.

Conclusiondna-parser is an easy to install Python library that offers many Python wheels for Linux (muslinux and manylinux), macOS, and Windows via pip (https://pypi.org/project/dna-parser/). The open source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/Mvila035/dna_parser) along with the documentation (https://mvila035.github.io/dna_parser/documentation/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aris-Brosou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dna-parser: a Python library written in Rust for fast encoding of DNA and RNA sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The causes and consequences of human-specific DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast collection of human-specific traits- such as our unique morphology, cognition, behavior, and diseases- has long been attributed to gene expression divergence between us and our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. Theory suggests that changes to cis-regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers may drive evolutionary adaptation, and DNA methylation is a key factor in transcriptional cis-regulation. However, we still lack an understanding of 1) how species-specific methylation patterns arise; 2) their downstream effects; and 3) whether they are a common target of natural selection. In this study, we investigated these three questions. By combining a novel hypothesis testing framework with DNA methylation data from six human and chimpanzee cell types, as well as fused interspecies hybrid cells, we disentangled cis- vs. trans-acting methylation divergence across the genome. Across cell types, we found that methylation divergence is primarily driven in cis, which can be linked in some cases to nearby sequence variants such as CpG gains and losses. Although less common, regions with trans-acting methylation divergence were enriched for specific transcription factor (TF) binding motifs, suggesting a role of TFs such as FOXM1 in these differences. Having established these causes of methylation divergence, we then examined the functional consequences of differential methylation. Although methylation lacks a consistent relationship with transcription, we observed that associations between methylation and gene expression are stronger for genes with cis-regulatory divergence. Moreover, we identified lineage-specific selection shaping promoter methylation at the level of entire pathways including those affecting human-specific traits such as speech, cognition, and susceptibility to infection with hepatitis C. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic framework suggesting that DNA methylation may occupy a key position, mediating the effects of both cis- and trans-acting factors on transcriptional networks, including those contributing to human-specific traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The causes and consequences of human-specific DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaTree: an interactive web platform for hierarchical data visualization and multi-group comparison 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHierarchical quantitative profiles are widely used in microbiome studies and other domains. However, comparing multiple samples and experimental groups while preserving hierarchical structure remains challenging. Many existing workflows require extensive manual figure assembly or do not support aligned comparisons across conditions on a shared hierarchy.

ResultsWe developed MetaTree, an open-source platform that runs in a web browser for interactive visualization and comparative analysis of hierarchical quantitative data. MetaTree anchors samples, groups, and contrasts between groups to a shared reference hierarchy, preserving one-to-one node correspondence so that the same clade is compared in the same position across views. In addition to visualization, MetaTree integrates statistical testing for comparisons between two groups with false discovery rate (FDR) control, enabling users to identify clades with consistent differences between conditions and interpret them in hierarchical context. MetaTree also provides user configurable controls for visual encoding, filtering thresholds, label density, and layout, allowing figures to be adapted to different datasets and reporting needs. The interface remains usable for large hierarchies through interactive navigation, adaptive label handling, and branch collapsing.

ConclusionsMetaTree is an installation-free web platform (https://byemaxx.github.io/MetaTree) for topology-consistent visualization and comparison of hierarchical profiles, supporting coordinated multi-panel exploration and automated comparison matrices to enable rapid generation of publication-ready figures for microbiome and other hierarchical datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaTree: an interactive web platform for hierarchical data visualization and multi-group comparison]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pex9 regulates TORC2 during the cellular response to oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes are known for their detoxification role in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, yet their regulatory roles in cellular recovery from oxidative stress remain unclear. Here, using yeast, we systematically screened a panel of fluorescently tagged peroxisome-related proteins and identified widespread stress-induced changes in their localization. Notably, we discovered that the peroxisomal import receptor, Pex9, rapidly enters the nucleus upon H2O2 exposure, independently of the canonical oxidative stress regulators-Yap1 and Skn7, suggesting a non-canonical signaling function. We further show that Pex9 nuclear entry is modulated by Avo1, an essential Tor complex 2 (TORC2) subunit. In turn, Pex9 downregulates the essential TOR complexes kinase, Tor2, at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Finally, we show that this Pex9-TORC2 regulatory loop during oxidative stress is facilitated by the cellular envelope stress response. Our findings uncover an unexpected peroxisome-TORC2 signaling axis and highlight the importance of organelles in shaping global cellular responses to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szitenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asraf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pex9 regulates TORC2 during the cellular response to oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomics discovery of a CNS-penetrant covalent inhibitor of PIKfyve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIKfyve is a lipid kinase involved in regulating protein clearance mechanisms and is a promising target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present the discovery and optimization of a CNS-penetrant covalent PIKfyve inhibitor, DUN058, which achieves sustained target occupancy in vivo. Covalent screening hits, identified from chemoproteomics experiments performed in live cells, were rapidly optimized to deliver a brain-penetrant covalent inhibitor of PIKfyve. This covalency centered approach employed a suite of mass spectrometry, biochemical and in vivo assays to optimize compound potency, selectivity, and CNS permeability. The target nucleophile, cysteine 1970, is on a flexible loop that appears distal from the kinase active site, highlighting the power of chemoproteomics screening to identify novel nucleophilic amino acids for covalent modification. DUN058 achieves efficient covalency at the target cysteine, as well as highly selective covalent and reversible selectivity profiles. Covalent PIKfyve inhibition results in modulation of downstream pathway activity, including activation of the transcription factor TFEB, upregulation of protein clearance pathways, and increased GPNMB transcription and secretion of exosome markers. When dosed in vivo, DUN058 achieves sustained target occupancy in the brains of mice long after systemic compound clearance, holding promise for achieving a sustained duration of action in the CNS at low doses, without prolonged effects in the periphery. Taken together, the development of DUN058 is a demonstration of chemoproteomics-based discovery for a high value CNS target, providing an orally bioavailable and covalent PIKfyve inhibitor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burton, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chupak, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mady, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meniconi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teobald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulhern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kormocha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keillor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agostino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penebre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomics discovery of a CNS-penetrant covalent inhibitor of PIKfyve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-wide Visual Screen Identifies Lysophosphatidylcholine as Counter Spatial Regulator of DAG and Sterols in Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane lipids are heterogeneously distributed across the bilayers of cellular membranes. Cytosolic-facing pools of diacylglycerol (DAG) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are enriched at both ends of the endomembrane system from the vacuolar membrane to the polarized plasma membrane (PM) of buds. However, how this distribution is maintained remains unknown. Using a genome-wide DAG biosensor screen in yeast, we identify regulators of DAG spatial distribution, enriched in proteins involved in vesicle or lipid transport and in phospholipid or sterol metabolism. A subset of mutants exhibited DAG mislocalization predominantly to the PM, with the most severe phenotype linked to a mutant of a predicted lipase we have named Drl1 (DAG redistribution lipase 1). Reversion of this phenotype required both enzymatic activity and the presence of an intrinsically disordered carboxy-terminal domain. Lipidomic analysis revealed that loss of Drl1 increased cellular lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) levels. Remarkably, we find that supplementing cells with a non-metabolizable LysoPC analogue replicated the mutant DAG phenotype, implicating LysoPC as a novel spatial regulator of DAG. High-resolution imaging suggests that LysoPC reduces the PM sterol pool resulting in DAG expansion into new PM territories. More globally, our work expands the known interplay between various lipids and their co-regulation to maintain accurate membrane properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesa-Galloso, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa Ponce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaremberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-wide Visual Screen Identifies Lysophosphatidylcholine as Counter Spatial Regulator of DAG and Sterols in Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial defense via RES-mediated NAD+ depletion is countered by phage phosphatases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial defense systems restrict phage infection by breaking the molecule NAD+ to its constituents, adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide (Nam). To counter NAD+ depletion-mediated defense, phages evolved NAD+ reconstitution pathway 1 (NARP1), which uses ADPR and Nam to rebuild NAD+. Here we report a bacterial defense system called aRES, involving RES-domain proteins that degrade NAD+ into Nam and ADPR-1-phosphate (ADPR-1P). This molecule cannot serve as a substrate for NARP1, so that NAD+ depletion by aRES defends against phages even if they encode NARP1. We further discover that some phages evolved an extended NARP1 pathway capable of overcoming aRES defense. In these phages, the NARP1 operon also includes a specialized phosphatase, which dephosphorylates ADPR-1P to form ADPR, a substrate from which NARP1 then reconstitutes NAD+. Other phages encode inhibitors that directly bind aRES proteins and physically block their active sites. Our study describes new layers in the NAD+-centric arms race between bacteria and phages and highlights the centrality of the NAD+ pool in cellular battles between viruses and their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurieva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yirmiya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochhauser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial defense via RES-mediated NAD+ depletion is countered by phage phosphatases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXA2 potently represses viral gene expression by targeting NF-kB-dependent transcription in liver cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor Forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) is a master regulator of endoderm development and of mature endoderm-derived organs, including the liver, and tight control of its expression and activity is paramount for the proper execution of developmental and homeostatic gene programs. In this study, we investigated the biological significance of FOXA2 alternative transcripts and uncovered an unexpected and previously unrecognized role for FOXA2 in transcriptional repression, particularly in the context of viral gene regulation. We show that FOXA2 alternative transcripts arise from distinct transcription start sites, rather than alternative splicing, and that the resulting protein isoforms are functionally equivalent, indicating that alternative promoter usage primarily serves to fine-tune FOXA2 expression, rather than to diversify protein function.

Unexpectedly, despite its established role as a pioneer transcription factor and transcriptional activator, FOXA2 exhibited robust repressive activity in differentiated liver cells. FOXA2 over-expression led to widespread repression of endogenous genes, including autorepression of the FOXA2 gene itself, and, notably, to dramatic suppression of viral regulatory elements. Among these, the SV40 early promoter--an essential driver of viral replication and cellular transformation--was strongly repressed by FOXA2. Targeted mutagenesis revealed that FOXA2 DNA binding is sufficient to drive repression of the SV40 early promoter, and that this repression depends critically on intact NF-{kappa}B response elements. Repression was most pronounced on regulatory elements whose activity is highly dependent on NF-{kappa}B, identifying NF-{kappa}B-driven promoters as a key target of FOXA2 repressive activity.

Mechanistically, EMSA and immunoblot analyses indicate that FOXA2 does not repress viral promoters through direct competition with NF-{kappa}B for DNA binding. Instead, FOXA2 expression was associated with reduced NF-{kappa}B protein abundance, at least in part through proteasome-dependent degradation, revealing a novel indirect mechanism by which FOXA2 constrains NF-{kappa}B-dependent transcription. Given that many viruses, including SV40 and HIV-1, rely heavily on NF-{kappa}B activity to drive early gene expression and the transition from latency to productive infection, our findings suggest that FOXA2 may function as a host-derived, context-dependent restriction factor that limits viral gene expression in differentiated tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suleiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.701993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXA2 potently represses viral gene expression by targeting NF-kB-dependent transcription in liver cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.701823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chemical-Genetic Interaction Matrix Reveals Drug Mechanism and Genetic Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.701823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To probe drug mechanism of action (MOA) and interrogate the genetic architecture of human cells, we carried out isogenic genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens against 310 diverse drugs, bioactive compounds, and stress conditions. Stringent statistical correction for gene knockout fitness defects yielded a large-scale matrix of >12,000 high confidence chemical-genetic interactions (CGIs). This dataset revealed many previously unappreciated off-target effects for well-characterized compounds and novel MOAs for uncharacterized compounds. The CGI matrix uncovered dense genetic modules that yielded new biological insights into phospholipidosis, mitotic regulation, metabolism, the DNA damage response, and mTOR signaling. The dataset allowed identification of multi-drug sensitization and resistance mechanisms, inference of gene function, elaboration of cross-process connectivity, evaluation of the cell type specificity of CGIs, prediction of chemical synergism, and extensive annotation of understudied genes. This resource provides a map of the genetic landscape in human cells and a framework to help guide drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulombe-Huntington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertomeu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatr-aryamontri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Cyr, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Osuna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normandin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paydar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Denis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Say, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitkreutz, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Sloot, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavoie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, K. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raught, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amours, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicheri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verreault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mader, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meloche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therrien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitchison, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvageau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archambault, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topisirovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ty</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.701823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chemical-Genetic Interaction Matrix Reveals Drug Mechanism and Genetic Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catch-and-Display Immunoassay as an Accessible Platform for Digital Biomarker Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital immunoassays provide exceptional analytical sensitivity for detecting low-abundance biomarkers, but their broad adoption is limited by practical barriers. Commercial platforms are prohibitively expensive for routine use by individual laboratories, and laboratory-scale concepts typically describe specialized biosensors and sophisticated workflows. Here, we introduce a nanomembrane-based Catch-and-Display Immunoassay (CAD-IA) as an accessible digital immunoassay for common laboratory settings. In CAD-IA, fluorescent nanoparticles are "captured" by the nanoscale pores of ultrathin silicon nitride membranes through a pipette powered filtration. The captured nanoparticles serve as optically isolated  hotspots for fluorescent immunocomplex formation when target antigen is present. Co-localization of the fluorescent particles and fluorescent immunocomplexes are then "displayed" and quantified by standard confocal microscopy to generate digital signals. CAD-IA is implemented using the {micro}SiM-DX (microfluidic device featuring an ultrathin silicon membrane for diagnostics) platform, which is manually assembled from mass produced, cost-effective components. Using the traumatic brain injury (TBI) biomarker S100B as a model, we demonstrate that CAD-IA provides consistent digital outputs and linear quantification with a dynamic range of at least two orders of magnitude when digital and analog analysis are combined on the same image sets. We further demonstrate that the assay maintains linearity in serum matrices and achieves suitable sensitivity (LoD = 0.02 g/mL) for clinically relevant diagnostic with the addition of tyramide signal amplification (TSA). While further optimization of CAD-IA is possible, these results constitute a proof-of-concept demonstration of a novel digital immunoassay that is accessible to most laboratory environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaczko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabard-Cossa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flax, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catch-and-Display Immunoassay as an Accessible Platform for Digital Biomarker Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From biting to engulfment: curvature-actin coupling controls phagocytosis of soft, deformable targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of the innate immune system, yet the physical determinants that govern the engulfment of soft, deformable targets remain poorly understood. Existing theoretical models typically approximate targets as rigid particles, overlooking the fact that both immune cells and many biological targets undergo significant membrane deformation during contact. Here, we develop a Monte Carlo-based membrane simulation framework to model the interactions of multiple vesicles, enabling us to explore phagocytosis-like processes in systems where both the phagocyte and the target possess flexible, thermally fluctuating membranes. We first validate our approach against established observations for the engulfment of rigid objects. We then investigate how the mechanical properties of a soft target--specifically membrane bending rigidity govern the outcome of phagocytic interactions. Our simulations reveal three distinct mechanical regimes: (i) biting or trogocytosis, in which the phagocyte extracts a portion of the target vesicle; (ii) pushing, where the target is displaced rather than engulfed; and (iii) full engulfment, in which the target is completely internalized. Increasing membrane tension via internal pressure produces analogous transitions, demonstrating a unified mechanical origin for these behaviours. Qualitative comparison with experiments involving Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs, deformable microparticles) and lymphoma cells supports the relevance of these regimes to biological phagocytosis. Together, these results highlight how target deformability fundamentally shapes phagocytic success and suggest that immune cells may exploit mechanical cues to recognize among different classes of soft targets.

Significance statementPhagocytosis is essential for immune defence, yet the physical principles governing the engulfment of soft, deformable targets remain poorly understood. Most theoretical models assume rigid particles, even though real cells undergo substantial shape changes during contact. Here, we develop a theoretical membrane model to simulate interactions between multiple vesicles, enabling a mechanistic exploration of phagocytosis of soft targets. We show that target membrane rigidity dictates whether it is fully engulfed, pushed away, or partially bitten. These mechanically driven regimes explain experimental observations of immune cells engaging with both artificial GUVs and lymphoma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhukhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorselen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From biting to engulfment: curvature-actin coupling controls phagocytosis of soft, deformable targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
immgenT: A Comprehensive Reference of Convergent T-cell States in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immgenT collaborative project generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of T cells spanning virtually all mouse organs and disease states, profiling [~]800,000 cells from 750 samples with RNA, 128-plex surface protein, and {beta}TCR sequence. Applying a deep generative model to joint RNA and protein data defined a finite landscape of T-cell states organized into eight lineages and 110 robust clusters, integrating identical cells from different contexts, and resolving prior nomenclatures. Analysis of effector molecules, transcription factors and modules showed that both immunological functions and regulatory programs are shared across cell states. This framework provides a stable, reusable reference, demonstrated by computationally integrating 16 external datasets from diverse biological contexts. A set of public web tools supports browsing of these data, allows mapping of any dataset onto the immgenT framework. These results propose a molecular classification of T cells organized around a set of shared states reused across immunological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panigrahi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro del Rio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangs, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bee, G. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiusco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imianowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebron Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkenschlager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thefaine, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorzetto-Fernandes, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croteau, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosselut, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brossay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[immgenT: A Comprehensive Reference of Convergent T-cell States in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome imaging reveals conserved and virulence-linked phenotypic states in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell phenotypic diversity underlies fundamental bacterial behaviors. Resolving this heterogeneity at scale while maintaining sensitive detection remains a central challenge. Here, we address this gap by combining the strengths of single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) and transcriptome-wide sequencing. We present par2FISH, a framework for discovering transcriptionally defined subpopulations across conditions by multiplexing tens of thousands of smFISH reactions. Through comparative single-cell transcriptomics in Escherichia coli and Salmonella, we uncover conserved and species-specific patterns of heterogeneity, including mutually exclusive states, coordinated metabolic specialization, and differential activation of virulence programs. We further obtain complete transcriptomes for selected subpopulations using marker-based cell sorting and RNA-sequencing (FACS-RNA-seq). This integrated strategy paves the way for exposing bacterial phenotypic landscapes and the environmental, physiological, and evolutionary factors that shape them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Persky, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciolli Mattioli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azran, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.703127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptome imaging reveals conserved and virulence-linked phenotypic states in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intelliwaste: NMR of 13C-labeled Spent Media Enables Non-Invasive Metabolic Fingerprinting of Pluripotent Stem Cells and LIS1-Associated Neuropathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we present Intelliwaste, a non-invasive, cost-effective method for profiling carbon metabolism in pluripotent stem cells and brain organoids using 13C-labeled metabolites and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. This approach enables longitudinal analysis of extracellular fluxes without disrupting cell viability.

We apply Intelliwaste to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultured in a defined media enriched with >95% 13C1-Glucose. Under these conditions, 13C3-lactate emerged as the most abundant labeled product, with 20-50-fold lower fluxes to 13C3-alanine, 13C2-acetate, 13C3-serine, and 13C3-pyruvate, and 100-300-fold lower fluxes to 13C1-formate and multiple 13C-labeled glutamate species. These profiles allow for precise quantification of fractional metabolic isotopic labeling and glucose-derived carbon flow.

To demonstrate biological utility, we first examine the effect of L-glutamine omission, which selectively reduces 13C3-alanine/13C3-lactate and 13C4-glutamate/13C3-lactate flux ratios, while the 13C3-Glutamate/13C3-Lactate and 13C2-Glutamate/13C3-Lactate flux ratios remained unchanged. These findings suggest a specific role for extracellular glutamine in modulating the activity of alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate carboxylase. We then characterized LIS1 mutant hESCs--a model of lissencephaly--and observed significantly increased flux ratios involving 13C4-, 13C3-, and 13C2-glutamate relative to 13C3-lactate, indicating enhanced glutamate production via the TCA cycle.

These findings establish Intelliwaste as a powerful tool for metabolic profiling in the study of human neurodevelopment and disease. Its non-destructive nature makes it particularly well-suited for tracking metabolic changes during differentiation and in patient-derived organoid models of neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlinski Zur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intelliwaste: NMR of 13C-labeled Spent Media Enables Non-Invasive Metabolic Fingerprinting of Pluripotent Stem Cells and LIS1-Associated Neuropathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.703122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for reparative CAR T engineering in the CNS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.703122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown remarkable therapeutic promise in hematological malignancies and, more recently, in autoimmunity. They also hold considerable potential for neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury, where the therapeutic objective shifts from cell depletion to immune modulation and tissue repair. Using ischemic stroke as proof-of-concept, we engineered MOG-targeting CAR T cells to dissect how distinct CAR designs shape the CNS microenvironment. CD4/CD8 CAR T cells (a mixture of CD4 and CD8 subsets) proliferated robustly and efficiently infiltrated the ischemic hemisphere, but induced broad immune recruitment and exacerbated neuroinflammation. In contrast, CD4 restricted CAR T cells markedly reduced immune infiltration, reprogrammed microglia, and minimized inflammatory activation. We engineered CD4 CAR T cells to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to determine whether they could be redirected toward a reparative, non-cytotoxic phenotype. CD4 BDNF-CAR T cells further attenuated inflammation, reduced immune infiltration, and promoted the expansion of regulatory T cells. CD4 BDNF-CAR T treated mice showed significantly improved gait performance following stroke. Together, these findings establish a cellular framework and outline principles for engineering reparative CAR T platforms for neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Yehuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majzner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.703122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for reparative CAR T engineering in the CNS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CytoLight: A Rapid and Versatile Fluorescent-Based Labeling Method for Extracellular Vesicle Characterization and Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient, aggregation-free extracellular vesicles (EVs) labeling is essential for studying their dynamics in-vitro and in-vivo. However, traditional dyes introduce limitations including aggregation, membrane intercalation, fluorescence transfer and inconsistent performance across EV sources thus distorting quantification, altering surface properties and confounding uptake and biodistribution analyses. Here, we systematically evaluated CytoLight, a luminal dye traditionally used for live-cell imaging, as an alternative for EV quantification, characterization, uptake analysis and in-vivo tracking, benchmarking it against PKH26, CFSE and ExoBrite across multiple platforms. CytoLight generated stable, intravesicular fluorescence without aggregation or membrane alteration, eliminating artifacts characteristic of conventional dyes. Using fluorescence-NTA and single-EV flow cytometry, CytoLight showed more consistent labeling across EV types than CFSE or ExoBrite, while avoiding PKH-related micelle-driven artifacts and exhibited compatibility with CD81 dual-detection. In uptake assays, CytoLight produced EV-specific endocytosis-dependent internalization signals exceeding labeled-BPS/protein controls. In-vivo, CytoLight-labeled EVs enabled fluorescent biodistribution mapping showing conventional EV tropism patterns distinguishable from labeled-PBS controls. These findings establish CytoLight as an effective, aggregation-free EV-labeling strategy. Its stability, specificity, compatibility with single-EV platforms and reliable performance in both cellular uptake and biodistribution studies position CytoLight as a practical, scalable alternative to current dyes, providing a stronger foundation for standardized and reproducible EV research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gover-Proaktor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partouche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qassim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpan-Langman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Erez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovits, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raanani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CytoLight: A Rapid and Versatile Fluorescent-Based Labeling Method for Extracellular Vesicle Characterization and Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cortical basis for perception of internal gut sensations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interoception, the sensing of internal bodily signals, is essential for brain-body interactions and shapes emotion, cognition, and behavior1-5. Subconscious internal signals, including heartbeats or stomach fullness, can rise to conscious awareness, and this process can improve with practice, as seen in meditation, mindful eating, or toilet training in early infancy. Conversely, disrupted interoception is emerging as a common deficit in diverse psychiatric disorders1,3,6,7. Nevertheless, we still lack a fundamental understanding of the neurobiological basis of perception and conscious reporting of internal sensations. Here, we combine genetic and ultra-sensitive optogenetic tools in mice to establish a quantitative framework for studying internal perception. We developed a behavioral task in which mice report detecting non-invasive optogenetic activation of gut mechanosensory neurons, establishing "interoceptive psychophysics". We combine this approach with cellular-resolution imaging and manipulations to reveal the neuronal basis for perception of these internal gut sensations in the interoceptive insular cortex. While representations of sensory stimuli were consistently observed in insular cortex across different tasks, we found that perceptual reports were only encoded during a more difficult psychophysics task, but not during basic detection. Accordingly, manipulation of insular cortex activity affected behavioral reports only in the psychophysics task. These findings reveal a neural basis for perception of internal gut sensations and provide a blueprint for future quantitative exploration of other interoceptive modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafael, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtiglitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prilutski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talpir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livneh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cortical basis for perception of internal gut sensations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Rewiring of Enterocyte Identity in Celiac Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterocytes in the human small intestine exhibit distinct functional states in different zones along the crypt-villus axis, a feature that is thought to convey optimal absorption. In celiac disease (CeD), autoimmune destruction of enterocytes leads to villus blunting, but how this altered tissue morphology affects enterocyte states is unclear. Using spatial and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that in patients with CeD, enterocytes acquire a novel identity characterized by co-expression of multiple zonal programs. This aberrant zonal co-expression results from reduced distances between BMP- and WNT-producing mesenchymal cells, leading to overlapping morphogen fields. In addition, we identify a subset of metaplastic cells that adopt gastric pit cell-like identities in discrete tissue patches. Our findings provide a detailed view of epithelial remodeling in CeD and establish a resource for understanding the cellular basis of malabsorption associated with villus blunting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman-Sharabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoselsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichislov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guz-Mark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shouval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Rewiring of Enterocyte Identity in Celiac Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane fusion is ubiquitous in myriad biological processes, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release, myoblast fusion, virus entry, and fertilization1-3. It is often considered in the presence of fusogenic proteins, which mediate the fusion by pulling the membranes into contact to overcome the high energy barrier imposed by hydration repulsion4-7. Here we uncover an alternative pathway - membrane fusion arising from electroporation induced by transmembrane potentials8,9 in absence of proteins. Using biased molecular dynamics simulations to carry out extensive potential-of-mean-force calculations10, we show how electroporation of opposing membranes promotes membrane fusion via formation of an intermembrane splayed lipid and peripore stalk, without any protein involvement. We validate our mechanism by demonstrating experimentally, via video microscopy and second harmonic generation imaging11 of interacting giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), that GUV fusion occurs in the presence of transmembrane potentials but not in their absence. The magnitude of these transmembrane potentials is biologically relevant, prevalent in transient states near the surfaces of cell membranes8,12, underscoring the potential importance of this mechanism in biological events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking biochemical and cellular efficacy of MERS coronavirus main protease inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compounds that bind to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) main protease (MPro) often produce biphasic concentration-response curves (CRCs) in biochemical assays; low concentrations activate the enzyme and high concentrations inhibit it. This biphasic behavior complicates data analysis. Here, we compare three approaches to data analysis: fitting the Hill equation to the activation phase, fitting it to the inhibition phase, and fitting an enzyme kinetics model that incorporates dimerization and ligand binding to the complete CRC. In the latter case, cellular efficacy is predicted by extrapolating the model to high enzyme concentrations. For compounds in our drug lead series, all three procedures yield inhibitory concentrations that are correlated with live-virus antiviral assays. The latter procedure provides the most accurate forecast of cellular efficacy rank. These data analysis procedures may be valuable for antiviral drug discovery against MERS-CoV MPro and other enzymes with similar kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>La, V. N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Tapia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking biochemical and cellular efficacy of MERS coronavirus main protease inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cilia beating of ependymal cells regulates adult neural stem cell quiescence via mechanical forces mediated by PKD1/2-TRPM3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many tissues stem cells are located lining a fluid-filled volume and their neighboring niche cells include cells with beating cilia. However, the role of mechanical forces created by cilia beating on stem cells remains elusive. We developed an approach to transiently inhibit the cilia beating of ependymal cells (EC) lining the forebrain ventricle by injecting magnetic beads-coupled antibodies targeting EC cilia and then applying a magnetic field. We show that EC cilia beating enforces neural stem cells (NSCs) quiescence through mechano-sensitive PKD1/2- and TRPM3-mediated Ca2+ transients. Only a few hours of EC cilia beating inhibition triggered NSC activation in vivo. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of TRPM3 or PKD1/2 in NSCs phenocopied the effect of EC cilia beating inhibition, while TRPM3 pharmacological activation rescued NSC quiescence in the absence of cilia beating. Our data reveal a novel regulator of stem cells exposed to fluids via the mechanical forces mediated by cilia beating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bressan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gengatharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Aller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer-Sternjak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaeezadeh Roukerd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roisin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherinet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernaskie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cilia beating of ependymal cells regulates adult neural stem cell quiescence via mechanical forces mediated by PKD1/2-TRPM3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal functionalization of extracellular vesicles with nanobody adapters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.28.708726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a powerful platform for targeted therapies due to their intrinsic capacity for intercellular communication and low immunogenicity. In addition to their desirable natural properties, EVs can be engineered to programmably display targeting moieties on their surface, leading to enhanced specificity. Current methods for EV engineering rely on genetic engineering of parental cells, which is robust but labor-intensive due to the requirement to generate stable cell lines for each targeting protein. To address this hurdle, we introduce the Nanobody-Tag-Ligand system (NaTaLi), in which anti-ALFA tag nanobodies are anchored to the EV surface, enabling flexible and nearly covalent attachment of ALFA-tagged proteins. Crucially, NaTaLi allows stable and uniform functionalization of isolated EVs with any tagged protein, removing the need for further mammalian cell engineering. We demonstrate that NaTaLi enables simultaneous display of multiple functional moieties, allowing for precise tunability. In a murine model of breast cancer, NaTaLi-engineered EVs exhibited specific, high-efficiency delivery to tumor cells in vivo. Thus, NaTaLi is a versatile, plug-and-play system that may accelerate the development of targeted EV therapeutics and open the door to readily engineering complex, multispecific EVs.

Graphical AbstractA schematic representation of the NaTaLi delivery system. EVs are engineered to display ALFA nanobodies on their surface (ALFA-EVs). ALFA-tagged proteins of choice are isolated and purified from bacteria. Mixing ALFA-EVs with ALFA-tagged proteins creates EVs functionalized with proteins of choice. For examples, ALFA-EVs can be functionalized with tumor-targeting proteins for in vivo targeting of tumors.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=143 SRC="FIGDIR/small/708726v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahradnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merunkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havlicek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uskoba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jirak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.28.708726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal functionalization of extracellular vesicles with nanobody adapters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusion-ACP39: A Decoder-Adaptive Latent Diffusion Framework for Generative Anticancer Peptide Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.04.709539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer remains a major global health threat, with its incidence and mortality rates consistently rising in recent years. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are short amino acid chains that can inhibit the growth or spread of cancer cells. Compared to traditional treatments, ACPs are a promising class of potential cancer therapies due to their multiple mechanisms, potential for combination cancer therapy, enhanced immune function, lower toxicity to normal tissues, fewer side effects, and less drug resistance. Although it is necessary to explore novel ACPs, traditional wet-lab methods for selecting them are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive. To accelerate the discovery of novel ACPs, we proposed Diffusion-ACP39, a latent diffusion-based generative model with synchronized seed autoencoder for anticancer peptide design, capable of generating novel peptides with lengths ranging from 5 to 39 amino acids. Furthermore, we developed RF-ACP39, a random forest classifier model to assess the generative power of Diffusion-ACP39. Finally, Diffusion-ACP39 achieved an accuracy of 94.5% when generating 10,000 peptides with RF-ACP39. We also qualitatively analyzed the differences among true ACPs, random sequences, random peptides, and generated ACPs, demonstrating that the generated ACPs are most similar to true ACPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CACPbell-Valois, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusion-ACP39: A Decoder-Adaptive Latent Diffusion Framework for Generative Anticancer Peptide Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invasion histories reveal most North American introduced plants have not yet reached climatic stasis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimAnalysis of species distributions often rests on the assumption of environmental equilibrium. That is, the distribution of a species (as documented by observation records) captures the full range of environmental conditions under which that species can maintain viable populations. Despite the centrality of this assumption to a variety of biogeographic questions, it is rarely empirically tested. This is particularly critical for recently introduced invasive species that are characterized by rapid expansion in their introduced range, often coupled with a niche shift relative to their native distribution. Defining equilibrium under these dynamic conditions is difficult. We developed the concept of environmental stasis as a more tractable proxy for equilibrium. In the context of species invasions, we define stasis as a prolonged period without an increase in the environmental conditions occupied by a species.

LocationNorth America

Time Period1614 to 2020.

Major Taxa StudiedInvasive plants

MethodsWe applied the metric of climatic stasis to a suite of 258 invasive plant species in North America. We categorized their invasion trajectories into three classes (linear, two- and three-phase) based on theoretical expectations and then assessed how many had demonstrated environmental (climatic) stasis over a period of at least thirty years.

ResultsMore than 80% of the species were best fit by two- or three-phase models, indicating a declining rate of expansion. Climatic stasis was only documented for 44% of the species. In contrast, 85% of the species were in climatic stasis in their native ranges. The time to reach stasis ranged from 30 to 145 years (mean 90), and species at stasis in their invaded range occupied 97% of the climatic space they occupied in their native range.

Main ConclusionsThis assessment provides valuable insight into the unrealized threat posed by the majority of invasive plants that have not yet reached stasis, as well as identifying which species can be most appropriately evaluated by methods that depend on the equilibrium assumption. Our work also demonstrates the useful perspective provided by the environmental stasis concept, which enables empirical quantification of one of the key aspects of equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roach-Krajewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharouba, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invasion histories reveal most North American introduced plants have not yet reached climatic stasis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin tethering to the nuclear envelope enhances its accessibility to RNAPII and promotes chromatin asymmetric organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsic tendency of chromatin to self-attract competes with its association with RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII), a prerequisite for efficient transcription. Using high-resolution live imaging of chromatin and RNAPII organization in Drosophila larval muscle nuclei, we demonstrate that chromatin tethering to the nuclear envelope via the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is essential for maintaining chromatin three-dimensional organization. Disruption of chromatin-lamina interactions either in LINC mutants or following knockdown of Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF) results in enhanced chromatin clustering in the nucleoplasm and reduced RNAPII-chromatin interaction. Consistent with these observations, computer simulations revealed an inverse relationship between the chromatin cluster size and the degree of chromatin tethering to the nuclear lamina. We also measured chromatin distribution with respect to the nuclear lamina and found asymmetry of RNAPII distributions within chromatin clusters, which correlated with their proximity to the nuclear envelope, a relationship that is lost in nuclei lacking a functional LINC complex.

Our findings demonstrate that chromatin association with the nuclear envelope counteracts chromatin self-attraction and facilitates RNAPII binding to DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotkopf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin tethering to the nuclear envelope enhances its accessibility to RNAPII and promotes chromatin asymmetric organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Ubiquitin network safeguards cell identity by continuously degrading stem-cell related translational machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cell identity is maintained is a fundamental question, and loss of cell identity is a hallmark of aging that is associated with multiple age-related diseases. In the adult Drosophila midgut, we identified a post-transcriptional regulatory layer that supervises enterocyte (EC) identity and fails upon aging. Combining single-cell RNA-seq with lineage tracing in aging ECs and classical genetics we found that aging ECs express genes that unlock the differentiated state. Upon aging, the protein Rogue (CG13928), a translational repressor, orchestrates reactivation of a stem-cell-related translational repression machinery involving p-body-associated RNA-binding proteins that cancels the differentiated state. In young ECs, this machinery is continuously suppressed by the deubiquitinase Non-stop (dUSP22) and the ubiquitin E2 dUbcH8/Kdo and the E3 enzyme CTLH, together suppress the stem-cell related RNA binding proteins safeguarding EC identity. Upon aging, the levels of dUSP22 decline, dUbcH8/Kdo and the E3 CTLH complex are cleared via Rogue, and the stem cell-related p-bodies are reactivated, self-destroying EC identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhzumy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitman-Lotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soffers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, J. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissland, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orian, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.709266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Ubiquitin network safeguards cell identity by continuously degrading stem-cell related translational machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial extracellular matrix protein forms a supramolecular metallogel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbial extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of self-secreted biopolymers uniting the cells in biofilms, providing them with structural integrity, and contributing to their elevated resistance to antibiotic treatments. Recently, there is a growing realization that a regulated, bidirectional cross-talk of bacteria and ECM confers biofilms with tissue-like traits, however, the mechanisms of spatio-temporal self-organisation of ECM and its regulation are still poorly understood. In the model organism for biofilm formation Bacillus subtilis, TasA is the major protein component of the extracellular matrix. We recently showed that TasA, isolated in the form of stable and structured globules, assembles into elongated and ordered fibers via a donor-strand complementation mechanism. In this study, we discovered that in the presence of zinc metal ions, TasA is able to form hydrogels with > 97% water content. Electron- and atomic force-microscopies as well as small angle X-ray scattering measurements show that cross-linking with zinc ions induces a transition in TasA morphology from one-dimensional fibers to two-dimensional sheets. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements then show that such a significant morphological shift is associated with molecular changes in the coordination environment of zinc ions, which lead to structural changes at the protein level. When assembling into macroscopic networks, TasA-Zn metallogels exhibit viscoelastic properties and a fast recovery following an excessive strain. These metallogels represent a novel class of bacterially-derived ECMs that form easily at room temperature without covalent crosslinking, and may be used as a natural matrix-mimics in biofilm models for infection studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghrayeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joppf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Kalisman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviv, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaburdaev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial extracellular matrix protein forms a supramolecular metallogel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.708229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic Input Triggers On-Demand Spine-Specific Mitochondrial ATP Production and Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.708229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic activity imposes acute energy demands, especially for restoring ionic gradients via pumps and exchangers that require ATP. While mitochondria are positioned near dendritic spines to meet this demand, how ATP is produced and delivered with spatial precision remains unclear. Here, using high-resolution calcium and ATP imaging, immuno-cytochemistry, and computational modeling, we demonstrate that synaptic input--but not back-propagating action potentials (bAPs)--triggers on-demand mitochondrial ATP production. This occurs only in spines containing a spine apparatus (SA), where calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) activates mitochondrial calcium uniporters (MCUs), initiating ATP synthesis. We show that ATP delivery is spatially constrained to mitochondrial regions facing the spine base, where ATP-synthase is enriched. Importantly, ATP produced elsewhere on the mitochondrial surface tends to diffuse into the dendrite. We further demonstrate that the delivery of ATP to the spine head is geometrically optimized: an intermediate spine neck length maximizes delivery efficiency. Mathematical modeling and simulations revealb that the time scale for ATP to reach and refill all head-localized exchangers is on the order of hundreds of milliseconds--fast enough to meet local metabolic needs. The present findings establish a mechanism in which nanoscale calcium signaling and mitochondrial architecture together ensure rapid, spatially targeted ATP delivery, tightly coupled to synaptic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paquin-Lefebvre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnireva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feofilaktova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkotian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.708229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic Input Triggers On-Demand Spine-Specific Mitochondrial ATP Production and Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal reference brain atlas of adult Danionella cerebrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic accounts of brain function require a common coordinate system in which structural, molecular and functional data can be integrated and compared across individuals. The teleost genus Danionella is unique among vertebrates in retaining lifelong transparency, allowing non-invasive, cellular-resolution functional imaging across the entire adult brain. A reference atlas in this model would therefore provide a strong foundation for causal and comparative circuit studies. Here we present an integrated anatomical, molecular and functional reference brain for adult Danionella cerebrum as a standardised atlas resource. Using a transgenic nuclear fluorescence marker, whole-mount tissue clearing and high-resolution two-photon microscopy, we generated an average reference brain from 21 adult fish to create a common coordinate system. Whole-mount in situ hybridisation for 29 neuronal markers, complemented by tract annotation from structural imaging and tracer injections, enabled us to segment 203 neuroanatomical regions. We found pronounced sex differences in telencephalic, cerebellar and hindbrain nuclei, revealing sexually dimorphic organisation across multiple brain regions. All data and segmentations are made openly accessible, providing a community resource for studies of circuit function, molecular makeup and sexual dimorphism in an optically accessible adult vertebrate brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadobianskyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groneberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atabay, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judkewitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal reference brain atlas of adult Danionella cerebrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint to mitotic timing and fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation is a tightly-regulated process that normally occurs with high fidelity. Errors in chromosome segregation are associated with aging, cancer, and infertility. Initially erroneously attached chromosomes are corrected over the course of mitosis, with the spindle assembly checkpoint preventing entry into anaphase until this error correction is complete. Despite extensive work on the molecular basis of error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint, it is still unclear how disruption of these processes contribute to chromosome segregation errors. Here, we develop and experimentally test a coarse-grained model of error correction in the presence of a faulty spindle assembly checkpoint. We use the resulting model to disentangle the impact of various small molecule and genetic perturbations on both error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint, and to compare chromosomally stable hTERT-RPE-1 cells and chromosomally unstable U2-OS cells. We find that the probability of error-free chromosome segregation is determined by the ratio of the checkpoint failure rate to the error correction rate, and validate a simple heuristic for understanding the source of chromosome segregation errors: perturbations which cause errors by disrupting the spindle assembly checkpoint decrease anaphase times, while those that disrupt error correction increase anaphase times. Taken together, this work provides a quantitative framework for understanding how error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint contribute to mitotic timing and fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint to mitotic timing and fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Young Adult Females After a High-Fat Meal Under Normoxemia, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Continuous Hypoxemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxemia occurs in intermittent forms, such as obstructive sleep apnea, and in continuous forms, such as at high altitude, and is increasingly recognized as a modulator of cardiometabolic risk. Although hypoxemia alters postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, its effects on ketone bodies remain unclear. Using a randomized crossover design, we examined whether six hours of normoxemia or intermittent hypoxemia (15 hypoxemic cycles/hour targeting [~]85% peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation with 100% medical-grade nitrogen) alters plasma {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in 12 young adult females (mean [SD]: 21 [3] years) following a high-fat meal (33% of estimated daily energy requirements; 59% of calories from fat). In a follow-up session, a subset (n = 8) completed six hours of continuous hypoxemia (fraction of inspired oxygen [~]12.0% in a normobaric chamber). Postprandial data were analyzed using baseline-adjusted linear mixed-effects models, with Bonferroni post hoc tests. A time x condition interaction (P = 0.010) indicated that BHB concentrations at 360 minutes were higher during continuous hypoxemia (0.247 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.218-0.275) than normoxemia (0.176 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.153-0.200; PBonferroni = 0.029) and intermittent hypoxemia (0.163 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.139-0.186; PBonferroni = 0.002), representing increases of 13.0% and 14.2% in estimated marginal means, respectively. This response was accompanied by higher postprandial plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations during continuous hypoxemia than during normoxemia and intermittent hypoxemia (PBonferroni [&le;] 0.002), despite similar plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acid responses across conditions (P [&ge;] 0.081). These findings indicate that continuous hypoxemia increases late postprandial plasma BHB concentrations in young adult females.

New FindingsO_ST_ABSWhat is the central question of this study?C_ST_ABSWhat are the effects of normoxemia, intermittent hypoxemia, and continuous hypoxemia on plasma {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in young adult females after a high-fat meal?

What is the main finding and its importance?Compared to normoxemia, young adult females showed higher postprandial plasma BHB concentrations during continuous hypoxemia, but not during intermittent hypoxemia, despite similar changes in plasma concentrations of two main regulators of BHB production (non-esterified fatty acids and insulin) across experimental conditions. These findings suggest that continuous hypoxemia modifies postprandial BHB concentrations through mechanisms not fully explained by circulating non-esterified fatty acids or insulin concentrations alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goulet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larocque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcoux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauger, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaratunga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbeault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Young Adult Females After a High-Fat Meal Under Normoxemia, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Continuous Hypoxemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.709536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial analysis reveals the evolving organization of low-grade and high-grade IDH-mutant glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.709536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult diffuse gliomas are comprised of malignant cell states interwoven with the non-malignant brain microenvironment. Here we combine spatial transcriptomics and spatial proteomics of IDH-mutant gliomas to define organizational principles across histological grades. In low-grade tumors, spatial organization arises from underlying nonmalignant brain structures. For example, we classify low-grade tumor regions as embedded into white matter and identify a sharp white-grey matter junction that restricts cortical invasion and is associated with marked changes in tumor composition and cellular phenotypes. This junction is preferentially traversed by oligodendrocyte progenitor (OPC)-like malignant cells, which may drive tumor expansion. In contrast, intermediate-grade tumors are largely disorganized, with few recurring pairwise interactions between cancer cell states and TME cell types. In high-grade tumors, hypoxia/necrosis-associated global structure begins to emerge, reminiscent of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Together, these findings reveal two independent axes of glioma spatial organization--from brain anatomy-driven organization in low-grade tumors to hypoxia-associated structure in high-grade tumors--and establishes a framework that links tumor grade to recurrent spatial associations between cell states and cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoefflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galili Darnell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiomkin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Castro, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neidert, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.709536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial analysis reveals the evolving organization of low-grade and high-grade IDH-mutant glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A stress-function tradeoff organizes epithelial heterogeneity across spatial scales in the human thyroid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organs are organized into repeating anatomical units, yet how cellular heterogeneity is structured within and between these units remains poorly understood. Here we use spatial transcriptomics to dissect multiscale heterogeneity in the human thyroid gland, a tissue composed of hormone-producing follicles. Across human thyroid samples spanning non-inflamed to inflamed states, we develop a follicle-aware analytical framework that separates intra-follicular from inter-follicular variability. We find that heterogeneity among thyrocytes is not dominated by differences in hormone synthesis but instead by two opposing transcriptional programs: an active hormone-producing state and a damage-response thyrocyte (DRT) state enriched for stress, immune, and damage-response pathways. DRTs are spatially clustered, associated with DNA damage markers, and are enriched near immune niches. Notably, the balance between active and damage-response programs constitutes a major axis of variability across cells, follicles, and patients. Our findings highlight a damage-response epithelial thyrocyte state that may be fundamental to follicular function in the human thyroid and provide a general framework for studying heterogeneity in tissues composed of repeating anatomical units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoselsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivatzki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avior, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefllin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A stress-function tradeoff organizes epithelial heterogeneity across spatial scales in the human thyroid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid droplets accumulate and delay regulated cell death execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normal and cancer cells accumulate lipid droplets (LDs) under stress to buffer lipotoxicity, but their role in regulated cell death (RCD) remains incompletely understood. Here, we explored LD accumulation across diverse apoptotic and non-apoptotic RCD modalities in human cancer cells and Drosophila germ cells. We found that LD accumulation arises from de novo LD biogenesis, whereas LD lipolysis remains active--or even enhanced--in dying germ cells and cancer cells, respectively. In Drosophila, LD accumulation in the Brummer lipase mutant inhibited germ cell death, indicating a protective function. Proteomic and imaging analyses revealed a broad redistribution of LD-associated proteins, encompassing lipid metabolism and stress response factors, as well as the pro-apoptotic effector Bax in human cancer cells. Enhanced LD-mitochondria contacts promoted active Bax translocation from mitochondria to LDs, thereby delaying apoptosis execution. Conversely, depletion of LDs sensitized cells to Bax- or truncated Bid-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these findings define LD accumulation during cell death as a delaying mechanism in which LDs sequester mitochondrial cell death regulators, attenuating their pro-death activity and revealing potential therapeutic implications for apoptosis-resistant cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopa, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouchidane Eyitayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jollivet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapozhnikov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szecsi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendahmane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoust-Nataf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollereau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid droplets accumulate and delay regulated cell death execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.710445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein disorder controls allostery in DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.710445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism, gene expression, and signaling all require the adaptation of protein activity to the mixture of reactants and products in a cell. This trait to adapt, called allostery, is hardwired in the structure of proteins. Binding a ligand at one location in a protein can change distant locations, thus tuning protein activity. How allostery works has been subject of intense research since its discovery sixty years ago. The challenge is to understand the order of events that follow ligand-binding in the three-dimensional architecture of proteins. Here we simplify this task by studying allostery in DNA, a nearly one-dimensional system. DNA can transmit allosteric signals over many nanometers to generate cooperativity in the binding of transcription factors, an archetype of the long-range action of allostery. We found that binding of the transcription factor ComK amplifies intrinsic microsecond structural fluctuations in DNA many nanometers distant from the binding site. Yet, it is not protein binding per se, but the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of the protein that amplifies these fluctuations. IDR removal does not only rigidify DNA, but it also abolishes allostery. The result is a structurally distorted protein-DNA complex that lost its function. These findings have important implications for our understanding of transcription activation and suggest a new functional role for IDRs in transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terterov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianga, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siligardi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.710445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein disorder controls allostery in DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent determinants of CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency revealed through cross-species endogenous editing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA (gRNA) editing efficiency remains limited, particularly outside human systems, where models trained on exogenous human datasets show poor generalization. We analyzed Cas9 efficiency and repair outcomes using novel endogenous editing data from four human cell types, two tomato cell types, and cells from giant river prawn and black soldier fly. While integrating publicly available predictors via ensemble frameworks improved performance, our analysis revealed hundreds of novel features affecting activity. Crucially, dominant features related to sites competition for gRNA, and local geometric properties varied across systems, highlighting the strong context dependence of Cas9 efficiency and arguing against a universal model. Interestingly, codon usage bias-based features also emerged as informative predictors, as they are proxies for chromatin accessibility. In contrast, trends in repair outcomes remained conserved. This work provides essential resources for more generalizable CRISPR guide design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuhin-Gruman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avital, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avitzour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaish, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler-Lublinsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutchinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mol Jaya Prakashan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shovman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izhiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barhum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg Shemer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izraeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovich, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furest, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezinger-Dayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent determinants of CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency revealed through cross-species endogenous editing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of the Brain-Spleen Axis Impairs Monocyte-Microglia Communication and Accelerates Disease Progression in a Model of Amyloidosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by a prolonged asymptomatic phase before cognitive decline emerges, yet the mechanisms driving symptom onset remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic disease is linked to dysfunction of brain-immune communication. Retrograde neuronal tracing in the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis revealed reduced brain-spleen connectivity at advanced disease stages. To probe the functional role of the brain-spleen axis in coping with disease, we denervated the splenic nerve at an early presymptomatic stage. This intervention accelerated cognitive decline, impaired splenic hematopoiesis, diminished monocyte recruitment to the brain, disrupted monocyte-microglia signaling networks, and reduced the transition of microglia from a homeostatic to the disease-associated (DAM) state. Conversely, enhancing splenic noradrenergic input increased hematopoiesis, restored monocyte homing to the brain, and delayed cognitive impairment. The protective role of splenic monocytes was independently validated in a retinal cytotoxic injury model, in which splenic denervation impaired post-insult retinal ganglion cell survival. Together, these findings identify an active brain-spleen circuit in regulating monocyte recruitment and establish peripheral monocytes as key drivers of microglial state transitions and disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abellanas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta Ramos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Androsova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccitelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kviatcovsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phoebeluc-Colaiuta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin-Etzion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of the Brain-Spleen Axis Impairs Monocyte-Microglia Communication and Accelerates Disease Progression in a Model of Amyloidosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial MHC II antigen presentation dynamically informs intestinal homeostasis and injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium plays a pivotal role in balancing immune tolerance and inflammation, yet how it communicates tissue state to the adaptive immune system remains unclear. Here, we show that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) encode tissue identity and injury into the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) ligandome. We employed integrated single cell transcriptomics, quantitative proteomics, and high-depth in vivo immunopeptidomics to map the MHC class II self-peptidome of the mouse small intestine across epithelial and immune compartments. Mature enterocytes and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) emerged as the dominant epithelial antigen-presenting cells (APCs), displaying a compartmentalized repertoire of endogenous self-immunopeptides reflecting epithelial differentiation and function. Disruption of epithelial MHC II expression led to loss of antigenic compartmentalization, immune infiltration, extracellular matrix remodeling, and emergence of inflammation-associated immune ligands, demonstrating that epithelial MHC II is required to maintain homeostasis. Functionally, a subset of ISC-derived self-immunopeptides preferentially promotes regulatory CD4{square} T cell responses, linking epithelial antigen presentation and peripheral tolerance. During gut inflammation, the epithelial MHC II landscape shifted toward damage-associated antigens. Together, these findings establish epithelial MHC II presentation as a context-dependent tissue-immune communication system that promotes tolerance in homeostasis and alerts to tissue injury during inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holiar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habshush Menachem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrover, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradchenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toval, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yissachar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial MHC II antigen presentation dynamically informs intestinal homeostasis and injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.712989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LOSS OF PARKIN DISRUPTS NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROGRAMS REQUIRED FOR MUSCLE REGENERATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.712989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) rely on precisely coordinated metabolic and nuclear transitions to exit quiescence, enter the cell cycle, and regenerate tissue. How these processes are coupled remains poorly defined. Here, we identify PARKIN as a critical integrator of mitochondrial quality control and nuclear RNA processing programs that together enable balanced MuSC lineage progression. Using a MuSC-specific, inducible Park2 knockout model, we show that PARKIN supports mitophagy in quiescent MuSCs, and its loss triggers premature mitochondrial polarization and fragmentation -- hallmarks of metabolic activation -- that compromise appropriate self-renewal and fate specification. Unexpectedly, MuSCs harbor a constitutive nuclear pool of PARKIN that rises rapidly upon activation and localizes to interchromatin regions, with focal association with nuclear speckles. Park2-deficient MuSCs exhibit transcriptomic signatures consistent with widespread RNA isoform switching and intron retention, particularly affecting splicing machinery components, accompanied by altered nuclear speckle organization and impaired cell cycle progression. These findings reveal that PARKIN safeguards both mitochondrial homeostasis and the RNA processing architecture essential for activation, thereby coordinating metabolic and nuclear reprogramming during early MuSC state transitions. Our work positions PARKIN as a dual compartment regulator required for robust skeletal muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thumiah-Mootoo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larionov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khacho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burelle, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.712989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LOSS OF PARKIN DISRUPTS NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROGRAMS REQUIRED FOR MUSCLE REGENERATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple mTOR RNA localization signals regulate subcellular protein synthesis and axonal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular localization of mTOR is thought to be key for regulating cell size and growth, but the relative contributions of mRNA versus protein localization are unclear. We used reporter mRNA localization assays to identify two distinct mTOR Localizing Sequences (MLS) in its 5UTR, in addition to the localization activity already reported for the 3UTR. Gene-edited mice with deletion of both 5UTR MLS are mTOR hypomorphs with reduced body weight and brain size. In contrast, a mouse line lacking the second 5UTR MLS and the 3UTR retains near normal overall mTOR expression levels with specific subcellular perturbation of mTOR localization to neuronal axons. This subcellular mTOR deficit affects axonal local protein synthesis and neuronal growth. Thus, mTOR transcripts are localized by multiple UTR sequences, and subcellular localization of mTOR mRNA regulates local protein synthesis and neuronal growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Pizio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okladnikov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple mTOR RNA localization signals regulate subcellular protein synthesis and axonal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular carbon storage enables starvation survival in marine bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterotrophic marine bacteria frequently experience fluctuations in carbon availability driven by phytoplankton dynamics. As a result, bacteria undergo repeated cycles of rapid growth during brief resource pulses followed by prolonged starvation. Yet the mechanisms that support bacterial survival during nutrient limitation remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate starvation survival in the algal-associated bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens. We show that cells remain viable for extended periods under carbon depletion while undergoing physiological and morphological changes. Using electron microscopy, metabolomics, and genetic approaches, we identify intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules as a key factor supporting survival during starvation. PHB accumulates during growth and is progressively consumed under carbon limitation. Deletion of the PHB synthase gene (phaC) eliminates granule formation and reduces long-term viability. Comparative analyses show that the genetic capacity for PHB biosynthesis is widespread among members of the Roseobacter group, suggesting a conserved strategy among algal-associated bacteria. However, species lacking PHB also survive starvation, indicating that additional mechanisms contribute to persistence under nutrient limitation. Together, our results identify intracellular carbon storage as a central mechanism linking bacterial physiology to survival in fluctuating marine environments, and highlight the diversity of strategies shaping microbial community dynamics and carbon cycling in the ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shlakhter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malitsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otikovs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szitenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular carbon storage enables starvation survival in marine bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer resistance to therapy by tissue-level homeostatic feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer displays remarkable robustness, exemplified by its ability to develop resistance to virtually every therapy. Resistance has traditionally been explained by clonal selection of pre-existing mutations, but there is now abundant evidence for resistance by non-genetic pathways including signals from normal stromal and immune cells. It is largely unclear why normal cells help cancer cells overcome treatment. We propose that physiological circuits responsible for tissue homeostasis can explain why cells cooperate to produce pathological resistance to therapy. To show this, we construct mathematical models of physiological dynamics. We then simulate cancer treatments within the context of a functioning tissue. We find that classic examples of resistance to therapy can be explained by homeostatic feedback regulation - including BRAF inhibitors in melanoma and anti-angiogenic therapy. The homeostatic theory of resistance (HTOR) reframes resistance as a byproduct of tissue robustness, rather than solely tumor-specific adaptation. Finally, we analyze two large-scale single-cell RNAseq databases of normal and cancer samples: the Tabula Sapiens1 and the Curated Cancer Atlas2. We show that in multiple cancers (breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, prostate, and skin), malignant cells preserve their tissue-specific homeostatic cell-signaling. We thus expect the robust feedback loops from healthy tissues to play a role in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straussman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer resistance to therapy by tissue-level homeostatic feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A stapled peptide inhibitor of MDM2 enables pharmacological activation of p53 in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring the activity of the tumor suppressor p53 in living systems is essential for understanding its dysregulation in cancer and other conditions, such as aging and diabetes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a powerful vertebrate model that enable such studies, due to the evolutionary conservation of p53 structure and function. However, p53 activity in zebrafish has mainly been assessed using pharmacological methods that induce DNA damage or have off-target effects, making it difficult to isolate p53-specific responses from broader stress responses. Here, by using biophysical assays, molecular dynamics, and molecular assays, we show that sulanemadlin, a stapled peptide inhibitor of MDM2, binds to zebrafish Mdm2 and transcriptionally activates downstream targets of p53, including cdkn1a, isoform{Delta} 113p53, and Mdm2. No effect on gene expression was observed in embryos treated with a point-modified control peptide or in embryos carrying a mutation that renders p53 transcriptionally inactive. RNA sequencing further confirmed upregulation of p53 signaling and downregulation of DNA replication pathways, while an acridine orange assay showed no detectable increases in apoptosis. In contrast, the tested small molecule Mdm2 inhibitors exhibit reduced binding affinity to zebrafish Mdm2 due to an amino acid variation in the zebrafish Mdm2 binding pocket. By overcoming a species-specific barrier in p53-MDM2 binding, the stapled peptide sulanemadlin is the first pharmacological tool to specifically activate p53 in zebrafish without inducing measurable apoptosis, enabling direct in vivo studies of p53 regulation in cancer and other disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kheder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krkoska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrysik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bräutigam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindström, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A stapled peptide inhibitor of MDM2 enables pharmacological activation of p53 in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofilament Light Disordered Tail Mutations Reshape Its Self-Assembled Network Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) perform essential cellular functions despite lacking stable structures, challenging the traditional structure-function paradigm. Neurofilament-light (NFL) proteins assemble into bottlebrush filaments, whose disordered tail domains mediate nematic hydrogel formation critical for neuronal integrity. Mutations in NFL are linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, yet their molecular effects remain unclear. Here, aiming to gain insight into these molecular mechanisms, we combine small-angle X-ray scattering, microscopy, and deep-learning conformational analysis to investigate CMT-associated NFL tail mutations. We find that these mutations induce pathological hydrogel compaction, disrupt filament nematic order by generating microdomains, and alter water retention dynamics by reshaping of sequence-dependent conformational ensembles, leading to macroscopic network rearrangements. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how subtle sequence changes in IDRs modulate protein network organization and function, informing an understanding of IDR-related pathologies and mutation-based disease characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aodeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yona, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravicas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofilament Light Disordered Tail Mutations Reshape Its Self-Assembled Network Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Branch-specific axon pruning induced by Dpr4/DIP-{Theta} transneuronal interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal remodeling is a conserved, late developmental mechanism to refine neural circuits. Although remodeling typically occurs with remarkable spatiotemporal precision, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) circuit, {gamma}-Kenyon cells ({gamma}-KCs) undergo stereotyped remodeling during metamorphosis, in which they prune their larval vertical and medial axonal branches and subsequently regrow a medial, adult-specific branch. Our previous transcriptional profiling of developing {gamma}-KCs revealed dynamic expression of Defective proboscis extension response (Dpr) proteins and their binding partners, Dpr-interacting proteins (DIPs), members of the Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Despite their established roles in neurodevelopment, how Dpr/DIPs function - given their lack of intracellular domains - remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of Dpr4 in developing {gamma}-KCs cell-autonomously inhibits axon pruning. Strikingly, this effect is branch-specific: the vertical axonal branch fails to prune, while the medial branch prunes normally. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of branch-specific control of pruning in this system. Moreover, the adult medial branch regrows normally, indicating that pruning and regrowth are independently regulated at the level of individual branches. We demonstrate that this unique branch-specificity arises from trans-neuronal interactions between Dpr4 in {gamma}-KCs and DIP-{theta} in dopaminergic neurons that selectively innervate the vertical larval MB lobe. Furthermore, our findings suggest that this phenotype relies on an Ig2 domain of a Dpr family member, implying the involvement of a third binding partner. Leveraging this robust overexpression phenotype to probe downstream mechanisms, we find that loss of the transmembrane adhesion protein N-Cadherin suppresses the Dpr4-induced pruning defect. Together, our findings highlight the local impact of Dpr/DIP-mediated trans-neuronal interactions on the spatial regulation of remodeling, and provide genetic evidence implicating N-Cadherin as a potential downstream mediator of Dpr/DIP function within a developing neural circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyagor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.715068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Branch-specific axon pruning induced by Dpr4/DIP-{Theta} transneuronal interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics reveals multi-scale mechanisms sustaining schistosomiasis re-emergence in a near-elimination setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In China, sustained snail control, environmental management, and mass drug administration with praziquantel reduced schistosomiasis to near-elimination levels, yet re-emergence in Sichuan Province during the early 2000s exposed vulnerabilities in late-stage control. We conducted a novel investigation of Schistosoma japonicum re-emergence in Sichuan in order to identify the processes underlying re-emergence and to showcase how genomic data can be used in such investigations. We sequenced whole genomes from 270 miracidia collected from 53 human hosts across 17 villages in 2007 - the year after re-emergence was documented.

Population genomic analyses revealed a broadly cohesive regional parasite population with weak geographic structuring. Genome-wide diversity was substantial, and demographic reconstructions revealed no recent decline in effective population size, demonstrating that parasite populations were not demographically fragmented at the onset of re-emergence, hinting at maintenance in reservoir populations. At finer spatial scales, several villages exhibited low diversity and elevated inbreeding, consistent with localized transmission maintained by small founding populations. Estimates of pairwise genetic relatedness revealed dense within-village sibling clusters alongside second- and third-degree relationships spanning villages, and rare first- and second-degree cross-village links. These findings are consistent with highly focal transmission with episodic parasite dispersal across villages, leading to a regional transmission network. Inferred minimum worm burden across hosts varied from 1 to 11 adult worm pairs, indicating heterogeneity in within-host parasite diversity, although uneven sampling limited inference. Together, these findings indicate that schistosomiasis re-emergence in this near-elimination setting was likely facilitated by a diverse parasite population maintained in reservoir populations, and that transmission, while predominantly local was occurring across a network of connected villages. This work illustrates how population genomics can reveal mechanisms driving re-emergence in late-stage elimination in complex, multi-host transmission systems.

Author SummarySchistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding the factors that contribute to persistence and transmission, even in the face of control programs, is central to reducing and ultimately eliminating the disease. In China, decades of intensive control efforts have dramatically reduced infections, yet the disease continued to persist in some regions. In this study, we analyzed the genomes of 270 parasite larvae collected from infected humans across 17 villages in Sichuan Province, China, shortly after schistosomiasis re-emerged in the region. By examining genetic relationships among parasites, we reconstructed patterns of transmission across villages and within individual infections. Our findings suggest that, despite major reductions in human infection prevalence, parasite populations sizes do not show signatures of recent population decline, indicating that non-human hosts may serve as key reservoirs promoting persistence. We also find that local transmission pathways, including clonal infections infecting multiple humans derived from a relatively small number of snail hosts, maintain parasite transmission pathways. Collectively, these findings suggest non-human hosts, intact local transmission pathways, and regional connectivity together enabled re-emergence, highlighting important challenges for elimination programs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francioli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoe, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics reveals multi-scale mechanisms sustaining schistosomiasis re-emergence in a near-elimination setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolostasis failure thresholds are linked with network topology, metabolite solubility, and translational control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells maintain metabolite homeostasis (metabolostasis) by buffering fluctuations in metabolite levels, yet the limits of this buffering and the mechanisms underlying metabolic toxicity remain poorly understood. To study this, we systematically overfed metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and quantified associations with growth inhibition, intracellular aggregation, and multiomic perturbations. We identify metabolite-specific failure thresholds at which amyloid-like aggregates are observed, with graded growth inhibition detectable at sub-threshold concentrations, suggesting toxicity mechanisms beyond transporter saturation. Metabolites with higher network influence and broader pathway participation are associated with higher failure thresholds and smaller pathway disturbances. These patterns are associated with chemical properties and solubility: more soluble metabolites, while broadly tolerated, are associated with localised aggregates at their failure thresholds, whereas less soluble metabolites are associated with larger systemic pathway disruptions. Multiomic integration identifies a two-tiered translational regulatory architecture characterising cellular resilience to metabolic overfeeding. General resilience is associated with transcriptional commitment to resource conservation via attenuation of anabolic pathways. Metabolite-specific defense is characterised by high-magnitude translational regulatory events; for example, engagement of aromatic catabolism under phenylalanine overfeeding and energetic control pathways under glycine overfeeding. Together, our results operationally define metabolostasis as a cellular system associated with constraint of metabolite concentrations, coordination of network and pathway-level regulation, and buffering against amyloid-like aggregation, highlighting how network topology, pathway architecture, and chemical properties are associated with metabolic resilience and toxicity thresholds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>A. Levkovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Marzini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogolovsky-Bard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRowe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laor Bar-Yosef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolostasis failure thresholds are linked with network topology, metabolite solubility, and translational control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The U-method: Leveraging expression probability for robust biological marker detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reliable identification of cluster-defining markers is fundamental to single-cell transcriptomic analysis, yet current approaches often rely on average expression differences, which can dilute biologically informative signals in sparse and heterogeneous data. Here we introduce the U-method, a fast probability-based framework for identifying uniquely expressed genes (UEGs) by contrasting a genes expression probability within a cluster with its highest expression probability in any other cluster. This highest-probability comparison prioritizes detection consistency over expression magnitude, resulting in markers that consistently identify cell populations across independent datasets analyzed at comparable clustering resolutions. Applied to colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, the U-method identifies canonical lineage markers together with additional genes showing clear cluster specificity. When projected onto Visium HD spatial transcriptomics data using only raw average expression of top UEGs, these signatures reveal coherent and biologically interpretable tissue organization without the need for smoothing, deconvolution, or model-based spatial inference. These results position the U-method as a practical implementation of detection consistency, enabling robust marker discovery and spatial interpretation in single-cell analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindi Malowany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpinati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherz-Shouval, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The U-method: Leveraging expression probability for robust biological marker detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone Modification Metapeaks are Epigenetic Landmarks Predictive of Cell State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone modifications are a key component of the epigenetic state of a cell, and they vary widely across different cell and tissue types, conditions, and disease states. Indeed, the majority of the genome is enriched with one histone mark or another across the thousands of cellular conditions that have been studied to date. Here, we use the largest-to-date collection of histone modification ChIP-seq datasets to identify the most important sites of histone modifications genome-wide. Collected and uniformly reprocessed by the International Human Epigenome Consortium, this data includes 5339 datasets enriched at nearly one billion total peaks across 59 different major cell or tissue types and in healthy and disease conditions, for six different histone marks. We propose FindMetapeaks, a new approach to identifying histone mark metapeaks, which are genomic regions with enrichment of a mark across many samples. We show that many of these epigenetic metapeaks are strongly indicative of cell and tissue type, or are associated with other sample characteristics, and highlight key regulatory regions of the genome. However, we also show that many metapeaks contain redundant information, and that parsimonious subsets of metapeaks can be selected by machine learning to predict cell state. Our histone mark metapeak atlas provides a concise set of regions for interpreting the epigenome.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/rmbioinfo83/FindMetapeaks/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone Modification Metapeaks are Epigenetic Landmarks Predictive of Cell State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing head ganglia in amphibious centipedes unveils descending contribution to versatile locomotor repertoire 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how animals produce a versatile locomotor repertoire requires unraveling the interplay between higher centers, decentralized locomotor circuits, and sensory feedback. However, the principles governing their integration remain elusive. We investigated amphibious centipedes through stepwise neural lesions and neuromechanical modeling. Behavioral experiments revealed that while decentralized circuits autonomously generate coordination, the brain and subesophageal ganglion provide situational flexibility, such as modulating trunk undulation and initiating leg folding. Integrating these findings, our model demonstrated how higher centers selectively inhibit or release lower circuit dynamics. Simulations verified that varying only a few descending control parameters reproduces transitions between slow walking, fast walking, and swimming. This work may capture the essence of the locomotor circuitry that harnesses decentralized self-organization to coordinate the bodys large degrees of freedom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aonuma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiguro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing head ganglia in amphibious centipedes unveils descending contribution to versatile locomotor repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP13A2 Loss of Function-Driven Polyamine Dysregulation Induces SAM Depletion and Epigenetic Astrocyte Toxicity 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the strongest risk factor for neurodegeneration, yet how the human brain ages remains poorly understood. Loss-of-function (LOF) variants in ATP13A2 cause severe juvenile-onset Parkinsons disease, providing a window into the mechanisms that accelerate age-related neurodegeneration. ATP13A2-LOF causes lysosomal polyamine sequestration, but how this promotes pathogenesis remains unclear. We discovered that ATP13A2-LOF depletes cytosolic polyamines in astrocytes, triggering compensatory upregulation of de novo polyamine biosynthesis, which diverts S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from DNA and histone methylation, leading to increased chromatin accessibility and epigenetic reprogramming of astrocytes into a neuroinflammatory state that releases neurotoxic cytokines that promote dopaminergic neuron death. In ATP13A2 knockout mice and human models, we find that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SAM utilization in polyamine biosynthesis prevents astrocytic epigenetic reprogramming and promotes dopaminergic neuron survival. These findings reveal a direct link between polyamine metabolism, epigenetic dysfunction, and neurotoxic inflammation, uncovering new therapeutic opportunities in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coccia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrone Parfitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Arevalo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohail, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meimoun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahfeldt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangheluwe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP13A2 Loss of Function-Driven Polyamine Dysregulation Induces SAM Depletion and Epigenetic Astrocyte Toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature stress resilience in polar Chlamydomonas is regulated by acclimation to light and salinity: implications for survival in a changing world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAquatic algae are key primary producers in the Arctic and Antarctic, yet how cold-water species respond to environmental change is poorly understood. The Polar Regions are increasingly exposed to frequent heat waves, leading to declining ice cover, increased light availability, and decreasing salinity in polar waters. We compared three phylogenetically related but geographically distant polar Chlamydomonas species to test how habitat history shapes algal responses to light, salinity, and temperature stress.
C_LIO_LIWe assessed the growth, morphology, and photochemistry of psychrophilic Chlamydomonas acclimated to native-like (lower light, higher salinity) and climate-shifted conditions (higher light, lower salinity). Next, we exposed acclimated cultures to a lethal heat shock and observed how acclimation affects algal temperature stress resilience.
C_LIO_LIAll three species acclimated to climate-shifted conditions grew rapidly but showed the greatest sensitivity to temperature stress, with rapid loss of viability and photosynthetic efficiency. In contrast, slow-growing cultures acclimated to native-like conditions exhibited significantly greater resilience to temperature stress.
C_LIO_LIOur work is the first to directly link light and salinity acclimation with temperature resilience in psychrophilic algae, suggesting that fast-growing polar green algae may be particularly vulnerable to increasingly frequent heat waves, with major implications for primary productivity in polar environments.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osmers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szenasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostyniuk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetkovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature stress resilience in polar Chlamydomonas is regulated by acclimation to light and salinity: implications for survival in a changing world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-section multiplexed imaging enables comprehensive lung cancer diagnosis 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for effective lung cancer treatment. However, contemporary diagnostic workflows rely on sequential immunohistochemistry of small biopsy specimens, which can exhaust limited tissue, compromise diagnostic accuracy, and delay treatment decisions with clinical consequences. Here, we demonstrate that multiplexed imaging overcomes these limitations by enabling comprehensive lung cancer diagnosis from a single tissue section. We developed and validated a clinically informed multiplexed antibody panel that integrates tumor diagnosis and classification, predictive biomarker assessment, and tumor immune profiling. In diagnostic biopsies, multiplexed imaging achieved 96% concordance with standard pathological diagnosis, while enabling accurate automated PD-L1 scoring and rapid detection of clinically approved and emerging actionable targets. This approach preserves scarce tissue, supports quantitative computational analysis to streamline diagnosis, and generates research-grade spatial data while accelerating diagnostic workflow. Together, these findings establish multiplexed imaging as a robust, time and tissue-efficient framework for lung cancer diagnostics that bridges clinical care and translational discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-uri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-section multiplexed imaging enables comprehensive lung cancer diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
