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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Stockholm University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Stockholm University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of degraded and challenging fresh frozen samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) has enabled precise genome-wide mRNA expression profiling within tissue sections. The performance of unbiased SRT methods targeting the polyA tail of mRNA, relies on the availability of specimens with high RNA quality. Moreover, the high cost of currently available SRT assays requires a careful sample screening process to increase the chance of obtaining high-quality data. Indeed, the upfront analysis of RNA quality can show considerable variability due to sample handling, storage, and/or intrinsic factors. We present RNA-Rescue Spatial Transcriptomics (RRST), an SRT workflow designed to improve mRNA recovery from fresh frozen (FF) specimens with moderate to low RNA quality. First, we provide a benchmark of RRST against the standard Visium spatial gene expression protocol on high RNA quality samples represented by mouse brain and prostate cancer samples. Then, we demonstrate the RRST protocol on tissue sections collected from 5 challenging tissue types, including: human lung, colon, small intestine, pediatric brain tumor, and mouse bone/cartilage. In total, we analyzed 52 tissue sections and our results demonstrate that RRST is a versatile, powerful, and reproducible protocol for FF specimens of different qualities and origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mirzazadeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso Galicia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abalo, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avijgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvastad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denadai-Souza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stakenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firsova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckxstaens, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of degraded and challenging fresh frozen samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the transport cycle in the sugar porter superfamily using coevolution-powered machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sugar porters represent the largest group of secondary-active transporters. Some members, such as the glucose (GLUT) transporters, are well-known for their role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis in mammals, with their expression upregulated in many types of cancers. Because only a few sugar porter structures have been determined, mechanistic models have been constructed by piecing together structural states of distantly related proteins. Current GLUT transport models are predominantly descriptive and oversimplified. Here, we have combined coevolution analysis and comparative modeling, to predict structures of the entire sugar porter superfamily in each state of the transport cycle. We have analysed the state-specific contacts inferred from coevolving residue pairs and shown how this information can be used to rapidly generate free-energy landscapes consistent with experimental estimates, as illustrated here for the mammalian fructose transporter GLUT5. By comparing many different sugar porter models and scrutinizing their sequence, we have been able to define the molecular determinants of the transport cycle, which are conserved throughout the sugar porter superfamily. We have also been able to highlight differences leading to the emergence of proton-coupling, validating, and extending the previously proposed latch mechanism. Our computational approach is transferable to any transporter, and to other protein families in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McComas, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaccorsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delemotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the transport cycle in the sugar porter superfamily using coevolution-powered machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gentle and fast all-atom model refinement to cryo-EM densities via Bayes' approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Better detectors and automated data collection have generated a flood of high-resolution cryo-EM maps, which in turn has renewed interest in improving methods for determining structure models corresponding to these maps. However, automatically fitting atoms to densities becomes difficult as their resolution increases and the refinement potential has a vast number of local minima. In practice, the problem becomes even more complex when one also wants to achieve a balance between a good fit of atom positions to the map, while also establishing good stereochemistry or allowing protein secondary structure to change during fitting. Here, we present a solution to this challenge using Bayes approach by formulating the problem as identifying the structure most likely to have produced the observed density map. This allows us to derive a new type of smooth refinement potential - based on relative entropy - in combination with a novel adaptive force scaling algorithm to allow balancing of force-field and density-based potentials. In a low-noise scenario, as expected from modern cryo-EM data, the Bayesian refinement potential outperforms alternatives, and the adaptive force scaling appears to also aid existing refinement potentials. The method is available as a component in the GROMACS molecular simulation toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yvonnesdotter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gentle and fast all-atom model refinement to cryo-EM densities via Bayes' approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
aMeta: an accurate and memory-efficient ancient Metagenomic profiling workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of microbial data from archaeological samples is a rapidly growing field with a great potential for understanding ancient environments, lifestyles and disease spread in the past. However, high error rates have been a long-standing challenge in ancient metagenomics analysis. This is also complicated by a limited choice of ancient microbiome specific computational frameworks that meet the growing computational demands of the field. Here, we propose aMeta, an accurate ancient Metagenomic profiling workflow designed primarily to minimize the amount of false discoveries and computer memory requirements. Using simulated ancient metagenomic samples, we benchmark aMeta against a current state-of-the-art workflow, and demonstrate its superior sensitivity and specificity in both microbial detection and authentication, as well as substantially lower usage of computer memory. aMeta is implemented as a Snakemake workflow to facilitate use and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pochon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergfeldt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirdok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Valk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinisik, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzewinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotherstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unneberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskolkov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[aMeta: an accurate and memory-efficient ancient Metagenomic profiling workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of mycobacterial respiratory Complex I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative phosphorylation, the combined activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) and adenosine triphosphate synthase, has emerged as a valuable target for the treatment of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. The mycobacterial ETC is highly branched with multiple dehydrogenases transferring electrons to a membrane-bound pool of menaquinone and multiple oxidases transferring electrons from the pool. The proton-pumping type I nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (Complex I) is found at low abundance in the plasma membranes of mycobacteria in typical in vitro culture conditions and is often considered dispensable. We found that growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis in carbon-limited conditions greatly increased the abundance of Complex I and allowed isolation of a rotenone-sensitive preparation of the enzyme. Determination of the structure of the complex by cryoEM revealed the "orphan" two-component response regulator protein MSMEG_2064 as a subunit of the assembly. MSMEG_2064 in the complex occupies a site similar to the proposed redox sensing subunit NDUFA9 in eukaryotic Complex I. An apparent purine nucleoside triphosphate within the NuoG subunit resembles the GTP-derived molybdenum cofactor in homologous formate dehydrogenase enzymes. The membrane region of the complex binds acyl phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, a characteristic three-tailed lipid from the mycobacterial membrane. The structure also shows menaquinone, which is preferentially used over ubiquinone by gram-positive bacteria, in two different positions along the quinone channel and suggests that menaquinone interacts more extensively than ubiquinone with a key catalytic histidine residue in the enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plourde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of mycobacterial respiratory Complex I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The heat shock protein LarA activates the Lon protease at the onset of proteotoxic stress. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Lon protease is a highly conserved protein degradation machine that has critical regulatory and protein quality control functions in cells from the three domains of life. Here, we report the discovery of a -proteobacterial heat shock protein, LarA, that functions as a dedicated Lon regulator. We show that LarA accumulates at the onset of proteotoxic stress and allosterically activates Lon-catalysed degradation of a large group of substrates through a five amino acid sequence at its C-terminus. Further, we find that LarA is regulated by Lon itself, which is critical to prevent toxic overactivation of Lon. We suggest that the temporal LarA-dependent activation of Lon helps to meet an increased proteolysis demand at the onset of protein unfolding stress. Our study defines a regulatory interaction of a conserved protease with a heat shock protein, serving as a paradigm of how protease activity can be tuned under changing environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omnus, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallazhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xandri Zaragoza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The heat shock protein LarA activates the Lon protease at the onset of proteotoxic stress.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.510802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-density linkage maps and chromosome level genome assemblies unveil direction and frequency of extensive structural rearrangements in wood white butterflies (Leptidea spp.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.510802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Karyotypes are generally conserved between closely related species and large chromosome rearrangements typically have negative fitness consequences in heterozygotes, potentially driving speciation. In the order Lepidoptera, most investigated species have the ancestral karyotype and gene synteny is often conserved across deep divergence, although examples of extensive genome reshuffling have recently been demonstrated. The genus Leptidea has an unusual level of chromosome variation and rearranged sex chromosomes, but the extent of restructuring across the rest of the genome is so far unknown. To explore the genomes of the wood white (Leptidea) species complex, we generated eight genome assemblies using a combination of 10X linked reads and HiC data, and improved them using linkage maps for two populations of the common wood white (L. sinapis) with distinct karyotypes. Synteny analysis revealed an extensive amount of rearrangements, both compared to the ancestral karyotype and between the Leptidea species, where only one of the three Z chromosomes was conserved across all comparisons. Most restructuring was explained by fissions and fusions, while translocations appear relatively rare. We further detected several examples of segregating rearrangement polymorphisms supporting a highly dynamic genome evolution in this clade. Fusion breakpoints were enriched for LINEs and LTR elements, which suggests that ectopic recombination might be an important driver in the formation of new chromosomes. Our results show that chromosome count alone may conceal the extent of genome restructuring and we propose that the amount of genome evolution in Lepidoptera might still be underestimated due to lack of taxonomic sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Höök, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näsvall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backström, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.510802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-density linkage maps and chromosome level genome assemblies unveil direction and frequency of extensive structural rearrangements in wood white butterflies (Leptidea spp.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective Molecular Dynamics from Neural-Network Based Structure Prediction Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent breakthroughs in neural-network based structure prediction methods, such as AlphaFold2 and RoseTTAFold, have dramatically improved the quality of computational protein structure prediction. These models also provide statistical confidence scores that can estimate uncertainties in the predicted structures, but it remains unclear to what extent these scores are related to the intrinsic conformational dynamics of proteins. Here we compare AlphaFold2 prediction scores with >60 s of explicit molecular dynamics simulations of 28 one- and two-domain proteins with varying degree of flexibility. We demonstrate a strong correlation between the statistical prediction scores and the explicit motion derived from extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, and further derive an elastic network model based on the statistical scores of AlphFold2 (AF-ENM), which we benchmark in combination with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We show that our AF-ENM method reproduces the global protein dynamics with improved accuracy, providing a powerful way to derive effective molecular dynamics using neural-network based structure prediction models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jussupow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective Molecular Dynamics from Neural-Network Based Structure Prediction Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome size variation between pelagic and benthic communities across prokaryotic taxonomy and environmental gradients in the Baltic Sea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While theories and models have appeared to explain genome size as a result of evolutionary processes, little work has shown that genome sizes carry ecological signatures. Our work delves into the ecological implications of microbial genome size variation in benthic and pelagic habitats across environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea. While depth is significantly associated with genome size in benthic and pelagic brackish metagenomes, salinity is only correlated to genome size in benthic metagenomes. Overall, we confirm that prokaryotic genome sizes in Baltic sediments (3.47 Mbp) are significantly bigger than in the water column (2.96 Mbp). While benthic genomes have a higher number of functions than pelagic genomes, the smallest genomes coded for a higher number of module steps per Mbp for most of the functions irrespective of their environment. Some examples of this functions are amino acid metabolism and central carbohydrate metabolism. However, we observed that nitrogen metabolism was almost absent in pelagic genomes and was mostly present in benthic genomes. Finally, we also show that Bacteria inhabiting Baltic sediments and water column not only differ in taxonomy, but also in their metabolic potential, such as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or the presence of different hydrogenases. Our work shows how microbial genome size is linked to abiotic factors in the environment, metabolic potential and taxonomic identity of Bacteria and Archaea within aquatic ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gijon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izabel-Shen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.512849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome size variation between pelagic and benthic communities across prokaryotic taxonomy and environmental gradients in the Baltic Sea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Same same but different"Exploring evolutionary and ecological causes of eye diversification in bumblebees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bees rely heavily on vision during most of their interaction with the environment, but so far, visual abilities have not been included into functional investigations of these crucial pollinators. This is probably due to the lack of comprehensive and phylogenetically-controlled quantification of visual traits across species. In the present study, we used high-throughput micro-CT tools to quantify, compare and understand the diversity of visual traits of compound eyes in bumblebees. Visual systems of bumblebees were far from identical, with variations across sizes, castes and species. While phylogenetic proximity poorly supported interspecific variations, these were better explained by two ecological factors: social parasitism and habitat. The eye parameter - a metric that measures the relative investment of a compound eye into resolution or sensitivity - was lower in queens of social parasitic species than of non-parasitic species. Workers of species associated with forested habitat had distinct visual traits, including a higher eye parameter, than those of species living in open landscapes. These diverse visual traits are likely to provide selective advantages to bumblebees given their specific ecological requirements. We thus propose that social parasitism and forest habitat are drivers of the diversification of compound eyes in bumblebees. Finally, we discuss how the present study can inspire trait-based approaches in ecology and conservation biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tichit, P. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Same same but different"Exploring evolutionary and ecological causes of eye diversification in bumblebees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive interrogation of a Drosophila embryonic patterning network reveals the impact of chromatin state on tissue-specific burst kinetics and RNA Polymerase II promoter-proximal pause release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formation of tissue-specific transcriptional programs underlies multicellular development, but how the chromatin landscape influences transcription is not fully understood. Here we comprehensively resolve differential transcriptional and chromatin states during Drosophila dorsoventral (DV) patterning. We find that RNA Polymerase II pausing is established at DV promoters prior to zygotic genome activation (ZGA), that pausing persists irrespective of cell fate, but that release into productive elongation is tightly regulated and accompanied by tissue-specific P-TEFb recruitment. DV enhancers acquire distinct tissue-specific chromatin states through CBP-mediated histone acetylation that predict the transcriptional output of target genes, whereas promoter states are more tissue invariant. Transcriptome-wide inference of burst kinetics in different cell types revealed that while DV genes are generally characterized by a high burst size, either burst size or frequency can differ between tissues. The data suggest that pausing is established by pioneer transcription factors prior to ZGA and that release from pausing is imparted by enhancer chromatin state to regulate bursting in a tissue-specific manner in the early embryo. Our results uncover how developmental patterning is orchestrated by tissue-specific bursts of transcription from Pol II primed promoters in response to enhancer regulatory cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirogov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegenhain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimegard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive interrogation of a Drosophila embryonic patterning network reveals the impact of chromatin state on tissue-specific burst kinetics and RNA Polymerase II promoter-proximal pause release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated simulation-based membrane-protein refinement into cryo-EM data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.The resolution revolution has increasingly enabled single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions of previously inaccessible systems, including membrane proteins - a category that constitutes a disproportionate share of drug targets. We present a protocol for using density-guided molecular dynamics simulations to automatically refine atomistic models into membrane-protein cryo-EM maps. Using adaptive-force density-guided simulations as implemented in the GROMACS molecular dynamics package, we show how automated model refinement of a membrane protein is achieved without the need to manually tune the fitting force ad hoc. We also present selection criteria to choose the best fit model which balances stereochemistry and goodness-of-fit. The proposed protocol was used to refine models into a new cryo-EM density of the membrane protein maltoporin, either in a lipid bilayer or detergent micelle, and we found that results do not substantially differ from fitting in solution. Fitted structures satisfied classical model-quality metrics and improved the quality and the model-to-map correlation of the X-ray starting structure. Additionally, the density-guided fitting in combination with generalized orientation-dependent all-atom potential (GOAP) was used to correct the pixel-size estimation of the experimental cryo-EM density map. This work demonstrates the applicability of a straightforward automated approach to fitting membrane-protein cryo-EM densities. Such computational approaches promise to facilitate rapid refinement of proteins under different conditions or with various ligands present, including targets in the highly relevant superfamily of membrane proteins.

II. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCECryo-EM is an increasingly critical method of structure determination. As data collection and model generation become more efficient, iteratively fitting an experimental density can still require considerable time and expertise. Membrane proteins are particularly important targets in pharmacology and bioengineering, but can present distinctive challenges to data quality and modeling. Here, we tested a new tool to drive density fitting with molecular dynamics simulations, in context of a new structure of the membrane protein maltoporin. Fitting performed well in detergent, lipids, or solution, offering simpler options for fully automated simulation protocols. We were also able to apply fitting to adjust the microscopes pixel size. The approach described here should be applicable to rapid, accurate refinement of a variety of membrane-protein structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yvonnesdotter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovsnik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycksell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated simulation-based membrane-protein refinement into cryo-EM data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations. Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection should promote adaptation when individuals with high mating success are also best adapted to their local surroundings, the expression of sexually selected traits can incur costs. Here we asked what the demographic consequences of such costs may be once climates change to become harsher and the strength of natural selection increases. We investigated how an evolutionary history of strong postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition) affects male fertility under acute adult heat stress. Harnessing the empirical potential of long-term experimental evolution in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, we assessed the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) in replicated lines maintained for 68 generations under three alternative mating regimes manipulating the opportunity for sexual and natural selection. We find that males evolving under strong sexual selection suffer from increased TSF, and that male success in sperm competition (P2: sperm offense) is genetically correlated to increased TSF. Interestingly, females from the regime under strong sexual selection, who experienced relaxed selection on their own reproductive effort, had high fertility in benign settings but suffered increased TSF, like their brothers. This implies that female fertility and TSF evolved through genetic correlation with reproductive traits sexually selected in males. Paternal but not maternal heat stress reduced offspring fertility with no evidence for adaptive transgenerational plasticity among heat-exposed offspring, indicating that the observed effects may compound over generations. Our results suggest that trade-offs between fertility and traits increasing success in postcopulatory sexual selection can be revealed in harsh environments. This can put polyandrous species under increased risk during extreme heat waves expected under future climate change.

IMPACT STATEMENTHow will populations respond to a warming world? Of increasing concern are negative effects of elevated temperatures on fertility, which in many species are observed for temperatures substantially lower than the ones causing death. Incorporating knowledge on species-specific thermal fertility limits has improved estimates of current species ranges but renders a more pessimistic view of the potential for adaptive responses under climate change. Sexual selection is a process that can interact with thermal sensitivity of fertility and is strongest in males of polyandrous species, in which females mate multiply and sperm of multiple males compete for fertilization of female eggs. Therefore, males of polyandrous species often invest heavily in sperm competition. However, given finite resources, increased investment in sperm competition can come at an expense of other processes needed to maintain the integrity of the male germline, which when compromised can reduce fertility and offspring quality. How may such male investment, fuelled by sexual selection, affect species responses to climate warming? To address this question, we first evolved populations under different laboratory settings that independently manipulated the levels of natural and sexual selection. We exposed adults from these populations to acute heat stress and measured the fertility of males and females. We find that sexual selection on males leads to a fertility debt that is revealed under heat stress. This debt was also apparent in females, who themselves were not selected for increased reproductive investment. Thus, genes under sexual selection in males seems to have impaired fertility in both sexes under heat stress. Forecasts of species response to climate change that do not incorporate thermal fertility limits and sexual selection may therefore underestimate species vulnerability to increasing temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwoinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated community ecology using deep learning: a case study of planktonic foraminifera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of deep learning methods using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has revolutionised the field of computer vision in recent years. The automation of taxonomic identification using CNNs leads naturally to the use of such technology for rapidly generating large organismal datasets in order to study the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of biological communities across time and space. While CNNs have been used to train machine learning classifiers that can identify organisms to the species level for several groups, this vision of automated community ecology has yet to be thoroughly tested or fulfilled. Here, we present a case study of automated community ecology using a large dataset of Atlantic planktonic foraminifera for which the generation of species labels and morphometric measurements was completely automated. We compare standard community diversity metrics between the fully automated dataset and a "traditional" dataset with human-identified specimens. We show that there is high congruence between the results, and that machine classifications help avoid biases that can result in the inference of misleading biodiversity patterns. Our study demonstrates the viability and potential of fully automated community ecology and sets the stage for a new era of ecological and evolutionary inquiry driven by artificial intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated community ecology using deep learning: a case study of planktonic foraminifera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network analysis uncovers associations in the turnover of C1 molecules in a winter lake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation and consumption of single carbon molecules (CO2 and CH4) by aquatic microbial communities is an essential aspect of the global carbon budget. Organic carbon flow (warm sunlit regimes) is depicted as beginning at the surface with autochthonous fixation followed by biomass settling to sediments, CO2 respiration to the atmosphere, and outflow. We sought to broaden understanding of C1 cycling and consortia by examining the microbial community of a below-ice lake water column in which both input and output are likely disrupted due to ice cover. By analysing the microbial community composition and co-occurrence network of an ice-covered lake timeseries, we were able to identify potential consortia involved in C1 cycling. The network confirmed known associations supporting the efficacy of such analyses but also pointed to previously unknown potential associations. Further and contrary to typical organic carbon flow under warm sunlit regimes, we found support for upward flow of recently fixed carbon in cold low-light conditions under-ice in winter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network analysis uncovers associations in the turnover of C1 molecules in a winter lake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic growth re-orientation orchestrates flatness in the Arabidopsis leaf 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth and division of cells in plant leaves is highly dynamic in time and space, even though cells cannot move relative to their neighbors. Thus, organ shape must emerge from carefully coordinated growth, especially in leaves that remain relatively flat as they grow. Here we explored the phenotype of the jagged and wavy (jaw-D) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the leaves do not remain flat. It has previously been shown that the jaw-D mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of miR319, which represses TCP transcription factors, thus delaying maturation of the leaf. We analyzed cell dynamics in wild type and jaw-D by performing time lapse live imaging of developing leaves. We found that the progression of maturation from the tip of the leaf downward was delayed in jaw-D relative to wild type based on several markers of maturation, in agreement with the role of TCP transcription factors in promoting maturation. We further found that these changes in maturation were accompanied by differences in the coordination of growth across the leaf, particularly across the medial-lateral axis, causing growth conflicts that prevent the leaf from remaining flat. Although leaf flatness is often framed as a problem that requires the local synchronization of growth on the abaxial vs adaxial sides of the leaf, our results based on the jaw-D phenotype suggest that wild-type plants also need to coordinate growth more globally across the leaf blade to maintain flatness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harline, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruleux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakolian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudaoud, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic growth re-orientation orchestrates flatness in the Arabidopsis leaf]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fine-scale recombination rate variation and associations with genomic features in a butterfly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic recombination is a key molecular mechanism that has profound implications on both micro- and macro-evolutionary processes. However, the determinants of recombination rate variation in holocentric organisms are poorly understood, in particular in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). The wood white butterfly (Leptidea sinapis) shows considerable intraspecific variation in chromosome numbers and is a suitable system for studying regional recombination rate variation and its potential molecular underpinnings. Here, we developed a large wholegenome resequencing data set from a population of wood whites to obtain high-resolution recombination maps using linkage disequilibrium information. The analyses revealed that larger chromosomes had a bimodal recombination landscape, potentially due to interference between simultaneous chiasmata. The recombination rate was significantly lower in subtelomeric regions, with exceptions associated with segregating chromosome rearrangements, showing that fissions and fusions can have considerable effects on the recombination landscape. There was no association between the inferred recombination rate and base composition, supporting a negligible influence of GC-biased gene conversion in butterflies. We found significant but variable associations between the recombination rate and the density of different classes of transposable elements (TEs), most notably a significant enrichment of SINEs in genomic regions with higher recombination rate. Finally, the analyses unveiled significant enrichment of genes involved in farnesyltranstransferase activity in recombination cold-spots, potentially indicating that expression of transferases can inhibit formation of chiasmata during meiotic division. Our results provide novel information about recombination rate variation in holocentric organisms and has particular implications for forthcoming research in population genetics, molecular/genome evolution and speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palahi i Torres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höök, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näsvall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipilina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruisscher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backström, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fine-scale recombination rate variation and associations with genomic features in a butterfly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing enables multigenic family reconstruction despite highly frequent PCR-induced recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study developed a new bioinformatics pipeline to acquire all the different copies of multi-copy gene families based on Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing of PCR products. We used this pipeline to acquire the sequences of highly similar copies of the cidA and cidB genes present in the genomes of Wolbachia pipientis (wPip) bacteria infecting the cells of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The approach is based on read mapping, SNP calling and haplotyping, using our already wide existing reference database for the cid genes obtained by cloning and Sanger sequencing. We addressed problems commonly faced when using mapping approaches for multi-copy gene families with highly similar variants (or haplotypes). In addition, we confirmed that PCR amplification causes frequent chimeras which have to be carefully considered when working on families of recombinant genes. We tested the robustness of the pipeline through a combination of analyses of simulated reads and of gene sequence acquisitions through cloning and Sanger sequencing. For genes of which the haplotype cannot be reconstructed from short reads sequencing, this pipeline confers a high throughput acquisition, gives reliable results as well as insights of the relative copy numbers of the different variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Namias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makoundou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnici, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing enables multigenic family reconstruction despite highly frequent PCR-induced recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the structure-function relationship of the NorQ/NorD chaperones from Paracoccus denitrificans reveal shared principles of interacting MoxR AAA+/VWA domain proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NorQ, a member of the MoxR-class of AAA+ ATPases, and NorD, a protein containing a Von Willebrand Factor Type A (VWA) domain, are essential for non-heme iron (FeB) cofactor insertion into cytochrome c-dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR). cNOR catalyzes the NO reduction, a key step of bacterial denitrification. This work aimed at elucidating the specific mechanism of NorQD-catalyzed FeB insertion, and the general mechanism of the MoxR/VWA interacting protein families. We show that NorQ-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, an intact VWA-domain in NorD and specific surface carboxylates on cNOR are all features required for cNOR activation. Supported by BN-PAGE, low-resolution cryo-EM structures of NorQ and the NorQD complex show that NorQ forms a circular hexamer with a monomer of NorD binding both to the side and to the central pore of the NorQ ring. Guided by AlphaFold predictions, we assign the density that  plugs the NorQ ring pore to the VWA domain of NorD with a protruding  finger inserting through the pore, and suggest this binding mode to be general for MoxR/VWA couples. We present a tentative model for the mechanism of NorQD-catalyzed cNOR remodelling and suggest many of its features to be applicable to the whole MoxR/VWA family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelgren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elofsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aedelroth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the structure-function relationship of the NorQ/NorD chaperones from Paracoccus denitrificans reveal shared principles of interacting MoxR AAA+/VWA domain proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic basis of wing spots in Pieris canidia butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spots in pierid butterflies and eyespots in nymphalid butterflies are likely non-homologous wing colour pattern elements, yet they share a few features in common. Both develop black scales that depend on the function of the gene spalt, and both might have central signalling cells. This suggests that both pattern elements may be sharing common genetic circuitry. Hundreds of genes have already been associated with the development of nymphalid butterfly eyespot patterns, but the genetic basis of the simpler spot patterns on the wings of pierid butterflies has not been investigated. To facilitate studies of pierid wing patterns, we report a high-quality draft genome assembly for Pieris canidia, the Indian cabbage white. We then conducted transcriptomic analyses of pupal wing tissues sampled from the spot and non-spot regions of P. canidia at 3-6h post-pupation. A total of 1352 genes were differentially regulated between wing tissues with and without the black spot, including spalt, Kruppel-like factor 10, genes from the Toll, Notch, TGF-{beta}, and FGFR signalling pathways, and several genes involved in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. We identified 21 genes that are up-regulated in both pierid spots and nymphalid eyespots and propose that spots and eyespots share regulatory modules despite their likely independent origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wee, J. L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugesan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic basis of wing spots in Pieris canidia butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scavenger receptor endocytosis controls apical membrane morphogenesis in the Drosophila airways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of distinct branch sizes and shapes is a central aspect in tubular organ morphogenesis and function. In the Drosophila airway tree, the interplay of apical ECM components with the underlying membrane and cytoskeleton controls tube elongation, but the link between ECM composition with apical membrane morphogenesis and tube size regulation is elusive. Here, we characterized Emp (epithelial membrane protein), a Drosophila CD36-homologue belonging to the scavenger receptor class B protein-family. emp mutant embryos fail to internalize the luminal chitin deacetylases Serp and Verm at the final stages of airway maturation and die at hatching with liquid filled airways. Emp localizes in apical epithelial membranes and shows cargo selectivity for LDLr-domain containing proteins. emp mutants also display over elongated tracheal tubes with increased levels of the apical proteins Crb, DE-cad and phosphorylated Src (p-Src). We show that Emp associates and organizes the {beta}H-Spectrin cytoskeleton and is itself confined by apical F-actin bundles. Overexpression or loss of its cargo protein Serp lead to abnormal apical accumulations of Emp and perturbations in p-Src levels. We propose that during morphogenesis, Emp senses and responds to luminal cargo levels by initiating apical membrane endocytosis along the longitudinal tube axis and thereby restricts airway elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarouhas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senti, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arefin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scavenger receptor endocytosis controls apical membrane morphogenesis in the Drosophila airways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.516867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of substance P, NPY and their Receptors Is Altered in Major Depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.516867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious disease and a burden to patients, families and society. Rodent experiments and human studies suggest that several neuropeptide systems, including substance P(SP)/tachykinin, neuropeptide Y(NPY) and their G protein-coupled receptors are involved in mood regulation.

METHODSWe assessed the transcript levels (qPCR) of SP/tachykinin and NPY systems in five regions from postmortem brains of male and female depressed subjects who committed suicide (DSS) and controls: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), locus coeruleus (LC) and medullary raphe nuclei (MRN). We also analysed human LC neurons isolated using LCM with Smart-seq2 RNA sequencing.

RESULTSTranscripts for all nine members were detected in male and female controls with marked regional variations of the raw CT values and with the highest levels for several tachykinin and tachykinin receptor transcripts in the DRN and for NPY and NPYR transcripts in the PFC regions. Significant sex differences for controls were recorded only in the DRN (NPYR2 >in females) and LC (TAC3 and NPY >in females). Elevated expression in DSS was recorded in (i) DLPFC for SP, TAC and TAC3 in females, SP in males, and NPYR1 in both sexes; and (ii) LC for all tachykinin family transcripts in females, SP, TACR1 and TACR3 in males, NPY in both sexes, and NPYR1 in males.

CONCLUSIONSThe selective perturbation of neuropeptide systems in MDD patients may assist in the search for novel treatment strategies for subjects afflicted by this grave disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solarz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prud'homme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palkovits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokfelt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.516867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of substance P, NPY and their Receptors Is Altered in Major Depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of seasonal plasticity in response to climate change differs between life-stages of a butterfly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change alters seasonal environments without altering photoperiod, creating a cue-environment mismatch for organisms that rely on photoperiod as a cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology. Evolution can potentially correct for this mismatch by altering the photoperiodic reaction norm, but often phenology depends on multiple plastic decisions made at different life stages and times of year. We tested whether seasonal plasticity in different life stages evolves independently or in concert under climate change using Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood butterfly). This butterfly uses day length as a cue for life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. Photoperiodic reaction norms for plasticity in these traits were first measured over 30 years ago for two different Swedish populations. In this study, we replicated historic experiments that measured these reaction norms using the contemporary populations. We found evidence for evolution of the reaction norm for larval development time, but in opposite directions in the two populations. In contrast, we found no evidence for evolution of the reaction norm for pupal diapause. These results show that different life stages can evolve differently in response to climate change and only studying one part of the life cycle will not always be enough to fully understand how climate change impacts phenotypic plasticity and phenology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of seasonal plasticity in response to climate change differs between life-stages of a butterfly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of lipid binding sites in a ligand-gated ion channel by integrating simulations and cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ligand-gated ion channels transduce electrochemical signals in neurons and other excitable cells. Aside from canonical ligands, phospholipids are thought to bind specifically to the transmembrane domain of several ion channels. However, structural details of such lipid contacts remain elusive, partly due to limited resolution of these regions in experimental structures. Here, we discovered multiple lipid interactions in the channel GLIC by integrating cryo-electron microscopy and large-scale molecular simulations. We identified 25 bound lipids in the GLIC closed state, a conformation where none, to our knowledge, were previously known. Three lipids were associated with each subunit in the inner leaflet, including a buried interaction disrupted in mutant simulations. In the outer leaflet, two intrasubunit sites were evident in both closed and open states, while a putative intersubunit site was preferred in open-state simulations. This work offers molecular details of GLIC-lipid contacts particularly in the ill-characterized closed state, testable hypotheses for state-dependent binding, and a multidisciplinary strategy for modeling protein-lipid interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovsnik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.523006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of lipid binding sites in a ligand-gated ion channel by integrating simulations and cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and activity of botulinum neurotoxin X 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known and are used to treat an increasing number of medical disorders. All BoNTs are naturally co-expressed with a protective partner protein (NTNH) with which they form a 300 kDa complex, to resist acidic and proteolytic attack from the digestive tract. We have previously identified a new botulinum neurotoxin serotype, BoNT/X, that has unique and therapeutically attractive properties. We present the cryo-EM structure of the BoNT/X-NTNH/X complex at 3.1 [A] resolution. Unexpectedly, the BoNT/X complex is stable and protease resistant at both neutral and acidic pH and disassembles only in alkaline conditions. Using the stabilizing effect of NTNH, we isolated BoNT/X and showed that it has very low potency both in vitro and in vivo. Given the high catalytic activity and translocation efficacy of BoNT/X, low activity of the full toxin is likely due to the receptor-binding domain, which presents weak ganglioside binding and exposed hydrophobic surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerlova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornby, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and activity of botulinum neurotoxin X]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRDM16 restricts stem cell proliferation by integrating BMP and Wnt signalling in the developing choroid plexus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BMP signalling acts as an instructive cue in various developmental processes such as tissue patterning, stem cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, it is not fully understood how this signalling pathway generates different cell-specific outputs. Here we have identified PRDM16 as a key co-factor for BMP signalling. PRDM16 contributes to a repressive role of BMP signalling on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation. We demonstrate that PRDM16 regulates the genomic distribution of BMP pathway transcription factors, the SMAD4/pSMAD complex, preventing the activation of cell proliferation genes. When Prdm16 is lost, the SMAD complex relocates to nearby genomic regions, leading to abnormal upregulation of BMP target genes. This function of PRDM16 is also required for the specification of choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells. Through a single-cell resolution fluorescent in situ approach, we have observed that genes co-repressed by SMAD and PRDM16, such as Wnt7b and several cell cycle regulators, become overexpressed in Prdm16 mutant ChP. Our findings elucidate a mechanism through which SMAD4 and pSMAD1/5/8 repress gene expression. Moreover, our study suggests a regulatory circuit composed of BMP and Wnt signaling, along with PRDM16, in controlling stem cell behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRDM16 restricts stem cell proliferation by integrating BMP and Wnt signalling in the developing choroid plexus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scDual-Seq of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells reveals host cell heterogeneity and differential infection dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-parasite interactions include complex interplays between an invading and a defending organism, each continuously adapting to gain the upper hand. The protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, can invade every nucleated cell type in a vertebrate host, including immune cells while the host mounts a protective response.

Here, we utilize Dual-scSeq to parse out heterogeneous transcription of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) infected with T. gondii type I, RH (LDM) or type II, ME49 (PTG) parasites, over multiple time points post infection.

We find that the two parasite lineages distinctly manipulate two subpopulations of infected BMDCs. Co-expression networks establish host and parasite genes, with implications for modulation of host immunity and host-pathogen interactions. Integration of published data validates immune pathways and suggests novel candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive resource for future characterization of host-pathogen interplay among other protozoan parasites within their host niches, as well as that of bacterial and viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divne, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrenaes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scDual-Seq of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells reveals host cell heterogeneity and differential infection dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proline catabolism is key to facilitating Candida albicans pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans, the primary etiology of human mycoses, is well-adapted to catabolize proline to obtain energy to initiate morphological switching (yeast to hyphal) and for growth. We report that put1-/- and put2-/- strains, carrying defective Proline UTilization genes, display remarkable proline sensitivity with put2-/- mutants being hypersensitive due to the accumulation of the toxic intermediate P5C, which inhibits mitochondrial respiration. The put1-/- and put2-/- mutations attenuate virulence in Drosophila and murine candidemia models. Using intravital 2-photon microscopy and label-free non-linear imaging, we visualized the initial stages of C. albicans cells colonizing a kidney in real-time, directly deep in the tissue of a living mouse, and observed morphological switching of wildtype but not of put2-/- cells. Multiple members of the Candida species complex, including C. auris, are capable of using proline as a sole energy source. Our results indicate that a tailored proline metabolic network tuned to the mammalian host environment is a key feature of opportunistic fungal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silao, F. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bereczky-Veress, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehbacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uwamohoro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenull, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peuckert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proline catabolism is key to facilitating Candida albicans pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactive computational and experimental approaches improve the sensitivity of periplasmic binding protein-based nicotine biosensors for measurements in biofluids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed fluorescent protein sensors for nicotine with improved sensitivity. For iNicSnFR12 at pH 7.4, the proportionality constant for {Delta}F/F0 vs [nicotine] ({delta}-slope, 2.7 M-1) is 6.1-fold higher than the previously reported iNicSnFR3a. The activated state of iNicSnFR12 has a fluorescence quantum yield of at least 0.6. We measured similar dose-response relations for the nicotine-induced absorbance increase and fluorescence increase, suggesting that the absorbance increase leads to the fluorescence increase via the previously described nicotine-induced conformational change, the "candle snuffer" mechanism. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified a binding pose for nicotine, previously indeterminate from experimental data. MD simulations also showed that Helix 4 of the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) domain appears tilted in iNicSnFR12 relative to iNicSnFR3a, likely altering allosteric network(s) that link the ligand binding site to the fluorophore. In thermal melt experiments, nicotine stabilized the PBP of the tested iNicSnFR variants. iNicSnFR12 resolved nicotine in diluted mouse and human serum at 100 nM, the peak [nicotine] that occurs during smoking or vaping, and possibly at the decreasing levels during intervals between sessions. NicSnFR12 was also partially activated by unidentified endogenous ligand(s) in biofluids. Improved iNicSnFR12 variants could become the molecular sensors in continuous nicotine monitors for animal and human biofluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haloi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactive computational and experimental approaches improve the sensitivity of periplasmic binding protein-based nicotine biosensors for measurements in biofluids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latitudinal gradient in avian insectivory: complementary effects of climate, habitat and bird diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimClimate is a major driver of large scale variability in biodiversity, as a likely result of more intense biotic interactions under warmer conditions. This idea fuelled decades of research on plant-herbivore interactions, but much less is known about higher-level trophic interactions. We addressed this research gap by characterizing both bird diversity and avian predation along a climatic gradient at the European scale.

LocationEurope.

TaxonInsectivorous birds and pedunculate oaks.

MethodsWe deployed plasticine caterpillars in 138 oak trees in 47 sites along a 19{degrees} latitudinal gradient in Europe to quantify bird insectivory through predation attempts. In addition, we used passive acoustic monitoring to (i) characterize the acoustic diversity of surrounding soundscapes; (ii) approximate bird abundance and activity through passive acoustic recordings and (iii) infer both taxonomic and functional diversity of insectivorous birds from recordings.

ResultsThe functional diversity of insectivorous birds increased with warmer climates. Bird predation increased with forest cover and bird acoustic activity but decreased with mean annual temperature and functional richness of insectivorous birds. Contrary to our predictions, climatic clines in bird predation attempts were not directly mediated by changes in insectivorous bird diversity or acoustic activity, but climate and habitat still had independent effects on predation attempts.

Main conclusionsOur study supports the hypothesis of an increase in the diversity of insectivorous birds towards warmer climates, but refutes the idea that an increase in diversity would lead to more predation and advocates for better accounting for activity and abundance of insectivorous birds when studying the large-scale variation in insect-tree interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SCHILLE, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VALDES-CORRECHER, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ARCHAUX, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BALACENOIU, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BJOERN, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOGDZIEWICZ, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOIVIN, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRANCO, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAMESTOY, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DE GROOT, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DOBROSAVLJEVIC, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUDUMAN, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DULAURENT, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GREEN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRUNWALD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EOTVOS, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FATICOV, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FERNANDEZ-CONRADI, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FLURY, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FUNOSAS, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GALMAN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GOSSNER, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRIPENBERG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GROSU, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAMPE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HARVEY, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HOUSTON, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ISENMANN, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KAVCIC, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KOZLOV, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LANTA, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LE TILLY, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LOPEZ VAAMONDE, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MALLICK, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANTYLA, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARELL, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MILANOVIC, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOLNAR, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOREIRA, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOSER, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MRAZOVA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MUSOLIN,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latitudinal gradient in avian insectivory: complementary effects of climate, habitat and bird diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterologous expression of genes from a heterocystous cyanobacterial endosymbiont highlights organic carbon exchange with its diatom host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A few genera of diatoms are widespread and thrive in low nutrient waters of the open ocean due to their close association with N2-fixing, filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. In one of these symbioses, the symbiont, Richelia euintracellularis, has penetrated the cell envelope of the host, Hemiaulus hauckii, and lives inside the host cytoplasm. How the partners interact, including how the symbiont sustains high rates of N2 fixation is unstudied. Since R. euintracellularis has evaded isolation, heterologous expression of genes in model laboratory organisms was performed to identify the function of proteins from the endosymbiont. Gene complementation of a cyanobacterial invertase mutant and expression of the protein in Escherichia coli showed that R. euintracellularis HH01 possesses a neutral invertase that splits sucrose producing glucose and fructose. Several solute binding proteins (SBPs) of ABC transporters encoded in the genome of R. euintracellularis HH01 were expressed in E. coli and their substrates were characterized. The selected SBPs directly linked the host as the source of several substrates, e.g., sugars (sucrose, galactose), amino acids (glutamate, phenylalanine) and a polyamine (spermidine), to support the cyanobacterial symbiont. Finally, transcripts of genes encoding the invertase and SBPs were consistently detected in wild populations of H. hauckii collected from multiple stations and depths in the western tropical North Atlantic. Our results support the idea that the diatom host provides the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium with organic carbon to fuel N2 fixation. This knowledge is key to understand the physiology of the globally significant H. hauckii-R. euintracellularis symbiosis.

SIGNIFICANCEDiatom diazotroph associations (DDAs) between diatoms and N2-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) have a relevant impact on N2 fixation-based production, but the mechanisms underlying their integrated N2 and CO2 fixation remain unstudied. In the association between the diatom Hemiaulus hauckii (host) and the N2-fixing, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Richelia euintracellularis (endosymbiont), the cyanobacterium is uncultivable. Here we used heterologous expression of genes from the endosymbiont to identify the function of proteins involved in the utilization of organic carbon from the host. The importance of these proteins was also confirmed by estimating gene expression in environmental samples. Our results show that the metabolisms of the symbiotic partners are integrated allowing the host to sustain the physiology of the endosymbiont for an important ecological role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Morion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Perez, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterologous expression of genes from a heterocystous cyanobacterial endosymbiont highlights organic carbon exchange with its diatom host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal hormones engage a dormant monomorphic aggression circuit, leading to the introduction of an innate behavior in adulthood in females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggression, a sexually dimorphic behaviour, is prevalent in males and typically absent in virgin females. Following parturition, however, the transient expression of aggression in adult female mice protects pups from predators and infanticide by male conspecifics. While maternal hormones are known to elicit nursing, their potential role in maternal aggression remains elusive. Here, we show in mice that a molecularly defined subset of ventral premammillary (PMvDAT) neurons, instrumental for intermale aggression, switch from quiescence to a hyperexcitable state during lactation. We identify that the maternal hormones prolactin and oxytocin excite these cells through actions that include T-type Ca2+ channels. Optogenetic manipulation or genetic ablation of PMvDAT neurons profoundly affects maternal aggression, while activation of these neurons impairs the expression of non-aggression-related maternal behaviours. This work identifies a monomorphic neural substrate that can incorporate hormonal cues to enable the transient expression of a dormant behavioural program in lactating females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stagkourakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spigolon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heikkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal hormones engage a dormant monomorphic aggression circuit, leading to the introduction of an innate behavior in adulthood in females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of nanotags and nanobodies for live cell single-molecule imaging of the Z-ring in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding where proteins are localized in a bacterial cell is essential for understanding their function and regulation. This is particularly important for proteins that are involved in cell division, which localize at the division septum and assemble into highly regulated complexes. Current knowledge of these complexes has been greatly facilitated by super-resolution imaging using fluorescent protein fusions. Herein we demonstrate with FtsZ that single-molecule PALM images can be obtained in-vivo using a genetically fused nanotag (ALFA) and a corresponding nanobody fused to mEos3.2. The methodology presented is applicable to other bacterial proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoglund, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söderström, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of nanotags and nanobodies for live cell single-molecule imaging of the Z-ring in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent GST ketosteroid isomerase activity relevant to ecdysteroidogenesis in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nobo is a glutathione transferase (GST) crucially contributing to ecdysteroid biosynthesis in insects of the orders Diptera and Lepidoptera. Ecdysone is a vital steroid hormone in insects, which governs larval molting and metamorphosis, and suppression of its synthesis has potential as a novel approach to insect growth regulation and combatting vectors of disease. In general, GSTs catalyze detoxication, whereas the specific function of Nobo in ecdysteroidogenesis is unknown. We report that Nobo from the malaria-spreading mosquito Anopheles gambiae is a highly efficient ketosteroid isomerase catalyzing double-bond isomerization in the steroids 5-androsten-3,17-dione and 5-pregnen-3,20-dione. These mammalian ketosteroids are unknown in mosquitoes, but the discovered prominent catalytic activity with these compounds suggests that the unknown Nobo substrate in insects has a ketosteroid functionality. Nobo Asp111 is essential for activity with the steroids, but not for conventional GST substrates. Further characterization of Nobo may guide the development of new insecticides to prevent malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MANNERVIK, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musdal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjödin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent GST ketosteroid isomerase activity relevant to ecdysteroidogenesis in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of activation and inhibition of the Ca2+/calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase 8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane adenylyl cyclase AC8 is regulated by G proteins and calmodulin (CaM), mediating the crosstalk between the cAMP pathway and Ca2+ signalling. Despite the importance of AC8 in physiology, including cognitive functions and memory, the structural basis of its regulation by G proteins and CaM is not well defined. Here we report the 3.5 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of the bovine AC8 bound to Ca2+/CaM and the stimulatory Gs protein. The structure reveals the architecture of the ordered AC8 domains bound to Gs and a small molecule activator forskolin. The extracellular surface of AC8 features a negatively charged pocket, a potential site for unknown interactors. Despite the well resolved forskolin density, the captured state of AC8 does not favour tight nucleotide binding. The structural proteomics approaches, limited proteolysis and crosslinking mass spectrometry, allow us to identify the contact sites between AC8 and its regulators, CaM, Gs, and G{beta}{gamma}, as well as to infer the conformational changes induced by these interactions. Our results provide a framework for understanding the role of flexible regions in the mechanism of AC regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanppnavar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picotti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkhov, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of activation and inhibition of the Ca2+/calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase 8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.531876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing in isogenic FUS and TARDBP mutant ALS lines reveals early mitochondrial dysfunction as a common pathway in motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.531876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the RNA/DNA-binding proteins FUS and TDP-43 cause the fatal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The precise mechanisms behind the selective motor neuron degeneration remain unclear and it is uncertain if ALS-causative mutations trigger motor neuron death through shared or distinct pathogenic pathways. To address these two questions, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing across neuron types derived from isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell lines, harbouring FUS P525L, FUS R495X, TARDBP M337V mutations or FUS knockout. The mutations elicited 5- to 15-fold greater transcriptional responses in motor neurons than interneurons. Approximately 20% of transcripts uniquely dysregulated in motor neurons were shared across FUS mutations, with half being driven by FUS gain-of-function. Among these, a majority pointed towards mitochondrial impairments, with attenuated pathways shared with the TARDBP M337V mutation. Meta-analysis demonstrated convergence on mitochondrial dysfunction with C9orf72-ALS patient-derived motor neurons. We observed impaired mitochondrial motility across ALS motor axons, even in isogenic FUS R244C motor neurons, which retain FUS in the nucleus, demonstrating shared toxic gain-of-function mechanisms across FUS- and TARDBP-ALS, uncoupled from protein mislocalization. These early signs of mitochondrial dysfunction unique to motor neurons could have profound implications for their survival and represent promising therapeutic targets across multiple ALS forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schweingruber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijssen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechtersheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguila Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruepp, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.531876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA sequencing in isogenic FUS and TARDBP mutant ALS lines reveals early mitochondrial dysfunction as a common pathway in motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserving genetic diversity during climate change:Niche marginality and discrepant monitoring capacity in Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic monitoring of populations currently attracts interest in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity but needs long-term planning and investments. Genetic diversity has been largely neglected in biodiversity monitoring, and when addressed is treated separately, detached from other conservation issues, such as habitat alteration due to climate change. Genetic monitoring supports the conservation and management of fisheries, game, and threatened populations. It also can contribute to the assessment of predicted and realized impacts of climate change, and their management. We report the first accounting of genetic monitoring efforts among countries in Europe (their  genetic monitoring capacity, GMC) to determine where GMC suggests the combination of national infrastructure, political support and resources for continued and expanded monitoring. Overlaying GMC with areas where species ranges approach current and future climate niche limits (i.e., niche marginality) helps identify whether GMC coincides with anticipated climate change effects on biodiversity. Our analysis suggests that country area extent, financial resources, and conservation policy influence GMC, high values of which inconsistently match joint species patterns of climate niche marginality. Populations at niche margins likely hold genetic diversity that is important to adaptation to changing climate, and our results illuminate the need in Europe for expanded genetic monitoring across the climate gradients occupied by species, a need arguably greatest in southeastern European countries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearman, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broennimann, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albayrak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertola, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biedrzycka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubric-Curik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hvilsom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopinski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopatz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laikre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mergeay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neophytou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz-Vinas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posledovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roleckova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segelbacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavcic Sonnenschein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurfjell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernesi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westergren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guisan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.533448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserving genetic diversity during climate change:Niche marginality and discrepant monitoring capacity in Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nascent evolution of recombination rate differences as a consequence of chromosomal rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reshuffling of genetic variation occurs both by independent assortment of chromosomes and by homologous recombination. Such reshuffling can generate novel allele combinations and break linkage between advantageous and deleterious variants which increases both the potential and the efficacy of natural selection. Here we used high-density linkage maps to characterize global and regional recombination rate variation in two populations of the wood white butterfly (Leptidea sinapis) with distinct karyotypes. The recombination data were compared to estimates of genetic diversity and measures of selection to assess the relationship between chromosomal rearrangements, crossing over, maintenance of genetic diversity and adaptation. Our data show that the recombination rate is influenced by both chromosome size and number, but that the difference in recombination rate between karyotypes is reduced as a consequence of a higher frequency of double crossovers in larger chromosomes. As expected from effects of selection on linked sites, we observed an overall positive association between recombination rate and genetic diversity in both populations. Our results also revealed a significant effect of chromosomal rearrangements on the rate of intergenic diversity change between populations, but limited effects on polymorphisms in coding sequence. We conclude that chromosomal rearrangements can have considerable effects on the recombination landscape and consequently influence both maintenance of genetic diversity and efficiency of selection in natural populations.

Author summaryReshuffling genetic variation is fundamental for maintaining genetic diversity and creating novel allelic combinations. The two main processes involved are the independent assortment of chromosomes and homologous recombination. The number and size of chromosomes can influence the amount of pairwise reshuffling and local recombination patterns. However, studying this in natural populations is challenging. In this study, we used the wood white butterfly, which exhibits an extreme within-species karyotype difference. Extensive fusions and fissions have resulted in almost twice as many chromosomes in the southern populations compared to the northeast populations. This unique system allowed us to assess the relationship between karyotype differences, pairwise reshuffling, recombination rate variation and subsequent effects on diversity and linked selection. We found that a higher number of chromosomes result in a higher recombination rate, although the difference was less than expected due to multiple recombination events occuring on longer chromosomes. Both populations showed an association between recombination rate and genome-wide patterns of genetic diversity and efficacy of selection. We provide evidence that chromosomal rearrangements have considerable effects on the recombination landscape and thereby influence the maintenance of genetic diversity in populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasvall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backstrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nascent evolution of recombination rate differences as a consequence of chromosomal rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.532508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomics and evolution of inter-sexual mimicry and female-limited polymorphisms in damselflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.532508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-limited morphs can provide profound insights into the evolution and genomic architecture of complex phenotypes. Inter-sexual mimicry is one particular type of sex-limited polymorphism in which a novel morph resembles the opposite sex. While inter-sexual mimics are known in both sexes and a diverse range of animals, their evolutionary origin is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the genomic basis of female-limited morphs and male mimicry in the Common Bluetail damselfly. Differential gene expression between morphs has been documented in damselflies, but no causal locus has been previously identified. We found that male-mimicry originated in an ancestrally sexually-dimorphic lineage in association with multiple structural changes, probably driven by transposable element activity. These changes resulted in [~]900 kb of novel genomic content that is partly shared by male mimics in a close relative, indicating that male mimicry is a trans-species polymorphism. More recently, a third morph originated following the translocation of part of the male-mimicry sequence into a genomic position [~]3.5 mb apart. We provide evidence of balancing selection maintaining male-mimicry, in line with previous field population studies. Our results underscore how structural variants affecting a handful of potentially regulatory genes and morph-specific genes, can give rise to novel and complex phenotypic polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunström, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.532508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomics and evolution of inter-sexual mimicry and female-limited polymorphisms in damselflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards high-throughput parallel imaging and single-cell transcriptomics of microbial eukaryotic plankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics has the potential to provide novel insights into poorly studied microbial eukaryotes. Although several such technologies are available and benchmarked on mammalian cells, few have been tested on protists. Here, we optimized a microarray single-cell sequencing (MASC-seq) technology that generates microscope images of cells in parallel with capturing their transcriptomes. We tested the method on three species representing important plankton groups with different cell structures, the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa sp.. Both the cell fixation and permeabilization steps were adjusted. For the ciliate and dinoflagellate, the number of transcripts of microarray spots with single cells were significantly higher than for background spots, and the overall expression patterns were correlated with that of bulk RNA, while for the much smaller diatom cells, it was not possible to separate single-cell transcripts from background. The MASC-seq method holds promise for investigating "microbial dark matter", although further optimizations are necessary to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grujcic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarenpaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sennblad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards high-throughput parallel imaging and single-cell transcriptomics of microbial eukaryotic plankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of uranyl ion binding to amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides: effects on Aβ structure and aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractUranium (U) is naturally present in ambient air, water, and soil, and depleted uranium (DU) is released into the environment via industrial and military activities. While the radiological damage from U is rather well understood, less is known about the chemical damage mechanisms, which dominate in DU. Heavy metal exposure is associated with numerous health conditions including Alzheimers disease (AD), the most prevalent age-related cause of dementia. The pathological hallmark of AD is deposition of amyloid plaques, consisting mainly of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptides aggregated into amyloid fibrils in the brain. However, the toxic species in AD are likely oligomeric A{beta} aggregates. Exposure to heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, Mn, and Pb is known to increase A{beta} production, and these metals bind to A{beta} peptides and modulate their aggregation. Possible effects of U in AD pathology have been sparsely studied. Here, we use biophysical techniques to study in vitro interactions between A{beta} peptides and uranyl ions, UO22+, of DU. We show for the first time that uranyl ions bind to A{beta} peptides with affinities in the micromolar range, induce structural changes in A{beta} monomers and oligomers, and inhibit A{beta} fibrillization. General toxic mechanisms of uranyl ions could be modulation of protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berntsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosough, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noormagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gielnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tougu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graslund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pooga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumaa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmlander, S. K. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of uranyl ion binding to amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides: effects on Aβ structure and aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the largest genomic dataset to date of Bantu-speaking populations, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we shed fresh light on the expansion of peoples speaking Bantu languages that started [~]4000 years ago in western Africa. We have genotyped 1,740 participants, including 1,487 Bantu speakers from 143 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals. Our results show that Bantu speakers received significant gene-flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. We show for the first time that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the DRC as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial founder migration model. Finally, we discuss the utility of our dataset as an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies. These new findings and data will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations.

One-sentence summaryA comprehensive genetic analysis of the expansion of people speaking Bantu languages reveals a complex history of serial founder events, variable levels of contact with local groups, and spread-over-spread events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortes-Lima, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgarella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammaren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacchiarotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundeke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matonda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muluwa, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyambe, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cikomola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coetzee, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbesen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delanghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneking, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soodyall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakendorf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostoen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebusch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The exosome degrades chromatin-associated RNAs genome-wide and maintains chromatin homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) modulate chromatin organization and function. The RNA exosome degrades different types of nuclear transcripts, but its role in chromatin has not been addressed. Here we have used Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells as a model system to identify the repertoire of caRNAs and establish the role of the exosome in their regulation. We have analyzed both unique and repetitive sequences, and combining RNA-seq and ATAC-seq we show that the simultaneous depletion of the exosome catalytic subunits RRP6 and DIS3 not only affects caRNA levels but also changes the local chromatin accessibility at specific loci. We have identified a group of exosome-sensitive genes that are involved in developmental regulation and are characterized by a balanced chromatin state in which Polycomb and Trithorax factors coexist. Our results reveal that RNA degradation by the exosome is an important mechanism for the homeostasis of such balanced chromatin states. Given that eukaryotic genomes are repetitive to a large extent, we have also analyzed repetitive caRNAs (rep-caRNAs) and we show that the exosome is needed to control repcaRNA levels and to maintain the degree of chromatin packaging in repetitive genomic regions. This role is particularly relevant in the pericentromeric regions where the exosome is required to silence LTR elements and maintain centromere organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Pla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadalupe, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux-Wera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Euler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelechano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The exosome degrades chromatin-associated RNAs genome-wide and maintains chromatin homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide gene birth-death dynamics are associated with diet breadth variation in Lepidoptera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative analyses of gene birth-death dynamics (GBDD) have the potential to reveal gene families that played an important role in the evolution of morphological, behavioral, or physiological variation. Here, we used whole genomes of 30 species of butterflies and moths to identify GBDD among the Lepidoptera that are associated with specialist or generalist feeding strategies. Our work advances this field by using a uniform set of annotated proteins for all genomes, investigating associations while correcting for phylogeny, and assessing all gene familes rather than a priori subsets. We discovered that the sizes of several important gene families (e.g., those associated with pesticide resistance, xenobiotic detoxification, and/or protein digestion) are significantly correlated with diet breadth. We also found 12 gene families showing significant shifts in GBDD at the butterfly (Papilionoidea) crown node, the most notable of which was a family of pheromone receptors that underwent a contraction potentially linked with a shift to visual-based mate recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of uniform annotations, phylogenetic corrections and unbiased gene family analyses in generating a list of candidate genes that warrant further exploration.

Significance StatementGene duplications and gene deaths are important for the development of novel traits, but their study is often complicated by methodological issues, such as input data coming from different sources with different biases. Here, we address many of these issues in an analysis of gene duplication and death across 30 species of moths by using standardized, genome-wide input data. Importantly, our analysis uses a model that can correlate gene family sizes with any quantitative trait, while also accounting for relatedness between species. Using this model, we provide novel evolutionary insights by showing that the sizes of several important gene families are correlated with increases or decreases in the number of host plant orders that Lepidoptera eat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dort, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide gene birth-death dynamics are associated with diet breadth variation in Lepidoptera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purifying Selection and Persistent Polymorphism among Nuclei in the Multinucleate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form obligate symbiosis with the roots of the majority of land plants and are found in all terrestrial ecosystems. The source and structure of genetic variation in AM fungi has remained an enigma due to difficulties in the axenic cultivation and generation of high-quality genome assemblies from most species. Furthermore, how AM fungi survives long-term without a single nuclear stage per cell life history is puzzling, prompting hypotheses on selection at the nuclear level which functions to purge deleterious mutations. In this study, we aimed to characterize both intra- and inter-organismal genetic variation in AM fungi by analyzing genomic information from individual nuclei of three strains from two species of the genus Claroideoglomus. We observed overall low levels of genetic variation within the strains, most of which represent rare variants likely kept at low frequency by purifying selection. We also observed variants that have been maintained as polymorphic across both strains and species. The results in this study affirm our conceptual understanding that nuclei in AM fungal strains function as populations of asexually reproducing units. Further, we propose that selection acts on different levels within the organism, with strong signals of purifying selection on nuclei within strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manyara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoren, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoliu-Nerin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bever, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purifying Selection and Persistent Polymorphism among Nuclei in the Multinucleate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LDO proteins and Vac8 form a vacuole-lipid droplet contact site required for lipophagy in response to starvation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are fat storage organelles critical for energy and lipid metabolism. Upon nutrient exhaustion, cells consume LDs via gradual lipolysis or via lipophagy, the en bloc uptake of LDs into the vacuole. Here, we show that LDs dock to the vacuolar membrane via a contact site that is required for lipophagy in yeast. The LD-localized LDO proteins carry an intrinsically disordered region that associates with vacuolar Vac8 to form vCLIP, the vacuolar-LD contact site. Nutrient limitation drives vCLIP formation, and its inactivation blocks lipophagy. Vac8 is sufficient to recruit LDs to cellular membranes. We establish a functional link between lipophagy and microautophagy of the nucleus, both requiring Vac8 to form respective contact sites upon metabolic stress. In sum, we unravel the molecular architecture of vCLIP, a contact site required for lipophagy, and find that Vac8 provides a platform for multiple and competing contact sites associated with autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Guerra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeskamp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrijelcic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Ory, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habernig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höög, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büttner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LDO proteins and Vac8 form a vacuole-lipid droplet contact site required for lipophagy in response to starvation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic inactivation of essential HSF1 reveals an isolated transcriptional stress response selectively induced by protein misfolding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat Shock Factor 1 (Hsf1) in yeast drives the basal transcription of key proteostasis factors and its activity is induced as part of the core heat shock response. Exploring Hsf1 specific functions has been challenging due to the essential nature of the HSF1 gene and the extensive overlap of target promoters with environmental stress response (ESR) transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4 (Msn2/4). In this study, we constructed a viable hsf1{Delta} strain by replacing the HSF1 open reading frame with genes that constitutively express Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 from Hsf1-independent promoters. Phenotypic analysis showed that the hsf1{Delta} strain grow slowly, is sensitive to heat as well as protein misfolding and accumulates protein aggregates. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the transcriptional response to protein misfolding induced by azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is fully dependent of Hsf1. In contrast, the hsf1{Delta} strain responded to heat shock through the ESR. Following HS, Hsf1 and Msn2/4 showed functional compensatory induction with stronger activation of the remaining stress pathway when the other branch was inactivated. Thus, we provide a long overdue genetic test of the function of Hsf1 in yeast using the novel hsf1{Delta} construct. Our data highlight that the accumulation of misfolded proteins is uniquely sensed by Hsf1-Hsp70 chaperone titration inducing a highly selective transcriptional stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masser, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaimal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic inactivation of essential HSF1 reveals an isolated transcriptional stress response selectively induced by protein misfolding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics reveals extensive inbreeding and purging of mutational load in wild Amur tigers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inbreeding is a big threat for the persistence of genetic diversity in small and isolated populations of endangered species. The homozygous genome could exacerbate inbreeding depression by introducing homozygous deleterious alleles in the population. However, purging of inbreeding loads as they become homozygotes in small populations could alleviate the depression. The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is typically exists in small population living in forests in Northeast Asia and is among the most endangered animals on the planet with great symbolic significance of conservation. By comparing with captive individuals, we revealed substantially higher and more extensive inbreeding in the wild Amur tiger population (FROH=0.51) than in captive Amur tigers (FROH=0.26). We further found much less mutational loads in wild populations when compared with captive Amur tigers. However, the frequency of loss of function and deleterious nonsynonymous mutations inside ROH regions are much lower than that in non-ROH regions in both wild and captive Amur tigers, indicating the purging may had occurred in both populations but much effective in the wild population. In addition, we found the average frequency of deleterious alleles was much lower than that of neutral alleles in the wild population, indicating that the purifying selection contributed to the purging of mutational loads in the wild Amur tigers. These findings provide valuable genome-wide evidence to support the making of future conservation plans of wild Amur tigers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussex, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics reveals extensive inbreeding and purging of mutational load in wild Amur tigers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial connectivity increases ecosystem resilience towards an ongoing regime shift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecosystem regime shifts can have severe ecological and economic consequences, making it a top priority to understand how to make systems more resilient. Theory predicts that spatial connectivity and the local environment interact to shape resilience, but empirical studies are scarce. Here, we use >7000 fish samplings from the Baltic Sea coast to test this prediction in an ongoing, spatially propagating shift in dominance from predatory fish to an opportunistic mesopredator, with cascading effects throughout the food web. After controlling for the influence of the driver (increasing mesopredator densities), we find that predatory fish habitat connectivity increases resilience towards the shift, but only when densities of fish-eating top predators (seals, cormorants) are low. Resilience also increases with temperature, likely through boosted predatory fish growth and recruitment. These findings confirm theoretical predictions that spatial connectivity and the local environment can act together to shape resilience towards regime shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergström, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundblad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlandsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredriksson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eklöf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial connectivity increases ecosystem resilience towards an ongoing regime shift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling couples the central and a peripheral circadian clock in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to behavior, physiology, and metabolism. This control is mediated by a central clock and by peripheral clocks, which are synchronized to provide the organism with a unified time through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, we characterized in Drosophila the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in coupling the central clock and the peripheral clock located in the prothoracic gland (PG), which together control the circadian rhythm of emergence of adult flies. The time signal from central clock neurons is transmitted via small neuropeptide F (sNPF) to neurons that produce the neuropeptide Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH), which is then translated into circadian oscillations of Ca2+ concentration and daily changes in PTTH levels. Rhythmic PTTH signaling is required at the end of metamorphosis, and transmits time information to the PG by imposing a daily rhythm to the expression of the PTTH receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), TORSO, and of ERK phosphorylation, a key component of PTTH transduction. In addition to PTTH, we demonstrate that signaling mediated by other RTKs contribute to the rhythmicity of emergence. Interestingly, the ligand to one of these receptors (Pvf2), plays an autocrine role in the PG, which may explain why both central brain and PG clocks are required for the circadian gating of emergence. Our findings show that the coupling between the central and the PG clock is unexpectedly complex and involves several RTKs that act in concert, and could serve as a paradigm to understand how circadian clocks are coordinated.

Significance statementCircadian clocks impose daily periodicities to behavior, physiology, and metabolism, and are synchronized to provide the organism with a unified time through mechanisms that are poorly understood. In holometabolous insects, the circadian control of adult emergence depends on the coupling between the central clock and a peripheral clock located in the prothoracic gland (PG). Here we identify the cellular and molecular mechanism that transmits time information from the central clock to the PG clock. This process is unexpectedly complex and involves a number of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Such a mechanism may add robustness to the coupling between the 2 clocks and serve as a paradigm for understanding how circadian clocks are coordinated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavieres-Lepe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nässel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanewsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling couples the central and a peripheral circadian clock in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sequenced genomes from a [~]7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations deep relationships and show that EEF had [~]44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iosif Lazaridis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alissa Mittnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapan Mallick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karola Kirsanow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter H. Sudmant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergi Castellano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Lipson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnie Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Economou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Bollongino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiaomei Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten Bos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Nordenfelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare de Filippo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay Prüfer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanna Sawyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosimo Posth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Haak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrik Hallgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elin Fornander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadin Rohland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Delsate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Francken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Guinet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachim Wahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Ayodo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamza A. Babiker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciela Baillet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Balanovska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleg Balanovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramiro Barrantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Bedoya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim Ben-Ami</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judit Bene</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouad Berrada</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudio M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid origins and the earliest stages of diploidization in the highly successful recent polyploid Capsella bursa-pastoris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole genome duplication events have occurred repeatedly during flowering plant evolution, and there is growing evidence for predictable patterns of gene retention and loss following polyploidization. Despite these important insights, the rate and processes governing the earliest stages of diploidization remain poorly understood, and the relative importance of genetic drift, positive selection and relaxed purifying selection in the process of gene degeneration and loss is unclear. Here, we conduct whole genome resequencing in Capsella bursa-pastoris, a recently formed tetraploid with one of the most widespread species distributions of any angiosperm. Whole genome data provide strong support for recent hybrid origins of the tetraploid species within the last 100-300,000 years from two diploid progenitors in the Capsella genus. Major-effect inactivating mutations are frequent, but many were inherited from the parental species and show no evidence of being fixed by positive selection. Despite a lack of large-scale gene loss, we observe a decrease in the efficacy of natural selection genome-wide, due to the combined effects of demography, selfing and genome redundancy from whole genome duplication. Our results suggest that the earliest stages of diploidization are associated with quantitative genome-wide decreases in the strength and efficacy of selection rather than rapid gene loss, and that non-functionalization can receive a 'head start' through a legacy of deleterious variants and differential expression originating in parental diploid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gavin Douglas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesseca Gos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Steige</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriana Salcedo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl Holm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Arvid Ågren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaled Hazzouri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian E. Platts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily B. Josephs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J. Williamson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Neuffer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Lascoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanja Slotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen Wright</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid origins and the earliest stages of diploidization in the highly successful recent polyploid Capsella bursa-pastoris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On Modeling the Macroecology of Baleen Whale Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long distance migrations are well known to occur in many baleen whale species. Yet, a global synthesis of this information is lacking. Here, we study baleen whales as a group and at a global scale, first analyzing the grey and peer-reviewed literature for information on the location of baleen whale calving and feeding grounds around the world. This information was then combined with modeled-data produced from an Earth System Model to estimate the global distribution of baleen whale calving and feeding habitats. A simple network theoretic heuristic was then used to identify the shortest over-water path connecting habitats. These shortest paths map well to known major migration routes for a number of species, suggesting that migration has evolved primarily to minimize travel distances. Identifying distance minimizing routes globally, that have demonstrable consistency to known migration routes for certain baleen whale species, offers a useful baseline perspective on large-scale migration patterns, from which many perturbations can by judged. As an example, we used our modeled migration routes to identify regions of the ocean that are likely hotspots of whale ship-strikes. Such information is useful for developing global conservation and management priorities for baleen whales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James Watson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruna Favetta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Stock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On Modeling the Macroecology of Baleen Whale Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory changes associated with a recent mating system shift and floral adaptation in Capsella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selfing syndrome constitutes a suite of floral and reproductive trait changes that have evolved repeatedly across many evolutionary lineages in response to the shift to selfing. Convergent evolution of the selfing syndrome suggests that these changes are adaptive, yet our understanding of the detailed molecular genetic basis of the selfing syndrome remains limited. Here, we investigate the role of cis-regulatory changes during the recent evolution of the selfing syndrome in Capsella rubella, which split from the outcrosser Capsella grandiflora less than 200 kya. We assess allele-specific expression (ASE) in leaves and flower buds at a total of 18,452 genes in three interspecific F1 C. grandiflora x C. rubella hybrids. Using a hierarchical Bayesian approach that accounts for technical variation using genomic reads, we find evidence for extensive cis-regulatory changes. On average, 44% of the assayed genes show evidence of ASE, however only 6% show strong allelic expression biases. Flower buds, but not leaves, show an enrichment of cis-regulatory changes in genomic regions responsible for floral and reproductive trait divergence between C. rubella and C. grandiflora. We further detected an excess of heterozygous transposable element (TE) insertions near genes with ASE, and TE insertions targeted by uniquely mapping 24-nt small RNAs were associated with reduced expression of nearby genes. Our results suggest that cis-regulatory changes have been important during the recent adaptive floral evolution in Capsella and that differences in TE dynamics between selfing and outcrossing species could be important for rapid regulatory divergence in association with mating system shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim A Steige</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Reimegård</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Koenig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas G Scofield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanja Slotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-regulatory changes associated with a recent mating system shift and floral adaptation in Capsella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE REGIME SHIFTS DATABASE: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING REGIME SHIFTS IN SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents the Regime Shifts Database (RSDB), a new online, open-access database that uses a novel consistent framework to systematically analyze regime shifts based on their impacts, key drivers, underlying feedbacks, and management options. The database currently contains 27 generic types of regime shifts, and over 300 specific case studies of a variety of regime shifts. These regime shifts occur across diverse types of systems and are driven by many different types of processes. Besides impacting provisioning and regulating services, our work shows that regime shifts substantially impact cultural and aesthetic ecosystem services. We found that social-ecological feedbacks are difficult to characterize and more work is needed to develop new tools and approaches to better understand social-ecological regime shifts. We hope that the database will stimulate further research on regime shifts and make available information that can be used in management, planning and assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinette Oonsie Biggs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garry D Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan Carlos Carlos Rocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE REGIME SHIFTS DATABASE: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING REGIME SHIFTS IN SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regime shifts in the Anthropocene: drivers, risks, and resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many ecosystems can experience regime shifts: surprising, large and persistent changes in the function and structure of ecosystems. Assessing whether continued global change will lead to further regime shifts, or has the potential to trigger cascading regime shifts has been a central question in global change policy. Addressing this issue has, however, been hampered by the focus of regime shift research on specific cases and types of regime shifts. To systematically assess the global risk of regime shifts we conducted a comparative analysis of 25 generic types of regime shifts across marine, terrestrial and polar systems; identifying their drivers, and impacts on ecosystem services. Our results show that the drivers of regime shifts are diverse and co-occur strongly, which suggests that continued global change can be expected to synchronously increase the risk of multiple regime shifts. Furthermore, many regime shift drivers are related to climate change and food production, whose links to the continued expansion of human activities makes them difficult to limit. Because many regime shifts can amplify the drivers of other regime shifts, continued global change can also be expected to increase the risk of cascading regime shifts. Nevertheless, the variety of scales at which regime shift drivers operate provides opportunities for reducing the risk of many types of regime shifts by addressing local or regional drivers, even in the absence of rapid reduction of global drivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juan Carlos Carlos Rocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garry D Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinette Oonsie Biggs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regime shifts in the Anthropocene: drivers, risks, and resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis reveals major determinants of cis-regulatory variation in Capsella grandiflora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the causes of cis-regulatory variation is a long-standing aim in evolutionary biology. Although cis-regulatory variation has long been considered important for adaptation, we still have a limited understanding of the selective importance and genomic determinants of standing cis-regulatory variation. To address these questions, we studied the prevalence, genomic determinants and selective forces shaping cis-regulatory variation in the outcrossing plant Capsella grandiflora. We first identified a set of 1,010 genes with common cis-regulatory variation using analyses of allele-specific expression (ASE). Population genomic analyses of whole-genome sequences from 32 individuals showed that genes with common cis-regulatory variation are 1) under weaker purifying selection and 2) undergo less frequent positive selection than other genes. We further identified genomic determinants of cis-regulatory variation. Gene-body methylation (gbM) was a major factor constraining cis-regulatory variation, whereas presence of nearby TEs and tissue specificity of expression increased the odds of ASE. Our results suggest that most common cis-regulatory variation in C. grandiflora is under weak purifying selection, and that gene-specific functional constraints are more important for the maintenance of cis-regulatory variation than genome-scale variation in the intensity of selection. Our results agree with previous findings that suggest TE silencing affects nearby gene expression, and provide novel evidence for a link between gbM and cis-regulatory constraint, possibly reflecting greater dosage-sensitivity of body-methylated genes. Given the extensive conservation of gene-body methylation in flowering plants, this suggests that gene-body methylation could be an important predictor of cis-regulatory variation in a wide range of plant species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim A Steige</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Laenen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Reimegård</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Scofield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanja Slotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis reveals major determinants of cis-regulatory variation in Capsella grandiflora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of transposable elements for gene expression in Capsella hybrids and allopolyploids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of an allopolyploid species involves the merger of two genomes with separate evolutionary histories. In allopolyploids, genes derived from one progenitor species are often expressed at higher levels than those from the other progenitor. It has been suggested that this could be due to differences in transposable element (TE) content among progenitors, as silencing of TEs can affect expression of nearby genes. Here, we examine the role of TEs for expression biases in the widespread allotetraploid Capsella bursa-pastoris and in diploid F1 hybrids generated by crossing Capsella orientalis and Capsella rubella, two close relatives of the progenitors of C. bursa-pastoris. As C. rubella harbors more TEs than C. orientalis, we expect C. orientalis alleles to be expressed at higher levels if TE content is key for expression biases. To test this hypothesis, we quantified expression biases at approximately 5800 genes in flower buds and leaves, while correcting for read mapping biases using genomic data. While three of four C. bursa-pastoris accessions exhibited a shift toward higher relative expression of C. orientalis alleles, the fourth C. bursa-pastoris accession had the opposite direction of expression bias, as did diploid F1 hybrids. Associations between TE polymorphism and expression bias were weak, and the effect of TEs on expression bias was small. These results suggest that differences in TE content alone cannot fully explain expression biases in these species. Future studies should investigate the role of differences in TE silencing efficacy, as well as a broader set of other factors. Our results are important for a more general understanding of the role of TEs for cis-regulatory evolution in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim Steige</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Reimegård</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolin A Rebernig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudia Köhler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas G Scofield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanja Slotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of transposable elements for gene expression in Capsella hybrids and allopolyploids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic brain connectivity after partial sleep deprivation in young and older adults: results from the Stockholm Sleepy Brain study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep deprivation has been reported to affect intrinsic brain connectivity, notably reducing connectivity in the default mode network. Studies to date have however shown inconsistent effects, in many cases lacked monitoring of wakefulness, and largely included young participants. We investigated effects of sleep deprivation on intrinsic brain connectivity in young and older participants. Participants aged 20-30 (n=30) and 65-75 (n=23) years underwent partial sleep deprivation (3h sleep) in a cross-over design, with two 8-minutes eyes-open resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) runs in each session, monitored by eye-tracking. We assessed intrinsic brain connectivity using independent components analysis (ICA) as well as seed-region analyses of functional connectivity, and also analysed global signal variability, regional homogeneity, and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations. Sleep deprivation caused increased global signal variability. In our study, changes in investigated resting state networks and in regional homogeneity were not statistically significant. Younger participants had higher connectivity in most examined networks, as well as higher regional homogeneity in areas including anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. In conclusion, we found that sleep deprivation caused increased global signal variability. We speculate that this may be caused by wake-state instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustav Nilsonne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandra Tamm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanna Schwarz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Almeida</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Håkan Fischer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Göran Kecklund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mats Lekander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Fransson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torbjörn Åkerstedt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic brain connectivity after partial sleep deprivation in young and older adults: results from the Stockholm Sleepy Brain study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice deficient of Myc super-enhancer region reveal a differential control mechanism between normal and pathological growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gene desert upstream of the Myc oncogene on chromosome 8q24 contains susceptibility loci for several major forms of human cancer, including cancers of breast, prostate, and colon. The region shows high conservation between human and mouse and contains multiple MYC enhancers that are activated in tumor cells. However, the role of this region in normal development has not been addressed. Here we show that a 538 kb deletion of the entire MYC upstream super-enhancer region in mice results in 50 to 80% decrease in MYC expression in multiple tissues. The mice are viable and show no overt phenotype. However, they are resistant to tumorigenesis, and most normal cells isolated from them grow slowly in culture. Consistently, deletion of the 8q24 super-enhancer region perturbs Myc targets only in cultured cells, but not in vivo. These results reveal that only cells whose Myc activity is increased by serum or oncogenic driver mutations depend on the 8q24 super-enhancer region, and indicate that targeting the activity of this element is a promising strategy of cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaasinen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taipale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice deficient of Myc super-enhancer region reveal a differential control mechanism between normal and pathological growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HistMapR: Rapid digitization of historical land-use maps in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Habitat destruction and degradation represent serious threats to biodiversity, and quantification of land-use change over time is important for understanding the consequences of these changes to organisms and ecosystem service provision.nn2. Comparing land use between maps from different time periods allows estimation of the magnitude of habitat change in an area. However, digitizing historical maps manually is time-consuming and analyses of change are usually carried out at small spatial extents or at low resolutions.nn3. We developed a method to semi-automatically digitize historical land-use maps using the R environment. We created a number of functions that use the existing raster package to classify land use according to a maps colours, as defined by the RGB channels of the raster image. The method was tested on three different types of historical land-use map and results were compared to manual digitisations.nn4. Our method is fast, and agreement with manually-digitised maps of around 80-92% meets common targets for image classification. We hope that the ability to quickly classify large areas of historical land-use will promote the inclusion of land-use change into analyses of biodiversity, species distributions and ecosystem services.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auffret, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skanes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousins, S. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooftman, D. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HistMapR: Rapid digitization of historical land-use maps in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of Hox transcription factor concentration and cell-to-cell variability by an auto-regulatory switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The variability in transcription factor concentration among cells is an important developmental determinant, yet how variability is controlled remains poorly understood. Studies of variability have focused predominantly on monitoring mRNA production noise. Little information exists about transcription factor protein variability, since this requires the use of quantitative methods with single-molecule sensitivity. Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), we characterized the concentration and variability of 14 endogenously tagged TFs in live Drosophila imaginal discs. For the Hox TF Antennapedia we investigated whether protein variability results from random stochastic events or is developmentally regulated. We found that Antennapedia transitioned from low concentration/high variability early, to high concentration/low variability later, in development. FCS and temporally resolved genetic studies uncovered that Antennapedia itself is necessary and sufficient to drive a developmental regulatory switch from auto-activation to auto-repression, thereby reducing variability. This switch is controlled by progressive changes in relative concentrations of preferentially activating and repressing Antennapedia isoforms, which bind chromatin with different affinities. Mathematical modelling demonstrated that the experimentally supported auto-regulatory circuit can explain the increase of Antennapedia concentration and suppression of variability over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skouloudaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terenius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukojevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomancak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of Hox transcription factor concentration and cell-to-cell variability by an auto-regulatory switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pomp-Astic Inference For Epidemic Models: Simple Vs. Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infectious disease surveillance data often provides only partial information about the progression of the disease in the individual while disease transmission is often modelled using complex mathematical models for large populations, where variability only enters through a stochastic observation process. In this work it is shown that a rather simplistic, but truly stochastic transmission model, is competitive with respect to model fit when compared with more detailed deterministic transmission models and even preferable because the role of each parameter and its identifiability is clearly understood in the simpler model. The inference framework for the stochastic model is provided by iterated filtering methods which are readily implemented in the R package pomp. We illustrate our findings on German rotavirus surveillance data from 2001 to 2008 and calculate a model based estimate for the basic reproduction number R0 using these data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stocks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pomp-Astic Inference For Epidemic Models: Simple Vs. Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demography And Mating System Shape The Genome-Wide Impact Of Purifying Selection In Arabis alpina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant mating systems have profound effects on levels and structuring of genetic variation, and can affect the impact of natural selection. While theory predicts that intermediate outcrossing rates may allow plants to prevent accumulation of deleterious alleles, few studies have empirically tested this prediction using genomic data. Here, we study the effect of mating system on purifying selection by conducting population genomic analyses on whole-genome resequencing data from 38 European individuals of the arctic-alpine crucifer Arabis alpina. We find that outcrossing and mixed-mating populations maintain genetic diversity at similar levels, whereas highly self-fertilizing Scandinavian A. alpina show a strong reduction in genetic diversity, most likely as a result of a postglacial colonization bottleneck. We further find evidence for accumulation of genetic load in highly self-fertilizing populations, whereas the genome-wide impact of purifying selection does not differ greatly between mixed-mating and outcrossing populations. Our results demonstrate that intermediate levels of outcrossing may allow efficient selection against harmful alleles whereas demographic effects can be important for relaxed purifying selection in highly selfing populations. Thus, both mating system and demography shape the impact of purifying selection on genomic variation in A. alpina. These results are important for an improved understanding of the evolutionary consequences of mating system variation and the maintenance of mixed-mating strategies.nnSignificanceIntermediate outcrossing rates are theoretically predicted to maintain effective selection against harmful alleles, but few studies have empirically tested this prediction using genomic data. We used whole-genome resequencing data from alpine rock-cress to study how genetic variation and purifying selection vary with mating system. We find that populations with intermediate outcrossing rates have similar levels of genetic diversity as outcrossing populations, and that purifying selection against harmful alleles is efficient in mixed-mating populations. In contrast, self-fertilizing populations from Scandinavia have strongly reduced genetic diversity, and accumulate harmful mutations, likely as a result of demographic effects of postglacial colonization. Our results suggest that mixed-mating populations can avoid the negative evolutionary consequences of high self-fertilization rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laenen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wotzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steige, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourmpetis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drouzas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bink, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coupland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demography And Mating System Shape The Genome-Wide Impact Of Purifying Selection In Arabis alpina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ophiuroid Phylotranscriptomics Enables Discovery Of Novel Echinoderm Representatives Of Bilaterian Neuropeptide Families And Reconstruction Of Neuropeptide Precursor Evolution Over ~270 Million Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeuropeptides are a diverse class of intercellular signaling molecules that mediate neuronal regulation of many physiological and behavioural processes, including feeding, reproduction and locomotion. Recent advances in genome/transcriptome sequencing are enabling identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in species from a growing variety of animal taxa, providing new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signaling. Here we report a phylo-transcriptomic analysis of neuropeptide precursors in over fifty species of brittle stars (Class Ophiuroidea; Phylum Echinodermata).nnResultsDetailed analysis of transcriptome sequence data from three brittle star species, Ophionotus victoriae, Amphiura filiformis and Ophiopsila aranea, enabled the first comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursors in ophiuroids. Representatives of over thirty bilaterian neuropeptide precursor families were identified, some of which occur as paralogs (e.g. thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and pedal peptide). Furthermore, homologs of endothelin/CCHamide, eclosion hormone, neuropeptide-F/Y and nucleobinin/nesfatin were discovered here in a deuterostome/echinoderm for the first time. The majority of ophiuroid neuropeptide precursors contain a single copy of a neuropeptide, but several precursors comprise multiple copies of identical or non-identical, but structurally-related, neuropeptides. Here we performed an unprecedented investigation of the evolution of neuropeptide copy-number over a period of ~270 million years by analysing sequence data from over fifty ophiuroid species, with reference to a robust phylogeny. Interestingly, the number of neuropeptide copies in the majority of precursors was constant across all the species examined, but examples of clade-specific losses/gains of neuropeptides were also observed.nnConclusionsWe report here the most comprehensive analysis to date of neuropeptide precursors in the phylum Echinodermata, with novel representatives of several bilaterian neuropeptide families discovered for the first time in echinoderms. Furthermore, analysis of precursor proteins comprising multiple copies of identical or related neuropeptides across ~270 million years of ophiuroid evolution indicates that the composition of neuropeptide "cocktails" is functionally important, but with plasticity over long evolutionary time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zandawala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghul, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez Guerra, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delroisse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abylkassimova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugall, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elphick, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ophiuroid Phylotranscriptomics Enables Discovery Of Novel Echinoderm Representatives Of Bilaterian Neuropeptide Families And Reconstruction Of Neuropeptide Precursor Evolution Over ~270 Million Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells From The Same Lineage Switch From Reduction To Enhancement Of Size Variability In Arabidopsis Sepals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organs form with remarkably consistent sizes and shapes during development, whereas a high variability in size and growth is observed at cell level. Given this contrast, it is unclear how such consistency at organ scale can emerge from cellular behavior. We examine the growth of cell lineages, or groups of cells that are the progeny of a single mother cell. At early stages of the lineage, we find that initially smaller lineages grow faster than the larger ones reducing variability in lineage size, a phenomenon we refer to as size uniformization. In contrast at later stages of the lineage, size variability is enhanced when initially larger cell lineages grow faster than the smaller ones. Our results imply that the cell lineage changes its growth pattern at a tipping point. Finally, we found that the growth heterogeneity of individual cells within a lineage is correlated with fast growth of the lineage. Consequently, fast growing lineages show greater cell growth heterogeneity, leading to uniformization in lineage size. Thus, cellular variability in growth contributes toward decreasing variability of cell lineages throughout the sepal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervieux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kierzkowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routier-Kierzkowska, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamant, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudaoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells From The Same Lineage Switch From Reduction To Enhancement Of Size Variability In Arabidopsis Sepals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable Membrane Topologies Of Small Dual-Topology Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The topologies of -helical membrane proteins are generally thought to be determined during their cotranslational insertion into the membrane. It is typically assumed that membrane topologies remain static after this process has ended. Recent findings, however, question this static view by suggesting that some parts of, or even the whole protein, can reorient in the membrane on a biologically relevant time scale. Here, we focus on anti-parallel homo-or hetero-dimeric Small Multidrug Resistance proteins, and examine whether the individual monomers can undergo reversible topological inversion (flip-flop) in the membrane until they are trapped in a fixed orientation by dimerization. By perturbing dimerization using various means, we show that the membrane topology of a monomer is unaffected by the presence or absence of its dimerization partner. Thus, membrane-inserted monomers attain their final topologies independently of dimerization, suggesting that wholesale topological inversion is an unlikely event in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fluman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobiasson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable Membrane Topologies Of Small Dual-Topology Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Network, Phylogenetic Diversity And Community Membership In The Active Layer Across A Permafrost Thaw Gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogenic production and release of methane (CH4) from thawing permafrost has the potential to be a strong source of radiative forcing. We investigated changes in the active layer microbial community of three sites representative of distinct permafrost thaw stages at a palsa mire in northern Sweden. The palsa sites with intact permafrost, and low radiative forcing signature had a phylogenetically clustered community dominated by Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. The bog with thawing permafrost and low radiative forcing signature was dominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens and Acidobacteria, had lower alpha diversity, and midrange phylogenetic clustering, characteristic of ecosystem disturbance affecting habitat filtering, shifting from palsa-like to fen-like at the waterline. The fen had no underlying permafrost, and the highest alpha, beta and phylogenetic diversity, was dominated by Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota, and was significantly enriched in methanogens. The mire microbial network was modular with module cores consisting of clusters of Acidobacteria, Euryarchaeota, or Xanthomonodales. Loss of underlying permafrost with associated hydrological shifts correlated to changes in microbial composition, alpha, beta, and phylogenetic diversity associated with a higher radiative forcing signature. These results support the complex role of microbial interactions in mediating carbon budget changes and climate feedback in response to climate forcing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalley, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkins, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolking, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleska, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crill, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Network, Phylogenetic Diversity And Community Membership In The Active Layer Across A Permafrost Thaw Gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a set of abdominal neuroendocrine cells that regulate stress physiology using colocalized diuretic peptides in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neuropeptides are known to regulate water and ion balance in Drosophila melanogaster. Several of these peptides also have other functions in physiology and behavior. Examples are corticotropin-releasing factor-like diuretic hormone (diuretic hormone 44; DH44) and leucokinin (LK), both of which induce fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules (MTs), but also regulate stress responses, feeding, circadian activity and other behaviors. Here, we investigated the functional relations between the LK and DH44 signaling systems. DH44 and LK peptides are only colocalized in a set of abdominal neurosecretory cells (ABLKs). Targeted knockdown of each of these peptides in ABLKs leads to increased resistance to desiccation, starvation and ionic stress. Food ingestion is diminished by knockdown of DH44, but not LK, and water retention is increased by LK knockdown only. Thus, the two colocalized peptides display similar systemic actions, but differ with respect to regulation of feeding and body water retention. We also demonstrated that DH44 and LK have additive effects on fluid secretion by MTs. It is likely that the colocalized peptides are coreleased from ABLKs into the circulation and act on the tubules where they target different cell types and signaling systems to regulate diuresis and stress tolerance. Additional targets seem to be specific for each of the two peptides and subserve regulation of feeding and water retention. Our data suggest that the ABLKs and hormonal actions are sufficient for many of the known DH44 and LK functions, and that the remaining neurons in the CNS play other functional roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zandawala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a set of abdominal neuroendocrine cells that regulate stress physiology using colocalized diuretic peptides in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal colonization routes and high-latitude adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scandinavia was one of the last geographic areas in Europe to become habitable for humans after the last glaciation. However, the origin(s) of the first colonizers and their migration routes remain unclear. We sequenced the genomes, up to 57x coverage, of seven hunter-gatherers excavated across Scandinavia and dated to 9,500-6,000 years before present. Surprisingly, among the Scandinavian Mesolithic individuals, the genetic data display an east-west genetic gradient that opposes the pattern seen in other parts of Mesolithic Europe. This result suggests that Scandinavia was initially colonized following two different routes: one from the south, the other from the northeast. The latter followed the ice-free Norwegian north Atlantic coast, along which novel and advanced pressure-blade stone-tool techniques may have spread. These two groups met and mixed in Scandinavia, creating a genetically diverse population, which shows patterns of genetic adaptation to high latitude environments. These adaptations include high frequencies of low pigmentation variants and a gene-region associated with physical performance, which shows strong continuity into modern-day northern Europeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Günther, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmström, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omrak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Quinto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kılınc, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzewinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlund, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munters, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutinho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjölander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen Sellevold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdiosera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götherström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal colonization routes and high-latitude adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biased gene expression resolves sexual conflict through the evolution of sex-specific genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes are subject to contradictory selection pressures in males and females, and balancing selection resulting from sexual conflict has the potential to substantially increase standing genetic diversity in populations and thereby act as an important force in adaptation. However, the underlying causes of sexual conflict, and the potential for resolution, remains hotly debated. Using transcriptome resequencing data from male and female guppies, we use a novel approach, combining patterns of genetic diversity and inter-sexual divergence in allele frequency, to distinguish the different scenarios that give rise to sexual conflict, and how this conflict may be resolved through regulatory evolution. We show that reproductive fitness is the main source of sexual conflict, and this is resolved via the evolution of male-biased expression. Furthermore, resolution of sexual conflict produces significant differences in genetic architecture between males and females, which in turn leads to specific alleles influencing sex-specific viability. Together, our findings suggest an important role for sexual conflict in shaping broad patterns of genome diversity, and show that regulatory evolution is a rapid and efficient route to the resolution of conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mank, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biased gene expression resolves sexual conflict through the evolution of sex-specific genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacodynamic Considerations of Collateral Sensitivity in Design of Antibiotic Treatment Regimen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Although antibiotic resistance is not a new problem, its breadth now constitutes a significant threat to human health. One strategy to help combat resistance is to find novel ways to use existing drugs, even those that display high rates of resistance. For the pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pairs of antibiotics have been identified for which evolution of resistance to drug A increases sensitivity to drug B and vice versa. These research groups have proposed cycling such pairs to treat infections, similar treatment strategies are being investigated for various cancer forms as well.nnWhile an exciting treatment prospect, no cycling experiments have yet been performed with consideration of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). To test the plausibility of this scheme and search for ways to optimize it, we create a mathematical model with explicit PK-PD considerations. We study several possible treatment protocols using pairs of such antibiotics, and investigate the speed of ascent of multiply resistant mutants. Our analyses show that for low concentrations of antibiotics, treatment failure will always occur due to the rapid ascent and fixation of resistant mutants. However, at moderate to high concentrations of some types of bacteriostatic antibiotics with multiday cycling, resistance is prevented from developing and treatment succeeds. This calls for guarded optimism of such treatment protocols whose development can be directed by these types of models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Udekwu, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacodynamic Considerations of Collateral Sensitivity in Design of Antibiotic Treatment Regimen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique ATP-cone-driven allosteric regulation of ribonucleotide reductase via the radical-generating subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are key enzymes in DNA synthesis and repair, with sophisticated allosteric mechanisms controlling both substrate specificity and overall activity. In RNRs, the activity master-switch, the ATP-cone, has been found exclusively in the catalytic subunit. In two class I RNR subclasses whose catalytic subunit lacks the ATP-cone, we discovered ATP-cones in the radical-generating subunit. The ATP-cone in the Leewenhoekiella blandensis radical-generating subunit regulates activity via modifications of quaternary structure induced by binding of nucleotides. ATP induces enzymatically competent dimers, whereas dATP induces non-productive tetramers, resulting in different holoenzyme complexes. The tetramer forms solely by interactions between ATP-cones, as evidenced by a 2.45 [A] crystal structure. We also present evidence for an MnIIIMnIV metal center. In summary, lack of an ATP-cone domain in the catalytic subunit was compensated by evolutionary capture of the domain by the radical-generating subunit. Our findings present a novel opportunity for dATP-regulation of engineered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozman Grinberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonna, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loderer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borovok, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berggren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöberg, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique ATP-cone-driven allosteric regulation of ribonucleotide reductase via the radical-generating subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compartment and cell type-{-}specific hypoxia responses in the developing Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental factors such as the availability of oxygen are instructive cues to regulate stem cell maintenance and differentiation. We used a genetically encoded biosensor to monitor the hypoxic state of neural cells in the larval brain of Drosophila. The biosensor reveals brain compartment and cell type specific levels of hypoxia. The values correlate with differential tracheolation that is observed throughout development between the central brain and the optic lobe. Neural stem cells in both compartments show the strongest hypoxia response while intermediate progenitors, neurons and glial cells reveal weaker responses. We demonstrate that the distance between a cell and the next closest tracheole is a good predictor of the hypoxic state for that cell. Our model concludes that oxygen availability is the major factor controlling the hypoxia response in the developing Drosophila brain but cell intrinsic and cell-type specific factors contribute to modulate the response in an unexpected manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baccino-Calace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compartment and cell type-{-}specific hypoxia responses in the developing Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging theories for ecosystem stability through structural sensitivity analysis of ecological models in equilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecologists are challenged by the need to bridge and synthesize different approaches and theories to obtain a coherent understanding of ecosystems in a changing world. Both food web theory and regime shift theory shine light on mechanisms that confer stability to ecosystems, but from a different angle. Empirical food web models are developed to analyze how equilibria in real multi-trophic ecosystems are shaped by species interactions, and often include linear functional response terms for simple estimation of interaction strengths from observations. Models of regime shifts focus on qualitative changes of equilibrium points in a slowly changing environment, and typically include non-linear functional response terms. Currently, it is unclear how the stability of an empirical food web model, expressed as the rate of system recovery after a small perturbation, relates to the vulnerability of the ecosystem to collapse. Here, we conduct structural sensitive analyses of classical consumer-resource models in equilibrium along an environmental gradient. Specifically, we change non-proportional interaction terms into linear ones, while maintaining the equilibrium biomass densities and flux of matter, to analyze how alternative model formulations shape the stability properties of the equilibria. The results reveal no consistent relationship between the stability of the original models and the linearized versions, even though they describe the same biomass values and material flows. We use these findings to discuss whether stability analysis of observed equilibria by empirical food web models can provide insight into regime shift dynamics, and highlight the challenge of bridging alternative modelling approaches in ecology and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuiper, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooi, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooij, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.24.887901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging theories for ecosystem stability through structural sensitivity analysis of ecological models in equilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational analysis of the human Xbp1 translational arrest peptide and construction of arrest-enhanced variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xbp1, a protein involved in the unfolded protein response, is a rare example of a mammalian protein that contains a well-defined translational arrest peptide (AP). In order to define the critical residues in the Xbp1u AP, and to search for variants with stronger arrest potency than the wildtype Xbp1u AP, we have carried out a full mutagenesis scan where each residue in the AP was replaced by the other 19 natural amino acids. We find that 10 of the 21 mutagenized positions are optimal already in the wildtype Xbp1 AP, while certain mutations in the remaining residues lead to a strong increase in the arrest potency. Xbp1 has thus evolved to induce an intermediate level of translational arrest, and versions with much stronger arrest efficiency exist. We further show Xbp1-induced translational arrest is reduced in response to increased tension in the nascent chain, making it possible to carry out studies in mammalian systems of cotranslational processes such as membrane protein assembly and protein folding by using suitable Xbp1 AP variants as "force sensors", as has been done previously in E. coli using bacterial APs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoulopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational analysis of the human Xbp1 translational arrest peptide and construction of arrest-enhanced variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spring phenology dominates over shade in affecting seedling performance and plant attack during the growing season 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIClimate change is affecting both the abiotic environment and the seasonal timing of life history events, with potentially major consequences for plant performance and plant-associated food webs. Despite this, we lack insights into how effects of plant phenology on plant performance and food webs depend on environmental conditions, and to what extent effects of phenology and the environment on plant performance are direct vs. mediated by changes in the plant-associated community.
C_LIO_LIWe conducted a multifactorial field experiment to test for the effect of spring phenology and shade on Quercus robur seedling traits and performance, as well as attacks by specialist plant pathogens, insects and small mammals.
C_LIO_LISpring phenology strongly affected seedling performance whereas shade only affected leaf thickness and chlorophyll. Likewise, spring phenology strongly affected herbivore and pathogen attack, whereas shade and its interaction with spring phenology only explained a minor part of the variation. Small mammals preferentially attacked later phenology seedlings, which strongly affected plant survival, while insect herbivores and pathogens did not mediate the effect of spring phenology and shade on plant performance.
C_LIO_LISynthesis: This study highlights that the effect of spring phenology outweighs the effect of environmental context on plant performance and plant attack during the growing season. Interestingly, small mammal herbivores, and not diseases and insect herbivores, may play a key role in mediating the effect of spring phenology on plant performance. Together, these findings advance our understanding of the consequences of climate-induced changes in spring phenology and the abiotic environment on plant performance within a community context.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClory, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, L. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spring phenology dominates over shade in affecting seedling performance and plant attack during the growing season]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue engineered model of hepatic breast cancer micrometastasis shows host-dependent colonization patterns and drug responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early stages of colonization of distant organs by metastatic cancer cells (micrometastasis) remain almost inaccessible to study due to lack of relevant experimental approaches. Here, we show the first 3D tissue engineered model of hepatic micrometastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). It reproduces characteristic histopathological features of the disease and reveals that metastatic TNBC cells colonize liver parenchymal and stromal extracellular matrix with different speed and by different strategies. These engineered tumors induce the angiogenic switch when grafted in vivo, confirming their metastatic-specific behaviour. Furthermore, we proved feasibility and biological relevance of our model for drug and nanoparticle testing and found a down-regulatory effect of the liver microenvironment of the sensitivity of TNBC cells to chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin in free and nanoformulated forms. The convenient and affordable methodology established here can be translated to other types of metastatic tumors for basic cancer biology research and adapted for high-throughput assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guller, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozova, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuschnerus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bennett, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvyagin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue engineered model of hepatic breast cancer micrometastasis shows host-dependent colonization patterns and drug responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Met and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel signaling on Ras-Erk MAPK drives migratory activation of dendritic cells parasitized by Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ras-Erk MAPK signaling controls many of the principal pathways involved in metazoan cell motility, drives metastasis of multiple cancer types and is targeted in chemotherapy. Yet, its putative roles in immune cell functions or in infections have remained elusive. Here, using primary dendritic cells (DCs) in an infection model with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, we show that two pathways activated by infection converge on Ras-Erk MAPK signaling to promote migration of parasitized DCs. We identify signaling through the receptor tyrosine kinase Met (also known as HGFR) as a driver of T. gondii-induced DC hypermotility. Further, we show that voltage-gated Ca2+channel (VGCC, subtype CaV1.3) signaling impacts the migratory activation of DCs via calmodulin-calmodulin kinase II. We report that VGCC and Met signaling converge on Ras GTPase to drive Erk1/2 phosphorylation and migratory activation of T. gondii-infected DCs. The data provide a molecular basis for the hypermigratory mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT) of parasitized DCs. The emerging concept suggests that parasitized DCs acquire metastasis-like migratory properties to promote infection-related dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olafsson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varas-Godoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Met and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel signaling on Ras-Erk MAPK drives migratory activation of dendritic cells parasitized by Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.899971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited dispersal and an unexpected aggression pattern in a native supercolonial ant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.899971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how social groups function requires studies on how individuals move across the landscape and interact with each other. Ant supercolonies are extreme cooperative units that may consist of thousands of interconnected nests, and their individuals cooperate over large spatial scales. However, the inner structure of suggested supercolonial (or unicolonial) societies has rarely been extensively studied using both genetic and behavioral analyses. We describe a dense supercolony-like aggregation of more than 1 300 nests of the ant Formica (Coptoformica) pressilabris. We performed aggression bioassays and found that, while aggression levels were generally low, there was some aggression within the assumed supercolony. The occurrence of aggression increased with distance from the focal nest, in accordance with the genetically viscous population structure we observe by using 10 microsatellite markers. However, the aggressive interactions do not follow any clear pattern that would allow specifying colony borders within the area. The genetic data indicate limited gene flow within and away from the supercolony. Our results show that a Formica supercolony is not necessarily a single unit but can be a more fluid mosaic of aggressive and amicable interactions instead, highlighting the need to study internest interactions in detail when describing supercolonies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakala, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppae, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helanterae, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.899971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited dispersal and an unexpected aggression pattern in a native supercolonial ant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.912592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh2)-dependent alkalization is dispensable for escape from macrophages and virulence of Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.912592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans cells depend on the energy derived from amino acid catabolism to induce and sustain hyphal growth inside phagosomes of engulfing macrophages. The concomitant deamination of amino acids is thought to neutralize the acidic microenvironment of phagosomes, a presumed requisite for survival and initiation of hyphal growth. Here, in contrast to an existing model, we show that mitochondrial-localized NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2) catalyzing the deamination of glutamate to -ketoglutarate, and not the cytosolic urea amidolyase (DUR1,2), accounts for the observed alkalization of media when amino acids are the sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. C. albicans strains lacking GDH2 (gdh2-/-) are viable and do not extrude ammonia on amino acid-based media. Environmental alkalization does not occur under conditions of high glucose (2%), a finding attributable to glucose-repression of GDH2 expression and mitochondrial function. Consistently, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation or mitochondrial translation by antimycin A or chloramphenicol, respectively, prevents alkalization. GDH2 expression and mitochondrial function are derepressed as glucose levels are lowered from 2% ([~]110 mM) to 0.2% ([~]11 mM), or when glycerol is used as carbon source. Using time-lapse microscopy, we document that gdh2-/- cells survive, filament and escape from primary murine macrophages at rates indistinguishable from wildtype. Consistently, gdh2-/- strains are as virulent as wildtype in fly and murine models of systemic candidiasis. Thus, although Gdh2 has a critical role in central nitrogen metabolism, Gdh2-catalyzed deamination of glutamate is surprisingly dispensable for escape from macrophages and virulence, demonstrating that amino acid-dependent alkalization is not essential for hyphal growth, survival in macrophages and hosts. An accurate description of the microenvironment within the phagosomal compartment of macrophages and the metabolic events underlying the survival of phagocytosed C. albicans cells and their escape are critical to understanding the host-pathogen interactions that ultimately determine the pathogenic outcome.

Author SummaryCandida albicans is a commensal component of the human microflora and the most common fungal pathogen. The incidence of candidiasis is low in healthy populations. Consequently, environmental factors, such as interactions with innate immune cells, play critical roles. Macrophages provide the first line of defense and rapidly internalize C. albicans cells within specialized intracellular compartments called phagosomes. The microenvironment within phagosomes is dynamic and ill defined, but has a low pH, and contains potent hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stressors. Despite the inhospitable conditions, phagocytized C. albicans cells catabolize amino acids to obtain energy to survive and grow. Here, we have critically examined amino acid catabolism and ammonia extrusion in C. albicans, the latter is thought to neutralize the phagosomal pH and induce the switch of morphologies from round "yeast-like" to elongated hyphal cells that can pierce the phagosomal membrane leading to escape from macrophages. We report that Gdh2, which catalyzes the deamination of glutamate to -ketoglutarate, is responsible for the observed environmental alkalization when C. albicans catabolize amino acids. Strikingly, Gdh2 is dispensable for escape from macrophages and virulent growth. These results provide new insights into host-pathogen interactions that determine the pathogenic outcome of C. albicans infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silao, F. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.912592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh2)-dependent alkalization is dispensable for escape from macrophages and virulence of Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of coordinated and collective movement in response to artificial selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective motion occurs when individuals use social interaction rules to respond to the movements and positions of their neighbors. How readily these social decisions are shaped by selection remains unknown. Through artificial selection on fish (guppies, Poecilia reticulata) for increased social coordination (group polarization), we demonstrate that social interaction rules can evolve remarkably fast. Within just three generations, groups of polarization selected females showed a 15% increase in polarization, coupled with increased cohesiveness, compared to fish from control lines. They did not differ in physical swimming ability or exploratory behavior. However, polarization selected fish adopted faster speeds, particularly in social contexts, and showed stronger alignment and attraction responses to multiple neighbors. Our results demonstrate that animals social interactions can rapidly evolve under strong selection, and reveal which social interaction rules change when collective behavior evolves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotrschal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szorkovszky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert Read, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romenskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontrodona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFoll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelckmans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mank, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpter, D. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.926311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of coordinated and collective movement in response to artificial selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Northern post-glacial lakes are a significant and increasing source of atmospheric carbon (C), largely through ebullition (bubbling) of microbially-produced methane (CH4) from the sediments1. Ebullitive CH4 flux correlates strongly with temperature, suggesting that solar radiation is the primary driver of these CH4 emissions2. However, here we show that the slope of the temperature-CH4 flux relationship differs spatially, both within and among lakes.

Hypothesizing that differences in microbiota could explain this heterogeneity, we compared site-specific CH4 emissions with underlying sediment microbial (metagenomic and amplicon), isotopic, and geochemical data across two post-glacial lakes in Northern Sweden. The temperature-associated increase in CH4 emissions was greater in lake middles--where methanogens were more abundant--than edges, and sediment microbial communities were distinct between lake edges and middles. Although CH4 emissions projections are typically driven by abiotic factors1, regression modeling revealed that microbial abundances, including those of CH4-cycling microorganisms and syntrophs that generate H2 for methanogenesis, can be useful predictors of porewater CH4 concentrations. Our results suggest that deeper lake regions, which currently emit less CH4 than shallower edges, could add substantially to overall CH4 emissions in a warmer Arctic with longer ice-free seasons and that future CH4 emission predictions from northern lakes may be improved by accounting for spatial variations in sediment microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcroft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Dommey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crill, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleska, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.934661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered parasitism of a butterfly assemblage associated with a range-expanding species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimBiotic interactions are an important factor structuring ecological communities but data scarcity limits our understanding of the impact of their response to climate and land use changes on communities. We studied the impact of a change in species assemblage on biotic interactions in a community of closely-related butterflies. Specifically, we examined the impact of the recent range expansion of Araschnia levana on the resident species, with a particular focus on natural enemies, parasitoids, shared with other butterfly species in the assemblage.

LocationSweden.

Time periodTwo years (2017-2018).

Major taxa studiedNettle-feeding butterflies (Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Araschnia levana, and Vanessa atalanta) and their parasitoids.

MethodsWe assessed parasitism in 6777 butterfly larvae sampled in the field from 19 sites distributed along a 500 km latitudinal gradient, and every two weeks throughout species reproductive seasons. We identified the parasitoid complex of each butterfly species and their overlap, and analysed how parasitism rates were affected by species assemblage, variations in abundance, time, and the arrival of A. levana.

ResultsParasitoids caused high mortality, with substantial overlap across the four host species. The composition of the host community influenced parasitism rates and this effect was specific to each species. In particular, the rate of parasitism in resident species was comparatively higher at sites where A. levana has been established for longer.

Main conclusionsParasitoid pressure is a significant source of mortality in the nettle-feeding butterfly community studied. Variations in butterfly species assemblages are associated with substantial variations in rates of parasitism. This is likely to affect the population dynamics of their butterfly host species, and, potentially, the larger number of species with which they interact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Audusseau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryrholm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanescu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champeaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmucki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered parasitism of a butterfly assemblage associated with a range-expanding species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hand-reared wolves show similar, or stronger, attachment toward human caregivers compared to hand-reared dogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domesticated animals are generally assumed to display increased sociability towards humans compared to their wild ancestors. Dogs (Canis familiaris) have a remarkable ability to form social relationships with humans, including lasting attachment, a social bond based on emotional dependency. Since it has specifically been suggested that the ability to form attachment with humans evolved post-domestication in dogs, attempts to quantify attachment in wolves (Canis lupus), the ancestor of dogs, have subsequently been performed. However, while these rare wolf studies do highlight the potential for wolves to express attachment behaviour towards humans, the varied, and in some cases, contrasting results also emphasize the need for further testing of wolves. Here we used the standardized Strange Situation Test to investigate attachment behaviour expressed in wolves and dogs hand-reared and socialized under identical conditions. We found that 23 weeks old wolves and dogs equally discriminated between a stranger and a familiar person, and expressed similar attachment behaviours toward a familiar person. Additionally, wolves, but not dogs, expressed significantly elevated stress behaviour during the test, but this stress response was buffered by the presence of a familiar person. Wolves also expressed quantifiable fear responses to the stranger, whereas no such response was detectable in dogs. Together, our results suggest that wolves can show attachment toward humans comparable to that of dogs. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that the ability to form attachment with humans exists in relatives of the wild ancestor of dogs, thus refuting claims that such attachment is unique to post-domestication dog lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temrin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hand-reared wolves show similar, or stronger, attachment toward human caregivers compared to hand-reared dogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.966036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards predictive nanotoxicology: from roundabout of molecular events to chronic inflammation prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.966036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanomaterial-induced diseases cannot be reliably predicted because of the lack of clearly identified causal relationships, in particular between acute exposures and chronic symptoms. By applying advanced microscopies and omics to in vitro and in vivo systems, together with in silico molecular modelling, we have here determined that the long-lasting response to a single exposure originates in the counteracting of a newly discovered nanomaterial quarantining and nanomaterial cycling among different lung cell types. This allows us to predict the nanomaterial-induced spectrum of lung inflammation using only in vitro measurements and in silico modelling. Besides its profound implications for cost-efficient animal-free predictive toxicology, our work also paves the way to a better mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial- induced cancer, fibrosis, and other chronic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majaron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastijanovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podlipec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zawilska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballester, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielsen, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriselj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernovkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneemilch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbancic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irmler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobaskin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halappanavar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyubartsev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koklic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strancar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.966036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards predictive nanotoxicology: from roundabout of molecular events to chronic inflammation prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing of organ initiation is crucial for robust organ size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractOrgans precisely regulate their size and shape to ensure proper function1-6. The contribution of organ initiation timing to final organ size and shape is often masked by compensatory adjustments to growth later in development7-9. Here we show that DEVELOPMENT RELATED MYB-LIKE1 (DRMY1) is required for both proper organ initiation timing and growth leading to robust sepal size in Arabidopsis. Within each drmy1 flower, the initiation of some sepals is variably delayed. Late-initiating sepals in drmy1 mutants remain smaller throughout development resulting in variability in sepal size. DRMY1 focuses the spatiotemporal signaling patterns of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, which jointly control the timing of sepal initiation. Contrary to expectation, our findings demonstrate that timing of organ initiation contributes to robust organ size throughout development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamant, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudaoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing of organ initiation is crucial for robust organ size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prion Protein Folding Mechanism Revealed by Pulling Force Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian prion protein (PrP) engages with the ribosome-Sec61 translocation channel complex to generate different topological variants that are either physiological, or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe cotranslational folding and translocation mechanisms of PrP coupled to a Xbp1-based arrest peptide (AP) as folding sensor, to measure forces acting on PrP nascent chain. Our data reveal two main pulling events followed by a minor third one exerted on the nascent chains during their translocation.

Using those force landscapes, we show that a specific sequence within an intrinsically disordered region, containing a polybasic and glycine-proline rich residues, modulates the second pulling event by interacting with TRAP complex. This work also delineates the sequence of events involved in generation of PrP toxic transmembrane topologies during its synthesis. Our results shed new insight into the folding of such topological complex protein, where marginal pulling by the signal sequence, together with the downstream sequence in the mature domain, primarily drives an overall inefficient translocation resulting in the nascent chain to adopt other topologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kriegler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.983510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prion Protein Folding Mechanism Revealed by Pulling Force Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in developmental rates is not linked to environmental unpredictability in annual killifishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative evidence suggests that adaptive plasticity may evolve as a response to predictable environmental variation. However, less attention has been placed on unpredictable environmental variation, which is considered to affect evolutionary trajectories by increasing phenotypic variation (or bet-hedging). Here, we examine the occurrence of bet-hedging in egg developmental rates in seven species of annual killifish, which originate from a gradient of variation in precipitation rates, under three treatment incubation temperatures (21{degrees}C, 23{degrees}C, and 25{degrees}C). In the wild, these species survive regular and seasonal habitat desiccation, as dormant eggs buried in the soil. At the onset of the rainy season, embryos must be sufficiently developed in order to hatch and complete their life-cycle. We found substantial differences among species in both the mean and variation of egg development rates, as well as species-specific plastic responses to incubation temperature. Yet, there was no clear relationship between variation in egg development time and variation in precipitation rate (environmental predictability). The exact cause of these differences therefore remains enigmatic, possibly depending on differences in other natural environmental conditions in addition to precipitation predictability. Hence, if species-specific variances are adaptive, the relationship between development and variation in precipitation is complex, and does not diverge in accordance with simple linear relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowinski, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowersby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näslund, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckerström-Liedholm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in developmental rates is not linked to environmental unpredictability in annual killifishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid-β oligomers are captured by the DNAJB6 chaperone: Direct detection of interactions that can prevent primary nucleation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A human molecular chaperone protein, DNAJB6, is an efficient inhibitor of amyloid aggregation owing to a unique motif with conserved S/T-residues with high capacity for hydrogen bonding. Global analysis of kinetics data previously showed that especially the primary nucleation rate is inhibited. It was concluded that DNAJB6 achieves this remarkably effective and sub-stoichiometric inhibition by interacting not with the monomeric unfolded conformations of the amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptide but with aggregated species. The pre-nucleation oligomeric aggregates are transient and difficult to study experimentally. Here we employed an approach to directly detect oligomeric forms of A{beta} formed in solution by subsequent analysis with native mass spectrometry (native MS). Results show that the signals from the various forms of A{beta} (1-40) oligomers were reduced considerably in the presence of DNAJB6, but not with a mutational variant of DNAJB6 in which the S/T-residues were substituted. With focus on DNAJB6 we could also detect signals that appear to represent DNAJB6 dimers and trimers to which varying amounts of A{beta} is bound. These data provide direct experimental evidence that it is the oligomeric forms of A{beta} that are captured by DNAJB6 in a manner which is dependent on the S/T residues. Strong binding of A{beta} oligomers to DNAJB6 should indeed inhibit the formation of amyloid nuclei, in agreement with the previously observed decrease in primary nucleation rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Österlund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilag, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gräslund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuelsson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid-β oligomers are captured by the DNAJB6 chaperone: Direct detection of interactions that can prevent primary nucleation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of species interactions in spatially explicit eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary dynamics are essential in shaping the biological response of communities to ongoing climate change. Here we develop a spatially explicit eco-evolutionary framework which integrates evolution, dispersal, and species interactions within and between trophic levels. This allows us to analyze how these processes interact to shape species- and community-level dynamics under climate change. Additionally, we incorporate the heretofore unexplored feature that species interactions themselves might change due to increasing temperatures and affect the impact of climate change on ecological communities. The new modeling framework captures previously reported ecological responses to climate change, and also reveals two new key results. First, interactions between trophic levels as well as temperature-dependent competition within a trophic level mitigate the negative impact of climate change on global biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of understanding biotic interactions in shaping climate change impact. Second, using a trait-based perspective, we found a strong negative relationship between the within-community variation in preferred temperatures and the capacity to respond to climate change. Communities resulting from different ecological interaction structures form distinct clusters along this relationship, but varying species abilities to disperse and adapt to new temperatures leave it unaffected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akesson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtsdotter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eklöf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barabas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of species interactions in spatially explicit eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic basis of parallel adaptation varies with divergence in Arabidopsis and its relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parallel adaptation provides valuable insight into the predictability of evolutionary change through replicated natural experiments. A steadily increasing number of studies have demonstrated genomic parallelism, yet the magnitude of this parallelism varies depending on whether populations, species or genera are compared. This led us to hypothesize that the magnitude of genomic parallelism scales with genetic divergence between lineages, but whether this is the case and the underlying evolutionary processes remain unknown. Here, we resequenced seven parallel lineages of two Arabidopsis species which repeatedly adapted to challenging alpine environments. By combining genome-wide divergence scans with model-based approaches we detected a suite of 151 genes that show parallel signatures of positive selection associated with alpine colonization, involved in response to cold, high radiation, short season, herbivores and pathogens. We complemented these parallel candidates with published gene lists from five additional alpine Brassicaceae and tested our hypothesis on a broad scale spanning ~ 0.02 to 18 million years of divergence. Indeed, we found quantitatively variable genomic parallelism whose extent significantly decreased with increasing divergence between the compared lineages. We further modeled parallel evolution over the Arabidopsis candidate genes and showed that a decreasing probability of repeated selection of the same standing or introgressed alleles drives the observed pattern of divergence-dependent parallelism. We therefore conclude that genetic divergence between populations, species and genera, affecting the pool of shared variants, is an important factor in the predictability of genome evolution.

Significance statementRepeated evolution tends to be more predictable. The impressive spectrum of recent reports on genomic parallelism, however, revealed that the fraction of the genome that evolves in parallel largely varies, possibly reflecting different evolutionary scales investigated. Here, we demonstrate divergence-dependent parallelism using a comprehensive genome-wide dataset comprising 12 cases of parallel alpine adaptation and identify decreasing probability of adaptive re-use of genetic variation as the major underlying cause. This finding empirically demonstrates that evolutionary predictability is scale dependent and suggests that availability of pre-existing variation drives parallelism within and among populations and species. Altogether, our results inform the ongoing discussion about the (un)predictability of evolution, relevant for applications in pest control, nature conservation, or the evolution of pathogen resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohutinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlcek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leanen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konecna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.005397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic basis of parallel adaptation varies with divergence in Arabidopsis and its relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the interactions of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with monoclonal antibodies and the receptor ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A new betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a new threat to global health and economy. A promising target for both diagnosis and therapeutics treatments of the new disease named COVID-19 is the coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) glycoprotein. By constant-pH Monte Carlo simulations and the PROCEEDpKa method, we have mapped the electrostatic epitopes for four monoclonal antibodies and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on both SARS-CoV-1 and the new SARS-CoV-2 S receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins. We also calculated free energy of interactions and shown that the S RBD proteins from both SARS viruses binds to ACE2 with similar affinities. However, the affinity between the S RBD protein from the new SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is higher than for any studied antibody previously found complexed with SARS-CoV-1. Based on physical chemical analysis and free energies estimates, we can shed some light on the involved molecular recognition processes, their clinical aspects, the implications for drug developments, and suggest structural modifications on the CR3022 antibody that would improve its binding affinities for SARS-CoV-2 and contribute to address the ongoing international health crisis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correa Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laaksonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso da Silva, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the interactions of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with monoclonal antibodies and the receptor ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosquito cellular immunity at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect hemocytes are the functional equivalents of leukocytes and limit the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit human pathogens through phagocytosis, encapsulation, secretion of immune factors and immune priming (1, 2). Here we profile the transcriptomes of 8506 hemocytes of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, two important mosquito vectors. Blood feeding, infection with malaria parasites and other immune challenges reveal a previously unknown functional diversity of hemocytes, with different types of granulocytes expressing distinct and evolutionarily conserved subsets of effector genes. A new cell type, which we term megacyte, is defined in Anopheles by a unique transmembrane protein marker (TM7318) and high expression of LPS-Induced TNF-alpha transcription factor 3 (LL3). Knock-down experiments indicate that LL3 mediates hemocyte differentiation during immune priming. We identify two main hemocyte lineages and find evidence of proliferating granulocyte populations. We validate our analysis with RNA in-situ hybridization and highlight the mobilization of sessile hemocytes into circulation upon infection. Our data (https://hemocytes.cellgeni.sanger.ac.uk/) provide the first atlas of medically relevant invertebrate immune cells at single cell resolution. It provides an important resource for invertebrate immunology by identifying cellular events that underpin mosquito immunity to malaria infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raddi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barillas-Mury, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosquito cellular immunity at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.036889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algal growth at environmentally relevant concentrations of suspended solids: implications for microplastic hazard assessment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.036889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hazard assessment of microplastic is challenging because standard toxicity testing is mostly developed for soluble (at least partially) chemicals. Adverse effects can occur when test organisms are exposed to turbid environments with various particulate matter (PM), both natural, such as sediment, and anthropogenic, such as microplastic. It is, therefore, relevant to compare responses to PM exposure between the microplastic and other suspended solids present at ecologically relevant concentrations; this can be done by using reference materials when assessing hazard potential of microplastics. Here, we evaluated growth inhibition in unicellular alga Raphidocelis subcapitata exposed to different suspended solids (microplastic, kaolin, and cellulose; 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L) during 72 h; algae without added solids were used as a control. In addition, aggregate formation in the exposure systems was analyzed using particle size distribution data. At 10 and 100 mg/L, no adverse growth effects were observed in any treatments; moreover, algal growth was significantly stimulated in kaolin and cellulose treatments compared to the control. However, at 1000 mg/L, all tested materials exerted growth inhibition, with no significant differences among the treatments. The comparison among particle size distributions across the treatments showed that both PM concentration and size of the particle aggregates were significant growth predictors for all materials tested. Therefore, at high concentrations, both natural and anthropogenic materials have similar capacity to cause adverse effects in algal growth inhibition tests, which must be taken into account in hazard assessment of plastic litter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichelt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.11.036889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algal growth at environmentally relevant concentrations of suspended solids: implications for microplastic hazard assessment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.043265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperatures that sterilise males better predict global distributions of species than lethal temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.043265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how biodiversity will respond to increased temperatures caused by climate change is vital. However, our understanding of the traits that determine species response to thermal stress remains incomplete. Laboratory measurements of lethal temperatures have successfully been used to predict global species distributions and the vulnerability of species to future climate change. However, although it has long been known that fertility is sensitive to heat stress, temperatures that cause sterility have not been incorporated into predictions about how climate change will affect biodiversity. Here we show that male sterility temperatures predict the global distributions of 43 species of Drosophila substantially better than their lethal temperatures. This strongly suggests that thermal limits to reproduction can underpin how temperature affects species distributions. High temperatures impair male fertility across a broad range of animals and plants, so many organisms may be more vulnerable to high temperatures than currently expected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parratt, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metelmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.043265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperatures that sterilise males better predict global distributions of species than lethal temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.033415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.033415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sheep was among the first domesticated animals, but its demographic history is little understood. Here we present combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphism data from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating to the Late Glacial and early Holocene. We observe loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity around 7500 BCE during the early Neolithic, consistent with a domestication-related bottleneck. Post-7000 BCE, mitochondrial haplogroup diversity increases, compatible with admixture from other domestication centres and/or from wild populations. Analysing archaeogenomic data, we further find that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds, and especially those from central and north Europe. Our results indicate that Asian contribution to south European breeds in the post-Neolithic era, possibly during the Bronze Age, may explain this pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurtman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yüncü, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagtas, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koptekin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakan, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbaba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vural, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gündem, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kılınc, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghalichi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saglıcan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagerholm, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzewinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevketoglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgin, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atakuman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdal, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sürer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenstra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorulmaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abazari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadati, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bıcakcı, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritsen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özbal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götherström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Togan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.033415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMR backbone assignment and dynamics of Profilin from Heimdallarchaeota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.050468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is an unsettled scientific question. The Asgard superphylum has emerged as a compelling target for studying eukaryogenesis due to the previously unseen diversity of eukaryotic signature proteins. However, our knowledge about these proteins is still relegated to metagenomic data and very little is known about their structural properties. Additionally, it is still unclear if these proteins are functionally homologous to their eukaryotic counterparts. Here, we expressed, purified and structurally characterized profilin from Heimdallarchaeota in the Asgard superphylum. The structural analysis shows that while this profilin possess similar secondary structural elements as eukaryotic profilin, it contains additional secondary structural elements that could be critical for its function and an indication of divergent evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haq, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Survery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindas, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.050468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMR backbone assignment and dynamics of Profilin from Heimdallarchaeota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of NanR gene repression and allosteric induction of bacterial sialic acid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria respond to environmental changes by inducing transcription of some genes and repressing others. Sialic acids, which coat human cell surfaces, are a nutrient source for pathogenic and commensal bacteria. The Escherichia coli GntR-type transcriptional repressor, NanR, regulates sialic acid metabolism, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that three NanR dimers bind a (GGTATA)3-repeat operator cooperatively and with high affinity. Truncation of an N-terminal extension abolishes cooperative binding. The effector, N-acetylneuraminate, binds NanR and attenuates DNA binding. Crystal structure data show that N-acetylneuraminate binding to NanR causes a domain rearrangement that locks the protein in a conformation that prevents DNA binding. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of NanR bound to DNA reveal the DNA binding domain is reorganized to engage DNA, while the three dimers assemble in close proximity across the (GGTATA)3-repeat operator allowing protein-protein interactions to form via the N-terminal extensions. Our data provides a molecular basis for the regulation of bacterial sialic acid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugoapl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panjikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrickson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, R. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.056440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of NanR gene repression and allosteric induction of bacterial sialic acid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.051748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heimdallarchaea encodes profilin with eukaryotic-like actin regulation and polyproline binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.051748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary events which led to the first eukaryotic cell are still controversial1-4. The Asgard genome encodes a variety of eukaryotic signature proteins previously unseen in prokaryotes. Functional and structural characterization of these proteins is beginning to shed light on the complexity and pedigree of the ancestral eukaryotic cell5,6. In eukaryotes, the key cytoskeletal protein actin is important for diverse cellular processes such as membrane remodeling and cell motility7. Dynamic polymerization of actin provides both structure and generates the force which drives motility and membrane remodeling. These processes demand rapid filament assembly and disassembly on microsecond timescales. In eukaryotes, a variety of highly adapted proteins including gelsolin, profilin, VASP, ARP2/3 and signaling molecules (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)) are crucial for organizing cellular cytoskeleton dynamics. Amongst others, the Asgard genomes encode predicted putative profilin homologues that regulate eukaryotic actin polymerization in vitro5,8. Interestingly, Asgard profilins appear to be regulated by PIP2, but not by polyproline rich motifs which are important for recruitment of actin:profilin complexes in eukaryotes5,9. These findings indicate that the Asgard archaea may have possessed analogous membrane organization to present-day eukaryotes, but that polyproline-mediated profilin regulation may have emerge later in the eukaryotic lineage5. Here, we show that Heimdallarchaeota, a candidate phylum within the Asgard superphylum, encodes a putative profilin (heimProfilin) that interacts with PIP2 and is regulated by polyproline motifs, implicative of an origin predating the rise of the eukaryotes. Additionally, we provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism whereby an extended N-terminal loop abolishes PIP2 and polyproline interactions. Lastly, we provide the first evidence for actin polymerization of an Asgard actin homologue. In context, these findings provide further evidence for the existence of a complex cytoskeleton already in Last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Survery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haq, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindas, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.051748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heimdallarchaea encodes profilin with eukaryotic-like actin regulation and polyproline binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing drug inhibitor binding interactions using microcrystal electron diffraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing drug inhibitor binding interactions at the atomic level is important for both structure-based drug design and fragment-based screening methods. Rapid and uniform soaking with potentially less lattice defects make small macromolecular crystals attractive targets for studying ligand biding using 3D microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). However, so far no drug inhibitor binding interactions could unambiguously be resolved by electron diffraction. Here, we use MicroED to study the binding of a sulfonamide inhibitor to human carbonic anhydrase isoform II (HCA II). We show that MicroED data can efficiently be collected in-house on a conventional TEM from thin hydrated microcrystals after a brief soaking with the clinical drug inhibitor acetazolamide (AZM). The data are of high enough quality to unequivocally fit and resolve the inhibitor bound to the active site of the protein. We anticipate MicroED can play an important role in future drug discovery experiments, complementing existing methods in structural biology such as x-ray and neutron diffraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coincon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing drug inhibitor binding interactions using microcrystal electron diffraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared safety abolishes the recovery of learned threat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social learning offers an efficient route to transmit information about threat and safety. To better isolate the processes that contribute to the efficacy of social safety learning, we developed a novel dyadic model of associative threat and extinction learning. In three separate social groups, we manipulated whether safety information during extinction was acquired via direct exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the presence of another individual (Direct exposure), via observation of other’s safety behavior (Vicarious exposure), or via the combination of both (Shared exposure). These groups were contrasted against a fourth group receiving direct CS exposure alone (Asocial exposure). Based on skin conductance responses, we observed that all social groups outperformed asocial learning in inhibiting the recovery of threat, but only Shared exposure abolished threat recovery. These results suggest that social safety learning is optimized by a combination of direct exposure and vicariously transmitted safety signals.Statement of relevance Humans, like other social animals, learn about threats and safety in the environment through social cues. Yet, the processes that contribute to the efficacy of social safety learning during threat transmission remain unknown. Here, we used a two-person approach to analyze skin conductance responses as participants engaged in a standard fear conditioning procedure (acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement). We found that during extinction, both (i) direct (conditioned stimulus) exposure in the presence of another individual and (ii) vicarious safety signals alone is sufficient to inhibit subsequent threat recovery, but that abolishing the recovery of conditioned threat responses requires a combination of both. This study has relevance for understanding how social information can optimize standard, asocial safety learning procedures to augment the effects of exposure on previously acquired fears. Thus, our work might help identify psychological and social strategies that can be used to counteract maladaptive fears in humans.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared safety abolishes the recovery of learned threat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 (DILP8) in ovarian follicle cells regulates ovulation and metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila eight insulin-like peptides (DILP1-8) are encoded on separate genes. These DILPs are characterized by unique spatial and temporal expression patterns during the lifecycle. Whereas functions of several of the DILPs have been extensively investigated at different developmental stages, the role of DILP8 signaling is primarily known from larvae and pupae where it couples organ growth and developmental transitions. In adult female flies, a study showed that a specific set of neurons that express the DILP8 receptor, Lgr3, is involved in regulation of reproductive behavior. Here, we further investigated the expression of dilp8/DILP8 and Lgr3 in adult female flies and the functional role of DILP8 signaling. The only site where we found both dilp8 expression and DILP8 immunolabeling was in follicle cells of mature ovaries. Lgr3 expression was detected in numerous neurons in the brain and ventral nerve cord, a small set of peripheral neurons innervating the abdominal heart, as well as in a set of follicle cells close to the oviduct. Ovulation was affected in dilp8 mutants as well as after dilp8-RNAi using dilp8 and follicle cell Gal4 drivers. More eggs were retained in the ovaries and fewer were laid, indicating that DILP8 is important for ovulation. Our data suggest that DILP8 signals locally to Lgr3 expressing follicle cells as well as systemically to Lgr3 expressing efferent neurons in abdominal ganglia that innervate oviduct muscle. Thus, DILP8 may act at two targets to regulate ovulation: follicle cell rupture and oviduct contractions. Furthermore, we could show that manipulations of dilp8 expression affect food intake and starvation resistance. Possibly this reflects a feedback signaling between ovaries and the CNS that ensures nutrients for ovary development. In summary, it seems that DILP8 signaling in regulation of reproduction is an ancient function, conserved in relaxin signaling in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.073585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 (DILP8) in ovarian follicle cells regulates ovulation and metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.080077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-linked glycan sites on the influenza NA head domain are required for efficient IAV incorporation and replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.080077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-linked glycans commonly contribute to secretory protein folding, sorting and signaling. For enveloped viruses such as the influenza A virus (IAV), the addition of large N-linked glycans can also prevent access to epitopes on the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). Sequence analysis showed that in the NA head domain of H1N1 IAVs three N-linked glycosylation sites are conserved and that a fourth site is conserved in H3N2 IAVs. Variable sites are almost exclusive to H1N1 IAVs of human origin, where the number of head glycosylation sites first increased and then decreased over time. In contrast, variable sites exist in H3N2 IAVs of human and swine origin, where the number of head glycosylation sites has mainly increased over time. Analysis of IAVs carrying N1 and N2 mutants demonstrated that the N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA head domain are required for efficient virion incorporation and replication in cells or eggs. It also revealed that N1 stability is more affected by the head domain glycans, suggesting N2 is more amenable to glycan additions. Together, these results indicate that in addition to antigenicity, N-linked glycosylation sites can alter NA enzymatic stability and the NA amount in virions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Östbye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakic Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gier, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.080077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-linked glycan sites on the influenza NA head domain are required for efficient IAV incorporation and replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rise of the three-spined stickleback: eco-evolutionary consequences of a mesopredator release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Declines of large predatory fish due to overexploitation are restructuring food webs across the globe. It is now becoming evident that restoring these altered food webs requires addressing not only ecological processes, but evolutionary ones as well, because human-induced rapid evolution may in turn affect ecological dynamics. In the central Baltic Sea, abundances of the mesopredatory fish, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), have increased dramatically during the past decades. Time-series data covering 22 years show that this increase coincides with a decline in the number of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis), the most abundant predator of stickleback along the coast. We studied the interaction between evolutionary and ecological effects of this mesopredator take-over, by surveying the armour plate morphology of stickleback and the structure of the associated food web. First, we investigated the distribution of different stickleback phenotypes depending on predator abundances and benthic production; and described the stomach content of the stickleback phenotypes using metabarcoding. Second, we explored differences in the relation between different trophic levels and benthic production, between bays where the relative abundance of fish was dominated by stickleback or not; and compared this to previous cage-experiments to support causality of detected correlations. We found two distinct lateral armour plate phenotypes of stickleback, incompletely and completely plated. The proportion of incompletely plated individuals increased with increasing benthic production and decreasing abundances of adult perch. Stomach content analyses showed that the completely plated individuals had a stronger preference for invertebrate herbivores (amphipods) than the incompletely plated ones. In addition, predator dominance interacted with ecosystem production to determine food web structure and the propagation of a trophic cascade: with increasing production, biomass accumulated on the first (macroalgae) and third (stickleback) trophic levels in stickleback-dominated bays, but on the second trophic level (invertebrate herbivores) in perch-dominated bays. Since armour plates are defence structures favoured by natural selection in the presence of fish predators, the phenotype distribution suggest that a novel low-predation regime favours sticklebacks with less armour. Our results indicate that an interaction between evolutionary and ecological effects of the stickleback take-over has the potential to affect food web dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourlat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubaviciute, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiragosyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundblad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eklof, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rise of the three-spined stickleback: eco-evolutionary consequences of a mesopredator release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.100669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous eye-movements during eyes-open rest reduce resting-state-network modularity by increasing visual-sensorimotor connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.100669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During wakeful rest, individuals make small eye movements when asked to fixate. We examined how these endogenously-driven oculomotor patterns impact topography and topology of functional brain networks. We used a dataset consisting of eyes-open resting-state (RS) fMRI data with simultaneous eye-tracking (Nilsonne et al., 2016). The eye-tracking data indicated minor movements during rest, on the order of 1.0 degree on average when analyzed over 2sec epochs, which correlated modestly with RS BOLD data. However, the eye-tracking data correlated well with echo-planar imaging (EPI) time series sampled from the area of the Eye-Orbit (EO-EPI), which is a signal previously used to identify eye movements during exogenous saccades and movie viewing. We found that EO-EPI data correlated with activity in an extensive motor and sensory-motor network, but also some components of the dorsal attention network including the frontal and supplementary eye fields. Partialling out variance related to EO-EPI from RS data reduced connectivity, primarily between sensory-motor and visual areas. For three different network sparsity levels, the resulting RS connectivity networks showed higher modularity, lower mean connectivity strength, and lower mean clustering coefficient. Our results highlight new aspects of endogenous eye movement control during wakeful rest. They show that oculomotor-related contributions form an important component of RS network topology, and that those should be considered in interpreting differences in network structure between populations, or as a function of different experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notaro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.100669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous eye-movements during eyes-open rest reduce resting-state-network modularity by increasing visual-sensorimotor connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biased reduction in reproductive success drives selective constraint on human genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide sequencing of human populations has revealed substantial variation among genes in the intensity of purifying selection acting on damaging genetic variants1. While genes under the strongest selective constraint are highly enriched for associations with Mendelian disorders, most of these genes are not associated with disease and therefore the nature of the selection acting on them is not known2. Here we show that genetic variants that damage these genes are associated with markedly reduced reproductive success, primarily due to increased childlessness, with a stronger effect in males than in females. We present evidence that increased childlessness is likely mediated by genetically associated cognitive and behavioural traits, which may mean male carriers are less likely to find reproductive partners. This reduction in reproductive success may account for 20% of purifying selection against heterozygous variants that ablate protein-coding genes. While this genetic association could only account for a very minor fraction of the overall likelihood of being childless (less than 1%), especially when compared to more influential sociodemographic factors, it may influence how genes evolve over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neville, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samocha, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurles, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biased reduction in reproductive success drives selective constraint on human genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.115212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecology and population genetics of the parasitoid Phobocampe confusa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in relation to its hosts, Aglais species (Lepidoptera: Numphalidae). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.115212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biology of parasitoids in natural ecosystems remain very poorly studied, while they are key species for their functioning. Here we focused on Phobocampe confusa, a vanessines specialist, responsible for high mortality rates in very emblematic butterfly species in Europe (genus Aglais). We studied its ecology and genetic structure in connection with those of its host butterflies in Sweden. To this aim, we gathered data from 428 P. confusa individuals reared from 6094 butterfly larvae (of A. urticae, A. io and in two occasions of Araschnia levana) collected over two years (2017 and 2018) and 19 sites distributed along a 500 km latitudinal gradient. We found that P. confusa is widely distributed along the latitudinal gradient. Its distribution is constrained over time by the phenology of its hosts. The large variation in climatic conditions between sampling years explains the decrease in phenological overlap between P. confusa and its hosts in 2018 and the 33.5% decrease in the number of butterfly larvae infected. At least in this study, P. confusa seems to favour A. urticae as host: while it parasitized nests of A. urticae and A. io equally, the proportion of larvae is significantly higher for A. urticae. At the landscape scale, P. confusa is almost exclusively found in vegetated open land and near deciduous forests, whereas artificial habitats are negatively correlated with the likelihood of a nest to be parasitized. The genetic analyses on 89 adult P. confusa and 87 adult A. urticae using COI and AFLP markers reveal a low genetic diversity in P. confusa and a lack of population genetic structure in both species, at the scale of our sampling. Further genetic studies using high-resolution genomics tools will be required to better understand the population genetic structure of P. confusa, its biotic interactions with its hosts, and ultimately the stability and the functioning of natural ecosystems.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Audusseau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudrin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keehnen, N. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmucki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.115212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecology and population genetics of the parasitoid Phobocampe confusa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in relation to its hosts, Aglais species (Lepidoptera: Numphalidae).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stop codon readthrough of a POU transcription factor regulates steroidogenesis and developmental transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translational stop codon readthrough generates C-terminally extended protein isoforms. While evidence mounts of readthrough as a global phenomenon, proofs of its functional consequences are scarce. We show that readthrough of the mRNA for the Drosophila POU/Oct transcription factor Drifter occurs at a high rate and in a spatiotemporal manner in vivo, reaching above 50% in the prothoracic gland. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that readthrough of drifter is conserved among Dipterans, with C-terminal extensions harboring intrinsically disordered regions, and amino acids streches implied in transcriptional activation. The C-terminally extended Drifter isoform is required for maintaining normal levels of the growth hormone ecdysone through regulation of its biosynthetic genes, acting in synergy with the transcription factor Molting defective. A 14-bp deletion that abolished readthrough, caused prolonged larval development and delayed metamorphosis. This study provides a striking example of alternative genetic decoding that feeds into the progression from one life cycle stage to another.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfahani, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.125401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stop codon readthrough of a POU transcription factor regulates steroidogenesis and developmental transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking the origin of Baker's yeast: Seven new long-read genomes of highly divergent, wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from East Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.131607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genome analyses have suggested East Asia to be the cradle of the domesticated microbe Brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), used in the food and biotechnology industry worldwide. Here, we provide seven new, high quality long read genomes of non-domesticated yeast strains isolated from primeval forests and other natural environments in China and Taiwan. In a comprehensive analysis of our new genome assemblies, along with other long read Saccharomycetes genomes available, we show that the newly sequenced East Asian strains are among the closest living relatives of the ancestors of the global diversity of Brewers yeast, confirming predictions made from short read genomic data. Three of these strains (termed the East Asian Clade IX Complex here) share a recent ancestry and evolutionary history suggesting an early divergence from other S. cerevisiae strains before the larger radiation of the species, and prior to its domestication. Our genomic analyses reveal that the wild East Asian strains contain elevated levels of structural variations. The new genomic resources provided here contribute to our understanding of the natural diversity of S. cerevisiae, expand the intraspecific genetic variation found in this this heavily domesticated microbe, and provide a foundation for understanding its origin and global colonization history.

Significance statementBrewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a domesticated microbe and research model organism with a global distribution, and suspected origin in East Asia. So far only limited genomic resources are available from non-domesticated lineages. This study provides seven new, high quality long read genomes of strains isolated from primeval forests and other natural environments in China and Taiwan. Comparative genomics reveal elevated levels of structural variation in this group, and early phylogenetic branching prior to the global radiation of the species. These new genomic resources expand our understanding of the evolutionary history of Brewers yeast, and illustrate what the ancestors of this highly successful microbe may have looked like.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendixsen, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.131607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking the origin of Baker's yeast: Seven new long-read genomes of highly divergent, wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from East Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seminal fluid protein divergence among populations exhibiting postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite holding a central role for fertilisation success, reproductive traits often show elevated rates of evolution and diversification. The rapid evolution of seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) within populations is predicted to cause mis-signalling between the male ejaculate and female reproductive tract between populations resulting in postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) isolation. Crosses between populations of Drosophila montana show PMPZ isolation in the form of reduced fertilisation success in both noncompetitive and competitive contexts. Here we test whether male ejaculate proteins deriving from either the accessory glands or the ejaculatory bulb differ between populations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We find more than 150 differentially abundant proteins between populations which may contribute to PMPZ isolation. These proteins include a number of proteases and peptidases, and several orthologs of D. melanogaster Sfps, all known to mediate fertilisation success and which mimic PMPZ isolation phenotypes. Males of one population typically produced greater quantities of Sfps and the strongest PMPZ isolation occurs in this direction. The accessory glands and ejaculatory bulb have different functions and the ejaculatory bulb contributes more to population differences than the accessory glands. Proteins with a secretory signal, but not Sfps, evolve faster than non-secretory proteins although the conservative criteria used to define Sfps may have impaired the ability to identify rapidly evolving proteins. We take advantage of quantitative proteomics data from three Drosophila species to determine shared and unique functional enrichments of Sfps that could be subject to selection between taxa and subsequently mediate PMPZ isolation. Our study provides the first high throughput quantitative proteomic evidence showing divergence of reproductive proteins implicated in the emergence of PMPZ isolation between populations.

IMPACT SUMMARYIdentifying traits that prevent successful interbreeding is key to understanding early stages of the formation of new species, or speciation. Reproductive isolation arising prior to and during fertilisation frequently involves differences in how the sexes interact. In internally fertilising taxa, such interactions are mediated between the female reproductive tract where fertilisation occurs and the receipt of the ejaculate necessary for fertilisation. Because ejaculate proteins are at least partially responsible for these interactions, differences in male ejaculate protein composition could negatively impact fertilisation success, generating reproductive isolation. While the biological classes of ejaculate proteins are shared across all animal taxa, proteins that are secreted by males tend to show rapid evolution in gene expression and genetic sequence. Thus, reproductive proteins are suggested as prime targets facilitating reproductive isolation that arises after mating but before fertilisation (PostMating PreZygotic or PMPZ isolation). Most research on PMPZ isolation has focussed on differences between species for which it is not possible to determine the causative and temporal order of early speciation processes. Here, we test whether populations that exhibit few genetic differences but show strong PMPZ isolation also exhibit variation in ejaculate composition using quantitative high throughput proteomic analyses. We find a number of proteins are differentially abundant between populations including several known to impact fertilisation success in other species. We show that secreted proteins are evolving at an elevated rate, implicating their potential role in PMPZ isolation. We test divergence in ejaculate composition between species, finding a core set of functions that were conserved across species which last shared a common ancestor more than 40 million years ago along with species-specific investment. This work highlights the divergent evolution of reproductive proteins which may contribute to barriers between populations within a species early during speciation, extendable to similar analyses in other taxa in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garlovsky, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seminal fluid protein divergence among populations exhibiting postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial protein domains with a novel Ig-like fold bind human CEACAM receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is the major cause of neonatal sepsis in humans. A critical step to infection is adhesion of bacteria at mucosal surfaces. Though several GBS adhesins have been identified, the host receptor targets of these adhesins remain unknown. We report here that surface-expressed {beta} protein from GBS binds to human CEACAM1 and CEACAM5 receptors. A crystal structure of the complex showed that the IgSF domain in {beta} represents a novel Ig-fold subtype called IgI3, in which unique features allow binding to CEACAM1. Bioinformatic assessments revealed that this newly identified IgI3 fold is not exclusively present in GBS. Instead, the IgI3 fold is predicted to be present in adhesins from other clinically important human pathogens. We confirmed the interaction between CEACAM1 and the predicted IgI3-containing adhesin in two different streptococcal pathogens. Overall, our results indicate that the IgI3 fold could provide a broadly applied mechanism for bacteria to target CEACAMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Sorge, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsor, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyndin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brizuela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundberg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Strijp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.141622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial protein domains with a novel Ig-like fold bind human CEACAM receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the dynamic resting state of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel by cryo-electron microscopy and simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ligand-gated ion channels are critical mediators of electrochemical signal transduction across evolution. Biophysical and pharmacological development in this family relies on high-quality structural data in multiple, subtly distinct functional states. However, structural data remain limited, particularly for the unliganded or resting state. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC) under resting and activating conditions (neutral and low pH). Parallel models were built either manually or using recently developed density-guided molecular simulations. The moderate resolution of resting-state reconstructions, particularly in the extracellular domain, was improved under activating conditions, enabling the visualization of residues at key subunit interfaces including loops B, C, F, and M2-M3. Combined with molecular dynamics simulations, the cryo-electron microscopy structures at different pH describe a heterogeneous population of closed channels, with activating conditions condensing the closed-channel energy landscape on a pathway towards gating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rovsnik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the dynamic resting state of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel by cryo-electron microscopy and simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of human gut microbiome composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study the effect of host genetics on gut microbiome composition, the MiBioGen consortium curated and analyzed genome-wide genotypes and 16S fecal microbiome data from 18,340 individuals (24 cohorts). Microbial composition showed high variability across cohorts: only 9 out of 410 genera were detected in more than 95% samples. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of host genetic variation in relation to microbial taxa identified 31 loci affecting microbiome at a genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) threshold. One locus, the lactase (LCT) gene locus, reached study-wide significance (GWAS signal P=1.28x10-20), and it showed an age-dependent association with Bifidobacterium abundance. Other associations were suggestive (1.95x10-10<P<5x10-8) but enriched for taxa showing high heritability and for genes expressed in the intestine and brain. A phenome-wide association study and Mendelian randomization identified enrichment of microbiome trait loci in the metabolic, nutrition and environment domains and suggested the microbiome has causal effects in ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacigalupe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radjabzadeh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirkan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roy, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raygoza Garay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnicum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhlemann, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lull, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szopinska-Tokov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agreus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedrani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisgaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claringbould, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duijts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falony, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Graaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of human gut microbiome composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.175794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of high-fat diet on lifespan, metabolism, fecundity and behavioral senescence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.175794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excess consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is likely to result in obesity and increases the predisposition to associated health disorders. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an important model to study the effects of HFD on metabolism, gut function, behavior, and ageing. In this study, we investigated the effects of HFD on physiology and behavior of female flies at different time-points over several weeks. We found that HFD decreases lifespan, and also with age leads to accelerated decline of climbing ability in both virgins and mated flies. In virgins HFD also increased sleep fragmentation with age. Furthermore, long-term exposure to HFD results in elevated adipokinetic hormone (AKH) transcript levels and an enlarged crop with increased lipid stores. We detected no long-term effects of HFD on body mass, or levels of triacylglycerides (TAG), glycogen or glucose, although fecundity was diminished. However, one week of HFD resulted in decreased body mass and elevated TAG levels in mated flies. Finally, we investigated the role of AKH in regulating effects of HFD during aging. Both with normal diet (ND) and HFD, Akh mutant flies displayed increased longevity compared to control flies. However, both mutants and controls showed shortened lifespan on HFD compared to ND. In flies exposed to ND, fecundity is decreased in Akh mutants compared to controls after one week, but increased after three weeks. However, HFD leads to a similar decrease in fecundity in both genotypes after both exposure times. Thus, long-term exposure to HFD increases AKH signaling, impairs lifespan and fecundity and augments age-related behavioral senescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.175794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of high-fat diet on lifespan, metabolism, fecundity and behavioral senescence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ribosome modulates folding inside the ribosomal exit tunnel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins commonly fold cotranslationally on the ribosome, while the nascent chain emerges from the ribosomal tunnel. Protein domains that are sufficiently small can even fold while still located inside the tunnel. However, the effect of the tunnel on the folding dynamics of these domains is still not well understood. Here, we combine optical tweezers with single-molecule FRET and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate folding of the small zinc-finger domain ADR1a inside and at the vestibule of the ribosomal tunnel. The tunnel is found to accelerate folding and stabilize the folded state, reminiscent of the effects of chaperonins. However, a simple mechanism involving stabilization by confinement does not reproduce the results. Instead, it appears that electrostatic interactions between the protein and ribosome contribute to the observed folding acceleration and stabilization of ADR1a.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wruck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tans, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katranidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ribosome modulates folding inside the ribosomal exit tunnel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.185967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viability and mitochondrial bioenergetic functions in human colon cancer cells are not affected by treatment with peptides mtCPP1, UPF25, mtgCPP, and mtCPP1gHO 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.185967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The popularity of the specially synthesized cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in cancer treatment has grown recently. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four mitochondrially targeted antioxidant CPPs on the viability and bioenergetic function of mitochondria in human adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. The number of viable cells was measured by MTT and trypan blue assays. Respirometry and the permeabilized cell technique were applied to measure the mitochondrial function in this cell line. We did not observe any significant effect of CPPs on the mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity, the function of respiratory chain complexes, and the inclination of these cancer cells to aerobic glycolysis. mtgCPP peptide with the highest antioxidant activity demonstrated improved mitochondrial coupling efficiency. CPPs do not affect mitochondrial function directly but can be considered in therapeutics as a drug-delivery moleculeCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Abbreviations usedAKadenylate kinase;Ap5Adiadenosine pentaphosphate;CATcarboxyatractyloside;CRCcolorectal cancer;CPPscell-penetrating peptides;HKhexokinase;FAM5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein;MTT3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide;OXPHOSoxidative phosphorylation;ROSreactive oxygen species;TMPDN,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-phenylenediamine;VDACvoltage dependent anion channel.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timohhina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurrikoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chekulayev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aid-Vanakova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puurand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevchuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaambre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.185967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viability and mitochondrial bioenergetic functions in human colon cancer cells are not affected by treatment with peptides mtCPP1, UPF25, mtgCPP, and mtCPP1gHO]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.188557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ER membrane chaperone Shr3 co-translationally assists biogenesis of related plasma membrane transport proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.188557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins with multiple membrane-spanning segments (MS) co-translationally insert into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane of eukaryotic cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Shr3 is an ER membrane-localized chaperone that is specifically required for the functional expression of amino acid permeases (AAP), a family of eighteen transporters comprised of 12 MS. Here, comprehensive scanning mutagenesis and deletion analysis of Shr3, combined with a modified split-ubiquitin approach, were used to probe chaperone-substrate interactions with seven different AAP in vivo. Our findings indicate that Shr3 specifically recognizes AAP substrates, largely independent of sequence-specific interactions involving membrane and luminally oriented domains. Shr3 selectively and robustly interacts with nested C-terminal AAP truncations in marked contrast to similar truncations of non-Shr3 substrate polytopic sugar transporters. Strikingly, Shr3-AAP interactions initiate with the first 4 MS of AAP and successively strengthen, but abruptly weaken when all 12 MS are present. The data are consistent with Shr3 acting in a temporal manner as a scaffold preventing AAP translation intermediates from engaging in non-productive interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myronidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.05.188557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ER membrane chaperone Shr3 co-translationally assists biogenesis of related plasma membrane transport proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding of alkaline phosphatase in the periplasm of Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cotranslational protein folding studies using Force Profile Analysis, a method where the SecM translational arrest peptide is used to detect folding-induced forces acting on the nascent polypeptide, have so far been limited mainly to small domains of cytosolic proteins that fold in close proximity to the translating ribosome. In this study, we investigate the cotranslational folding of the periplasmic, disulfide bond-containing E. coli protein alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) in a wild-type strain background and a strain background devoid of the periplasmic thiol:disulfide interchange protein DsbA. We find that folding-induced forces can be transmitted via the nascent chain from the periplasm to the polypeptide transferase center in the ribosome, a distance of ~160 Å, and that PhoA appears to fold cotranslationally via at least two disulfide-stabilized folding intermediates. Thus, Force Profile Analysis can be used to study cotranslational folding of proteins in an extra-cytosolic compartment, like the periplasm.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elfagieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karyolaimos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deGier, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding of alkaline phosphatase in the periplasm of Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.186791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independence of 3D chromatin conformation and gene regulation during Drosophila dorsoventral patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.186791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between the 3D organisation of chromatin inside the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression remains unclear. While disruption of domains and domain boundaries can lead to mis-expression of developmental genes, acute depletion of key regulators of genome organisation, such as CTCF and cohesin, and major reorganisation of genomic regions have relatively small effects on gene expression. Therefore, it is unclear whether changes in gene expression and chromatin state drive chromatin reorganisation, or whether changes in chromatin organisation facilitate cell type-specific activation of genes and their regulatory elements. Here, using the Drosophila melanogaster dorsoventral patterning system as a model, we demonstrate the independence of 3D chromatin organisation and developmental gene regulation. We define tissue-specific enhancers and link them to expression patterns at the single-cell level using single cell RNA-seq. Surprisingly, despite tissue-specific differences in chromatin state and gene expression, 3D chromatin organisation is maintained across tissues. Our results provide strong evidence that tissue-specific chromatin conformation is not required for tissue-specific gene expression, but rather acts as an architectural framework to facilitate proper gene regulation during development.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ing-Simmons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquerizas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.186791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independence of 3D chromatin conformation and gene regulation during Drosophila dorsoventral patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.197939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of mosquito hemocytes identifies signatures of immune cell sub-types and cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.197939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito immune cells, known as hemocytes, are integral to cellular and humoral responses that limit pathogen survival and mediate immune priming. However, without reliable cell markers and genetic tools, studies of mosquito immune cells have been limited to morphological observations, leaving several aspects of their biology uncharacterized. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize mosquito immune cells, demonstrating an increased complexity to previously defined prohemocyte, oenocytoid, and granulocyte subtypes. Through functional assays relying on phagocytosis, phagocyte depletion, and RNA-FISH experiments, we define markers to accurately distinguish immune cell subtypes and provide evidence for immune cell maturation and differentiation. In addition, gene-silencing experiments demonstrate the importance of lozenge in defining the mosquito oenocytoid cell fate. Together, our scRNA-seq analysis provides an important foundation for studies of mosquito immune cell biology and a valuable resource for comparative invertebrate immunology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyeogsun Kwon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar Franzen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mubasher Mohammed</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Ankarklev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan C Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.197939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of mosquito hemocytes identifies signatures of immune cell sub-types and cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of social dominance through reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Groups of social animals are often organised into dominance hierarchies that are formed through pairwise interactions. There is much experimental data on hierarchies, examining such things as winner, loser, and bystander effects, as well as the linearity and replicability of hierarchies, but there is a lack evolutionary analyses of these basic observations. Here I present a game-theory model of hierarchy formation in which individuals adjust their aggressive behaviour towards other group members through reinforcement learning. Individual traits such as the tendency to generalise learning between interactions with different individuals, the rate of learning, and the initial tendency to be aggressive are genetically determined and can be tuned by evolution. I find that evolution favours individuals with high social competence, making use of individual recognition, bystander learning and, to a limited extent, generalising learned behaviour between opponents when adjusting their behaviour towards other group members. The results are in good agreement with experimental data, for instance in finding weaker winner effects compared to loser effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of social dominance through reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of microclimate and soil on the ecology and evolution of an arctic plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.221721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arctic and alpine regions are predicted to experience one of the highest rates of climate change, and the arctic vegetation is expected to be especially sensitive to such changes. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary responses of arctic plant species to changes in climate is therefore a key objective. Geothermal areas, where temperature gradients naturally occur over small spatial scales, and without many of the confounding environmental factors present in latitudinal and other gradient studies, provide a natural experimental setting to examine the impact of temperature on the response of arctic-alpine plants to increasing temperatures. To test the ecological and evolutionary response of the circumpolar alpine bistort (Bistorta vivipara) to temperature, we collected plant material and soil from areas with low, intermediate, and high soil temperatures and grew them in all combinations at three different temperatures. At higher experimental soil temperatures, sprouting was earlier, and plants had more leaves. Sprouting was earlier in soil originating from intermediate temperature and plants had more leaves when grown in soil originating from low temperatures. We did not find evidence of local adaptation or genetic variation in reaction norms among plants originating from areas with low, intermediate, and high soil temperature. Our findings suggest that the alpine bistort has a strong plastic response to warming, but that differences in soil temperature have not resulted in genetic differentiation. The lack of an observed evolutionary response may, for example, be due to the absence of temperature-mediated selection on B. vivipara, or high levels of gene flow balancing differences in selection. When placed within the context of other studies, we conclude that arctic-alpine plant species often show strong plastic responses to spring warming, while evidence of evolutionary responses varies among species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wickander, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marteinsdottir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.221721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of microclimate and soil on the ecology and evolution of an arctic plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.232140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and symmetry of the fungal E3BP-containing core of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.232140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a central component of all aerobic respiration, connecting glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. Despite its central metabolic role, its precise composition and means of regulation remain unknown. To explain the variation in stoichiometry reported for the E3-recruiting protein X (PX) in the fungal PDC, we established cryo-EM reconstructions of the native and recombinant PDC from the filamentous fungus and model organism Neurospora crassa. We find that the PX C-terminal domain localizes interior to the E2 core. Critically, we show that two distinct arrangements of a trimeric oligomer exists, which both result in strict tetrahedral symmetry of the PDC core interior. Both oligomerization and volume occlusion of the PDC interior by PX appears to limit its binding stoichiometry, which explains the variety of stoichiometries found previously for S. cerevisiae. This also suggests that the PX oligomer stability and size are potential mechanisms to dynamically adjust PDC compostion in response to external cues. Moreover, we find that the site where PX binds is conserved within fungi but not mammals, suggesting that it could be therapeutically targeted. To this end, we also show that a PX knockout results in loss of activity through dysfunctional E3 recruitment, leading to severely impaired N. crassa growth on sucrose. The fungal PDC is thus shown to be fundamentally similar to the mammalian PDC in function but subject to other conditions of possible regulation, conditioned by a steric restrictions imposed by the symmetry of the PDC and its components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forsberg, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aibara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortezaei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.232140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and symmetry of the fungal E3BP-containing core of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Museomics of a rare taxon: placing Whalleyanidae in the Lepidoptera Tree of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Museomics is a valuable tool that utilises the diverse biobanks that are natural history museums. The ability to sequence genomes from old specimens has expanded not only the variety of interesting taxa available to study but also the scope of questions that can be investigated in order to further knowledge about biodiversity. Here we present whole genome sequencing results from the enigmatic genus Whalleyana, as well as the families Callidulidae and Hyblaeidae. Library preparation was carried out on four museum specimens and one existing DNA extract and sequenced with Illumina short reads. De novo assembly resulted in highly fragmented genomes with the N50 ranging from 317 - 2,078 bp. Mining of a manually curated gene set of 332 genes from these draft genomes had an overall gene recovery rate of 64 - 90%. Phylogenetic analysis places Whalleyana as sister to Callidulidae, and Hyblaea as sister to Pyraloidea. Since the former sister-group relationship turns out to be also supported by ten morphological synapomorphies, we propose to formally assign the Whalleyanidae to the superfamily Calliduloidea. These results highlight the usefulness of not only museum specimens, but also existing DNA extracts, for whole genome sequencing and gene mining for phylogenomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Twort, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.255182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Museomics of a rare taxon: placing Whalleyanidae in the Lepidoptera Tree of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.258681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal death in pneumococcal meningitis is triggered by pneumolysin and pilus-1 interactions with β-actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.258681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal damage is a major consequence of bacterial meningitis, but little is known about mechanisms that lead to neuronal death. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and many survivors develop neurological sequelae after the acute infection has resolved, possibly due to neuronal damage. Here, we studied mechanisms for pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Using human primary neurons and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that pneumococci interact with the cytoskeleton protein {beta}-actin through the pilus-1 adhesin RrgA and the cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply), thereby promoting adhesion and uptake into neurons and neuronal death. Using our bacteremia-derived meningitis mouse model, we observed that RrgA- and Ply-expressing pneumococci co-localize with neuronal {beta}-actin. We found that pneumococcal-infected neurons show increased intracellular Ca2+ levels depending on RrgA and mainly Ply which likely cause actin cytoskeleton disassembly leading to neuronal damage. Finally, neuronal death caused by pneumococcal infection could be inhibited using antibody against {beta}-actin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabusi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lysandrou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narciso, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques-Normark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iovino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.258681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal death in pneumococcal meningitis is triggered by pneumolysin and pilus-1 interactions with β-actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Route following by one-eyed ants suggests a revised model of normal route following 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevailing account of visually controlled routes is that an ant learns views as it follows a route, while guided by other path-setting mechanisms. Once a set of route views is memorised, the insect follows the route by turning and moving forwards when the view on the retina matches a stored view. We have engineered a situation in which this account cannot suffice in order to discover whether there may be additional components to the performance of routes. One-eyed wood ants were trained to navigate a short route in the laboratory guided by a single black, vertical bar placed in the blinded visual field. Ants thus had to turn away from the route to see the bar. They often turned to look at or beyond the bar and then turned to face in the direction of the goal. Tests in which the bar was shifted to be more peripheral or more frontal than in training produced a corresponding change in the ants paths, demonstrating that they were guided by the bar, presumably obtaining information during scanning turns towards the bar. Examination of the endpoints of turns away from the bar suggest that ants use the bar for guidance by learning how large a turn-back is needed to face the goal. We suggest that the ants zigzag paths are an integral part of visually guided route following. In addition, on some runs in which ants did not take a direct path to the goal, they still turned to face and sometimes approach the goal for a short stretch. This off-route goal facing indicates that they store a vector from start to goal and use path integration to track their position relative to the endpoint of the vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collett, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodgate, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Route following by one-eyed ants suggests a revised model of normal route following]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of distinct murine brown adipocyte lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis. While increasing evidence supports white adipose tissue heterogeneity, little is known about heterogeneity within murine BAT. Using single cell RNA sequencing of the stromal vascular fraction of murine BAT and analysis of 67 brown preadipocyte and adipocyte clones we unravel heterogeneity within brown preadipocytes. Statistical analysis of gene expression profiles from these clones identifies markers distinguishing brown adipocyte lineages. We confirm the presence of distinct brown adipocyte populations in vivo using three identified markers; Eif5, Tcf25, and Bin1. Functionally, we demonstrate that loss of Bin1 enhances UCP1 expression and mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that Bin1 marks a dormant brown adipocyte type. The existence of multiple brown adipocyte lineages suggests distinct functional properties of BAT depending on its cellular composition, with potentially distinct function in thermogenesis and the regulation of whole body energy homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ussar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miok, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoettl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schorpp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapser-Fischer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keipert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuchtinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lickert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzthoeni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Caceres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypess, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.264416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of distinct murine brown adipocyte lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate spliced alignment of long RNAsequencing reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read RNA sequencing techniques are establishing themselves as the primary sequencing technique to study the transcriptome landscape. Many such analyses are dependent on read alignments. However, the error rate and sequencing length of long-read technologies create new challenges for accurately aligning these reads. We present an alignment method uLTRA based on a novel two-pass collinear chaining algorithm. Furthermore, uLTRA can be used both as a stand-alone aligner and as a wrapper around minimap2 for improved alignments in gene regions. We show that uLTRA produces higher accuracy over state-of-the-art aligners with substantially higher accuracy for small exons on simulated and synthetic data. On biological data where true read location is unknown, we show several examples where uLTRA aligns to known and novel isoforms with exon structures that are not detected with other aligners. uLTRA is available at https://github.com/ksahlin/ultra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate spliced alignment of long RNAsequencing reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily conserved chaperone-mediated proteasomal degradation of a disease-linked aspartoacylase variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Canavan disease is a severe progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by swelling and spongy degeneration of brain white matter. The disease is genetically linked to polymorphisms in the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, including the substitution C152W. ASPA C152W is associated with greatly reduced protein levels in cells, yet biophysical experiments suggest a wild-type like thermal stability. Here, we examine the stability and degradation pathway of ASPA C152W. When we expressed ASPA C152W in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found a decreased steady state compared to wild-type ASPA as a result of increased proteasomal degradation. However, molecular dynamics simulations of ASPA C152W did not substantially deviate from wild-type ASPA, indicating that the native state is structurally preserved. Instead, we suggest that the C152W substitution prevents ASPA from reaching its stable native conformation, presumably by impacting on de novo folding. Systematic mapping of the protein quality control components acting on misfolded and aggregation-prone species of C152W, revealed that the degradation is highly dependent on the molecular chaperone Hsp70, its co-chaperone Hsp110 as well as several quality control E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, including Ubr1. In human cells, ASPA C152W displayed increased proteasomal turnover that was similarly dependent on Hsp70 and Hsp110. We propose that Hsp110 is a potential therapeutic target for misfolding ASPA variants that trigger Canavan disease due to excessive degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gersing, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronbaek-Thygesen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmeyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann-Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily conserved chaperone-mediated proteasomal degradation of a disease-linked aspartoacylase variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution confirms signatures of sexual selection in genomic divergence. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomics has contributed to the growing evidence that sexual selection is an important component of evolutionary divergence and speciation. Divergence by sexual selection is implicated in faster rates of divergence of the X chromosome and of genes thought to underlie sexually selected traits, including genes that are sex-biased in expression. However, accurately inferring the relative importance of complex and interacting forms of natural selection, demography and neutral processes which occurred in the evolutionary past is challenging. Experimental evolution provides an opportunity to apply controlled treatments for multiple generations and examine the consequent genomic divergence. Here we altered sexual selection intensity, elevating sexual selection in polyandrous lines and eliminating it in monogamous lines, and examined patterns of divergence in the genome of Drosophila pseudoobscura after more than 160 generations of experimental evolution. Divergence is not uniform across the genome but concentrated in "islands", many of which contain candidate genes implicated in mating behaviours and other sexually selected phenotypes. These are more often seen on the X chromosome, which shows divergence greater than neutral expectations. There are characteristic signatures of selection seen in these regions, with lower diversity and greater FST on the X chromosome than the autosomes, and differences in diversity on the autosomes between selection regimes. Reduced Tajimas D implies that selective sweeps have occurred within some of the divergent regions, despite considerable recombination. These changes are associated with both differential gene expression between the lines and sex-biased gene expression within the lines. Our results are very similar to those thought to implicate sexual selection in divergence in natural populations, and hence provide experimental support for the likely role of sexual selection in driving such types of genetic divergence, but also illustrate how variable outcomes can be for different genomic regions.

Impact SummaryHow does sexual selection contribute to the divergence of genomes? It is often thought that sexual selection is a potent force in evolutionary divergence, but finding  signatures of sexual selection in the genome is not straight-forward, and has been quite controversial recently. Here we used experimental evolution to allow replicate populations of fruit fly to evolve under relaxed or strengthened sexual selection for over 160 generations, then sequenced their genomes to see how they had diverged. The features we find are very similar to those reported in populations of natural species thought to be under strong sexual selection. We found that genomic divergence was concentrated in small patches of the genome rather than widespread. These are more often seen on the X chromosome, which overall shows especially elevated divergence. There are also characteristic signatures of selection seen in these regions, with lower genetic diversity suggesting that selection was strong in these regions. The changes are associated with both differential gene expression between the lines and sex-biased gene expression within the lines. Many of the patches of divergence also contain candidate genes implicated in mating behaviours and other sexually selected phenotypes. Our results provide experimental support for the likely role of sexual selection in driving such types of genetic divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiberg, R. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltsos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.285650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution confirms signatures of sexual selection in genomic divergence.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Residue-by-residue analysis of cotranslational membrane protein integration in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We follow the cotranslational biosynthesis of three multi-spanning E. coli inner membrane proteins in vivo using high-resolution Force Profile Analysis. The force profiles show that the nascent chain is subjected to rapidly varying pulling forces during translation, and reveal unexpected complexities in the membrane integration process. We find that an N-terminal cytoplasmic domains can fold in the ribosome exit tunnel before membrane integration starts, that charged residues and membrane-interacting segments such as re-entrant loops and surface helices flanking a transmembrane helix (TMH) can advance or delay membrane integration, and that point mutations in an upstream TMH can affect the pulling forces generated by downstream TMHs in a highly position-dependent manner, suggestive of residue-specific interactions between TMHs during the integration process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolaus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mermans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liljenstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullahi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Residue-by-residue analysis of cotranslational membrane protein integration in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.321828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallelized calculation of permutation tests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.321828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPermutation tests offer a straight forward framework to assess the significance of differences in sample statistics. A significant advantage of permutation tests are the relatively few assumptions about the distribution of the test statistic are needed, as they rely on the assumption of exchangeability of the group labels. They have great value, as they allow a sensitivity analysis to determine the extent to which the assumed broad sample distribution of the test statistic applies. However, in this situation, permutation tests are rarely applied because the running time of naive implementations is too slow and grows exponentially with the sample size. Nevertheless, continued development in the 1980s introduced dynamic programming algorithms that compute exact permutation tests in polynomial time. Albeit this significant running time reduction, the exact test has not yet become one of the predominant statistical tests for medium sample size. Here, we propose a computational parallelization of one such dynamic programming-based permutation test, the Green algorithm, which makes the permutation test more attractive.

ResultsParallelization of the Green algorithm was found possible by nontrivial rearrangement of the structure of the algorithm. A speed-up - by orders of magnitude - is achievable by executing the parallelized algorithm on a GPU. We demonstrate that the execution time essentially becomes a non-issue for sample sizes, even as high as hundreds of samples. This improvement makes our method an attractive alternative to, e.g., the widely used asymptotic Mann-Whitney U-test.

AvailabilityIn Python 3 code from the GitHub repository https://github.com/statisticalbiotechnology/parallelPermutationTest under an Apache 2.0 license.

Contactlukask@kth.se

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekvall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Käll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.321828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallelized calculation of permutation tests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological specialisation and evolutionary reticulation in extant Hyaenidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the Miocene, Hyaenidae was a highly diverse family of Carnivora that has since been severely reduced to four extant genera, each of which contains only a single species. These species include the bone-cracking spotted, striped, and brown hyenas, and the specialised insectivorous aardwolf. Previous genome studies have analysed the evolutionary histories of the spotted and brown hyenas, but little is known about the remaining two species. Moreover, the genomic underpinnings of scavenging and insectivory, defining traits of the extant species, remain elusive. To tackle these questions, we generated an aardwolf genome and analysed it together with those from the other three species. We provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships between the species, the genomic underpinnings of their scavenging and insectivorous lifestyles, and their respective genetic diversities and demographic histories. High levels of phylogenetic discordance within the family suggest gene flow between the aardwolf lineage and the ancestral brown/striped hyena lineage. Genes related to immunity and digestion in the bone-cracking hyenas and craniofacial development in the aardwolf showed the strongest signals of selection in their respective lineages, suggesting putative key adaptations to carrion or termite feeding. We also found a family-wide expansion in olfactory receptor genes suggesting that an acute sense of smell was a key early adaptation for the Hyaenidae family. Finally, we report very low levels of genetic diversity within the brown and striped hyenas despite no signs of inbreeding, which we putatively link to their similarly slow decline in Neover the last [~]2 million years. We found much higher levels of genetic diversity in both the spotted hyena and aardwolf and more stable population sizes through time. Taken together, these findings highlight how ecological specialisation can impact the evolutionary history, demographics, and adaptive genetic changes of a lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westbury, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Duc, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutschmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werdelin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalerum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofreiter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological specialisation and evolutionary reticulation in extant Hyaenidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global distribution patterns of marine nitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological nitrogen fixation plays a critical role in marine primary production, yet, our understanding of marine N2-fixers (diazotrophs) is hindered by limited observations. Here, we developed a quantitative image analysis pipeline in concert with mapping of molecular markers for mining >2,000,000 images and >1,300 metagenomes in surface, deep chlorophyll maximum and mesopelagic samples across 6 size fractions (<0.2-2000 m). Imaging and PCR-free molecular data were remarkably congruent. Sequences from diazotrophs were detected from the ultrasmall bacterioplankton (<0.2 m) to mesoplankton (180-2000 m), while images predicted symbiotic and colonial-forming diazotrophs (>20 {micro}m). Imaging and molecular data estimated that polyploidy can significantly impact gene abundances of symbiotic vs colonial-forming diazotrophs. In general our results support the canonical view that larger sized diazotrophs (>10 m) dominate the tropical belts, while sequences from unicellular cyanobacterial and non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs were globally distributed in surface and the mesopelagic. Co-occurring diazotrophic lineages of different lifestyles were frequently encountered, and several new high density regions of diazotrophs were identified in the global ocean. Overall, this work provides an update of marine diazotroph biogeographical diversity and contributes a new bio-imaging-informatic workflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierella Karlusich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carsique, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picheral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepperkok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global distribution patterns of marine nitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.358028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of social learning as phenotypic cue integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.358028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most analyses of the origins of cultural evolution focus on when and where social learning prevails over individual learning, overlooking the fact that there are other developmental inputs that influence phenotypic fit to the selective environment. This raises the question how the presence of other cue  channels affects the scope for social learning. Here, we present a model that considers the simultaneous evolution of (i) multiple forms of social learning (involving vertical or horizontal learning based on either prestige or conformity biases) within the broader context of other evolving inputs on phenotype determination, including (ii) heritable epigenetic factors, (iii) individual learning, (iv) environmental and cascading maternal effects, (v) conservative bet-hedging and (vi) genetic cues. In fluctuating environments that are autocorrelated (and hence predictable), we find that social learning from members of the same generation (horizontal social learning) explains the large majority of phenotypic variation, whereas other cues are much less important. Moreover, social learning based on prestige biases typically prevails in positively autocorrelated environments, whereas conformity biases prevail in negatively autocorrelated environments. Only when environments are unpredictable or horizontal social learning is characterised by an intrinsically low information content, other cues such as conservative bet-hedging or vertical prestige biases prevail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuijper, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall, S. R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.358028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of social learning as phenotypic cue integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.364950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved chromosome level genome assembly of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) based on SMRT Sequencing and linkage map. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.364950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) butterfly is a long-term model system for metapopulation dynamics research in fragmented landscapes. Here, we provide a chromosome level assembly of the butterflys genome produced from Pacific Biosciences sequencing of a pool of males, combined with a linkage map from population crosses. The final assembly size of 484 Mb is an increase of 94 Mb on the previously published genome. Estimation of the completeness of the genome with BUSCO, indicates that the genome contains 93 - 95% of the BUSCO genes in complete and single copies. We predicted 14,830 gene models using the MAKER pipeline and manually curated 1,232 of these gene models. The genome and its annotated gene models are a valuable resource for future comparative genomics, molecular biology, transcriptome and genetics studies on this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blande, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolander, O.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanskanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammonen, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiLeo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplouy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duru, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halimaa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahilainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karenlampi, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafuente, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makkonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celorio-Mancera, M. d. l. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennanen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruokolainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tervahauta, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twort, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman-Udd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frilander, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auvinen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saastamoinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.364950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved chromosome level genome assembly of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) based on SMRT Sequencing and linkage map.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LyGo: A platform for rapid screening of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmentally friendly sources of energy and chemicals are essential constituents of a sustainable society. An important step towards this goal is the utilization of non-edible biomass as supply of building blocks for future biorefineries. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are enzymes that play a critical role in breaking the chemical bonds in the most abundant polymers found in recalcitrant biomass, such as cellulose and chitin. Predicting optimal strategies for producing LPMOs is often non-trivial, and methods allowing for screening several strategies simultaneously are therefore needed. Here, we present a standardized platform for cloning LPMOs. The platform allows users to combine gene fragments with different expression vectors in a simple 15-minute reaction, thus enabling rapid exploration of several gene contexts, hosts and expression strategies in parallel. The open-source LyGo platform is accompanied by easy-to-follow online protocols for both cloning and expression. As a demonstration, we utilize the LyGo platform to explore different strategies for expressing several different LPMOs in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Komagataella phaffii.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Rollan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkenberg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipsen, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norholm, M. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LyGo: A platform for rapid screening of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid compensatory evolution can rescue low fitness symbioses following partner-switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Partner-switching plays an important role in the evolution of symbiosis, enabling local adaptation and recovery from the breakdown of symbiosis. Because of intergenomic epistasis, partner-switched symbioses may possess novel combinations of phenotypes but may also exhibit low fitness due to their lack of recent coevolutionary history. Here, we examine the structure and mechanisms of intergenomic epistasis in the Paramecium-Chlorella symbiosis and test if compensatory evolution can rescue initially low fitness partner-switched symbioses. Using partner-switch experiments coupled with metabolomics we show evidence for intergenomic epistasis wherein low fitness arose from mismatched photoprotection traits and the resulting light stress experienced by non-native symbionts when in high light environments. Experimental evolution under high light conditions revealed that an initially low fitness partner-switched non-native host-symbiont pairing rapidly adapted, gaining fitness equivalent to the native host symbiont pairing in less than 50 host generations. Compensatory evolution took two alternative routes: Either, hosts evolved higher symbiont loads to mitigate for their new algal symbionts poor performance, or the algal symbionts themselves evolved higher investment in photosynthesis and photoprotective traits to better mitigate light stress. These findings suggest that partner-switching combined with rapid compensatory evolution will enable the recovery and local adaptation of symbioses in response to changing environments.

Significance statementSymbiosis enables the formation of new organisms through the merger of once independent species. Through symbiosis, species can acquire new functions, driving evolutionary innovation and underpinning important ecosystem processes. Symbioses that breakdown due to changing environmental conditions can reform by acquiring new symbionts in a process called partner-switching but may exhibit low fitness due to their lack of coadaptation. Using a microbial symbiosis between the single-celled eukaryote Paramecium and the green alga Chlorella we show that low fitness in partner-switched host-symbiont pairings arises from mismatched photoprotection traits. However, such low fitness partner-switched pairings can be rapidly rescued by adaptive evolution, regaining high fitness in less than 50 host generations. Partner-switching coupled with rapid compensatory evolution can enable symbioses to recover from breakdown.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid compensatory evolution can rescue low fitness symbioses following partner-switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of a placenta is not linked to increased brain size in poeciliid fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal investment is considered to have a direct influence on the size of energetically costly organs, including the brain. In placental organisms, offspring are supplied with nutrients during pre-natal development, potentially modulating brain size. However, the coevolution of the placenta and brain size remains largely unknown in non-mammalian taxa. Here, using eight poeciliid fish species, we test if species with placental structures invest more resources into offspring brain development than species without placental structures. We predict that matrotrophy may entail higher nutrient provisioning rates to the developing embryo than lecithotrophy, resulting in larger brain sizes in offspring of matrotrophic species, and that a relatively larger part of the total brain growth would occur at younger ages (leading to a shallower ontogenetic brain size allometry). We took non-invasive brain size measurements during the first four weeks of life, and compared these to somatic growth measurements. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find any differences in brain size between the two maternal strategies. Furthermore, we did not find any differences in how relative brain size changed over ontogenetic development, between placental and non-placental species. In contrast to the marsupial/placental transition, the species investigated here only exhibit pre-natal provisioning, which may reduce the potential for maternal investment into brain size. Consequently, our results suggest that coevolution between placental structures and juvenile brain size is not a general pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowinski, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naslund, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowersby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckerstrom-Liedholm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of a placenta is not linked to increased brain size in poeciliid fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bifurcations and mutation hot-spots in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel topological methods are introduced to protein research. The aim is to identify hot-spot sites where a bifurcation can change the local topology of the protein backbone. Since the shape of a protein is intimately related to its biological function, a mutation that takes place at such a bifurcation hot-spot has an enhanced capacity to change the proteins biological function. The methodology applies to any protein but it is developed with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a timely example. First, topological criteria are introduced to identify and classify potential mutation hot-spot sites along the protein backbone. Then, the expected outcome of a substitution mutation is estimated for a general class of hot-spots, by a comparative analysis of the backbone segments that surround the hot-spot sites. This analysis employs the statistics of commensurable amino acid fragments in the Protein Data Bank, in combination with general stereochemical considerations. It is observed that the notorious D614G substitution of the spike protein is a good example of such a mutation hot-spot. Several topologically similar examples are then analyzed in detail, some of them are even better candidates for a mutation hot-spot than D614G. The local topology of the recently observed N501Y mutation is also inspected, and it is found that this site is prone to a different kind of local topology changing bifurcation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niemi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bifurcations and mutation hot-spots in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive dataset of shotgun metagenomes from stratified freshwater lakes and ponds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stratified lakes and ponds featuring steep oxygen gradients are significant net sources of greenhouse gases and hotspots in the carbon cycle. Despite their significant biogeochemical roles, the microbial communities, especially in the oxygen depleted compartments, are poorly known. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset including 267 shotgun metagenomes from 41 stratified lakes and ponds mainly located in the boreal and subarctic regions, but also including one tropical reservoir and one temperate lake. For most lakes and ponds, the data includes a vertical sample set spanning from the oxic surface to the anoxic bottom layer. The majority of the samples were collected during the open water period, but also a total of 29 samples were collected from under the ice. In addition to the metagenomic sequences, the dataset includes environmental variables for the samples, such as oxygen, nutrient and organic carbon concentrations. The dataset is ideal for further exploring the microbial taxonomic and functional diversity in freshwater environments and potential climate change impacts on the functioning of these ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Vidal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Rodriguez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarenheimo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zopfi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertilsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.379446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive dataset of shotgun metagenomes from stratified freshwater lakes and ponds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of mitochondrial superoxide production includes programmed mtDNA deletion and restoration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deletion of mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotes is mainly attributed to rare accidental events associated with mitochondrial replication or repair of double-strand breaks. We report the discovery that yeast cells arrest harmful intramitochondrial superoxide production by shutting down respiration through genetically controlled deletion of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes. We show that the regulatory circuitry underlying this editing critically involves the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 and two-way mitochondrial-nuclear communication. While mitochondrial DNA homeostasis is rapidly restored after cessation of a short-term superoxide stress, long-term stress causes maladaptive persistence of the deletion process, leading to complete annihilation of the cellular pool of intact mitochondrial genomes and irrevocable loss of respiratory ability. Our results may therefore be of etiological as well as therapeutic importance with regard to age-related mitochondrial impairment and disease.

One-Sentence SummaryGenetically controlled editing of mitochondrial DNA is an integral part of the yeasts defenses against oxidative damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjuvsland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demitz-Helin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ärengard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson-Berglund, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackrisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höög, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omholt, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warringer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of mitochondrial superoxide production includes programmed mtDNA deletion and restoration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.396168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of glutathione S-transferase mRNA and protein sequences similar to human and horse Alpha class GST A3-3 across dog, goat, and opossum species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.396168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, the glutathione S-transferase A3-3 (GST A3-3) homodimeric enzyme was identified as the most efficient enzyme that catalyzes isomerization of the precursors of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone in the gonads of humans and horses. However, the presence of GST A3-3 orthologs with equally high ketosteroid isomerase activity has not been verified in other mammalian species, even though pig and cattle homologs have been cloned and studied. Identifying GSTA3 genes is a challenge because of multiple GSTA gene duplications (12 in the human genome), so few genomes have a corresponding GSTA3 gene annotated. To improve our understanding of GSTA3 gene products and their functions across diverse mammalian species, we cloned homologs of the horse and human GSTA3 mRNAs from the testes of a dog, goat, and gray short-tailed opossum, with those current genomes lacking GSTA3 gene annotations. The resultant novel GSTA3 mRNA and inferred protein sequences had a high level of conservation with human GSTA3 mRNA and protein sequences ([&ge;] 70% and [&ge;] 64% identities, respectively). Sequence conservation was also apparent for the 13 residues of the "H-site" in the 222 amino acid GSTA3 protein that is known to interact with the steroid substrates. Modeling predicted that the dog GSTA3-3 is a more active ketosteroid isomerase than the goat or opossum enzymes. Our results help us understand the active sites of mammalian GST A3-3 enzymes, and their inhibitors may be useful for reducing steroidogenesis for medical purposes, such as fertility control or treatment of steroid-dependent diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ing, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samollow, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstrom, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.396168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of glutathione S-transferase mRNA and protein sequences similar to human and horse Alpha class GST A3-3 across dog, goat, and opossum species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure and kinetics reveal electron transfer by 2D diffusion of cytochrome c in the yeast III-IV respiratory supercomplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy conversion in aerobic organisms involves an electron current from low-potential donors, such as NADH and succinate, to dioxygen through the membrane-bound respiratory chain. Electron transfer is coupled to transmembrane proton transport that maintains the electrochemical proton gradient used to produce ATP and drive other cellular processes. Electrons are transferred between respiratory complexes III and IV (CIII and CIV) by water-soluble cyt. c. In S. cerevisiae and some other organisms, these complexes assemble into larger CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplexes, the functional significance of which has remained enigmatic. In this work, we measured the kinetics of the S. cerevisiae supercomplexs cyt.c-mediated QH2:O2 oxidoreductase activity under various conditions. The data indicate that the electronic link between CIII and CIV is confined to the surface of the supercomplex. Cryo-EM structures of the supercomplex with cyt. c reveal distinct states where the positively-charged cyt. c is bound either to CIII or CIV, or resides at intermediate positions. Collectively, the structural and kinetic data indicate that cyt. c travels along a negatively-charged surface patch of the supercomplex. Thus, rather than enhancing electron-transfer rates by decreasing the distance cyt. c must diffuse in 3D, formation of the CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplex facilitates electron transfer by 2D diffusion of cyt. c. This mechanism enables the CIII2CIV1/2 supercomplex to increase QH2:O2 oxidoreductase activity and suggests a possible regulatory role for supercomplex formation in the respiratory chain.

Significance StatementIn the last steps of food oxidation in living organisms, electrons are transferred to oxygen through the membrane-bound respiratory chain. This electron transfer is mediated by mobile carriers such as membrane-bound quinone and water-soluble cyt. c. The latter transfers electrons from respiratory complex III to IV. In yeast these complexes assemble into III2IV1/2 supercomplexes, but their role has remained enigmatic. This study establishes a functional role for this supramolecular assembly in the mitochondrial membrane. We used cryo-EM and kinetic studies to show that cyt. c shuttles electrons by sliding along the surface of III2IV1/2 (2D diffusion). The structural arrangement into III2IV1/2 supercomplexes suggests a mechanism to regulate cellular respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Trani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure and kinetics reveal electron transfer by 2D diffusion of cytochrome c in the yeast III-IV respiratory supercomplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.419390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholecystokinin-like Peptide Mediates Satiety by Inhibiting Sugar Attraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.419390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feeding is essential for animal survival and reproduction and is regulated by both internal states and external stimuli. However, little is known about how internal states influence the perception of external sensory cues that regulate feeding behavior. Here, we investigated the neuronal and molecular mechanisms behind nutritional state-mediated regulation of gustatory perception in control of feeding behavior in the brown planthopper and Drosophila. We found that feeding increases the expression of the cholecystokinin-like peptide, sulfakinin (SK), and the activity of a set of SK-expressing neurons. Starvation elevates the transcription of the sugar receptor Gr64f and SK negatively regulates the expression of Gr64f in both insects. This Gr64f regulation is by direct action of SK neurons on Gr64f-expressing neurons of the proboscis and proleg tarsi that co-express the SK receptor CCKLR-17D3. Our findings thus demonstrate how nutritional state induces peptide signaling to modulate sweet perception and thereby feeding behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.419390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholecystokinin-like Peptide Mediates Satiety by Inhibiting Sugar Attraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InSegtCone: Interactive Segmentation of crystalline Cones in compound eyes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the diversity of eyes is crucial to unravel how different animals use vision to interact with their respective environments. To date, comparative studies of eye anatomy are scarce because they often involve time-consuming or inefficient methods. X-ray micro-tomography is a promising high-throughput imaging technique that enables to reconstruct the 3D anatomy of eyes, but powerful tools are needed to perform fast conversions of anatomical reconstructions into functional eye models. We developed a computing method named InSegtCone to automatically segment the crystalline cones in the apposition compound eyes of arthropods. Here, we describe the full auto-segmentation process, showcase its application to three different insect compound eyes and evaluate its performance. The auto-segmentation could successfully label the full individual shapes of 60%-80% of the crystalline cones, and is about as accurate and 250 times faster than manual labelling of the individual cones. We believe that InSegtCone can be an important tool for peer scientists to enable extensive comparisons of the diversity of eyes and vision in arthropods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tichit, P. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjer, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen Dahl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorholm Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InSegtCone: Interactive Segmentation of crystalline Cones in compound eyes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chaperonin GroESL facilitates Caulobacter crescentus cell division by supporting the function of the actin homologue FtsA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly conserved chaperonin GroESL performs a crucial role in protein folding, however the essential cellular pathways that rely on this chaperone are underexplored. Loss of GroESL leads to severe septation defects in diverse bacteria, suggesting the folding function of GroESL may be integrated with the bacterial cell cycle at the point of cell division. Here, we describe new connections between GroESL and the bacterial cell cycle, using the model organism Caulobacter crescentus. Using a proteomics approach, we identify candidate GroESL client proteins that become insoluble or are degraded specifically when GroESL folding is insufficient, revealing several essential proteins that participate in cell division and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. We demonstrate that other cell cycle events such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation are able to continue when GroESL folding is insufficient, and find that deficiency of the bacterial actin homologue FtsA function mediates the GroESL-dependent block in cell division. Our data suggest that a GroESL-FtsA interaction is required to maintain normal dynamics of the FtsZ scaffold and divisome functionality in C. crescentus. In addition to supporting FtsA function, we show that GroESL is required to maintain the flow of peptidoglycan precursors into the growing cell wall. Linking a chaperone to cell division may be a conserved way to coordinate environmental and internal cues that signal when it is safe to divide.

ImportanceAll organisms depend on mechanisms that protect proteins from misfolding and aggregation. GroESL is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that functions to prevent protein aggregation in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Despite detailed biochemical understanding of GroESL function, the in vivo pathways that strictly depend on this chaperone remain poorly defined in most species. This study provides new insights into how GroESL is linked to the bacterial cell division machinery, a crucial target of current and future antimicrobial agents. We identify a functional interaction between GroESL and FtsA, a conserved bacterial actin homologue, suggesting that as in eukaryotes, some bacteria exhibit a connection between cytoskeletal actin proteins and chaperonins. Our work further defines how GroESL is integrated with cell wall synthesis, and illustrates how highly conserved folding machines ensure the functioning of fundamental cellular processes during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuwirth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chaperonin GroESL facilitates Caulobacter crescentus cell division by supporting the function of the actin homologue FtsA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bab2 activates JNK signaling to reprogram Drosophila wing disc development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to cellular stress and damage, certain tissues are able to regenerate and to restore tissue homeostasis. In Drosophila imaginal wing discs, dying cells express mitogens that induce compensatory proliferation in the surrounding tissue. Here we report that high levels of the BTB/POZ transcription factor Bab2 in the posterior compartment of wing discs activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and local, cell-autonomous apoptotic cell death. This in turn triggered the upregulation of the Dpp mitogen and cellular proliferation in the anterior compartment in a JNK-dependent manner. In the posterior compartment, however, dpp expression was suppressed, most likely by direct transcriptional repression by Bab2. This dual-mode of JNK-signaling, autocrine pro-apoptotic signaling and paracrine pro-proliferative signaling, led to opposite effects in the two compartments and reprogramming of the adult wing structure. We establish Bab2 as a regulator of wing disc development, with the capacity to reprogram development via JNK activation in a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner.

Summary statementZhao et al. shows that the BTB/POZ transcription factor Bab2 is a potent activator of JNK signaling, apoptosis and compensatory proliferation, thereby driving both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büttner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bab2 activates JNK signaling to reprogram Drosophila wing disc development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstruction of heterogeneity through single-cell transcriptional profiling has greatly advanced our understanding of the spatial liver transcriptome in recent years. However, global transcriptional differences across lobular units remain elusive in physical space. Here, we implement Spatial Transcriptomics to perform transcriptomic analysis across sectioned liver tissue. We confirm that the heterogeneity in this complex tissue is predominantly determined by lobular zonation. By introducing novel computational approaches, we enable transcriptional gradient measurements between tissue structures, including several lobules in a variety of orientations. Further, our data suggests the presence of previously transcriptionally uncharacterized structures within liver tissue, contributing to the overall spatial heterogeneity of the organ. This study demonstrates how comprehensive spatial transcriptomic technologies can be used to delineate extensive spatial gene expression patterns in the liver, indicating its future impact for studies of liver function, development and regeneration as well as its potential in pre-clinical and clinical pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, F. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarenpaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollbrink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genomic perspective on genome size distribution across Earth's microbiomes reveals a tendency to gene loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our view of genome size in Archaea and Bacteria has remained skewed as the data used to paint its picture has been dominated by genomes of microorganisms that can be cultivated under laboratory settings. However, the continuous effort to catalog the genetic make-up of Earths microbiomes specifically propelled by recent extensive work on uncultivated microorganisms, provides a unique opportunity to revise our perspective on genome size distribution. Capitalizing on a recently released extensive catalog of tens of thousands of metagenome-assembled genomes, we provide a comprehensive overview of genome size distributions. We observe that the known phylogenetic diversity of environmental microorganisms possesses significantly smaller genomes than the collection of laboratory isolated microorganisms. Aquatic microorganisms average 3.1 Mb, host-associated microbial genomes average 3.0 Mb, terrestrial microorganism average 3.7 Mb and isolated microorganisms average 4.3 Mb. While the environment where the microorganisms live can certainly be linked to genome size, in some cases, evolutionary phylogenetic history can be a stronger predictor. Moreover, ecological strategies such as auxotrophies have a direct impact on genome size. To better understand the ecological drivers of genome size, we expand on the known and the overlooked factors that influence genome size in different environments, phylogenetic groups and trophic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gijon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrshad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genomic perspective on genome size distribution across Earth's microbiomes reveals a tendency to gene loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trophic position derived from amino-acid nitrogen isotopes reflect physiological status of both predator and prey over four decades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen isotope analyses of amino-acids ({delta}15N-AA) are increasingly used to decipher food webs. Interpretation of {delta}15N-AA in consumers relies on the assumption that physiological status has a negligible influence on the trophic enrichment factor (TEF). Recent experiments have shown that this is not always the case and there is a need to validate derived trophic position (TP) estimates using ecological data. We analyzed {delta}15N-AA in cod and herring (1980-2019) from the Baltic Sea, a species-poor system where dramatic reduction in condition status of cod has occurred. We expected that TEFcod-herring in trophic AAs would increase during periods of poor cod growth, resulting in inflated TP estimates. We found that TEF and TP estimates were negatively linked to individual condition status, prey fat content and the hypoxic state of the ecosystem. Statistically adjusting for these variables resulted in lower cod TP, highlighting the importance of including ecological knowledge when interpreting TP.

Scientific Significance StatementNitrogen stable isotope analyses in amino acids are increasingly used in ecology to understand how environmental change impacts food-webs. Specifically, it is used to more accurately calculate trophic position (TP) of consumers. Controlled experiments have shown that physiological status can alter amino acid isotope composition and TP interpretation, but field studies are lacking. We use 40 years of archived material to demonstrate that TP estimates in Baltic Sea cod and its prey herring are directly related to physiological status. This has important implications for interpreting the real trophic ecology of consumers under environmental stress. By simultaneously measuring condition status in both predator and prey it is possible to adjust for them as confounding variables and decipher actual consumer TP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trophic position derived from amino-acid nitrogen isotopes reflect physiological status of both predator and prey over four decades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental sexual selection reveals rapid divergence in male and female reproductive transcriptomes and their interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postcopulatory interactions between the sexes in internally fertilizing species elicits both sexual conflict and sexual selection. Macroevolutionary and comparative studies have linked these processes to rapid transcriptomic evolution in sex-specific tissues and substantial transcriptomic postmating responses in females, patterns of which are altered when mating between reproductively isolated species. Here we test multiple predictions arising from sexual selection and conflict theory about the evolution of sex-specific and tissue-specific gene expression and the postmating response at the microevolutionary level. Following over 150 generations of experimental evolution under either reduced (enforced monogamy) or elevated (polyandry) sexual selection in Drosophila pseudoobscura, we found a substantial effect of sexual selection treatment on transcriptomic divergence in virgin male and female reproductive tissues (testes, male accessory glands, the female reproductive tract and ovaries). Sexual selection treatment also had a dominant effect on the postmating response, particularly in the female reproductive tract - the main arena for sexual conflict - compared to ovaries. This affect was asymmetric with monandry females typically showing more postmating responses than polyandry females, with enriched gene functions varying across treatments. The evolutionary history of the male partner had a larger effect on the postmating response of monandry females, but females from both sexual selection treatments showed unique patterns of gene expression and gene function when mating with males from the alternate treatment. Our microevolutionary results mostly confirm comparative macroevolutionary predictions on the role of sexual selection on transcriptomic divergence and altered gene regulation arising from divergent coevolutionary trajectories between sexual selection treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veltsos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossins, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental sexual selection reveals rapid divergence in male and female reproductive transcriptomes and their interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST) - A New Population Genomics Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model in population genetics and genomics, and a growing number of whole-genome datasets from natural populations of this species have been published over the last 20 years. A major challenge is the integration of these disparate datasets, often generated using different sequencing technologies and bioinformatic pipelines, which hampers our ability to address questions about the evolution and population structure of this species. Here we address these issues by developing a bioinformatics pipeline that maps pooled sequencing (Pool-Seq) reads from D. melanogaster to a hologenome consisting of fly and symbiont genomes and estimates allele frequencies using either a heuristic (PoolSNP) or a probabilistic variant caller (SNAPE-pooled). We use this pipeline to generate the largest data repository of genomic data available for D. melanogaster to date, encompassing 271 population samples from over 100 locations in >20 countries on four continents based on a combination of 121 unpublished and 150 previously published genomic datasets. Several of these locations have been sampled at different seasons across multiple years. This dataset, which we call Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST), is coupled with sampling and environmental meta-data. A web-based genome browser and web portal provide easy access to the SNP dataset. Our aim is to provide this scalable platform as a community resource which can be easily extended via future efforts for an even more extensive cosmopolitan dataset. Our resource will enable population geneticists to analyze spatio-temporal genetic patterns and evolutionary dynamics of D. melanogaster populations in unprecedented detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaerts-Marquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murga-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronado-Zamora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rota-Stabelli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Guerreiro, M. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casillas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ometto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeschcke, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onder, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schou, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, T. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzaro, B. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser-Schmitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyridou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staubach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serga, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic Veselinovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenkovic-Radak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia-R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST) - A New Population Genomics Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spc1 regulates substrate selection for signal peptidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal peptidase (SPase) cleaves the signal sequences (SSs) of secretory precursors. It contains an evolutionarily conserved membrane protein subunit, Spc1 that is dispensable for the catalytic activity of SPase, and its role remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the function of yeast Spc1. First, we set up an in vivo SPase cleavage assay using secretory protein CPY variants with SSs modified in the n and h regions. When comparing the SS cleavage efficiencies of these variants in cells with or without Spc1, we found that signal-anchored sequences become more susceptible to cleavage by SPase without Spc1. Further, SPase-mediated processing of transmembrane (TM) segments in model membrane proteins was reduced upon overexpression of Spc1. Spc1 was co-immunoprecipitated with membrane proteins carrying uncleaved signal-anchored or TM segments. These results suggest a role of Spc1 in shielding TM segments from SPase action, thereby contributing to accurate substrate selection for SPase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spc1 regulates substrate selection for signal peptidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of butterfly-plant networks over time, as revealed by Bayesian inference of host repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of herbivorous insects underpins much of the theory that concerns the evolution of species interactions. In particular, Pieridae butterflies and their host plants have served as a model system for studying evolutionary arms-races. To learn more about the coevolution of these two clades, we reconstructed ancestral ecological networks using stochastic mappings that were generated by a phylogenetic model of host-repertoire evolution. We then measured if, when, and how two ecologically important structural features of the ancestral networks (modularity and nestedness) evolved over time. Our study shows that as pierids gained new hosts and formed new modules, a subset of them retained or recolonized the ancestral host(s), preserving connectivity to the original modules. Together, host-range expansions and recolonizations promoted a phase transition in network structure. Our results demonstrate the power of combining network analysis with Bayesian inference of host-repertoire evolution to understand changes in complex species interactions over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braga, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of butterfly-plant networks over time, as revealed by Bayesian inference of host repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding of a periplasmic protein domain in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Gram-negative bacteria, periplasmic domains in inner membrane proteins are cotranslationally translocated across the inner membrane through the SecYEG translocon. To what degree such domains also start to fold cotranslationally is generally difficult to determine using currently available methods. Here, we apply Force Profile Analysis (FPA) - a method where a translational arrest peptide is used to detect folding-induced forces acting on the nascent polypeptide - to follow the cotranslational translocation and folding of the large periplasmic domain of the E. coli inner membrane protease LepB in vivo. Membrane insertion of LepBs two N-terminal transmembrane helices is initiated when their respective N-terminal ends reach 45-50 residues away from the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in the ribosome. The main folding transition in the periplasmic domain involves all but the ~15 most C-terminal residues of the protein and happens when the C-terminal end of the folded part is ~70 residues away from the PTC; a smaller putative folding intermediate is also detected. This implies that wildtype LepB folds post-translationally in vivo, and shows that FPA can be used to study both co- and post-translational protein folding in the periplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.06.430026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding of a periplasmic protein domain in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relative brain size and cognitive equivalence in fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are two well-established facts about vertebrate brains: brains are physiologically costly organs, and both absolute and relative brain size varies greatly between and within the major vertebrate clades. While the costs are relatively clear, scientists struggle to establish how larger brains translate into higher cognitive performance. Part of the challenge is that intuitively larger brains are needed to control larger bodies without any changes in cognitive performance. Therefore, body size needs to be controlled to establish the slope of cognitive equivalence between animals of different sizes. Potentially, intraspecific slopes provide the best available estimate of how an increase in body size translates into an increase in brain size without changes in cognitive performance. Here, we provide the first evaluation of this hypothesis for fishes. First, a dataset of 51 species that included only samples of [&ge;] ten wild-caught individuals yielded a mean brain-body slope of 0.46 (albeit with a large range of 0.26 to 0.79). This mean slope is similar to the encephalisation quotients for ectotherm higher taxa, i.e. teleost fishes, amphibians and reptiles ([~] 0.5). However, the slope is much higher than what has been found in endotherm vertebrate species ([~] 0.3). Second, we provide slope estimates for brain-body sizes and for cognition-body sizes in wild-caught cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus as a case study. Brain-body slopes from two datasets gave the values of 0.58 (MRI scans data) and 0.47 (dissection data). Furthermore, we have cognitive performance data from 69 individuals tested in four different cognitive tasks that estimated learning, numerical, and inhibitory control abilities. In all four tasks, the cognitive performance did not correlate significantly with body size. These results suggest that the brain-body slopes represent estimates of intraspecific cognitive equivalence for this species. While subject to further studies on various species, our results suggest that endo- and ectotherm brain organisations and resulting cognitive performances are fundamentally different.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aellen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Schaik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relative brain size and cognitive equivalence in fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.432102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread cryptic variation in genetic architecture between the sexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.432102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of the genome is shared between the sexes, and it is expected that the genetic architecture of most traits is shared as well. This common architecture has been viewed as a major source of constraint on the evolution of sexual dimorphism (SD). SD is nonetheless common in nature, leading to assumptions that it results from differential regulation of shared genetic architecture. Here, we study the effect of thousands of gene knock-out mutations on 202 mouse phenotypes to explore how regulatory variation affects SD. We show that many traits are dimorphic to some extent, and that a surprising proportion of knock-outs have sex-specific phenotypic effects. Many traits, regardless whether they are monomorphic or dimorphic, harbor cryptic differences in genetic architecture between the sexes, resulting in sexually discordant phenotypic effects from sexually concordant regulatory changes. This provides an alternative route to dimorphism through sex-specific genetic architecture, rather than differential regulation of shared architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mank, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.432102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread cryptic variation in genetic architecture between the sexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spindle and thread-mechanism unblocks translation of N-terminally disordered proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein disorder is a major hurdle for structural biology. A prominent example is the tumour suppressor p53, whose low expression levels and poor conformational stability due to a high degree of disorder pose major challenges to the development of cancer therapeutics. Here, we address these issues by fusing p53 to an engineered spider silk domain termed NT*. The chimeric protein displays highly efficient translation in vitro and in E. coli and is fully active in human cancer cells. The transmission electron microscopy structure and native mass spectrometry reveal that the full-length p53 fusion protein adopts a compact conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the disordered transactivation domain of p53 is wound around the NT* domain via a series of folding events, resulting in a globular structure. We find that expression of B-Raf, another partially disordered cancer target, is similarly enhanced by fusion to NT*. In summary, we demonstrate how inducing co-translational folding via a molecular "spindle and thread" mechanism can overcome poor translation efficiency of partially disordered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaldmae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosselman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saluri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronqvist, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadessy, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojtesek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterlund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilag, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaananen, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedimbi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeck, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rising, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landreh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spindle and thread-mechanism unblocks translation of N-terminally disordered proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intra-helical salt bridge contribution to membrane protein insertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salt bridges between negatively (D, E) and positively charged (K, R, H) amino acids play an important role in protein stabilization. This has a more prevalent effect in membrane proteins where polar amino acids are exposed to a very hydrophobic environment. In transmembrane (TM) helices the presence of charged residues can hinder the insertion of the helices into the membrane. This can sometimes be avoided by TM region rearrangements after insertion, but it is also possible that the formation of salt bridges could decrease the cost of membrane integration. However, the presence of intra-helical salt bridges in TM domains and their effect on insertion has not been properly studied yet. In this work, we use an analytical pipeline to study the prevalence of charged pairs of amino acid residues in TM -helices, which shows that potentially salt-bridge forming pairs are statistically over-represented. We then selected some candidates to experimentally determine the contribution of these electrostatic interactions to the translocon-assisted membrane insertion process. Using both in vitro and in vivo systems, we confirm the presence of intra-helical salt bridges in TM segments during biogenesis and determined that they contribute between 0.5-0.7 kcal/mol to the apparent free energy of membrane insertion ({Delta}Gapp). Our observations suggest that salt bridge interactions can be stabilized during translocon-mediated insertion and thus could be relevant to consider for the future development of membrane protein prediction software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elofsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intra-helical salt bridge contribution to membrane protein insertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of chemical and biological problems associated with browning agents used in aquatic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inland waters receive and process large amounts of colored organic matter from the terrestrial surroundings. These inputs dramatically affect the chemical, physical, and biological properties of water bodies, as well as their roles as global carbon sinks and sources. To understand the complex changes associated with allochthonous inputs, experiments are needed. However, manipulative studies, especially at ecosystem scales, require large amounts of dissolved organic matter with optical and chemical properties resembling indigenous organic matter. Here we compared the chemical and biological impacts of two leonardite products (HuminFeed (HF) and SuperHume (SH)) and a freshly derived reverse osmosis concentrate of organic matter (RO) in a set of comprehensive mesocosm- and laboratory-scale experiments and analyses.

The chemical properties of RO concentrate and the leonardite products were very different with leonardite products being low and RO being high in carboxylic functional groups. Light had a strong impact on the properties of leonardite products, including loss of color and increased particle formation. Furthermore, HF had drastic impacts on bacteria as light stimulated bacterial production and modified community composition, while dark conditions appeared to inhibit bacterial processes. While none of the browning agents inhibited the growth of the tested phytoplankton, Gonyostomum semen, leonardite products had detrimental effects on zooplankton abundance and Daphnia reproduction. We conclude that the effects of browning agents extracted from leonardite are in sharp contrast to those originating from terrestrially-derived DOM. Hence, they should be used with great caution in experimental studies on the consequences of terrestrial carbon for aquatic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scharnweber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attermeyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertilsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolender, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einarsdottir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollnisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasset, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groeneveld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstrom, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overgaard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rengefors, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranvik, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of chemical and biological problems associated with browning agents used in aquatic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated video tracking and flight analysis show how bumblebees solve a pattern discrimination task using active vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active vision, the ability of the visual system to actively sample and select relevant information out of a visual scene through eye and head movements, has been explored in a variety of animal species. Small-brained animals such as insects might rely even more on sequential acquisition of pattern features since there might be less parallel processing capacity in their brains than in vertebrates. To investigate how active vision strategies enable bees to solve visual tasks, here, we employed a simple visual discrimination task in which individual bees were presented with a multiplication symbol and a 45{degrees} rotated version of the same pattern ("plus sign"). High-speed videography of unrewarded tests and analysis of the bees flight paths shows that only a small region of the pattern is inspected before successfully accepting a target or rejecting a distractor. The bees scanning behaviour of the stimuli differed for plus signs and multiplication signs, but for each of these, the flight behaviour was consistent irrespective of whether the pattern was rewarding or unrewarding. Bees typically oriented themselves at ~{+/-}30{degrees} to the patterns such that only one eye had an unobscured view of stimuli. There was a significant preference for initially scanning the left side of the stimuli. Our results suggest that the bees movement may be an integral part of a strategy to efficiently analyse and encode their environment.

Summary statementAutomated video tracking and flight analysis is proposed as the next milestone in understanding mechanisms underpinning active vision and cognitive visual abilities of bees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MaBouDi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiraud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated video tracking and flight analysis show how bumblebees solve a pattern discrimination task using active vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic switching outcompetes genetic mutations during adaptation to fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance allows for the emergence of phenotypic plasticity in clonal populations and enables the rapid stochastic switching between distinct phenotypes. In natural environments, where stress conditions can recurrently fluctuate, clones with an epigenetic control of genes targeted by selection should be fitter than clones that rely solely on genetic mutation. To test this prediction, we engineered switcher and non-switcher yeast strains, where the uracil biosynthesis gene URA3 is under fluctuating selection. Competitions of clones with an epigenetically controlled URA3 with clones without switching ability (SIR3 knock-out), show that epigenetic switching dominates under rapidly changing stresses. We further show that this advantage depends both on the switching rate and the period of environmental fluctuations. Remarkably, epigenetic clones with a high, but not with a low, rate of switching can co-exist with non-switchers even under a constant selective pressure, consistent with different constraints on the evolution of the rate of epigenetic switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic switching outcompetes genetic mutations during adaptation to fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug-bound and -free outward-facing structures of a multidrug ABC exporter point to a swing mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug ABC transporters translocate drugs across membranes by a mechanism for which the molecular features of drug release are so far unknown. Here, we resolved two ATP-Mg2+-bound outward-facing (OF) conformations of the Bacillus subtilis (homodimeric) BmrA, one by X-ray crystallography without drug, and another by single-particle cryo-EM with rhodamine 6G (R6G). Two R6G molecules bind to the drug-binding cavity at the level of the outer leaflet, between transmembrane (TM) helices 1-2 of one monomer and TM5-6 of the other. R6G induces a rearrangement of TM1-2, highlighting a flexibility that was confirmed by H/D exchange and molecular dynamics simulations. The latter also shows a fast post-release occlusion of the cavity driven by hydrophobicity. Altogether, these data support a new swing mechanism for drug transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaptal, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zampieri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orelle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di cesare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peuchmaur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcoux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jault, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumendjel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug-bound and -free outward-facing structures of a multidrug ABC exporter point to a swing mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.435611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GABAergic signaling in human and murine NK cells upon challenge with Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.435611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protective cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokine responses by natural killer (NK) cells impact the outcome of infections by Toxoplasma gondii, a common parasite in humans and other vertebrates. However, T. gondii can also sequester within NK cells and downmodulate their effector functions. Recently, the implication of {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in infection and inflammation-related responses of mononuclear phagocytes and T cells has become evident. Yet, the role of GABAergic signaling in NK cells has remained unknown. Here, we report that human and murine NK cells synthesize and secrete GABA in response to infection challenge. Parasitized NK cells secreted GABA while activation stimuli, such as IL-12/IL-18 or parasite lysates, failed to induce GABA secretion. GABA secretion by NK cells was associated to a transcriptional upregulation of GABA synthesis enzymes (GAD65/67) and was abrogated by GAD-inhibition. Further, NK cells expressed GABA-A receptor subunits and GABA signaling regulators, with transcriptional modulations taking place upon challenge with T. gondii. Exogenous GABA and GABA-containing supernatants from parasitized dendritic cells (DCs) impacted NK cell function by reducing the degranulation and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Conversely, GABA-containing supernatants from NK cells enhanced the migratory responses of parasitized DCs. This enhanced DC migration was abolished by GABA-A receptor antagonism or GAD-inhibition and was reconstituted by exogenous GABA. Jointly, the data show that NK cells are GABAergic cells and that GABA hampers NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro. We hypothesize that GABA secreted by parasitized immune cells modulates the immune responses to T. gondii infection.

Summary sentenceIn response to infection challenge, NK cells synthesize and secrete{gamma} -aminobutyric acid (GABA), which impacts NK cell and dendritic cell functions via GABA-A receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhandage, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson-Bjoerken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escrig-Larena, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.435611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GABAergic signaling in human and murine NK cells upon challenge with Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seqpac: A New Framework for small RNA analysis in R using Sequence-Based Counts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) has become important for studying regulatory mechanisms in many cellular processes. Data analysis remains challenging, mainly because each class of sRNA--such as miRNA, piRNA, tRNA- and rRNA-derived fragments (tRFs/rRFs)--needs special considerations. Analysis therefore involves complex workflows across multiple programming languages, which can produce research bottlenecks and transparency issues. To make analysis of sRNA more accessible and transparent we present seqpac: a tool for advanced group-based analysis of sRNA completely integrated in R. This opens advanced sRNA analysis for Windows users--from adaptor trimming to visualization. Seqpac provides a framework of functions for analyzing a PAC object, which contains 3 standardized tables: sample phenotypic information (P), sequence annotations (A), and a counts table with unique sequences across the experiment (C). By applying a sequence-based counting strategy that maintains the integrity of the fastq sequence, seqpac increases flexibility and transparency compared to other workflows. It also contains an innovative targeting system allowing sequence counts to be summarized and visualized across sample groups and sequence classifications. Reanalyzing published data, we show that seqpacs fastq trimming performs equal to standard software outside R and demonstrate how sequence-based counting detects previously unreported bias. Applying seqpac to new experimental data, we discovered a novel rRF that was down-regulated by RNA pol I inhibition (anticancer treatment), and up-regulated in previously published data from tumor positive patients. Seqpac is available on github (https://github.com/Danis102/seqpac), runs on multiple platforms (Windows/Linux/Mac), and is provided with a step-by-step vignette on how to analyze sRNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skog, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkenby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostlund Farrants, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seqpac: A New Framework for small RNA analysis in R using Sequence-Based Counts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-fibrotic activity of an antimicrobial peptide in a Drosophila model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrotic lesions accompany several pathological conditions including tumors. We show that expression of a dominant-active form of the Ras oncogene in Drosophila salivary glands (SGs) leads to redistribution of components of the basement membrane (BM) and fibrotic lesions. Similar to several types of mammalian fibrosis, the disturbed BM attracts clot components including insect transglutaminase and phenoloxidase. SG epithelial cells show reduced apico-basal polarity accompanied by a loss of secretory activity. Both the fibrotic lesions and the reduced cell polarity are alleviated by ectopic expression of the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin (Drs), which also restores secretory activity of the SGs. In addition to ECM components, both Drs and F-actin localize to fibrotic lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalcher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-fibrotic activity of an antimicrobial peptide in a Drosophila model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual selection affects the evolution of physiological and life history traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual selection and sexual conflict are expected to affect all aspects of the phenotype, not only traits that are directly involved in reproduction. Here, we show coordinated evolution of multiple physiological and life history traits in response to long-term experimental manipulation of the mating system in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Development time was extended under polyandry relative to monogamy in both sexes, potentially due to higher investment in traits linked to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Individuals (especially males) evolving under polyandry had higher metabolic rates and locomotor activity than those evolving under monogamy. Polyandry individuals also invested more in metabolites associated with increased endurance capacity and efficient energy metabolism and regulation, namely lipid and glycogen. Finally, polyandry males were less desiccation- and starvation-resistant than monogamy males, suggesting trade-offs between resistance and sexually selected traits. Our results provide experimental evidence that mating systems can impose selection that influences the evolution of non-sexual phenotypes such as development, activity, metabolism, and nutrient homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garlovsky, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual selection affects the evolution of physiological and life history traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nascent polypeptide sequence modulates DnaA translation elongation in response to nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to regulate DNA replication initiation in response to changing nutrient conditions is an important feature of most cell types. In bacteria, DNA replication is triggered by the initiator protein DnaA, which has long been suggested to respond to nutritional changes, nevertheless the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report a novel mechanism that adjusts DnaA synthesis in response to nutrient availability in Caulobacter crescentus. By performing a detailed biochemical and genetic analysis of the dnaA mRNA we identified a sequence downstream of the dnaA start codon that inhibits DnaA translation elongation upon carbon exhaustion. Our data show that the corresponding peptide sequence, but not the mRNA secondary structure or the codon choice, are critical for this response, suggesting that specific amino acids in the growing DnaA nascent chain tune translational efficiency. Our study provides new insights into DnaA regulation and highlights the importance of translation elongation as a regulatory target. We propose that nascent chain sequences, like the one described, might constitute a general strategy for modulating the synthesis rate of specific proteins under changing conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romilly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nascent polypeptide sequence modulates DnaA translation elongation in response to nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate brain displays enormous morphological variation and the quest to understand the evolutionary causes and consequences of this variation has spurred much research. The mosaic brain evolution hypothesis, stating that brain regions can evolve relatively independently, is an important idea in this research field. Here we provide experimental support for this hypothesis through an artificial selection experiment in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). After four generations of selection on relative telencephalon volume (relative to brain size) in replicated up-selected, down-selected and control-lines, we found substantial changes in telencephalon size, but no changes in other regions. Comparisons revealed that up-selected lines had larger telencephalon while down-selected lines had smaller telencephalon than wild Trinidadian populations. No cost of increasing telencephalon size was detected in offspring production. Our results support that independent evolutionary changes in specific brain regions through mosaic brain evolution can be important facilitators of cognitive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotrschal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial mosaic brain evolution of relative telencephalon size improves cognitive performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The telencephalon is a brain region believed to have played an essential role during cognitive evolution in vertebrates. However, till now, all the evidence on the evolutionary association between telencephalon size and cognition stem from comparative studies. To experimentally investigate the potential evolutionary association between cognitive abilities and telencephalon size, we used male guppies artificially selected for large and small telencephalon relative to the rest of the brain. In a detour task, we tested a functionally important aspect of executive cognitive ability; inhibitory control abilities. We found that males with larger telencephalon outperformed males with smaller telencephalon. They showed faster improvement in performance during detour training and were more successful in reaching the food reward without touching the transparent barrier. Together, our findings provide the first experimental evidence showing that evolutionary enlargements of relative telencephalon size confer cognitive benefits, supporting an important role for mosaic brain evolution during cognitive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial mosaic brain evolution of relative telencephalon size improves cognitive performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Up state of the SARS-COV-2 Spike homotrimer favors an increased virulence for new variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread widely worldwide. However, as soon as the vaccines were released - the only scientifically verified and efficient therapeutic option thus far - a few mutations combined into variants of SARS-CoV-2 that are more transmissible and virulent emerged raising doubts about their efficiency. Therefore, this work aims to explain possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased transmissibility and the increased rate of hospitalizations related to the new variants. A combination of theoretical methods was employed. Constant-pH Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to quantify the stability of several spike trimeric structures at different conformational states and the free energy of interactions between the receptor binding domain (RBD) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) for the most worrying variants. Electrostatic epitopes were mapped using the PROCEEDpKa method. These analyses showed that the increased virulence is more likely to be due to the improved stability to the S trimer in the opened state (the one in which the virus can interact with the cellular receptor ACE2) than due to alterations in the complexation RBD-ACE2, once the increased observed in the free energy values is small. Conversely, the South African variant (B.1.351), when compared with the wild type SARS-CoV-2, is much more stable in the opened state (either with one or two RBDs in the up position) than in the closed state (with the three RBDs in the down position). Such results contribute to the understanding of the natural history of disease and also to indicate possible strategies to both develop new therapeutic molecules and to adjust the vaccine doses for a higher production of B cells antibodies.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correa Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laaksonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso da Silva, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Up state of the SARS-COV-2 Spike homotrimer favors an increased virulence for new variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redetermination of the first unknown protein MicroED structure by high resolution X-ray diffraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has the potential to considerably impact the field of structural biology. Indeed, the method can solve atomic structures of a wide range of molecules, beyond the reach of single particle cryo-electron microscopy, exploiting crystals too small for X-ray diffraction (XRD) even using X-ray free-electron lasers. However, until the first unknown protein structure - a R2-like ligand-binding oxidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (SaR2lox) - was recently solved at 3.0 [A] resolution, MicroED had only been used to study known protein structures previously obtained by XRD. Here, after adapting sample preparation protocols, the structure of the SaR2lox protein originally solved by MicroED was redetermined by XRD at 2.1 [A] resolution. In light of the higher resolution XRD data and taking into account experimental differences of the methods, the quality of the MicroED structure is examined. The analysis demonstrates that MicroED provided an overall accurate model, revealing biologically relevant information specific to SaR2lox, such as the absence of an ether cross-link, but did not allow to detect the presence of a ligand visible by XRD in the protein binding pocket. Furthermore, strengths and weaknesses of MicroED compared to XRD are discussed in the perspective of this real-life protein example. The study provides fundaments to help MicroED become a method of choice for solving novel protein structures.

SynopsisThe first unknown protein structure solved by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) was recently published. The redetermination by X-ray diffraction of this protein structure provides new insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the promising MicroED method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redetermination of the first unknown protein MicroED structure by high resolution X-ray diffraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.437888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large and diverse autosomal haplotype is associated with sex-linked colour polymorphism in the guppy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.437888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colour polymorphism provides a tractable trait that can be harnessed to explore the evolution of sexual selection and sexual conflict. Male colour patterns of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are governed by both natural and sexual selection, and are typified by extreme pattern colour variation as a result of negative frequency dependent selection. Since guppy colour patterns are often inherited faithfully from fathers to sons, it has been historically presumed that colour genes are physically linked to sex determining loci as a  supergene on the sex chromosome. Yet the actual identity and genomic location of the colour pattern genes has remained elusive. We phenotyped and genotyped four guppy  Iso-Y lines, where colour was inherited along the patriline, but backcrossed into the stock population every 2 to 3 generations for 40 generations, thereby homogenising the genome at regions unrelated to colour. Using an unbiased phenotyping method to proportion colour pattern differences between and among the Iso-Y lines, we confirmed that the breeding design was successful in producing four distinct colour patterns. Our analysis of genome resequencing data of the four Iso-Y lines uncovered a surprising genetic architecture for colour pattern polymorphism. Genetic differentiation among Iso-Y lines was repeatedly associated with a large and diverse haplotype ([~]5Mb) on an autosome (LG1), not the sex chromosome (LG12). Moreover, the LG1 haplotype showed elevated linkage disequilibrium and exhibited evidence of sex-specific diversity when we examined whole-genome sequencing data of the natural source population. We hypothesise that colour pattern polymorphism is driven by Y-autosome epistasis, and conclude that predictions of sexual conflict should focus on incorporating the effects of epistasis in understanding complex adaptive architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paris, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiting, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer Obiol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Zee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.437888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large and diverse autosomal haplotype is associated with sex-linked colour polymorphism in the guppy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational clamping by a membrane ligand activates the EphA2 receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The EphA2 receptor is a promising drug target for cancer treatment, since EphA2 activation can inhibit metastasis and tumor progression. It has been recently described that the TYPE7 peptide activates EphA2 using a novel mechanism that involves binding to the single transmembrane domain of the receptor. TYPE7 is a conditional transmembrane (TM) ligand, which only inserts into membranes at neutral pH in the presence of the TM region of EphA2. However, how membrane interactions can activate EphA2 is not known. We systematically altered the sequence of TYPE7 to identify the binding motif used to activate EphA2. With the resulting six peptides, we performed biophysical and cell migration assays that identified a new potent peptide variant. We also performed a mutational screen that determined the helical interface that mediates dimerization of the TM domain of EphA2 in cells. These results, together with molecular dynamic simulations, allowed to elucidate the molecular mechanism that TYPE7 uses to activate EphA2, where the membrane peptide acts as a molecular clamp that wraps around the TM dimer of the receptor. We propose that this binding mode stabilizes the active conformation of EphA2. Our data, additionally, provide clues into the properties that TM ligands need to have in order to achieve activation of membrane receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, P. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational clamping by a membrane ligand activates the EphA2 receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unresolved phylogenomic tree of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): assessing the potential causes and consequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of molecular phylogenetics is being revolutionised with next-generation sequencing technologies making it possible to sequence large numbers of genomes for non-model organisms ushering us into the era of phylogenomics. The current challenge is no longer how to get enough data, but rather how to analyse the data and how to assess the support for the inferred phylogeny. We focus on one of the largest animal groups on the planet - butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera). We clearly demonstrate that there are unresolved issues in the inferred phylogenetic relationships of the major lineages, despite several recent phylogenomic studies of the group. We assess the potential causes and consequences of the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses. With a dataset consisting of 331 protein-coding genes and the alignment length over 290 000 base pairs, including 200 taxa representing 81% of lepidopteran superfamilies, we compare phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from amino acid and nucleotide alignments. The resulting two phylogenies are discordant, especially with respect to the placement of the superfamily Gelechioidea, which is likely due to compositional bias of both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. With a series of analyses, we dissect our dataset and demonstrate that there is sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve much of the lepidopteran tree of life. Overall, the results from the nucleotide alignment are more robust to the various perturbations of the data that we carried out. However, the lack of support for much of the backbone within Ditrysia makes the current butterfly and moth tree of life still unresolved. We conclude that taxon sampling remains an issue even in phylogenomic analyses, and recommend that poorly sampled highly diverse groups, such as Gelechioidea in Lepidoptera, should receive extra attention in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rota, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twort, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unresolved phylogenomic tree of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): assessing the potential causes and consequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genomes of two parasitic Cuscuta species show little evidence of horizontal gene transfer and retain unusually fragmented ccmFC genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe intimate association between parasitic plants and their hosts favours the exchange of genetic material, potentially leading to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between plants. With the recent publication of several parasitic plant nuclear genomes, there has been considerable focus on such non-sexual exchange of genes. To enhance the picture on HGT events in a widely distributed parasitic genus, Cuscuta (dodders), we assembled and analyzed the organellar genomes of two recently sequenced species, C. australis and C. campestris, making this the first account of complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) for this genus.

ResultsThe mitogenomes are 265,696 and 275,898 bp in length and contain a typical set of mitochondrial genes, with ten missing or pseudogenized genes often lost from angiosperm mitogenomes. Each mitogenome also possesses a structurally unusual ccmFC gene, which exhibits splitting of one exon and a shift to trans-splicing of its intron. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes from across angiosperms and similarity-based searches, there is little to no indication of HGT into the Cuscuta mitogenomes. A few candidate regions for plastome-to-mitogenome transfer were identified, with one suggestive of possible HGT.

ConclusionsThe lack of HGT is surprising given examples from the nuclear genomes, and may be due in part to the relatively small size of the Cuscuta mitogenomes, limiting the capacity to integrate foreign sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial genomes of two parasitic Cuscuta species show little evidence of horizontal gene transfer and retain unusually fragmented ccmFC genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin-dependent migratory switches regulate the translocation of Toxoplasma-infected dendritic cells across brain endothelial monolayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple cellular processes, such as immune responses and cancer cell metastasis, crucially depend on interconvertible migration modes. However, knowledge is scarce on how infectious agents impact the processes of cell adhesion and migration at restrictive biological barriers. In extracellular matrix, dendritic cells (DCs) infected by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii undergo mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT) for rapid integrin-independent migration. Here, in a cellular model of the blood-brain barrier, we report that parasitised DCs adhere to polarised endothelium and shift to integrin-dependent motility, accompanied by elevated transendothelial migration (TEM). Upon contact with endothelium, parasitised DCs dramatically reduced velocities and adhered under both static and shear stress conditions, thereby obliterating the infection-induced amoeboid motility displayed in collagen matrix. The motility of adherent parasitised DCs on endothelial monolayers was restored by blockade of {beta}1 and {beta}2 integrins or ICAM-1, which conversely reduced motility on collagen-coated surfaces. Moreover, parasitised DCs exhibited enhanced translocation across highly polarised primary murine brain endothelial cell monolayers. Blockade of {beta}1, {beta}2 integrins, ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 reduced TEM frequencies. Finally, gene silencing of the pan-integrin-cytoskeleton linker talin (Tln1) or of {beta}1 integrin (Itgb1) in primary DCs resulted in increased motility on endothelium and decreased TEM. Adding to the paradigms of leukocyte diapedesis, the findings provide novel insights in how an intracellular pathogen impacts the migratory plasticity of leukocytes in response to the cellular environment, to promote infection-related dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, E. .C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin-dependent migratory switches regulate the translocation of Toxoplasma-infected dendritic cells across brain endothelial monolayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome assemblies of three closely related leaf beetle species (Galerucella spp). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Galerucella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a leaf beetle genus that has been extensively used for ecological and evolutionary studies. It has also been used as biological control agent against invading purple loosestrife in North America, with large effects on biodiversity. Here we report genome assembly and annotation of three closely related Galerucella species: G. calmariensis, G. pusilla and G. tenella. The three assemblies have a genome size ranging from 460Mb to 588Mb, with N50 from 31,588kb to 79.674kb, containing 29,202 to 40,929 scaffolds. Using an ab initio evidence-driven approach, 30,302 to 33,794 protein-coding genes were identified and functionally annotated. These draft genomes will contribute to the understanding of host-parasitoid interactions, evolutionary comparisons of leaf beetle species and future population genomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hambäck, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome assemblies of three closely related leaf beetle species (Galerucella spp).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-animal pose estimation and tracking with DeepLabCut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating the pose of multiple animals is a challenging computer vision problem: frequent interactions cause occlusions and complicate the association of detected keypoints to the correct individuals, as well as having extremely similar looking animals that interact more closely than in typical multi-human scenarios. To take up this challenge, we build on DeepLabCut, a popular open source pose estimation toolbox, and provide high-performance animal assembly and tracking--features required for robust multi-animal scenarios. Furthermore, we integrate the ability to predict an animals identity directly to assist tracking (in case of occlusions). We illustrate the power of this framework with four datasets varying in complexity, which we release to serve as a benchmark for future algorithm development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menegas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soberanes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-animal pose estimation and tracking with DeepLabCut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rieske head domain dynamics and indazole-derivative inhibition of Candida albicans complex III 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cellular respiration, electron transfer between the integral membrane protein complexes of the electron transport chain is coupled to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which in turn powers synthesis of ATP and transmembrane transport processes. The homodimeric electron transport chain Complex III (CIII2) oxidizes ubiquinol (UQH2) to ubiquinone (UQ), transferring electrons to cytochrome c, and translocating protons through a mechanism known as the Q cycle. The Q cycle involves UQH2 oxidation and UQ reduction at two different sites within each CIII monomer, as well as movement of the head domain of the Rieske subunit. We used cryoEM to determine the structure of CIII2 from Candida albicans, revealing density for endogenous UQ in the structure and allowing us to directly visualize the continuum of conformations of the Rieske head domain. Analysis of these conformations does not indicate cooperativity in the position of the Rieske head domains or binding of ligands in the two CIIIs of the CIII2 dimer. CryoEM with the indazole derivative Inz-5, which inhibits fungal CIII2 and is fungicidal when administered with fungistatic azole drugs, showed that inhibition by Inz-5 alters the equilibrium of the Rieske head domain positions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Trani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitesell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rieske head domain dynamics and indazole-derivative inhibition of Candida albicans complex III]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complex interplay between balancing selection and introgression maintains a genus-wide alternative life-history strategy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative life-history strategies (ALHS) are genetic polymorphisms generating phenotypes differing in life histories that generally arise due to metabolic resource allocation tradeoffs. Althouigh ALHS are often be limited to a single sex or populations of a species, they can, in rare cases, be found among several species across a genus. In the butterfly genus Colias, at least a third of the species have a female limited ALHS called Alba. While many females develop brightly pigmented wings, Alba females reallocate nitrogen resources used in pigment synthesis to reproductive development, producing white-winged, more fecund females. Whether this ALHS evolved once or many times, and whether it has moved among species via introgression or been maintained via long-term balancing selection, has not been established. Answering these questions presents an opportunity to investigate the genetic basis and evolutionary forces acting upon ALHS, which have rarely been studied at a genus level. Here we identify the genetic locus of Alba in a second Colias species, allowing us to compare this with previous results in a larger phylogenetic context. Our findings suggest Alba has a singular origin and has been maintained in Colias through a combination of balancing selection and introgression for nearly one million years and at least as many generations. Finally, using CRISPR/Cas9 deletions in the cis-regulatory region of the Alba allele, we demonstrate that the Alba allele is a modular enhancer for the BarH1 gene and is necessary for the induction of the ALHS, which potentially facilitates its long-term persistence in the genus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>tunström, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woronik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichvarkhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoville, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficarrotta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complex interplay between balancing selection and introgression maintains a genus-wide alternative life-history strategy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic switch for male UV-iridescence in an incipient species pair of sulphur butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mating cues evolve rapidly and can contribute to species formation and maintenance. However, little is known about how sexual signals diverge and how this variation integrates with other barrier loci to shape the genomic landscape of reproductive isolation. Here, we elucidate the genetic basis of UV iridescence, a courtship signal that differentiates the males of Colias eurytheme butterflies from a sister species, allowing females to avoid costly heterospecific matings. Anthropogenic range expansion of the two incipient species established a large zone of secondary contact across the eastern US with strong signatures of genomic admixtures spanning all autosomes. In contrast, Z chromosomes are highly differentiated between the two species, supporting a disproportionate role of sex chromosomes in speciation known as the large-X (or large-Z) effect. Within this chromosome-wide reproductive barrier, linkage mapping indicates that cis-regulatory variation of bric a brac (bab) underlies the male UV-iridescence polymorphism between the two species. Bab is expressed in all non-UV scales, and butterflies of either species or sex acquire widespread ectopic iridescence following its CRISPR knock-out, demonstrating that Bab functions as a suppressor of UV-scale differentiation that potentiates mating cue divergence. These results highlight how a genetic switch can regulate a premating signal and integrate with other reproductive barriers during intermediate phases of speciation.

Significance statementIncipient species are at an intermediate stage of speciation where reproductive isolation is counteracted by the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Human activity sometimes leads such species to reunite, as seen in the Orange Sulphur butterfly, which forms large hybridizing populations with the Clouded Sulphur in alfalfa fields. Here we show that the sex chromosome maintains these species as distinct, while the rest of their genome is admixed. Sex chromosomes notably determine which males display to females a bright, iridescent ultraviolet signal on their wings. Genetic mapping, antibody stainings, and CRISPR knock-outs collectively indicate that the gene bric a brac controls whether UV-iridescent nanostructures develop in each species, elucidating how a master switch gene modulates a male courtship signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ficarrotta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francescutti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tunstrom, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Counterman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic switch for male UV-iridescence in an incipient species pair of sulphur butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SignalP 6.0 achieves signal peptide prediction across all types using protein language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal peptides (SPs) are short amino acid sequences that control protein secretion and translocation in all living organisms. As experimental characterization of SPs is costly, prediction algorithms are applied to predict them from sequence data. However, existing methods are unable to detect all known types of SPs. We introduce SignalP 6.0, the first model capable of detecting all five SP types. Additionally, the model accurately identifies the positions of regions within SPs, revealing the defining biochemical properties that underlie the function of SPs in vivo. Results show that SignalP 6.0 has improved prediction performance, and is the first model to be applicable to metagenomic data.

SignalP 6.0 is available at https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?SignalP-6.0
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teufel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armenteros, J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gislason, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihl, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winther, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SignalP 6.0 achieves signal peptide prediction across all types using protein language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete loss of mitochondrial complex I genes in mistletoes (Viscaceae) and evidence of polyadenylated mitochondrial transcripts shown by whole transcriptome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The profound absence of mitochondrial complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) genes from the mitogenome of Viscum spp. and the rapid rates of molecular evolution characterizing most of their remaining mitochondrial genes raise questions regarding the possible transfer of the entire nad gene set to the nucleus, as well as for the functionality of the remaining highly divergent genes. Using whole transcriptome sequencing in three species of Viscaceae: V. album, V. crassulae, and Phoradendron leucarpum we were able to confirm transcription of all previously identified genes. However, we did not detect any nad gene transcripts, thus, providing further evidence of the complete loss of complex I in Viscaceae. The results from transcriptome sequencing also revealed that levels and patterns of RNA editing were not different from those found in autotrophic plant species. Hence, RNA editing is not a means of restoring conserved domains or folding sites of the proteins coded for by the divergent mitochondrial genes. Since we were able to recover mitochondrial genes transcripts following a sequencing protocol targeted towards polyadenylated mRNA molecules, it is suggested that mitochondrial genes undergo post-transcriptional polyadenylation in Viscaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zervas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leebens-Mack, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete loss of mitochondrial complex I genes in mistletoes (Viscaceae) and evidence of polyadenylated mitochondrial transcripts shown by whole transcriptome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.447240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific and dynamic lignification at the cell-type level controls plant physiology and adaptability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.447240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biopolymer lignin, deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells, is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support of plants. Independently of the species, each different vascular cell type contains a conserved lignin chemistry with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry for each cell type remained unclear. Herein, we investigate the role of specific lignin chemistries for cellular function by producing single cell analyses on vascular cell morphotypes, all enabling sap conduction but differing in morphology. We found that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each morphotype. Moreover, lignin accumulates dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype during their maturation. For similar aromatic substitution, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility. Modifying this specific lignin chemistry impairs the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently reduces their capacity to optimally conduct water in normal conditions, and to recover from drought. Altogether, lignin chemistry is differently controlled for each sap conducting cell types during their maturation to dynamically adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to adapt to developmental and environmental constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaschek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriechbaum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuoendagula,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacsik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergström, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesquet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.447240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific and dynamic lignification at the cell-type level controls plant physiology and adaptability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The respiratory supercomplex from C. glutamicum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a preferentially aerobic Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum, which also includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the respiratory chain of these bacteria, complexes III (CIII) and IV (CIV) form a CIII2CIV2 supercomplex that catalyzes oxidation of menaquinol and reduction of dioxygen to water. Electron transfer within the CIII2CIV2 supercomplex is linked to transmembrane proton translocation, which maintains an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis and transport processes. We isolated the C. glutamicum supercomplex and used cryo-EM to determine its structure at 2.9 [A] resolution. The structure shows a central CIII2 dimer flanked by a CIV on each side. One menaquinone is bound in each of the QN and QP sites in each CIII, near the cytoplasmic and periplasmic sides, respectively. In addition, we identified a menaquinone positioned ~14 [A] from heme bL on the periplasmic side. A di-heme cyt. cc subunit provides an electronic connection between each CIII monomer and the adjacent CIV. In CIII2, the Rieske iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins are positioned with the iron near heme bL. Multiple subunits interact to form a convoluted sub-structure at the cytoplasmic side of the supercomplex, which defines a novel path that conducts protons into CIV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanofsky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöstrand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The respiratory supercomplex from C. glutamicum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproductive skew, fitness costs, and winner-loser effects in social-dominance evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social hierarchies can increase reproductive skew in group-living animals. Using game theory we investigate how the opportunity for differently ranked individuals to acquire resources influences reproductive skew, costs of hierarchy formation, and winner and loser effects. Individuals adjust their aggressive and submissive behaviour through reinforcement learning. The learning is based on perceived rewards and penalties, which depend on relative fighting ability. From individualbased simulations we determine evolutionary equilibria of traits that control an individuals learning. We examine situations that differ in the extent of monopolisation of contested resources by dominants and in the amounts of uncontested resources that are distributed independently of rank. With costly fighting, we find that stable dominance hierarchies form, such that reproductive skew mirrors the distribution of resources over ranks. Individuals pay substantial costs of interacting, in particular in high-skew situations, with the highest costs paid by intermediately ranked individuals. For cases where dominants monopolise contested resources there are notable winner and loser effects, with winner effects for high ranks and very pronounced loser effects for lower ranks. The effects are instead weak when acquired resources increase linearly with rank. We compare our results on contest costs and winner-loser effects with field and experimental observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproductive skew, fitness costs, and winner-loser effects in social-dominance evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing interplays between human XBP1u translational arrest peptide and 80S ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome stalling mechanism is a crucial biological process; yet its atomistic underpinning is still elusive. In this framework, the XBP1u translational arrest peptide (AP) plays a central role in regulating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report multi-microseconds all atom molecular dynamics simulations designed to probe the interactions between the XBP1u AP and the mammalian ribosome exit tunnel, both for the wild type AP and for four mutant variants of different arrest potency. Enhanced sampling simulations allow investigating the AP release process of the different variants shedding light on this complex mechanism. The present outcomes are in qualitative/quantitative agreement with available experimental data. In conclusion, we provide an unprecedented atomistic picture of this biological process and clear-cut insights into the key AP-ribosome interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Palma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decherchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Avila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Succi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing interplays between human XBP1u translational arrest peptide and 80S ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lon protease temporally restricts polar cell differentiation events during the Caulobacter cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly conserved protease Lon has important regulatory and protein quality control functions in cells from the three domains of life. Despite many years of research on Lon, only few specific protein substrates are known in most organisms. Here, we used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify novel substrates of Lon in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. We focused our study on proteins involved in polar cell differentiation and investigated the developmental regulator StaR and the flagella hook length regulator FliK as specific Lon substrates in detail. We show that Lon recognizes these proteins at their C-termini, and that Lon-dependent degradation ensures their temporally restricted accumulation in the cell cycle phase when their function is needed. Disruption of this precise temporal regulation of StaR and FliK levels in a{Delta} lon mutant contributes to defects in stalk biogenesis and motility, respectively, revealing a critical role of Lon in coordinating developmental processes with cell cycle progression. Our work underscores the importance of Lon in the regulation of complex temporally controlled processes by adjusting the concentrations of critical regulatory proteins. Furthermore, this study includes the first characterization of FliK in C. crescentus and uncovers a dual role of the C-terminal amino acids of FliK in protein function and degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omnus, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szwedo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lon protease temporally restricts polar cell differentiation events during the Caulobacter cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A supergene in seaweed flies modulates male traits and female perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supergenes, tightly linked allelic combinations that underlie complex adaptive phenotypes represent a critical mechanism protecting intra-specific polymorphism [1, 2]. Supergenes represent some of the best examples of balancing selection in nature and there is increasing evidence that disassortative mating, when individuals preferentially mate with dissimilar phenotypes, is a key force stabilizing supergene polymorphisms. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms and genetic basis of disassortative mating remain poorly known. Here, we examine a possible mechanism of disassortative mating driven by female mate choice in relation to the overdominant Cf-Inv(1) supergene in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida by investigating chemical communication and its genomic architecture. We show that Cf-Inv(1) strongly affects chemical signaling; cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) composition differed between genotypes in males but not females across two continents. In tandem, Cf-Inv(1) affected female perception of these compounds; females are able to sense 36 compounds from the male CHC cocktail but show differential perception between genotypes for almost half of them. This indicates that the genetic underpinnings of male traits and female perceptions are tightly linked within Cf-Inv(1) which likely facilitates disassortative mating [3]. A differential expression approach based on candidate genes for CHC biosynthesis and odorant detection revealed differential expression for CHC biosynthesis in males alone but broad changes in odorant receptors across both sexes. Furthermore, odorant genes clustered together within Cf-Inv(1), with some of them differing between arrangements by 8.3% at the protein level, suggesting evolution via tandem duplication then divergence. We propose that the tight linkage between overdominant loci, male traits, and female perception has helped to maintain the Cf-Inv(1) polymorphism across its range in the face of supergene degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozuraitis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apsegaite, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radziute, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A supergene in seaweed flies modulates male traits and female perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of mycobacterial CIII2CIV2 respiratory supercomplex bound to the tuberculosis drug candidate telacebec (Q203) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The imidazopyridine telacebec, also known as Q203, is one of only a few new classes of compounds in more than fifty years with demonstrated antituberculosis activity in humans. Telacebec inhibits the mycobacterial respiratory supercomplex composed of complexes III and IV (CIII2CIV2). In mycobacterial electron transport chains, CIII2CIV2 replaces canonical CIII and CIV, transferring electrons from the intermediate carrier menaquinol to the final acceptor, molecular oxygen, while simultaneously transferring protons across the inner membrane to power ATP synthesis. We show that telacebec inhibits the menaquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity of purified Mycobacterium smegmatis CIII2CIV2 at concentrations similar to those needed to inhibit electron transfer in mycobacterial membranes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in culture. We then used electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) to determine structures of CIII2CIV2 both in the presence and absence of telacebec. The structures suggest that telacebec prevents menaquinol oxidation by blocking two different menaquinol binding modes to prevent CIII2CIV2 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanofsky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Trani, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imming, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of mycobacterial CIII2CIV2 respiratory supercomplex bound to the tuberculosis drug candidate telacebec (Q203)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and lipid-mediated remodelling mechanism of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHA2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Na+/H+ exchangers catalyse an ion-exchange activity that is carried out in most, if not all cells. SLC9B2, also known as NHA2, correlates with the long-sought after sodium/lithium (Na+/Li+) exchanger linked to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension in humans. Despite its functional importance, structural information and the molecular basis of its ion-exchange mechanism have been lacking. Here, we report the cryo EM structures of bison NHA2 in detergent and in nanodiscs at 3.0 and 3.5 [A] resolution, respectively. NHA2 shares closest structural similarity to the bacterial electrogenic Na+/H+ antiporter NapA, rather than other mammalian SLC9A members. Nevertheless, SSM-based electrophysiology results with NHA2 show the catalysis of electroneutral rather than electrogenic ion exchange, and the ion-binding site is quite distinctive, with a tryptophan-arginine- glutamate triad separated from the well-established ion-binding aspartates. These triad residues fine-tune ion binding specificity, as demonstrated by a salt-bridge swap mutant that converts NHA2 into a Li+-specific transporter. Strikingly, an additional N-terminal helix in NHA2 establishes a unique homodimer with a large [~] 25 [A] intracellular gap between protomers. In the presence of phosphatidylinositol lipids, the N-terminal helix rearranges and closes this gap. We confirm that dimerization of NHA2 is required for activity in vivo, and propose that the N- terminal helix has evolved as a lipid-mediated remodelling switch for regulation of transport activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzikyriakidou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and lipid-mediated remodelling mechanism of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHA2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated activation of both TGFβ and BMP canonical pathways regulates autophagy and tissue regeneration in acetaminophen induced liver injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}s (TGF{beta}s)/Activins and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in numerous aspects of hepatic pathophysiology. However, the way by which hepatocytes integrate and decode the interplay between the TGF{beta}/Activin and BMP branches in health and disease is still not fully understood. To address this, TGF{beta}/BMP Smad- responsive double transgenic reporter mice were generated and utilized to map patterns of TGF{beta}- and/or BMP-pathway activation during acetaminophen- induced liver injury. TGF{beta} signaling was blocked either pharmacologically or by Smad7 over-expression and the transcriptomes of canonical TGF{beta}- and/or BMP4-treated hepatospheres and Smad7-treated livers were analyzed to highlight TGF{beta}-superfamily-regulated pathways and processes. Acetaminophen administration led to dynamically evolving, stage- and context-specific, patterns of hepatic TGF{beta}/Activin and BMP-reporter expression. TGF{beta}-superfamily signaling was activated in an autophagy prone zone at the borders between healthy and injured tissue. Inhibition of TGF{beta}-superfamily signaling attenuated autophagy, exacerbated liver histopathology, and finally led to accelerated tissue-recovery. Hallmarks of this process were the paraptosis-like cell death and the attenuation of immune and reparatory cell responses. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted autophagy as a prominent TGF{beta}1- and BMP4-regulated process and recognized Trp53inp2 as the top TGF{beta}-superfamily-regulated autophagy-related gene. Collectively, these findings implicate the coordinated activation of both canonical TGF{beta}-superfamily signalling branches in balancing autophagic response and tissue-reparatory and -regenerative processes upon acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, highlighting opportunities and putative risks associated with their targeting for treatment of hepatic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divolis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manioudaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavriil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrea, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sountoulidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolidou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsantoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritvos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germanidis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xilouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sideras, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated activation of both TGFβ and BMP canonical pathways regulates autophagy and tissue regeneration in acetaminophen induced liver injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-dependent and independent production of L-Dopa in the gut of Daphnia magna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host-microbiome interactions are essential for the physiological and ecological performance of the host, yet these interactions are challenging to identify. Neurotransmitters are commonly implicated in these interactions, but we know very little about the mechanisms of their involvement, especially in invertebrates. Here, we report a peripheral Catecholamine (CA) pathway involving the gut microbiome of the model species Daphnia magna. We demonstrate that: (1) tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase enzymes are present in the gut wall; (2) DOPA decarboxylase gene is expressed in the gut by the host, and its expression follows the molt cycle peaking after ecdysis; (3) biologically active L-Dopa, but not Dopamine, is present in the gut lumen; and (4) gut bacteria produce L-Dopa in a concentration-dependent manner when provided L-Tyrosine as a substrate. Impinging on gut bacteria involvement in host physiology and ecologically relevant traits, we suggest L-Dopa as a communication agent in the host-microbiome interactions in daphnids and, possibly, other crustaceans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Shehawy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecke-Johansson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribbenstedt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-dependent and independent production of L-Dopa in the gut of Daphnia magna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mg2+-dependent conformational equilibria in CorA: an integrated view on transport regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CorA family of proteins regulates the homeostasis of divalent metal ions in many bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic mitochondria, making it an important target in the investigation of the mechanisms of transport and its functional regulation. Although numerous structures of open and closed channels are now available for the CorA family, the mechanism of the transport regulation remains elusive. Here, we investigated the conformational distribution and associated dynamic behaviour of the pentameric Mg2+ channel CorA at room temperature using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). We find that neither the Mg2+-bound closed structure nor the Mg2+-free open forms are sufficient to explain the average conformation of CorA. Our data support the presence of conformational equilibria between multiple states, and we further find a variation in the behaviour of the backbone dynamics with and without Mg2+. We propose that CorA must be in a dynamic equilibrium between different non-conducting states, both symmetric and asymmetric, regardless of bound Mg2+ but that conducting states become more populated in Mg2+-free conditions. These properties are regulated by backbone dynamics and are key to understanding the functional regulation of CorA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johansen, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaccorsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengtsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tidemand, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berndtsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwish, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yepuri, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomorski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertarello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crehuet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubeis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintacuda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arleth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mg2+-dependent conformational equilibria in CorA: an integrated view on transport regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The control of transcriptional memory by stable mitotic bookmarking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To maintain cellular identities during development, gene expression profiles must be faithfully propagated through cell generations. The reestablishment of gene expression patterns upon mitotic exit is thought to be mediated, in part, by mitotic bookmarking by transcription factors (TF). However, the mechanisms and functions of TF mitotic bookmarking during early embryogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, taking advantage of the naturally synchronized mitoses of Drosophila early embryos, we provide evidence that the pioneer-like transcription factor GAF acts as stable mitotic bookmarker during zygotic genome activation. We report that GAF remains associated to a large fraction of its interphase targets including at cis-regulatory sequences of key developmental genes, with both active and repressive chromatin signatures. GAF mitotic targets are globally accessible during mitosis and are bookmarked via histone acetylation (H4K8ac). By monitoring the kinetics of transcriptional activation in living embryos, we provide evidence that GAF binding establishes competence for rapid activation upon mitotic exit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufourt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenden-Hasse, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trullo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zine El Aabidine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamarque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskill, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure-Gautron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrau, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulescu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The control of transcriptional memory by stable mitotic bookmarking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic signatures of sexual selection on pollen-expressed genes in Arabis alpina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fertilization in angiosperms involves the germination of pollen on the stigma, followed by the extrusion of a pollen tube that elongates through the style and delivers two sperm cells to the embryo sac. Sexual selection could occur throughout this process when male gametophytes compete for fertilization. The strength of sexual selection during pollen competition should be affected by the number of genotypes deposited on the stigma. As increased self-fertilization reduces the number of mating partners, and the genetic diversity and heterozygosity of populations, it should thereby reduce the intensity of sexual selection during pollen competition. Despite the prevalence of mating system shifts, few studies have directly compared the molecular signatures of sexual selection during pollen competition in populations with different mating systems. Here we analyzed whole-genome sequences from natural populations of Arabis alpina, a species showing mating system variation across its distribution, to test whether shifts from cross- to self-fertilization result in molecular signatures consistent with sexual selection on genes involved in pollen competition. We found evidence for efficient purifying selection on genes expressed in vegetative pollen, and overall weaker selection on sperm-expressed genes. This pattern was robust when controlling for gene expression level and specificity. In agreement with the expectation that sexual selection intensifies under cross-fertilization, we found that the efficacy of purifying selection on male gametophyte-expressed genes was significantly stronger in genetically more diverse and outbred populations. Our results show that intra-sexual competition shapes the evolution of pollen-expressed genes, and that its strength fades with increasing self-fertilization rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Valencia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laenen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desamore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drouzas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.457912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic signatures of sexual selection on pollen-expressed genes in Arabis alpina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PplD is a de-N-acetylase of the cell wall linkage unit of streptococcal rhamnopolysaccharides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell wall of the human bacterial pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) consists of peptidoglycan decorated with the Lancefield group A carbohydrate (GAC). GAC is a promising target for the development of GAS vaccines. In this study, employing chemical, compositional, and NMR methods, we show that GAC is attached to peptidoglycan via glucosamine 1-phosphate. This structural feature makes the GAC-peptidoglycan linkage highly sensitive to cleavage by nitrous acid and resistant to mild acid conditions. Using this characteristic of the GAS cell wall, we identify PplD as a protein required for deacetylation of linkage N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). X-ray structural analysis indicates that PplD performs catalysis via a modified acid/base mechanism. Genetic surveys in silico together with functional analysis indicate that PplD homologs deacetylate the polysaccharide linkage in many streptococcal species. We further demonstrate that introduction of positive charges to the cell wall by GlcNAc deacetylation protects GAS against host cationic antimicrobial proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rush, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parajuli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohane, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamakhaeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambeau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federle, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotkov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmalm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PplD is a de-N-acetylase of the cell wall linkage unit of streptococcal rhamnopolysaccharides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female fruit flies cannot protect stored sperm from high temperature damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, it has been demonstrated that heat-induced male sterility is likely to shape population persistence as climate change progresses. However, an under-explored possibility is that females may be able to successfully store and preserve sperm at temperatures that sterilise males, which could ameliorate the impact of male infertility on populations. Here, we test whether females from two fruit fly species can protect stored sperm from a high temperature stress. We find that sperm carried by female Drosophila virilis are almost completely sterilised by high temperatures, whereas sperm carried by female Zaprionus indianus show only slightly reduced fertility. Heat-shocked D. virilis females can recover fertility when allowed to remate, suggesting that the delivered heat-shock is destroying stored sperm and not directly damaging females in this species. The temperatures required to reduce fertility of mated females are substantially lower than the temperatures required to destroy mature sperm in males, suggesting that females are worse than males at protecting mature sperm. This suggests that female sperm storage is unlikely to ameliorate the impacts of high temperature fertility losses in males, and instead exacerbates fertility costs of high temperatures, representing an important determinant of population persistence during climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parratt, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female fruit flies cannot protect stored sperm from high temperature damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthesis of senescence predictions for indeterminate growth, and support from multiple tests in wild lake trout 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescence, or the deterioration of functionality with age, varies widely across taxa in pattern and rate. Insights into why and how this variation occurs are hindered by the predominance of lab-focused research on short-lived model species with determinate growth. We synthesize evolutionary theories of senescence, highlight key information gaps, and clarify predictions for species with low mortality and variable degrees of indeterminate growth. Lake trout are an ideal species to evaluate predictions in the wild. We monitored individual males from two populations (1976-2017) longitudinally for changes in adult mortality (actuarial senescence) and body condition (proxy for energy balance). A cross-sectional approach (2017) compared young (ages 4-10 years) and old (18-37 years) adults for (1) phenotypic performance in body condition, and semen quality - which is related to fertility under sperm competition (reproductive senescence), and (2) relative telomere length (potential proxy for cellular senescence). Adult growth in these particular populations is constrained by a simplified food web, and our data support predictions of negligible senescence when maximum size is only slightly larger than maturation size. Negative senescence (aka reverse senescence) may occur in other lake trout populations where diet shifts allow maximum sizes to be much larger than maturation size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Purchase, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooke, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treberg, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthesis of senescence predictions for indeterminate growth, and support from multiple tests in wild lake trout]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal (hydroxy)prolines deuterium content redefines hydrogen chemical mass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysing the {delta}2H in individual amino acids of proteins extracted from vertebrates, we unexpectedly found in some samples, notably bone collagen from seals, more than twice as much deuterium in proline and hydroxyproline residues than in seawater. This corresponds to at least four times higher {delta}2H than in any previously reported biogenic sample. We ruled out diet as a plausible mechanism for such anomalous enrichment. This finding puts into question the old adage that you are what you eat.

SUMMARYThe chemical mass of hydrogen is defined as an interval from the lowest to the highest content of deuterium 2H, hydrogens heavy stable isotope. Measurements of the deviations {delta}2H in the deuterium content from the standard (ocean water, {delta}2H = 0{per thousand}) are used to characterise biological samples, such as animal bone collagen. The results are often interpreted in terms of the trophic level and diet of the animal as well as prevailing climate during its lifetime. The majority of the published bone collagen {delta}2H data fall into a narrow {delta}2H range limited to {+/-}100{per thousand}. Using novel analysis method, we unexpectedly found greatly higher {delta}2H values, up to 1500{per thousand}, in seal bone collagen. Such anomalous deuterium enrichment is detected only in two amino acid residues, proline and its derivative hydroxyproline, while other residues show much smaller {delta}2H values. Anomalously high {delta}2H values, albeit of lower magnitudes, are also found for these residues in other biological sources. This finding substantially expands the upper bound of the hydrogen chemical mass for biogenic sources. Since neither diet nor environment explain these mysteriously high enrichment levels amounting to more than twice deuterium content in sea water, our understanding of stable isotopes in nature, as well as the old adage "you are what you eat", are put in question.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharibi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernobrovkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dibavar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmons, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchener, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalthoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal (hydroxy)prolines deuterium content redefines hydrogen chemical mass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.467418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling signatures of selection before and after European colonization in Latin Americans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.467418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout human evolutionary history, large-scale migrations have led to intermixing (i.e., admixture) between previously separated human groups. While classical and recent work have shown that studying admixture can yield novel historical insights, the extent to which this process contributed to adaptation remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a novel statistical model, specific to admixed populations, that identifies loci under selection while determining whether the selection likely occurred post-admixture or prior to admixture in one of the ancestral source populations. Through extensive simulations we show that this method is able to detect selection, even in recently formed admixed populations, and to accurately differentiate between selection occurring in the ancestral or admixed population. We apply this method to genome-wide SNP data of ~4,000 individuals in five admixed Latin American cohorts from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Our approach replicates previous reports of selection in the HLA region that are consistent with selection post-admixture. We also report novel signals of selection in genomic regions spanning 47 genes, reinforcing many of these signals with an alternative, commonly-used local-ancestry-inference approach. These signals include several genes involved in immunity, which may reflect responses to endemic pathogens of the Americas and to the challenge of infectious disease brought by European contact. In addition, some of the strongest signals inferred to be under selection in the Native American ancestral groups of modern Latin Americans overlap with genes implicated in energy metabolism phenotypes, plausibly reflecting adaptations to novel dietary sources available in the Americas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon-Duque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Guajardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera Lozano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Valdes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villamil-Ramirez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva de Cerqueira, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badillo Rivera, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Colon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunemeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramallo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler-Faccini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Jose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catira Bortolini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canizales-Quinteros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothhammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Linares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.467418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling signatures of selection before and after European colonization in Latin Americans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NUDT18 catalyzes hydrolysis of active metabolites of the antivirals Remdesivir and Ribavirin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remdesivir and Molnupiravir have gained considerable interest due to their activity against SARS-CoV-2. Cellular hydrolysis of their active triphosphate forms, Remdesivir-TP and Molnupiravir-TP, would decrease drug efficiency. We therefore tested Remdesivir-TP as a substrate against a panel of human hydrolases and found that NUDT18 catalyzes the hydrolysis of Remdesivir-TP. The kcat value of NUDT18 for Remdesivir-TP was determined to 2.6 s-1 and the Km value was 156 M, suggesting that NUDT18 catalyzed hydrolysis of Remdesivir-TP occurs in cells. We demonstrate that the triphosphates of the antivirals Ribavirin and Molnupiravir are hydrolyzed by NUDT18, albeit with a lower efficiency compared to Remdesivir-TP. NUDT18 also hydrolyses the triphosphates of Sofosbuvir and Aciclovir although with significantly lower activity. These results suggest that NUDT18 can act as a cellular sanitizer of modified nucleotides and may influence the antiviral efficacy of Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Ribavirin. NUDT18 is expressed in respiratory epithelial cells and may limit the antiviral efficacy of Remdesivir and Molnupiravir against SARS-CoV2 replication by decreasing the intracellular concentration of their active metabolites at their intended site of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jemth, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaletti, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helleday, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NUDT18 catalyzes hydrolysis of active metabolites of the antivirals Remdesivir and Ribavirin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny of the ingoid clade (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae), based on nuclear and plastid data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated generic relationships in the ingoid clade (Fabaceae) (sensu Koenen & al. 2020a), with main focus on genera with a taxonomic history in Calliandra s.l. of the tribe Ingeae (i.e. Afrocalliandra, Calliandra s.s., Sanjappa, Thailentadopsis, Viguieranthus, Zapoteca), and three genera of the tribe Acacieae (i.e., Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia). The nuclear ribosomal ETS and ITS, and the plastid matK, trnL-trnF and ycf1 DNA-regions were analysed for 246 representatives from 36 genera using maximum likelihood as implemented in IQ-tree. The results show an Ingeae-Acacia clade within the ingoid clade, resolved in three major clades. Clade 1 (Calliandra s.s. and Afrocalliandra) is sister to clades 2 and 3. Clade 2 comprises Faidherbia, Sanjappa, Thailentadopsis, Viguieranthus and Zapoteca. Clade 3 comprises the remaining genera of the Ingeae, plus Acacia. The ingoid genus Senegalia is excluded from the Ingeae-Acacia clade. Acaciella is sister to the remaining ingoid clade when nuclear ribosomal data is included in the analyses, but included in the Ingeae-Acacia clade based on plastid data. Acacia and perhaps also Acaciella are thus nested within Ingeae. Species traditionally referred to Calliandra (Calliandra s.l.) are resolved in two clades, and the "Calliandra-pod" has apparently evolved independently several times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikstrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staahl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny of the ingoid clade (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae), based on nuclear and plastid data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.04.471218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What can the cold-induced transcriptomes of Arctic Brassicaceae tell us about the evolution of cold tolerance? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.04.471218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LILittle is known about the evolution of cold tolerance in polar plant species and how they differ from their temperate relatives. To gain insight into their biology and the evolution of cold tolerance, we compared the molecular basis of cold response in three Arctic Brassicaceae species.
C_LIO_LIWe conducted a comparative time series experiment to examine transcriptional responses to low temperature. RNA was sampled at 22 {degrees}C, and after 3h, 6h, and 24h at 2 {degrees}C. We then identified sets of genes that were differentially expressed in response to cold and compared them between species, as well as to published data from the temperate Arabidopsis thaliana.
C_LIO_LIMost differentially expressed genes were species-specific, but a significant portion of the cold response was also shared among species. Among thousands of differentially expressed genes, [~]200 were shared among the three Arctic species and A. thaliana, while [~]100 were exclusively shared among the three Arctic species.
C_LIO_LIOur results show that cold response differs markedly between Arctic Brassicaceae species, but likely builds on a conserved basis found across the family. They also confirm that highly polygenic traits such as cold tolerance may show little repeatability in their patterns of adaptation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birkeland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brysting, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hvidsten, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brochmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.04.471218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What can the cold-induced transcriptomes of Arctic Brassicaceae tell us about the evolution of cold tolerance?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Prion Protein Octarepeat Domain Forms Transient β-sheet Structures Upon Residue-Specific Cu(II) and Zn(II) Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is associated with the development of fatal neurodegenerative diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Metal ions appear to play a crucial role in the protein misfolding, and metal imbalance may be part of TSE pathologies. PrPC is a combined Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal binding protein, where the main metal binding site is located in the octarepeat (OR) region. Here, we used biophysical methods to characterize Cu(II) and Zn(II) binding to the isolated OR region. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy data suggest that the OR domain binds up to four Cu(II) ions or two Zn(II) ions. Upon metal binding, the OR region seems to adopt a transient antiparallel {beta}-sheet hairpin structure. Fluorescence spectroscopy data indicates that under neutral conditions, the OR region can bind both Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions, whereas under acidic conditions it binds only Cu(II) ions. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that binding of both metal ions to the OR region results in formation of {beta}-hairpin structures. As formation of {beta}-sheet structures is a first step towards amyloid formation, we propose that high concentrations of either Cu(II) or Zn(II) ions may have a pro-amyloid effect in TSEs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gielnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svedruzic, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graslund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmlander, S. K. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Prion Protein Octarepeat Domain Forms Transient β-sheet Structures Upon Residue-Specific Cu(II) and Zn(II) Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can associative learning be the general process for intelligent behavior in non-human animals? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The general process- and adaptive specialization hypotheses represent two contrasting explanations for understanding intelligence in non-human animals. The general process hypothesis proposes that associative learning underlies all learning, whereas the adaptive specialization hypothesis suggests additional distinct learning processes required for intelligent behavior. Here, we use a selection of experimental paradigms commonly used in comparative cognition to explore these hypotheses. We tested if a novel computational model of associative learning -- A-learning -- could solve the problems presented in these tests. Results show that this formulation of associative learning suffices as a mechanism for general animal intelligence, without the need for adaptive specialization, as long as adequate motor- and perceptual systems are there to support learning. In one of the tests, however, the addition of a short-term trace memory was required for A-learning to solve that particular task. We further provide a case study showcasing the flexibility, and lack thereof, of associative learning, when looking into potential learning of self-control and the development of behavior sequences. From these simulations we conclude that the challenges do not so much involve the complexity of a learning mechanism, but instead lie in the development of motor- and perceptual systems, and internal factors that motivate agents to explore environments with some precision, characteristics of animals that have been fine-tuned by evolution for million of years.

Author summaryWhat causes animal intelligence? One hypothesis is that, among vertebrates, intelligence relies upon the same general processes for both memory and learning. A contrasting hypothesis states that important aspects of animal intelligence come from species- and problem specific cognitive adaptations. Here, we use a recently formulated model of associative learning and subject it, through computer simulations, to a battery of tests designed to probe cognitive abilities in animals. Our computer simulations show that this associative learning model can account well for how animals learn these various tasks. We conclude that a major challenge in understanding animal and machine intelligence lies in describing behavior systems. Specifically, how motor flexibility and perceptual systems together with internal factors allow animals and machines to navigate the world. As a consequence of our results, together with current progress in both animal- and machine learning, we cannot reject the idea that associative learning provides a general process for animal intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinken, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can associative learning be the general process for intelligent behavior in non-human animals?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amino acid substitutions in human growth hormone affect coiled-coil content and receptor binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction between human Growth Hormone (hGH) and hGH Receptor (hGHR) has great relevance to human diseases such as acromegaly and cancer. HGH has been extensively engineered by other workers to improve binding and other properties. We used a computational screen to select substitutions at single hGH positions within the hGHR-binding site. We find that, while many successfully slow down dissociation of the hGH-hGHR complex once bound, they also slow down the association of hGH to hGHR. We are particularly interested in E174 which belongs to the hGH zinc-binding triad, and which spans coiled-coil helices and obeys the coiled-coil heptad pattern. Surprisingly, substituting E174 with A leads to substantial increase in an experimental measure of coiled-coil content. E174A is known to increase affinity of hGH against hGHR; here we show that this is simply because the off-rate is slowed down more than the on-rate, in line with what has been found for other affinity-improving mutations. For E174Y (and mutations at other sites) the slowdown in on-rate was greater, leading to decreased affinity. The results point to a link between coiled-coiling, zinc binding, and hGHR-binding affinity in hGH, and also suggest rules for choosing affinity-increasing substitutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchugal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdurakhmanov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gräslund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wärmländer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielson, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amino acid substitutions in human growth hormone affect coiled-coil content and receptor binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic localisation of DamX regulates bacterial filamentation and division during UPEC dispersal from host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cells can grow into highly filamentous forms during infection of bladder epithelial cells, but this process is poorly understood. Herein we found that some UPEC filaments released from infected bladder cells in vitro grew very rapidly and by more than 100 {micro}m before initiating division, whereas others did not survive, suggesting that filamentation is a stress response that promotes dispersal. The DamX bifunctional division protein, which is essential for UPEC filamentation, was initially non-localized but then assembled at multiple division sites in the filaments prior to division. DamX rings maintained consistent thickness during constriction and remained at the septum until after membrane fusion was completed, like in rod cell division. Our findings suggest a mechanism involving regulated dissipation of DamX, leading to division arrest and filamentation, followed by its reassembly into division rings to promote UPEC dispersal and survival during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soderstrom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic localisation of DamX regulates bacterial filamentation and division during UPEC dispersal from host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSP70-binding motifs function as protein quality control degrons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein quality control (PQC) degrons are short protein segments that target misfolded proteins for proteasomal degradation, and thus protect cells against the accumulation of potentially toxic non-native proteins. Studies have shown that PQC degrons are hydrophobic and rarely contain negatively charged residues, features which are shared with chaperone-binding regions. Here we explore the notion that chaperone-binding regions may function as PQC degrons. When directly tested, we found that a canonical Hsp70-binding motif (the APPY peptide) functioned as a dose-dependent PQC degron both in yeast and in human cells. In yeast, Hsp70, Hsp110, Fes1, and the E3 Ubr1 target the APPY degron. Screening revealed that the sequence space within the chaperone-binding region of APPY that is compatible with degron function is vast. We find that the number of exposed Hsp70-binding sites in the yeast proteome correlates with a reduced protein abundance and half-life. Our results suggest that when protein folding fails, chaperone-binding sites may operate as PQC degrons, and PQC-linked degradation therefore overlaps in specificity with chaperone binding. This sheds new light on how the PQC system has evolved to exploit the intrinsic capacity of chaperones to recognize misfolded proteins, thereby placing them at the nexus of protein folding and degradation.

Significance StatementIt is broadly accepted that misfolded proteins are often rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but how cells specifically recognize this immensely diverse group of proteins is largely unknown. Here we show that upon uncoupling of protein folding from protein degradation, a canonical chaperone-binding motif doubles as a degradation signal (degron), and that within the context of a Hsp70-binding region, many sequences are compatible with degron function. We find that degradation is correlated with the number of Hsp70-binding sites within a protein, and that the number of exposed Hsp70-binding sites in the yeast proteome correlates with more rapid degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abildgaard, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmeyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann-Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSP70-binding motifs function as protein quality control degrons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional design of bacterial superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superoxide anion - molecular oxygen reduced by a single electron - is produced in large amounts by enzymatic and adventitious reactions and can perform a range of cellular functions, including bacterial warfare and iron uptake, signalling and host immune response in eukaryotes. However, it also serves as precursor for more deleterious species such as the hydroxyl anion or peroxynitrite and therefore, cellular defense mechanisms for superoxide neutralization have evolved. In addition to the soluble proteins superoxide dismutase and superoxide reductase, recently the membrane embedded diheme cytochrome b561(CybB) from E. coli has been proposed to act as a superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase. Here, we confirm superoxide and cellular ubiquinones or menaquinones as natural substrates and show that quinone binding to the enzyme accelerates the reaction with superoxide. The reactivity of the substrates is in accordance with the here determined midpoint potential of the two b hemes (+48 and -23 mV / NHE). Our data suggest that the enzyme can work near the diffusion limit in the forward direction and can also catalyse the reverse reaction efficiently under physiological conditions. The data is discussed in context of described cytochrome b561 proteins and potential physiological roles of CybB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>von Ballmoos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Hamdan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossenbacher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöstrand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.473985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional design of bacterial superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upstream charged and hydrophobic residues impact the timing of membrane insertion of transmembrane helices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During SecYEG-mediated cotranslational insertion of membrane proteins, transmembrane helices (TMHs) first make contact with the membrane when their N-terminal end is ~45 residues away from the peptidyl transferase center. However, we recently uncovered instances where the first contact is delayed by up to ~10 residues. Here, we recapitulate these effects using a model TMH fused to two short segments from the BtuC protein: a positively charged loop and a re-entrant loop. We show that the critical residues are two Arg residues in the positively charged loop and four hydrophobic residues in the re-entrant loop. Thus, both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions involving sequence elements that are not part of a TMH can impact the way the latter behaves during membrane insertion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolaus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Besten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upstream charged and hydrophobic residues impact the timing of membrane insertion of transmembrane helices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards an optimal monoclonal antibody with higher binding affinity to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins from different variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A highly efficient and robust multiple scales in silico protocol, consisting of atomistic constant charge Molecular Dynamics (MD), constant-charge coarse-grain (CG) MD and constant-pH CG Monte Carlo (MC), has been used to study the binding affinities, the free energy of complexation of selected antigen-binding fragments of the monoclonal antibody (mAbs) CR3022 (originally derived from SARS-CoV-1 patients almost two decades ago) and 11 SARS-CoV-2 variants including the wild type. CR3022 binds strongly to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, but chooses a different site rather than the receptor-binding motif (RBM) of RBD, allowing its combined use with other mAbs against new emerging virus variants. Totally 235,000 mAbs structures were generated using the RosettaAntibodyDesign software, resulting in top 10 scored CR3022-RBD complexes with critical mutations and compared to the native one, all having the potential to block virus-host cell interaction. Of these 10 finalists, two candidates were further identified in the CG simulations to be clearly best against all virus variants, and surprisingly, all 10 candidates and the native CR3022 did exhibit a higher affinity for the Omicron variant with its highest number of mutations (15) of them all considered in this study. The multiscale protocol gives us a powerful rational tool to design efficient mAbs. The electrostatic interactions play a crucial role and appear to be controlling the affinity and complex building. Clearly, mAbs carrying a lower net charge show a higher affinity. Structural determinants could be identified in atomistic simulations and their roles are discussed in detail to further hint at a strategy towards designing the best RBD binder. Although the SARS-CoV-2 was specifically targeted in this work, our approach is generally suitable for many diseases and viral and bacterial pathogens, leukemia, cancer, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid, arthritis, lupus, and more.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neamtu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laaksonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso da Silva, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards an optimal monoclonal antibody with higher binding affinity to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins from different variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental origins of cell heterogeneity in the human lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lung contains numerous specialized cell-types with distinct roles in tissue function and integrity. To clarify the origins and mechanisms generating cell heterogeneity, we created a first comprehensive topographic atlas of early human lung development. We report 83 cell states, several spatially-resolved developmental trajectories and predict cell interactions within defined tissue niches. We integrated scRNA-Seq and spatial transcriptomics into a web-based, open platform for interactive exploration. To illustrate the utility of our approach we show distinct states of secretory and neuroendocrine cells, largely overlapping with the programs activated either during lung fibrosis or small cell lung cancer progression. We define the origin of uncharacterized airway fibroblasts associated with airway smooth muscle in bronchovascular bundles, and describe a trajectory of Schwann cell progenitors to intrinsic parasympathetic neurons controlling bronchoconstriction. Our atlas provides a rich resource for further research and a reference for defining deviations from homeostatic and repair mechanisms leading to pulmonary diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sountoulidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Salas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avenel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarnewski Barenco, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theelke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liontos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abalo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Casals, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firsova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wählby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundström, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental origins of cell heterogeneity in the human lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An essential function for autocrine Hedgehog signaling in epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the trachea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tracheal epithelium is a primary target for pulmonary diseases as it provides a conduit for air flow between the environment and the lung lobes. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying airway epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation remain poorly understood. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling orchestrates communication between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the lung, where it modulates stromal cell proliferation, differentiation and signaling back to the epithelium. Here, we reveal a new, autocrine function of Hh signaling in airway epithelial cells. Epithelial cell depletion of the ligand Sonic hedgehog (SHH) or its effector Smoothened (SMO) causes defects in both epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. In cultured primary human airway epithelial cells, Hh signaling inhibition also hampers cell proliferation and differentiation. Epithelial Hh function is mediated, at least in part, through transcriptional activation as Hh signaling inhibition leads to downregulation of cell-type specific transcription factor genes in both the mouse trachea and human airway epithelial cells. These results provide new insights into the role of Hh signaling in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during airway development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liontos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fysikopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sountoulidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainier, D. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An essential function for autocrine Hedgehog signaling in epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the trachea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians were Migration Period nomadic groups which arrived in three successive waves in the Carpathian Basin between the 5th and 9th centuries. Based on historical data each of these groups are thought to have arrived from Asia, although their exact origin and relation to other ancient and modern populations has been debated. In this study we have sequenced 9 Hun, 143 Avar and 113 Hungarian conquest period samples, and identified three core populations, representing immigrants from each period, with no recent European ancestry. Our results suggest that this "immigrant core" of both Huns and Avars originated in present day Mongolia, and their origin can be traced back to Xiongnus. On the other hand, the "immigrant core" of the conquering Hungarians derived from an earlier admixture of Mansis, early Sarmatians and descendants of late Xiongnus. In addition, we detected shared Hun-related ancestry in numerous Avar and Hungarian conquest period genetic outliers indicating a genetic link between these successive nomadic groups. Aside from the immigrant core groups we identified that the majority of the individuals from each period were local residents, harboring "native European" ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maroti, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neparaczki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, G. I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyerki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latinovics, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tihanyi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcsik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palfi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallina, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maixner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotherstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalontai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szenthe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacsoczy, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenic methane cycling is controlled by microbial cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation and consumption of methane by aquatic microbial communities is an important contribution to the global carbon budget. We sought to broaden understanding of consortia members and interactions by combining multiple methods including analysis of natural and cultivated microbial communities. By analysing the microbial community composition and co-occurrence patterns of a lake time-series we were able to identify potential consortia involved in methane cycling. In combination with methane flux, we also analysed the community composition and co-occurrence patterns of reduced microbial model communities with inoculum from the same lake. While the network analyses confirmed many known associations, when combined with results from mixed cultures, we noted new players in methane cycling. Cultivated model communities were shown to be an effective method to explore the rarer but still important players in methane cycling and for identifying new putative members. Here we show that using multiple methods to approach the complex problem of methane cycling consortia yields not just insights into the known taxa but highlights potential new members creating new hypotheses to be tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenic methane cycling is controlled by microbial cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fgfr2b signaling is essential for the maintenance of the alveolar epithelial type 2 lineage during lung homeostasis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b) signaling is essential throughout lung development to form the alveolar epithelial lineage. However, its role in alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2s) homeostasis was recently considered dispensable. SftpcCreERT2; tdTomatoflox/flox mice were used to delete Fgfr2b expression in cells belonging to the AT2 lineage, which contains mature AT2s and a novel SftpcLow lineage-traced population called "injury activated alveolar progenitors" or IAAPs. Upon continuous tamoxifen exposure for either one or two weeks to delete Fgfr2b, a shrinking of the AT2s is observed. Mature AT2s exit the cell cycle, undergo apoptosis and fail to form alveolospheres in vitro. However, the lung morphometry appears normal, suggesting the involvement of compensatory mechanisms. In mutant lungs, IAAPs which escaped Fgfr2b deletion expand, display enhanced alveolosphere formation in vitro and increase drastically their AT2 signature suggesting differentiation towards mature AT2s. Interestingly, a significant increase in AT2s and decrease in IAPPs occurs after a one-week tamoxifen exposure followed by an eight-week chase period. While mature AT2s partially recover their alveolosphere formation capabilities, the IAAPs no longer display this property. Single-cell RNA seq analysis confirms that AT2s and IAAPs represent stable and distinct cell populations and recapitulate some of their characteristics observed in vivo. Our results underscore the essential role played by Fgfr2b signaling in the maintenance of the AT2 lineage in the adult lung and suggest that the IAAPs could represent a new population of AT2 progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmadvand, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingampally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Armendariz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carraro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Alam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellusci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fgfr2b signaling is essential for the maintenance of the alveolar epithelial type 2 lineage during lung homeostasis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences between Omicron SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other variants in their ability to interact with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has caused immeasurable damage worldwide and available treatments with high efficacy are still scarce. With the continuous emergence of new variants of the virus, such as Omicron, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta - the so-called variants of concern, the available therapeutic and prevention strategies had to return to the experimental trial to verify their effectiveness against them. This work aims to expand the knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) interactions with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Special attention is given to the Omicron variant and its comparison with the others, including its sublineage BA.2 and two new ones (B.1.640.1 and B.1.640.2/IHU) recently found in France. By using constant-pH Monte Carlo simulations, the free energy of interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) from different variants and several partners (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) polymorphisms and several mAbs) were calculated. It was evaluated both the impact of mutations for the RBD-ACE2 and how strongly each of mAb can bind to the virus RBD, which can indicate their therapeutic potential for neutralization. RBD-ACE2-binding affinities were higher for two ACE2 polymorphisms typically found in Europeans (rs142984500 and rs4646116), indicating that these types of polymorphisms may be related to genetic susceptibility to COVID-19. The antibody landscape was computationally investigated with the largest set of mAbs so far in the literature. From the 33 studied binders, groups of mAbs were identified with weak (e.g. S110 and Ab3b4), medium (e.g. CR3022), and strong binding affinities (e.g. P01, S2K146 and S230). All the mAbs with strong binding capacity could also bind to the RBD from SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 wt, and all studied variants. These mAbs and especially their combination are amenable to experimentation and clinical trials because of their high binding affinities and neutralization potential for current known virus mutations and a universal coronavirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correa Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laaksonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso da Silva, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences between Omicron SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other variants in their ability to interact with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.475338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproductive strategies in a complex of simultaneously hermaphroditic species, the Allolobophora chlorotica case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.475338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An in-depth knowledge of reproductive strategies is essential to understand the evolutionary history of species and their resulting patterns of taxonomic diversity. In particular, the study of life history traits related to reproduction could help to resolve the speciation patterns in the cryptic species complexes recently found in earthworms. Here, we carried out a parentage analysis in such a complex, the Allolobophora chlorotica aggregate. Using four nuclear microsatellite markers and a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene we investigated (i) the mating strategies between individuals belonging to two divergent mitochondrial lineages (L2 and L3) that cannot be distinguished with nuclear markers and (ii) the reproductive isolation between lineages that are differentiated both at the mitochondrial and nuclear level (L2/L3 and L1). Among the 157 field collected individuals, 66 adults were used in cross-breeding experiments to form 22 trios based on their assignment to a mitochondrial lineage, and 453 obtained juveniles were genotyped. We showed that adults that mated with both their potential mates in the trio produced significantly more juveniles. In L2 and L3 crosses, a sex-specific pattern of reproduction characteristic to each lineage was observed, suggesting a possible conflict of interest between mating partners. In L2/L3 and L1 crosses, a high production of cocoons was counterbalanced by a low hatching rate, suggesting a post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Reproductive strategies are thus likely to contributed to the diversification of this complex of species and we advocate further studies on sexual selection and sex allocation in earthworms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audusseau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.475338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproductive strategies in a complex of simultaneously hermaphroditic species, the Allolobophora chlorotica case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upper Mesopotamia played a key role in the Neolithic Transition in Southwest Asia through marked innovations in symbolism, technology, and foodways. We present thirteen ancient genomes (c.8500-7500 calBCE) from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Cayonu in the Tigris basin together with bioarchaeological and material culture data. Our findings reveal that Cayonu was a genetically diverse population, carrying a mixed ancestry from western and eastern Fertile Crescent, and that the community received immigrants. Our results further suggest that the community was organised along biological family lines. We document bodily interventions such as head-shaping and cauterization among the individuals examined, reflecting Cayonus cultural ingenuity. Finally, we identify Upper Mesopotamia as the likely source of eastern gene flow into Neolithic Anatolia, in line with material culture evidence. We hypothesise that Upper Mesopotamias cultural dynamism during the Neolithic Transition was the product not only of its fertile lands but also of its interregional demographic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altinisik, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazanci, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemici, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdal, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarialtun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vural, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koptekin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saglican, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koruyucu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagerholm, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamurat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinc, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotherstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atakuman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdal, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erim-Ozdogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel methodology for localizing and studying the insect dorsal rim area morphology in 2D and 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Polarized light-based navigation in insects is facilitated by a specialised polarisation-sensitive part of the eye known as the dorsal rim area (DRA). Existing methods to study the anatomy of the DRA are in most cases destructive and very time consuming. Here, we present a novel method that allows for DRA localization using 3D volumetric images acquired through micro-computed tomography in combination with 2D photographs. We used the method on size polymorphic buff-tailed bumblebees, Bombus terrestris. We found that the size of the DRA can be easily acquired from photographs of the dorsal part of the eye. An allometric analysis of the size of the DRA in relation to body size in B. terrestris showed that the DRA region increases with body size but not at the same rate. Using our method, we localised the DRA in a 3D volume rendering of the eye using 2D photos localization of an individuals DRA onto the volumetric image stack of the head allowed for individual-level descriptions of the ommatidial structures (lens, crystalline cones, rhabdoms) to be performed on three different eye regions (DRA, non-DRA, proximate to DRA). The only feature distinctly unique to the DRA ommatidia was the smaller dimension of crystalline cones in comparison to other regions. Using our novel methodology we provide the first individual-level description of DRA ommatidial features and a comparison of how the DRA area varies with body size in bumblebees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jie, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miettinen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel methodology for localizing and studying the insect dorsal rim area morphology in 2D and 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals vary widely in body size across and within species. This has consequences in large and small individuals for the function of organs and body parts. How these scale in relation to body size reveals evolutionary investment strategies, often resulting in trade-offs between functions. Eyes exemplify these trade-offs, as they are limited by their absolute size in two key performance features: sensitivity and spatial acuity. Previous studies of the 3D structure of apposition compound eyes, which are ideal models for allometric studies due to their size polymorphism, revealed that allometric scaling improves both local resolution and visual sensitivity in larger bumblebees (Taylor et al., 2019). Here, we build on the established methods and results to investigate allometric scaling in superposition compound eyes - the second prominent eye type in insects - for the first time. Our research highlights a surprising strategy to cope with the challenge of trading off sensitivity and spatial resolution in small eyes, as we show that the eyes of the hummingbird hawkmoth retain an optimal balance of these performance measures across all body sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stöckl, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grittner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria and archaea, tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporters uptake essential carboxylate- and sulfonate-containing nutrients into the cytoplasm. Unlike other secondary active transporters, TRAP transporters cannot receive their substrates directly, but do so indirectly via a secreted soluble substrate-binding protein. How a sodium-driven secondary active transporter is strictly coupled to a passenger-carrying substrate-binding domain is poorly understood. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the sialic acid TRAP transporter SiaQM from Photobacterium profundum at 2.97 [A] resolution. SiaM has 12-TMs that come together to form a "transport" domain and a "scaffold" domain, with the transport domain consisting of helical hairpins as seen in the sodium-coupled elevator transporter VcINDY. Interestingly, the SiaQ protein forms intimate contacts with SiaM to extend the size of the scaffold domain, indicating TRAP transporters may operate as monomers, rather than the typically observed oligomers. We have identified the Na+ and sialic acid binding sites in SiaM and confirmed a strict dependence on the substrate-binding protein SiaP for uptake. We have determined the SiaP crystal structure that, together with co-evolution driven docking studies, provides a molecular basis for how sialic acid is delivered to the SiaQM transporter complex. We conclude that TRAP proteins are conceptually a marriage between an ABC importer and a secondary active transporter, which we describe herein as an  elevator-with-an-operator mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morado, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeysekera, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakatsuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indiveri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct physiological responses of Coccolithus braarudii life cycle phases to light intensity and nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccolithophores feature a haplo-diplontic life cycle comprised of diploid cells producing heterococcoliths and haploid cells producing morphologically different holococcoliths. These life cycle phases of each species appear to have distinct spatial and temporal distributions in the oceans, with the heavily-calcified heterococcolithophores (HET) often more prevalent in winter and at greater depths, whilst the lightly-calcified holococcolithophores (HOL) are more abundant in summer and in shallower waters. The haplo-diplontic life cycle may therefore allow coccolithophores to expand their ecological niche, switching between life cycle phases to exploit conditions that are more favourable. However, coccolithophore life cycles remain poorly understood and fundamental information on the physiological differences between life cycle phases is required if we are to better understand the ecophysiology of coccolithophores. In this study, we have examined the physiology of HET and HOL phases of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii in response to changes in light and nutrient availability. We found that the HOL phase was more tolerant to high light than the HET phase, which exhibited defects in calcification at high irradiances. The HET phase exhibited defects in coccolith formation under both nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) limitation, whilst no defects in calcification were detected in the HOL phase. The HOL phase grew to a higher cell density under P-limitation than N-limitation, whereas no difference was observed in the maximum cell density reached by the HET phase at these nutrient concentrations. HET cells grown under a light:dark cycle divided primarily in the dark and early part of the light phase, whereas HOL cells continued to divide throughout the 24 h period. The physiological differences may contribute to the distinct biogeographical distributions observed between life cycle phases, with the HOL phase potentially better adapted to high light, low nutrient regimes, such as those found in seasonally stratified surface waters.

HighlightsO_LICoccolithus braarudii life cycle phases exhibit different physiological responses.
C_LIO_LIThe heavily-calcified heterococcolithophores (HET) life cycle phase is more sensitive to high light.
C_LIO_LIThe lightly-calcified holococcolithophores (HOL) life cycle phase may be better suited to growth under low phosphate availability.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottmeier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct physiological responses of Coccolithus braarudii life cycle phases to light intensity and nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical application of indicators for genetic diversity in CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity is a key aspect of biological variation for the adaptability and survival of populations of species, which must be monitored to assure maintenance. We used data from the Swedish Red-List 2020 and a recent government report to apply three indicators for genetic diversity proposed for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We made more detailed indicator assessments for mammals and herptiles.

For indicator 1, the proportion of populations with effective population size Ne>500, 33% of 22557 investigated species had a population estimate. For herptiles and mammals, 70% and 49%, respectively likely had Ne>500.

For indicator 2, the proportion of populations or range remaining within species, 20% of all species evaluated for the Red-List have data. Meanwhile, 32% of the herptile and 84% of the mammal populations are maintaining their populations/range.

For indicator 3, the number of species/populations in which genetic diversity is monitored using DNA-based methods, there are studies on 3% of species, and 0.3% are monitored. In contrast 68% of mammals and 29% of herptiles are studied using DNA, and 8% of mammals and 24% of herptiles are genetically monitored.

We conclude that the Red List provide data suitable for evaluating the genetic indicators, but the data quality can be improved. There is a synergy in estimating the genetic indicators in parallel with the Red-Listing process. We propose that indicator values could be included in national Red-Listing as a new category - "genetically threatened", based on the genetic indicators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thurfjell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laikre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekblom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjogren-Gulve, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical application of indicators for genetic diversity in CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual deprivation induces a CRF independent stress response and decreases resistance to stressors in Drosophila via a subpopulation of Neuropeptide F receptor-expressing neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living in a changing environment composed of other behaving animals entails both opportunities and challenges to obtain resources and mating partners. Actions that promote survival and reproduction are reinforced by the brain reward systems, whereas coping with the challenges associated with obtaining these rewards are mediated by stress response pathways. The activation of the latter can impair health and shorten lifespan. Although similar responses to social opportunity and challenge exist across the animal kingdom, little is known about the mechanisms that process reward and stress under different social conditions. Here, we studied the interplay between deprivation of sexual reward and stress response in Drosophila melanogaster and discovered that repeated failures to obtain sexual reward induces a frustration-like state that is characterized by increased arousal, persistent sexual motivation, and impaired ability to cope with starvation and oxidative stressors. We show that this increased arousal and sensitivity to starvation is mediated by disinhibition of neurons that express receptors for the fly homologue of neuropeptide Y (neuropeptide F, NPF). We furthermore demonstrate the existence of an anatomical overlap between stress and reward systems in the fly brain in the form of neurons that co-express receptors for NPF (NPFR) and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like homologue Diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44), and that deprivation of sexual reward leads to translocation of forkhead box-subgroup O (FoxO) to the cytoplasm in these neurons. Nevertheless, the activity of Dh44 neurons alone does not mediate sensitivity to starvation and aroused behavior following sexual deprivation, instead, these responses are mediated by disinhibition of ~12-16 NPFR-expressing neurons via a dynamin-independent synaptic signaling mechanism, suggesting the existence of a NPFR mediated stress pathway which is Dh44-independent. This paves the path for using simple model organisms to dissect mechanisms behind anticipation of reward, and more specifically, to determine what happens when expectations to obtain natural and drug rewards are not met.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryvkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmueli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentzur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agranovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat-Ophir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual deprivation induces a CRF independent stress response and decreases resistance to stressors in Drosophila via a subpopulation of Neuropeptide F receptor-expressing neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF10 triggers de novo alveologenesis in a BPD model: impact on the resident mesenchymal niche cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a neonatal lung disease developing in premature babies characterized by arrested alveologenesis and associated with decreased Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) expression. One-week hyperoxia (HYX) exposure of newborn mice leads to a permanent arrest in alveologenesis. To test the role of Fgf10 signaling to promote de novo alveologenesis following hyperoxia, we used transgenic mice allowing inducible expression of Fgf10 and recombinant FGF10 (rFGF10) protein delivered intraperitoneally. We carried out morphometry analysis, and IF on day 45. Alveolospheres assays were performed co-culturing AT2s from normoxia (NOX) with FACS-isolated Sca1Pos resident mesenchymal cells (rMC) from animals exposed to NOX, HYX+PBS, or HYX+FGF10. scRNAseq between rMC-Sca1Pos isolated from NOX and HYX+PBS were also carried out. Transgenic overexpression of Fgf10 and rFGF10 administration rescued the alveologenesis defects following HYX. Alveolosphere assays indicate that the activity of rMC-Sca1Pos is negatively impacted by HYX and partially rescued by rFGF10 treatment. Analysis by IF demonstrates a significant impact of rFGF10 on the activity of resident mesenchymal cells. scRNAseq results identified clusters expressing Fgf10, Fgf7, Pdgfra, and Axin2, which could represent the rMC niche cells for the AT2 stem cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that rFGF10 administration is able to induce de-novo alveologenesis in a BPD mouse model and identified subpopulations of rMC-Sca1Pos niche cells potentially representing its cellular target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taghizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquila, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erhardt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellusci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF10 triggers de novo alveologenesis in a BPD model: impact on the resident mesenchymal niche cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expressed therapeutic protein yields are predicted by transiently transfected mammalian cell population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic proteins are currently at the hotspot of innovation in the pharmaceutical medicine. However, their industrial production is technically challenging and improved methods for transcriptional manipulation of mammalian industrial cell cultures are needed. In this work we show that some of the most frequently used lab scale transfection efficacy assays fail to predict performance in the protein production settings. We compare the efficacies of a number of transfection reagents using adherent and suspension mammalian cell cultures and assessment based on several assays that utilize reporter protein quantitation, transfected cell population and post-transfection viability of cells. We validate reporter assays for assessing transfection methods in the lab that predict protein production in industrial settings. We also demonstrate that cell penetrating peptide-based transfection achieve significantly higher protein yields compared to PEI and lipoplex methods in both CHO and HEK293 producer cell lines. Availability of fast lab scale screening methods allows future development of improved transfection methods for protein production. One such potentially effective transient transfection method is the CPP-based approach presented currently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porosk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebogatova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hark, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arukuusk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toots, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurrikoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expressed therapeutic protein yields are predicted by transiently transfected mammalian cell population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection on the fly: short term adaptation to an altered sexual selection regime in Drosophila pseudoobscura 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental evolution studies are powerful approaches to unveil the evolutionary history of lab populations. Such studies have shed light on how selection changes phenotypes and genotypes. Most of these studies have not examined the time course of adaptation under sexual selection manipulation, by resequencing the populations genomes at multiple time points. Here, we analyse allele frequency trajectories in Drosophila pseudoobscura where we altered their sexual selection regime for 200 generations and sequenced pooled populations at 5 time points. The intensity of sexual selection was either relaxed in monogamous populations (M) or elevated in polyandrous lines (E). We present a comprehensive study of how selection alters population genetics parameters at the chromosome and gene level. We investigate differences in the effective population size - Ne - between the treatments, and perform a genome-wide scan to identify signatures of selection from the time-series data.

We found genomic signatures of adaptation to both regimes in D. pseudoobscura. There are more significant variants on E lines as expected from stronger sexual selection. However, we found that the response on the X chromosome was substantial in both treatments, only more marked in E and restricted to chromosome arm XR in M. Ne is lower on the X at the start of the experiment, which might indicate a swift adaptive response at the onset of selection. Additionally, we show that the third chromosome was also affected by elevated polyandry. Its distal end harbours a region showing a strong signal of adaptive divergence in E lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barata, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosiol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection on the fly: short term adaptation to an altered sexual selection regime in Drosophila pseudoobscura]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the power of technical and natural variation in 116 yeast datasets to benchmark long read assembly pipelines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With increases in throughput and reductions in cost, long read sequencing has become the standard for most genome assembly projects and has opened up new avenues for large-scale genomic research. While more amenable to assembly than short-read sequence data, long-read datasets tend to have higher error rates. To address this problem numerous tools have been developed to correct reads before assembly and polish assembled contigs. Although, numerous studies have been conducted to assess or benchmark these tools, few capture the real variance in long read sequence data that might affect tool performance much less full pipeline performance. To address these shortcomings, we compiled a dataset containing long-read sequences of 116 different strains of brewers yeast, S. cerevisiae, gathered largely from public databases and evaluated different assembly-related tools as well as their interactions. We found that pre-assembly short-read error correction of long reads combined with post-assembly short-read polishing provided the best assemblies. We also found that correction/polishing steps with uncorrected long reads often lead to degradation of assembly quality. Finally, we show which tools and pipelines work best with different types of input data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gettle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstrepen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the power of technical and natural variation in 116 yeast datasets to benchmark long read assembly pipelines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomic and functional diversity of aquatic heterotrophs is sustained by dissolved organic matter chemodiversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and fundamental for planetary processes and ecosystem functioning. While the link between microbial community composition and heterotrophic utilization of DOM has been recognized, the full diversity of organic compounds, their bioavailability, degradability and specific influences on the diversity and function of heterotrophs are still not clear. Here we experimentally investigate heterotrophic bacteria in thirty-three freshwater model communities. We identified 34 different heterotrophs growing in ambient lake DOM with taxonomic affiliations matching abundant freshwater bacterioplankton. We further describe 25 different heterotrophs growing in the phycosphere of M. Aeruginosa and 6 heterotrophs growing on the DOM produced by M. Aeruginosa with taxonomic affiliation in accord to phycosphere heterotrophs. In our experiment we observed that heterotrophs that live in the phycosphere remove more dissolved organic carbon than abundant freshwater heterotrophs. Moreover, phycosphere heterotrophs have bigger genomes than abundant lake bacteria. Altogether of the 4224 chemical features that were resolved by LC-MS, only 1229 were seen in all three treatments. None of the common/shared compounds were removed across all the model communities, suggesting contrasting niches of the studied taxa. Altogether our study highlights how each model community, with its unique taxonomic assemblages and organotroph functioning is upkept by the chemodiversity of DOM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrshad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampel, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedano-Nunez, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divne, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindström, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertilsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomic and functional diversity of aquatic heterotrophs is sustained by dissolved organic matter chemodiversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dynamics of adaptation to stress from standing genetic variation and de novo mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation from standing genetic variation is an important process underlying evolution in natural populations but we rarely get the opportunity to observe the dynamics of fitness changes in real time. Here, we used the power of microbial experimental evolution and whole population sequencing to track the phenotypic and genomic changes of genetically diverse yeast populations in environments with different stress levels. We found that populations rapidly and in parallel increased in fitness in stressful environments. The founders genetic diversity was quickly depleted, however, not to the same degree in all populations and environments. Some populations fixed all ancestral variation in < 30 generations while others maintained diversity across hundreds of generations. We also observed parallelism at the gene and pathway level. Specifically, we detected up to seven genes harbouring multiple independent mutations in different populations, and a general enrichment for mutations affecting downstream effectors of the high-osmolarity-glycerol pathway in three out of four environments. Adaptation to the most stressful environment was characterised by the fast evolution of functional haploidy, likely driven by standing genetic variation. Almost 40% of all populations contained aneuploidies (losses or gains of chromosomes) at least once during experimental evolution. Some aneuploidies were maintained for hundreds of generations in parallel in different replicates, suggesting they were adaptive. This work shows that experimental evolution is a great tool to address the interplay between standing variation and the influx of de novo mutations, leading to a better understanding of the demographic and environmental drivers and constraints of a populations capacity to adapt to environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ament-Velasquez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendixsen, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse-Sommer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafati, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.26.485920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dynamics of adaptation to stress from standing genetic variation and de novo mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-induced exon skipping of β-catenin reveals tumorigenic mutants driving distinct subtypes of liver cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-driven cancer modeling studies are based on disruption of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by small insertions or deletions (indels) that lead to frame-shift mutations. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used to define the significance of cancer oncogenes and genetic dependencies in loss-of function studies. However, how CRISPR/Cas9 influences gain-of-function oncogenic mutations is elusive. Here, we demonstrate that single guide RNA targeting exon 3 of {beta}-catenin results in exon skipping and generates gain-of-function isoforms in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon skipping of {beta}-catenin induces liver tumor formation in synergy with YAPS127A in mice. We define two distinct exon skipping-induced tumor subtypes with different histological and transcriptional features. Notably, ectopic expression of two exon-skipped {beta}-catenin transcript isoforms together with YAPS127A phenocopies the two distinct subtypes of liver cancer. Moreover, we identify similar {beta}-catenin exon skipping events in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Collectively, our findings advance our understanding of {beta}-catenin-related tumorigenesis and reveal that CRISPR/Cas9 can be repurposed, in vivo, to study gain-of-function mutations of oncogenes in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-induced exon skipping of β-catenin reveals tumorigenic mutants driving distinct subtypes of liver cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding and assembly of the dimeric E. coli inner membrane protein EmrE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, it has become clear that many homo- and heterodimeric cytoplasmic proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells start to dimerize cotranslationally, i.e., while at least one of the two chains is still attached to the ribosome. Whether this is possible also for integral membrane proteins is unknown, however. Here, we apply Force Profile Analysis (FPA) - a method where a translational arrest peptide (AP) engineered into the polypeptide chain is used to detect force generated on the nascent chain during membrane insertion - to demonstrate cotranslational interactions between a fully membrane-inserted monomer and a nascent, ribosome-tethered monomer of the E. coli inner membrane protein EmrE. Similar cotranslational interactions are also seen when the two monomers are fused into a single polypeptide. Further, we uncover an apparent intrachain interaction between E14 in TMH1 and S64 in TMH3 that forms at a precise nascent chain length during cotranslational membrane insertion of an EmrE monomer. Like soluble proteins, inner membrane proteins can thus both start to fold and start to dimerize during the cotranslational membrane-insertion process.

Significance statementMany water-soluble proteins are known to fold and even dimerize cotranslationally, i.e., when still attached to the ribosome. Here, we show that an E. coli inner membrane protein can also start to fold and dimerize cotranslationally, establishing the generality of these cotranslational maturation processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mermans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding and assembly of the dimeric E. coli inner membrane protein EmrE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria inflicts the highest rate of morbidity and mortality among the vector-borne diseases. The dramatic bottleneck of parasite numbers that occurs in the gut of the obligatory vector mosquito provides a promising target for novel control strategies. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we analyzed Plasmodium falciparum development in the mosquito gut, from unfertilized female gametes through the first 20 hours post blood feeding, including the zygote and ookinete stages. This study revealed the transcriptional trajectories of the ApiAP2 family of transcription factors, and of parasite stress genes in response to the harsh environment of the mosquito midgut. Further, employing structure-based functional predictions we found several upregulated genes predicted to encode intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), a category of proteins known for their importance in regulation of transcription, translation and protein-protein interactions. IDPs are known for their antigenic properties and may serve as suitable targets for antibody or peptide-based transmission suppression strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves E Silva, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biryukova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential interactions of resting, activated, and desensitized states of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with lipidic modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel that modulates neuronal excitability, largely by allowing Ca2+ permeation. Agonist binding promotes transition from a resting state to an activated state, and then rapidly to a desensitized state. Recently, cryo-EM structures of the human 7 receptor in nanodiscs were reported in multiple conformations. These were selectively stabilized by inhibitory, activating, or potentiating compounds. However, the functional annotation of these structures, and their differential interactions with unresolved lipids and ligands, remain incomplete. Here, we characterized their ion permeation, membrane interactions, and ligand binding using computational electrophysiology, free-energy calculations, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics. In contrast to non-conductive structures in apparent resting and desensitized states, the structure determined in the presence of the potentiator PNU-120596 was consistent with an activated state permeable to Ca2+. Transition to this state was associated with compression and rearrangement of the membrane, particularly in the vicinity of the peripheral MX helix. An intersubunit transmembrane site was implicated in selective binding of either PNU-120596 in the activated state, or cholesterol in the desensitized state. This substantiates functional assignment of all three lipid-embedded 7-receptor structures with ion permeation simulations. It also proposes testable models of their state-dependent interactions with lipophilic ligands, including a mechanism for allosteric modulation at the transmembrane subunit interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noviello, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbs, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential interactions of resting, activated, and desensitized states of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with lipidic modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of local versus global competition on reproductive skew and sex differences in social dominance behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social hierarchies are often found in group-living animals. The hierarchy position can influence reproductive success (RS), with a skew towards high-ranking individuals. The amount of aggression in social dominance varies greatly, both between species and between males and females within species. Using game theory we study this variation by taking into account the degree to which reproductive competition in a social group is mainly local to the group, emphasising within-group relative RS, or global to a larger population, emphasising an individuals absolute RS. Our model is similar to recent approaches in that reinforcement learning is used as a behavioural mechanism allowing social-hierarchy formation. We test two hypotheses. The first is that local competition should favour the evolution of mating or foraging interference, and thus of reproductive skew. Second, decreases in reproductive output caused by an individuals accumulated fighting damage, such as reduced parenting ability, will favour less intense aggression but should have little influence on reproductive skew. From individual-based simulations of the evolution of social dominance and interference, we find support for both hypotheses. We discuss to what extent our results can explain observed sex differences in reproductive skew and social dominance behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of local versus global competition on reproductive skew and sex differences in social dominance behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of mammalian Complex IV inhibition by steroids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial electron transport chain maintains the proton motive force that powers ATP synthesis. The energy for this process comes from oxidation of NADH and succinate, with the electrons from this oxidation passed via intermediate carriers to oxygen. Complex IV (CIV), the terminal oxidase, transfers electrons from the intermediate electron carrier cytochrome c to oxygen, contributing to the proton motive force in the process. Within CIV, protons move through the K- and D-pathways during turnover. The former is responsible for transferring two protons to the enzymes catalytic site upon reduction of the site, where they eventually combine with oxygen and electrons to form water. CIV is the main site for respiratory regulation, and although previous studies showed that steroid-binding can regulate CIV activity little is known about how this regulation occurs. Here we characterize the interaction between CIV and steroids using a combination of kinetic experiments, structure determination, and molecular simulations. We show that molecules with a sterol moiety, such as glyco-diosgenin and cholesteryl hemisuccinate, reversibly inhibit CIV. Flash photolysis experiments probing the high-speed equilibration of electrons within CIV demonstrate that binding of these molecules inhibits proton uptake through the K-pathway. Single particle cryo-EM of CIV with glyco-diosgenin reveals a previously undescribed steroid-binding site adjacent to the K-pathway, and molecular simulations suggest that the steroid binding modulates the conformational dynamics of key residues and proton transfer kinetics within this pathway. The binding pose of the sterol group sheds light on possible structural gating mechanisms in the CIV catalytic cycle.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMammalian complex IV (CIV), the final complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, uses electrons from cytochrome c to reduce oxygen to water, driving aerobic life. Although CIV functions as the main site for respiratory regulation, there is little structural or biochemical information on how this regulation occurs. Previous studies provided evidence of CIV regulation by steroids, but the steroid binding site and regulatory mechanism remain unclear. Using single particle cryogenic electron microscopy, we discover the binding site of the steroid-derived detergent, glyco-diosgenin. Results from flash photolysis kinetic experiments with CIV in the presence of glyco-diosgenin and cholesterol hemisuccinate are combined with cryo-EM and molecular simulations to elucidate how steroid binding limits proton uptake by the complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Trani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riepl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of mammalian Complex IV inhibition by steroids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox-controlled structural reorganization and flavin strain within the ribonucleotide reductase R2b-NrdI complex monitored by serial femtosecond crystallography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Redox reactions are central to biochemistry and are both controlled by and induce protein structural changes. Here we describe structural rearrangements and crosstalk within the Bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase R2b-NrdI complex, a di-metal carboxylate- flavoprotein system, as part of the mechanism generating the essential catalytic free radical of the enzyme. Femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser was utilized to obtain structures at room temperature in defined redox states without suffering photoreduction. We show that the flavin in the hydroquinone state is under steric strain in the R2b-NrdI protein complex, presumably tuning its redox potential to promote superoxide generation. Moreover, a binding site in close vicinity to the expected flavin O2-interacton site is observed to be controlled by the redox state of the flavin and linked to the channel proposed to funnel the produced superoxide species from NrdI to the di-manganese site in protein R2b. These specific features are coupled to further structural changes around the R2b- NrdI interaction surface. The mechanistic implications for the control of reactive oxygen species and radical generation in protein R2b are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurelius, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherlin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aller, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butryn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orville, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachandra, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox-controlled structural reorganization and flavin strain within the ribonucleotide reductase R2b-NrdI complex monitored by serial femtosecond crystallography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different combinations of laccase paralogs non-redundantly control the lignin amount and composition of specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin, a phenolic polymer. Specific lignin chemistries are conserved between the cell wall layers of each cell type to support their functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localisation of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on a control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while their cell wall polymerisation is viewed as random and non-limiting. Here we show that cell wall polymerisation using combinations of multiple different laccases (LACs) non-redundantly and specifically control the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12 and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Different combinatory loss of these LACs lead to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. We moreover showed that the LAC-mediated lignification had distinct functions in specific cell types. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with non-redundant activities immobilised in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blaschek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murozuka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesquet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different combinations of laccase paralogs non-redundantly control the lignin amount and composition of specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical characterization of calcium-binding and modulatory-domain dynamics in a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) perform electrochemical signal transduction in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Among the prokaryotic pLGICs there is architectural diversity involving N-terminal domains (NTDs) not found in eukaryotic relatives, exemplified by the calcium-sensitive channel (DeCLIC) from a Desulfofustis deltaproteobacterium, which has an NTD in addition to the canonical pLGIC structure. Here we have characterized the structure and dynamics of DeCLIC through cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the presence and absence of calcium, cryo-EM yielded structures with alternative conformations of the calcium binding site. SANS profiles further revealed conformational diversity at room temperature beyond that observed in static structures, shown through MD to be largely attributable to rigid body motions of the NTD relative to the protein core, with expanded and asymmetric conformations improving the fit of the SANS data. This work reveals the range of motion available to the DeCLIC NTD and calcium binding site, expanding the conformational landscape of the pLGIC family. Further, these findings demonstrate the power of combining low-resolution scattering, high-resolution structural, and MD-simulation data to elucidate interfacial interactions that are highly conserved in the pLGIC family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lycksell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovsnik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical characterization of calcium-binding and modulatory-domain dynamics in a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Omic Integration by Machine Learning (MIMaL) Reveals Protein-Metabolite Connections and New Gene Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells respond to environments by regulating gene expression to exploit resources optimally. Recent advances in technologies allow the ability to gather information of cellular states of its components, measuring abundances of transcripts, their translation, the accumulation of proteins, lipids and metabolites. These highly complex datasets reflect the state of the different layers in a biological system. Multi-omics is the integration of these disparate methods and data to gain a clearer picture of the biological state. Multi-omic studies of the proteome and metabolome are becoming more common as mass spectrometry technology continues to be democratized. However, knowledge extraction through integration of these data remains challenging. Here we show that connections between omic layers can be discovered through a combination of machine learning and model interpretation. We find that model interpretation values connecting proteins to metabolites are valid experimentally and reveal also largely new connections. Further, clustering the magnitudes of protein control over all metabolites enabled prediction of gene five gene functions, each of which was validated experimentally. We accurately predicted that two uncharacterized genes in yeast modulate mitochondrial translation, YJR120W and YLD157C.We also predict and validate functions for several incompletely characterized genes, including SDH9, ISC1, and FMP52. Our work demonstrates that multi-omic analysis with machine learning (MIMaL) views multi-omic data through a new lens to reveal new insight that was not possible using existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aufschnaiter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Omic Integration by Machine Learning (MIMaL) Reveals Protein-Metabolite Connections and New Gene Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effect of Fas activation on spinal muscular atrophy motoneuron death and induction of axonal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are the most common motoneuron diseases affecting adults and infants, respectively. ALS and SMA are both characterized by the selective degeneration of motoneurons. Although different in their genetic etiology, growing evidence indicate that they share molecular and cellular pathogenic signatures that constitute potential common therapeutic targets. We previously described a motoneuron-specific death pathway elicited by the Fas death receptor, whereby vulnerable ALS motoneurons show an exacerbated sensitivity to Fas activation. However, the mechanisms that drive the loss of SMA motoneurons remains poorly understood. Here, we describe an in vitro model of SMA-associated degeneration using primary motoneurons derived from Smn2B/- SMA mice and show that Fas activation selectively triggers death of the proximal motoneurons. Fas-induced death of SMA motoneurons has the molecular signature of the motoneuron-selective Fas death pathway that requires activation of p38 kinase, caspase-8, -9 and -3 as well as upregulation of collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4). In addition, Rho Kinase (ROCK) is required for Fas recruitment. Remarkably, we found that exogenous activation of Fas also promotes axonal elongation in both wildtype and SMA motoneurons. Axon outgrowth of motoneurons promoted by Fas requires the activity of ERK, ROCK and caspases. This work defines a dual role of Fas signaling in motoneurons that can elicit distinct responses from cell death to axonal growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benlefki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challuau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard-Marissal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilaire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scamps, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effect of Fas activation on spinal muscular atrophy motoneuron death and induction of axonal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A survey of mapping algorithms in the long-reads era 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been ten years since the first publication of a method dedicated entirely to mapping third-generation sequencing long-reads. The unprecedented characteristics of this new type of sequencing data created a shift, and methods moved on from the seed-and-extend framework previously used for short reads to a seed-and-chain framework due to the abundance of seeds in each read. As a result, the main novelties in proposed long-read mapping algorithms are typically based on alternative seed constructs or chaining formulations. Dozens of tools now exist, whose heuristics have considerably evolved with time. The rapid progress of the field, synchronized with the frequent improvements of data, does not make the literature and implementations easy to keep up with. Therefore, in this survey article, we provide an overview of existing mapping methods for long reads with accessible insights into methods. Since mapping is also very driven by the implementations themselves, we join an original visualization tool to understand the parameter settings (http://bcazaux.polytech-lille.net/Minimap2/) for the chaining part.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudeau, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A survey of mapping algorithms in the long-reads era]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene losses resulting in specialized metabolism in the earliest divergent symbiotic Frankia clade can be linked to its low saprotrophic capabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frankia cluster-2 are diazotrophs that engage in root nodule symbiosis with host plants of the Cucurbitales and the Rosales. They are rarely found in the soil in the absence of their hosts. Previous studies have shown that an assimilated nitrogen source, presumable arginine, is exported to the host in nodules of Datisca glomerata (Cucurbitales), but not in the nodules of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus (Rosales). To investigate if an assimilated nitrogen form is commonly exported by cluster-2 strains, and which nitrogen source would then be exported to C. thyrsiflorus, gene expression levels, metabolite profiles and enzyme activities were analysed.

We found that the export of assimilated nitrogen in symbiosis is a common feature for Frankia cluster-2 strains, but which source is host-plant dependent. We also identified several gene losses.

The ammonium assimilation via the GS/GOGAT cycle for export to the host, entails a high demand of 2-oxoglutarate from the TCA cycle. This specialised metabolism seems to have led to genome reduction: we show that Frankia cluster-2 strains have lost the glyoxylate shunt and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, leading to a linearization of the TCA cycle. This could explain the low saprotrophic potential of Frankia cluster-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berckx, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wibberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battenberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene losses resulting in specialized metabolism in the earliest divergent symbiotic Frankia clade can be linked to its low saprotrophic capabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analyses of the Linum distyly supergene reveal convergent evolution at the molecular level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supergenes govern balanced polymorphisms in a wide range of systems. The reciprocal placement of stigmas and anthers in pin and thrum floral morphs of distylous species constitutes an iconic example of a balanced polymorphism governed by a supergene, the distyly S-locus. Recent studies have shown that the Primula and Turnera distyly supergenes are both hemizygous in thrums, but it remains unknown if hemizygosity is pervasive among distyly S-loci. Here we have characterized the genetic architecture and evolution of the distyly supergene in Linum by generating a chromosome-level genome assembly of Linum tenue, followed by the identification of the S-locus using population genomic data. We show that hemizygosity and thrum-specific expression of S-linked genes, including a pistil-expressed candidate gene for style length, are major features of the Linum S-locus. Structural variation is likely instrumental for recombination suppression, and although the non-recombining dominant haplotype has accumulated transposable elements, S-linked genes are not under relaxed purifying selection. Our findings reveal remarkable convergence in the genetic architecture and evolution of independently derived distyly supergenes. The chromosome-level genome assembly and detailed characterization of the distyly S-locus in L. tenue will facilitate elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the different forms of flowers described by Darwin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Valencia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunikis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dainat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschera, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desamore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroozani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laenen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesquet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinnere Pettersson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nystedt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analyses of the Linum distyly supergene reveal convergent evolution at the molecular level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separation of transcriptional repressor and activator functions in HDAC3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The histone deacetylase HDAC3 is associated with the NCoR/SMRT co-repressor complex and its canonical function is in transcriptional repression, but it can also activate transcription. Here we show that the repressor and activator functions of HDAC3 can be genetically separated in Drosophila. A lysine substitution in the N-terminus (K26A) disrupts its catalytic activity and activator function, whereas a combination of substitutions (HEBI) abrogating the interaction with SMRTER enhance repressor activity beyond wild-type in the early embryo. We conclude that the critical functions of HDAC3 in embryo development involve catalytic-dependent gene activation and non-enzymatic repression by several mechanisms, including tethering of loci to the nuclear periphery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regadas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilkova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernersson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.495646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separation of transcriptional repressor and activator functions in HDAC3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic features for the Receptor binding domain of SARS-COV-2 wildtype and its variants. Compass to the severity of the future variants with the charge rule. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrostatic intermolecular interactions are important in many aspects of biology. We have studied the main electrostatic features involved in the interaction of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As the principal computational tool, we have used the FORTE approach, capable to model proton fluctuations and computing free energies for a very large number of protein-protein systems under different physical-chemical conditions, here focusing on the RBD-ACE2 interactions. Both the wild-type and all critical variants are included in this study. From our large ensemble of extensive simulations, we obtain, as a function of pH, the binding affinities, charges of the proteins, their charge regulation capacities, and their dipole moments. In addition, we have calculated the pKas for all ionizable residues and mapped the electrostatic coupling between them. We are able to present a simple predictor for the RBD-ACE2 binding based on the data obtained for Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, as a linear correlation between the total charge of the RBD and the corresponding binding affinity. This "RBD charge rule" should work as a quick test of the degree of severity of the coming SARS-CoV-2 variants in the future.

Categories and Subject Descriptors:
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barroso da Silva, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giron, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laaksonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic features for the Receptor binding domain of SARS-COV-2 wildtype and its variants. Compass to the severity of the future variants with the charge rule.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.495601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of sugar-induced influx in the mammalian fructose transporter GLUT5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.495601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, glucose transporters (GLUT) control organism-wide blood glucose homeostasis. In human, this is accomplished by fourteen different GLUT isoforms, that transport glucose and other monosaccharides with varying substrate preferences and kinetics. Nevertheless, there is little difference between the sugar-coordinating residues in the GLUT proteins and even the malarial plasmodium falciparum transporter PfHT1, which is uniquely able to transport a wide range of different sugars. PfHT1 was captured in an intermediate "occluded" state, revealing how the extracellular gating helix TM7b has moved to break and occlude the sugar-binding site. Sequence difference and kinetics indicated that the TM7b gating helix dynamics and interactions likely evolved to enable substrate promiscuity in PfHT1, rather than the sugar-binding site itself. It was unclear, however, if the TM7b structural transitions observed in PfHT1 would be similar in the other GLUT proteins. Here, using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the fructose transporter GLUT5 spontaneously transitions through an occluded state that closely resembles PfHT1. The coordination of fructose lowers the energetic barriers between the outward and inward-facing states, and the observed binding mode for fructose is consistent with biochemical analysis. Rather than a substrate binding site that achieves strict specificity by having a high-affinity for the substrate, we conclude GLUT proteins have allosterically coupled sugar binding with an extracellular gate that forms the high-affinity transition-state instead. This substrate-coupling pathway presumably enables the catalysis of fast sugar flux at physiological relevant blood-glucose concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McComas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaccorsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delemotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.495601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of sugar-induced influx in the mammalian fructose transporter GLUT5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing insect metabarcoding using replicated mock communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabarcoding (high-throughput sequencing of marker gene amplicons) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective method for characterizing insect community samples. Yet, the methodology varies greatly among studies and its performance has not been systematically evaluated to date. In particular, it is unclear how accurately metabarcoding can resolve species communities in terms of presence-absence, abundances, and biomass. Here we use mock community experiments and a simple probabilistic model to evaluate the performance of different metabarcoding protocols. Specifically, we ask four questions: (Q1) How consistent are the recovered community profiles across replicate mock communities?; (Q2) How does the choice of lysis buffer affect the recovery of the original community?; (Q3) How are community estimates affected by differing lysis times and homogenization?; and (Q4) Is it possible to obtain adequate species abundance estimates through the use of biological spike-ins? We show that estimates are quite variable across community replicates. In general, a mild lysis protocol is better at reconstructing species lists and approximate counts, while homogenization is better at retrieving biomass composition. Tiny insects are more likely to be detected in lysates, while some tough species require homogenization to be detected. Results are less consistent across biological replicates for lysates than for homogenates. Some species are associated with strong PCR amplification bias, which complicates the reconstruction of species counts. Yet, with adequate spike-in data, species abundance can be determined with roughly 40% standard error for homogenates, and with roughly 50% standard error for lysates, under ideal conditions. In the latter case, however, this often requires species-specific reference data, while spike-in data generalizes better across species for homogenates. We conclude that a non-destructive, mild lysis approach shows the highest promise for presence/absence description of the community, while also allowing future morphological or molecular work on the material. However, homogenization protocols perform better for characterizing community composition, in particular in terms of biomass.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granqvist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buczek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roslin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukasik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing insect metabarcoding using replicated mock communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual plants can modify the microenvironment within their spatial neighborhood. However, the consequences of microenvironment modification for demography and species interactions remain unclear at the community scale. In a study of co-occurring alpine plants, we (1) determined the extent of species-specific microclimate modification by comparing temperature and soil moisture between vegetated and non-vegetated microsites for several focal species. We (2) determined how vital rates (survival, growth, fecundity) of all species varied in response to aboveground and belowground vegetative overlap with inter- and intraspecific neighbors as proxies for microenvironment modification. For (1), surface temperatures were buffered (lower maximums and higher minimums) and soil moisture was higher below the canopies of most species compared to non-vegetated areas. For (2), vegetative overlap predicted most vital rates, although the effect varied depending on whether aboveground or belowground overlap was considered. Vital rate response to microenvironment-modification proxies (vegetative overlap) was also frequently context dependent with respect to plant size and macroclimate. Microenvironment modification and spatial overlapping of individuals are key drivers of demography and species interactions in this alpine community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapas, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opedal, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.495427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased glycolysis and functional mitochondria fuel acinar-ductal metaplasia in the pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.495427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reprogramming of the cellular metabolism is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer, yet it remains unclear at what stage during carcinogenesis it occurs. Here, we investigated the metabolic requirements for acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), the first step in pancreatic carcinogenesis. We detected increased glycolytic marker expression in human ADM suggesting that a metabolic switch occurs during ADM formation. We report that this switch was similarly required for ADM formation in different oncogenic mouse models (KRAS, PI3K, and MEK1) and in ligand-induced ADM in mouse wild-type acini.

In addition, we show that a functional electron transport chain (ETC), but not mitochondrial ATP production, was essential to ADM formation. We conclude that the ETC provides NAD+ for the de novo synthesis of serine from glycolysis intermediates. Our findings demonstrate that metabolic programming is essential for the initiation of pancreatic carcinogenesis and thus identifies potential targets for metabolic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neuss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usluer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oellinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einwaechter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.495427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased glycolysis and functional mitochondria fuel acinar-ductal metaplasia in the pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autocrine Sfrp1 inhibits lung fibroblast invasion during transition to injury induced myofibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion is a major driver of tissue remodeling in organ fibrosis. Several distinct lineages of fibroblasts support homeostatic tissue niche functions, yet, specific activation states and phenotypic trajectories of fibroblasts during injury and repair have remained unclear. Here, we combined spatial transcriptomics, longitudinal single-cell RNA-seq and genetic lineage tracing to study fibroblast fates during mouse lung regeneration. We discovered a transitional fibroblast state characterized by high Sfrp1 expression, derived from both Tcf21-Cre lineage positive and negative cells. Sfrp1+ cells appeared early after injury in peribronchiolar, adventitial and alveolar locations and preceded the emergence of myofibroblasts. We identified lineage specific paracrine signals and inferred converging transcriptional trajectories towards Sfrp1+ transitional fibroblasts and Cthrc1+ myofibroblasts. Tgf{beta}1 downregulated Sfrp1 in non-invasive transitional cells and induced their switch to an invasive Cthrc1+ myofibroblast identity. Finally, using loss of function studies we showed that autocrine Sfrp1 directly inhibits fibroblast invasion by regulating the RhoA pathway. In summary, our study reveals the convergence of spatially and transcriptionally distinct fibroblast lineages into transcriptionally uniform myofibroblasts and identifies Sfrp1 as an autocrine inhibitor of fibroblast invasion during early stages of fibrogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayr, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestoni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liontos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strunz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashgarpour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerckens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oehrle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viteri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallquist, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irmler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickelberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoleriu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kneidinger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlbrecht, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgstaller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autocrine Sfrp1 inhibits lung fibroblast invasion during transition to injury induced myofibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive indirect effects more than balance negative direct effects of ungulate grazers on population growth of a grassland herb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIHerbivores can affect plant population dynamics both directly because of the damage they inflict, and indirectly by moderating conditions for plant recruitment, competition and other biotic interactions. Still, the relative importance of indirect effects of herbivores on plant population dynamics is poorly known.
C_LIO_LIWe quantified direct and indirect effects of ungulate grazers on population growth rate of the short-lived perennial herb Primula farinosa, using integral projection models based on demographic data collected over 7 years in exclosures and open control plots at nine grassland sites in southern Sweden. In addition, we explored the mechanisms behind indirect effects with simulations.
C_LIO_LIGrazers had negative direct effects on P. farinosa population growth rate, but these were more than balanced by positive indirect effects. The positive indirect effects were mainly linked to improved conditions for plant recruitment. Simulations indicated that indirect effects of ungulate grazers on population growth rate via interactions with pollinators, seed predators, and small herbivores were weak in this system.
C_LIO_LISynthesis. The results demonstrate that a full understanding of the effects of grazing on plant population dynamics requires that both direct and indirect effects are identified and quantified. Plant species vary considerably in their response to shifts in grazing regime. Our study sets an example for how the causes of such variation can be assessed, and thus providing a better understanding of the variable effects of herbivores on plant fitness, abundance and distribution.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.24.501324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive indirect effects more than balance negative direct effects of ungulate grazers on population growth of a grassland herb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold-induced expression of a truncated Adenylyl Cyclase 3 acts as rheostat to brown fat function. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promoting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been recognized as innovative therapeutic approach to improve obesity and metabolic disease. Whilst the molecular circuitry underlying thermogenic activation of BAT is well understood, the processes underlying rheostatic regulation of BAT to maintain homeostasis and avoid excessive energy dissipation remain ill-defined. Increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) biosynthesis is key for BAT activation. Here, we demonstrate that ADCY3, an adenylyl cyclase whose expression is induced during cold exposure and regulates cAMP homeostasis in thermogenic fat, is dispensable for BAT function in lean mice, but becomes critical during obesity. Furthermore, by combining RNA-seq with epigenomic H3K4me3 profiling, we detected a novel, cold-inducible promoter that generates a 5 truncated Adcy3-at mRNA isoform, Adcy3-at. Mice lacking only Adcy3-at, but not full-length Adcy3, displayed increased energy expenditure already under lean conditions and were protected against obesity and ensuing metabolic imbalances. Subcellularly, translated ADCY3-AT proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), did not translocate to the cell membrane, and lacked enzymatic activity. By interacting with ADCY3, ADCY3-AT retained ADCY3 in the ER and, thereby, reduced the plasma membrane pool of ADCYs available for G-protein mediated cAMP synthesis. Thereby, ADCY3-AT acts as a signaling rheostat in BAT, limiting adverse consequences of uncurbed cAMP activity after long-term BAT activation. Adcy3-at induction was driven by a cold-induced, truncated isoform of the transcriptional cofactor PPARGC1A (PPARG Coactivator 1 Alpha, PPARGC1A-AT). Expression of Ppargc1a-at and Adcy3-at are evolutionary conserved, indicating that transcriptional rewiring by commissioning of alternative promoters is key for thermogenic fat function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephrajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavanez, A. R. A. d. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyendecker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansmeier, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagliano, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jespersen, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehimi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohlke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommolt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rada-Iglesias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradas-Juni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderlich, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornfeld, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold-induced expression of a truncated Adenylyl Cyclase 3 acts as rheostat to brown fat function.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origins and ancestry of the Picts of early medieval Scotland (ca. AD 300-900) has been traditionally seen as a problem, prompted in part by exotic medieval origin myths, their enigmatic symbols and inscriptions, and the meagre textual evidence. The Picts, first mentioned in the late 3rd century AD resisted the Romans and went on to form a powerful kingdom that ruled over a large territory in northern Britain. In the 9th and 10th centuries Gaelic language, culture and identity became dominant, transforming the Pictish realm into Alba, the precursor to the medieval kingdom of Scotland. To date, no comprehensive analysis of Pictish genomes has been published, and questions about their biological relationships to other cultural groups living in Britain remain unanswered. Here we present two high-quality Pictish genomes (2.4 and 16.5X coverage) from central and northern Scotland dated from the 5th-7th century which we impute and co-analyse with >8,300 previously published ancient and modern genomes. Using allele frequency and haplotype-based approaches, we can firmly place the Pictish genomes within the Iron Age gene pool in Britain and demonstrate local biological affinity. We also demonstrate the presence of population structure within Pictish groups, with Orcadian Picts being genetically distinct from their mainland contemporaries. When investigating Identity-By-Descent (IBD) with present-day genomes, we observe broad affinities between the mainland Pictish genomes and the present-day people living in western Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Northumbria, but less with the rest of England, the Orkney islands and eastern Scotland - where the political centres of Pictland were located. The pre-Viking Age Orcadian Picts evidence a high degree of IBD sharing across modern Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Orkney islands, demonstrating substantial genetic continuity in the Orkney for the last ~2,000 years. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity at the Pictish cemetery of Lundin Links (n = 7) reveals absence of female endogamy, with implications for broader social organisation. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the genetic affinities and population structure of the Picts and direct relationships between ancient and present-day groups of the UK.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Günther, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götherström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Varela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashuba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talamo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdland Flink, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding of human growth hormone in vitro and in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human growth hormone (hGH) is a four-helix bundle protein of considerable pharmacological interest. Recombinant hGH is produced in bacteria, yet little is known about its folding during expression in E. coli. We have studied the cotranslational folding of hGH using Force Profile Analysis (FPA), both during in vitro translation in the absence and presence of the chaperone trigger factor (TF), and when expressed in E. coli. We find that the main folding transition starts before hGH is completely released from the ribosome, and that it can interact with TF and possibly other chaperones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mermans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baygin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding of human growth hormone in vitro and in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENGRAILED-1 transcription factor exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on adult spinal cord α-motoneurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several homeoprotein transcription factors transfer between cells and regulate gene expression, protein translation, and chromatin organization in recipient cells. ENGRAILED-1 is one such homeoprotein expressed in spinal V1 interneurons synapsing on -motoneurons. Neutralizing extracellular ENGRAILED-1 by expressing a secreted single-chain antibody blocks its capture by spinal motoneurons resulting in -motoneurons loss and limb weakness. A similar but stronger phenotype is observed in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote mouse, confirming that ENGRAILED-1 exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on spinal cord -motoneurons. Intrathecal injection of ENGRAILED-1 leads to its specific internalization by spinal motoneurons and has long-lasting protective effects against neurodegeneration and weakness. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons express Engrailed-1 and, similarly to spinal cord -motoneurons, degenerate in the heterozygote. By identifying genes expressed in spinal cord motoneurons also showing modified expression in mouse Engrailed-1 heterozygote midbrain neurons, we identified p62/SQTSM1 as an age marker in spinal cord motoneurons with increased expression during aging, in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote and upon extracellular ENGRAILED-1 neutralization. We conclude that ENGRAILED-1 is a regulator of motoneuron ageing with non-cell autonomous neurotrophic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leboeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Abonce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peze-Hedsieck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Alonso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOYA, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prochiantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENGRAILED-1 transcription factor exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on adult spinal cord α-motoneurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probe set selection for targeted spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted spatial transcriptomics methods capture the topology of cell types and states in tissues at single cell- and subcellular resolution by measuring the expression of a predefined set of genes. The selection of an optimal set of probed genes is crucial for capturing and interpreting the spatial signals present in a tissue. However, current selections often rely on marker genes, precluding them from detecting continuous spatial signals or novel states. We present Spapros, an end-to-end probe set selection pipeline that optimizes both probe set specificity for cell type identification and within-cell-type expression variation to resolve spatially distinct populations while taking into account prior knowledge, as well as probe design and expression constraints. To facilitate data analysis and interpretation, Spapros also provides rules for cell type identification. We evaluated Spapros by selecting probes on 6 different data sets and built an evaluation pipeline with 12 quality metrics to find that Spapros outperforms other selection approaches in both cell type recovery and recovering expression variation beyond cell types. Furthermore, we used Spapros to design a SCRINSHOT experiment of adult lung tissue to demonstrate how probes selected with Spapros identify cell types of interest and detect spatial variation even within cell types. Spapros enables optimal probe set selection, probe set evaluation, and probe design, as a freely available Python package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuemmerle, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firsova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros de Andrade e Sousa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekki, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbubani, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sountoulidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balassa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piraud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erturk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probe set selection for targeted spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitinase-like protein promotes tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged vesicles. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with tissue-remodeling and inflammation but also with several disorders, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, allergies, and cancer. However, CLPs role in tumors is far from clear. Here, we utilize Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the function of CLPs (imaginal disc growth factors; Idgfs) in RasV12 dysplastic salivary glands. We find one of the Idgfs members, Idgf3, is transcriptionally induced in a JNK-dependent manner via a positive feedback loop mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Idgf3 accumulates in enlarged endosomal vesicles (EnVs) that promote tumor progression by disrupting cytoskeletal organization. The process is mediated via the downstream component, Spectrin, which localizes to the EnVs. Our data provide new insight into CLP function in tumors and identifies specific targets for tumor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitinase-like protein promotes tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged vesicles.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microchip-based electrokinetic biosensor: microfabrication and application in membrane protein profiling of extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of analyte using streaming current has been previously explored using both experimental and theoretical approaches. However, little has been done to develop a viable microchip which can be exploited to deliver a sensitive, robust, and scalable biosensor device. In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of such a device on silicon wafer using a scalable silicon microfabrication technology followed by their characterization and optimization for highly sensitive detection of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). We show that the sensitivity of the devices, estimated using a common protein-ligand pair and sEVs significantly outperforms previous reports using the same principle. Two versions of the microchips, denoted as enclosed and open-top microchip, were developed and compared aiming to discern the importance of high-pressure measurement vs easier and better surface preparation capacity. A custom-built chip-manifold allowing easy interfacing with standard microfluidic connections was also developed. By investigating different electrical, fluidic, morphological, and fluorescence measurements, we show that while the enclosed microchip with its robust glass-silicon bonding can withstand higher pressure and thus generate higher streaming current, the open-top configuration offers several practical benefits including easy surface preparation, uniform probe conjugation, and improvement in the limit of detection (LoD). We further compare two common surface functionalization strategies and show that the proposed microchip can achieve both high sensitivity for membrane protein profiling and low LoD for sEV detection. At the optimum condition, we demonstrate that the microchip can detect sEVs reaching a LoD of 104 sEV/mL, which is among the lowest in the reported microchip-based methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talebian Gevari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haag, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viktorsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microchip-based electrokinetic biosensor: microfabrication and application in membrane protein profiling of extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scenario-guided strategy for the future management of biological invasions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Future dynamics of biological invasions are highly uncertain because they depend on multiple environmental, societal and socio-economic drivers. We adopted a qualitative scenario approach to explore the future of invasive alien species (IAS) in Europe and created an overall strategy for their management that considers different plausible future developments. The scenarios and strategy were developed during two online workshops with a multidisciplinary team of experts. First, we downscaled four global scenarios of biological invasions to the European level. Second, we developed a management strategy structured into 19 goals that cover a broad array of IAS-related topics (i.e. policy, research, public awareness and biosecurity), and provided solutions for achieving these goals considering the European scenarios. Third, we identified four interrelated recommendations around which any long-term strategy for managing IAS in Europe can be structured: (i) a European biosecurity regime, (ii) a dedicated communication strategy, (iii) data standardization and management tools, and (iv) a monitoring and assessment system. Finally, we identified the feasibility of the IAS management strategy, finding strong differences among the four scenarios. High levels of technological development, public environmental awareness, and effectiveness of IAS policies facilitated the implementation of the overall management strategy. Together, our results indicate that it is time for a new management of biological invasions in Europe based on a more integrative perspective across sectors and countries to be better prepared for future challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roura-Pascual, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Granados, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latombe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriaens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardo-Madrid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotons, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golivets, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutlesa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabitsch, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seebens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solarz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starfinger, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lozano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeschke, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scenario-guided strategy for the future management of biological invasions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of neuropil organization in specialized and broadly tuned olfactory glomerular circuits in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Drosophila olfactory system most odorants are encoded in the antennal lobe in a combinatory way, activating several glomerular circuits. However, odorants of particular ecological role for the fly are encoded through activation of a single specialized olfactory pathway. Comparative analyses of densely reconstructed connectomes of one broadly tuned glomerulus (DL5) and one narrowly tuned glomerulus (DA2) gained detailed insight into the variations of synaptic circuitries of glomeruli with different computational tasks. Our approach combined laser-branding of glomeruli of interest with volume based focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to enable precise targeting and analysis of the two glomeruli. We discovered differences in their neuronal innervation, synaptic composition and specific circuit diagrams of their major cell types: olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), uniglomerular projection neurons (uPNs) and multiglomerular neurons (MGNs). By comparing our data with a previously mapped narrowly tuned glomerulus (VA1v), we identified putative generic features of narrowly tuned glomerular circuits, including higher density of neuronal fibers and synapses, lower degree of OSN lateralization, stronger axo-axonic connections between OSNs, dendro-dendritic connections between many uPNs, and lower degree of presynaptic input on OSN axons. In addition, this work revealed that the dendrites of the single uPN in DL5 contain a substantial amount of autapses interconnecting distant regions of the dendritic tree. The comparative analysis of glomeruli allows to formulate synaptic motifs implemented in olfactory circuits with different computational demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleijzier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of neuropil organization in specialized and broadly tuned olfactory glomerular circuits in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting genomic consequences of anthropogenic reintroduction and natural recolonisation in high-arctic wild reindeer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic reintroduction can supplement natural recolonisation in reestablishing a species distribution and abundance. However, both reintroductions and recolonisations can give rise to population bottlenecks that reduce genetic diversity and increase inbreeding, potentially causing accumulation of genetic load and reduced fitness. Most current populations of the endemic high-arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) originate from recent reintroductions or recolonisations following regional extirpations due to past overharvesting. We investigated and compared the genomic consequences of these two paths to reestablishment using whole-genome shotgun sequencing of 100 Svalbard reindeer across their range. We found little admixture between reintroduced and natural populations. Two reintroduced populations, each founded by 12 individuals around four decades (i.e. 8 reindeer generations) ago, formed two distinct genetic clusters. Compared to the source population, these populations showed only small decreases in genome-wide heterozygosity and increases in inbreeding and lengths of runs of homozygosity. In contrast, the two naturally recolonised populations without admixture possessed much lower heterozygosity, higher inbreeding, and longer runs of homozygosity, possibly caused by serial population bottlenecks and/or fewer or more genetically related founders than in the reintroduction events. Naturally recolonised populations can thus be more vulnerable to the accumulation of genetic load than reintroduced populations. This suggests that in some organisms even small-scale reintroduction programs based on genetically diverse source populations can be more effective than natural recolonisation in establishing genetically diverse populations. These findings warrant particular attention in the conservation and management of populations and species threatened by habitat fragmentation and loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burnett, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieker, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Moullec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosvold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting genomic consequences of anthropogenic reintroduction and natural recolonisation in high-arctic wild reindeer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile synaptotagmin-1 nanobody provides perturbation-free live synaptic imaging and low linkage-error in super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging of living synapses has relied for over two decades on the overexpression of synaptic proteins fused to fluorescent reporters. This strategy changes the stoichiometry of synaptic components and ultimately affects synapse physiology. To overcome these limitations, here we introduce a nanobody that binds the calcium sensor synaptotagmin-1 (NbSyt1). This nanobody functions in living neurons as an intrabody (iNbSyt1) and is minimally invasive, leaving synaptic transmission almost unaffected, as demonstrated by the crystal structure of the NbSyt1 bound to synaptotagmin-1 and by our physiological data. Its single-domain nature enables the generation of protein-based fluorescent reporters, as we showcase here by measuring spatially-localized presynaptic Ca2+ with an NbSyt1-jGCaMP8 chimera. Moreover, its small size makes the NbSyt1 ideal for various super-resolution imaging methods. Overall, NbSyt1 is a versatile binder that will enable imaging in cellular and molecular neuroscience at a higher precision than possible in the past, over multiple spatiotemporal scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Queiroz Zetune Villa Real, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougios, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sograte-Idrissi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maidorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saal, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleksiievets, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukanov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornasiero, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opazo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.525828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile synaptotagmin-1 nanobody provides perturbation-free live synaptic imaging and low linkage-error in super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
phylopath: Easy phylogenetic path analysis in R. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIConfirmatory path analysis allows researchers to evaluate and compare causal models using observational data. This tool has great value for comparative biologists since they are often unable to gather experimental data on macro-evolutionary hypotheses, but is cumbersome and error-prone to perform.nC_LIO_LII introduce phylopath, an R package that implements phylogenetic path analysis (PPA) as described by Von Hardenberg & Gonzalez-Voyer (2013). In addition to the published method, I provide support for the inclusion of binary variables.nC_LIO_LII illustrate PPA and phylopath by recreating part of a study on the relationship between brain size and vulnerability to extinction.nC_LIO_LIThe package aims to make the analysis straight-forward, providing convenience functions and several plotting methods, which I hope will encourage the spread of the method.nC_LIO_LIphylopath is released under the GPL-3 license, and is freely available on CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phylopath/index.html) and GitHub (https://github.com/Ax3man/phylopath).nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[phylopath: Easy phylogenetic path analysis in R.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive ability of a tetraploid selfing species (Capsella bursa-pastoris) across its expansion range and comparison with its sister species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-fertilization is often associated with ecological traits corresponding to the ruderal strategy in Grimes Competitive-Stress-tolerant-Ruderal (CSR) classification of ecological strategies. Consequently, selfers are expected to be less competitive than outcrossers, either because of a colonization/competition trade-off or because of the deleterious genetic effects of selfing. Range expansion could reduce further competitive ability while polyploidy could mitigate the effects of selfing. Although suggested by meta-analyses, these predictions have not been directly tested yet. We compared the competitive ability of four Capsella species differing by their mating system and ploidy level. We found that the two diploid selfing species (C. rubella and C. orientalis) were more sensitive to competition than the diploid outcrosser (C. grandiflora), and that the tetraploid selfer (C. bursa-pastoris) was intermediate. Within C. bursa-pastoris, we also found that sensitivity to competition increased in parallel to range expansion. These results highlight the possible roles of ecological context and ploidy in the evolutionary trajectories of selfing species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lascoux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glemin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive ability of a tetraploid selfing species (Capsella bursa-pastoris) across its expansion range and comparison with its sister species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A butterfly chromonome reveals selection dynamics during extensive and cryptic chromosomal reshuffling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome evolution, an important component of mico- and macroevolutionary dynamics 1-5, presents an enigma in the mega-diverse Lepidoptera6. While most species exhibit constrained chromosome evolution, with nearly identical haploid chromosome counts and chromosome-level shared gene content and collinearity among species despite more than 140 Million years of divergence7, a small fraction of species independently exhibit dramatic changes in chromosomal count due to extensive fission and fusion events that are facilitated by their holocentric chromosomes7-9. Here we address this enigma of simultaneous conservation and dynamism in chromosome evolution in our analysis of the chromonome (chromosome level assembly10) of the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi (Pieridae, Linnaeus, 1758). We report an unprecedented reorganization of the standard Lepidopteran chromosome structure via more than 90 fission and fusion events that are cryptic at other scales, as the haploid chromosome number is identical to related genera and gene collinearity within the large rearranged segments matches other Lepidoptera. Furthermore, these rearranged segments are significantly enriched for clusters of functionally related genes and the maintenance of ancient telomeric ends. These results suggest an unexpected role for selection in shaping chromosomal evolution when the structural constraints of monocentricq chromosomes are relaxed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neethiraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehouse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celorio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cols, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dircksen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meslin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikkink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vives, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsolver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A butterfly chromonome reveals selection dynamics during extensive and cryptic chromosomal reshuffling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Viral protein Corona Directs Viral Pathogenesis and Amyloid Aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial nanoparticles accumulate a protein corona layer in biological fluids, which significantly influences their bioactivity. As nanosized obligate intracellular parasites, viruses share many biophysical properties with artificial nanoparticles in extracellular environments and here we show that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) accumulate a rich and distinctive protein corona in different biological fluids. Moreover, we show that corona pre-coating differentially affects viral infectivity and immune cell activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that viruses bind amyloidogenic peptides in their corona and catalyze amyloid formation via surface-assisted heterogeneous nucleation. Importantly, we show that HSV-1 catalyzes the aggregation of the amyloid beta peptide (A{beta}42), a major constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimers disease, in-vitro and in animal models. Our results highlight the viral protein corona as an acquired structural layer that is critical for viral-host interactions and illustrate a mechanistic convergence between viral and amyloid pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ezzat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernemalm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarver, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dondalska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bestas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobkowiak, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetz, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andaloussi, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/246785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Viral protein Corona Directs Viral Pathogenesis and Amyloid Aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Folding Pathway of an Ig Domain is Conserved On and Off the Ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that fold cotranslationally may do so in a restricted configurational space, due to the volume occupied by the ribosome. How does this environment, coupled with the close proximity of the ribosome, affect the folding pathway of a protein? Previous studies have shown that the cotranslational folding process for many proteins, including small, single domains, is directly affected by the ribosome. Here, we investigate the cotranslational folding of an all-b immunoglobulin domain, titin I27. Using an arrest peptide-based assay and structural studies by cryo-EM, we show that I27 folds in the mouth of the ribosome exit tunnel. Simulations that use a kinetic model for the force-dependence of escape from arrest, accurately predict the fraction of folded protein as a function of length. We used these simulations to probe the folding pathway on and off the ribosome. Our simulations - which also reproduce experiments on mutant forms of I27 - show that I27 folds, while still sequestered in the mouth of the ribosome exit tunnel, by essentially the same pathway as free I27, with only subtle shifts of critical contacts from the C to the N terminus.nnSignificance StatementMost proteins need to fold into a specific three-dimensional structure in order to function. The mechanism by which isolated proteins fold has been thoroughly studied by experiment and theory. However, in the cell proteins do not fold in isolation, but are synthesized as linear chains by the ribosome during translation. It is therefore natural to ask at which point during synthesis proteins fold, and whether this differs from the folding of isolated protein molecules. By studying folding of a well characterized protein domain, titin I27, stalled at different points during translation, we show that it already folds in the mouth of the ribosome exit tunnel, and that the mechanism is almost identical to that of the isolated protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollins, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Folding Pathway of an Ig Domain is Conserved On and Off the Ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding of a pentarepeat β-helix protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is becoming increasingly clear that many proteins start to fold cotranslationally, before the entire polypeptide chain has been synthesized on the ribosome. One class of proteins that a priori would seem particularly prone to cotranslational folding is repeat proteins, i.e., proteins that are built from an array of nearly identical sequence repeats. However, while the folding of repeat proteins has been studied extensively in vitro with purified proteins, only a handful of studies have addressed the issue of cotranslational folding of repeat proteins. Here, we have determined the structure and studied the cotranslational folding of a {beta}-helix pentarepeat protein from the human pathogen Clostridium botulinum - a homolog of the Fluoroquinolone Resistance Protein MfpA - using an assay in which the SecM translational arrest peptide serves as a force sensor to detect folding events. We find that cotranslational folding of a segment corresponding to the first four of the eight {beta}-helix coils in the protein produces enough force to release ribosome stalling, and that folding starts when this unit is ~35 residues away from the P-site, near the distal end of the ribosome exit tunnel. An additional folding transition is seen when the whole PENT moiety emerges from the exit tunnel. The early cotranslational formation of a folded unit may be important to avoid misfolding events in vivo, and may reflect the minimal size of a stable {beta}-helix since it is structurally homologous to the smallest known {beta}-helix protein, a four-coil protein that is stable in solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Notari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding of a pentarepeat β-helix protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Shape of the Ribosome Exit Tunnel Affects Cotranslational Protein Folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E.coli ribosome exit tunnel can accommodate small folded proteins, while larger ones fold outside. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the geometry of the tunnel influences protein folding. Here, using E. coli ribosomes with deletions in loops in proteins uL23 and uL24 that protrude into the tunnel, we investigate how tunnel geometry determines where proteins of different sizes fold. We find that a 29-residue zinc-finger domain normally folding close to the uL23 loop folds deeper in the tunnel in uL23 {Delta}loop ribosomes, while two ~100-residue protein normally folding close to the uL24 loop near the tunnel exit port fold at deeper locations in uL24 {Delta}loop ribosomes, in good agreement with results obtained by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. This supports the idea that cotranslational folding commences once a protein domain reaches a location in the exit tunnel where there is sufficient space to house the folded structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Avila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Shape of the Ribosome Exit Tunnel Affects Cotranslational Protein Folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mercury-methylating bacteria are associated with zooplankton: a proof-of-principle survey in the Baltic Sea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine food-webs. Inorganic mercury (Hg) methylation is generally considered to be conducted by bacteria associated with sediment or detritus, but endogenous methylation by the gut microbiome of animals in the lower food webs is another possible source. We examined the occurrence of the bacterial gene (hgcA), required for Hg methylation, in the guts of dominant Baltic zooplankters. A qPCR assay targeting the hgcA sequence in three main clades (Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Archaea) was used in the field-collected specimens of copepods (Acartia bifilosa, Eurytemora affinis, Pseudocalanus acuspes and Limnocalanus macrurus) and cladocerans (Bosmina coregoni maritima and Cercopagis pengoi). All copepods were found to carry hgcA genes in their gut microbiome, whereas no positive amplification was recorded in the cladocerans. In the copepods, hgcA genes belonging to only Deltaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were detected. These findings suggest that endogenous Hg methylation can occur in zooplankton and may contribute to seasonal, spatial and vertical MeHg variability in water column and food webs. Additional molecular and metagenomics studies are needed to identify bacteria carrying hgcA genes and improve their quantification in microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soerensen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motwani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mercury-methylating bacteria are associated with zooplankton: a proof-of-principle survey in the Baltic Sea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Sequences Translocation Efficiency Using the Xbp1 Arrest Peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secretory proteins translocate across the mammalian ER membrane co-translationally via the ribosome-sec61 translocation channel complex. Signal sequences within the polypeptide, which guide this event, are diverse in their hydrophobicity, charge, length, and amino acid composition. Despite the known sequence diversity in the ER-targeting signals, it is generally assumed that they have a dominant role in determining co-translational targeting and translocation initiation process. We have analyzed co-translational events experienced by secretory proteins carrying efficient, versus inefficient (poorly hydrophobic) signal sequences, using an assay based on Xbp1 peptide-mediated translational arrest. With this method we were able to measure the functional efficiency of ER signal sequences. We show that an efficient signal sequence experiences a two-phases event in which the nascent chain is pulled from the ribosome during its translocation, thus resuming translation and yielding full-length products. Conversely, the inefficient signal sequence experiences a single weaker pulling event, suggesting inadequate engagement by the translocation machinery of these marginally hydrophobic signal sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kriegler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoulopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amate Marchal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Sequences Translocation Efficiency Using the Xbp1 Arrest Peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the evolution of visual specializations in fungus gnats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many insects use vision to inform their behavior, but visual information differs between habitats and the sensory demands vary with each species ecology. The small size of insects eyes constrains their optical performance, and so it is unsurprising that they have evolved specializations for optimizing the information they obtain from their habitat. Unraveling how behavioral, environmental, and phylogenetic factors influence the evolution of such specializations is difficult, however, because existing techniques to analyze insect eyes require specimens to be preserved beforehand. To facilitate broad comparative studies on insect eyes and the evolution of complex visual behavior, we developed a novel analysis technique that uses x-ray micro-computed tomography to quantify and recreate the visual world of insects. We use our methodology to investigate the eyes of fungus gnats (Orfeliini), a tribe of diminutive Dipterans, to identify the visual specializations they evolved for surviving in different forest habitats and to explore how this changed over 30 million years of evolutionary history. The specimens we studied were preserved in different ways (in ethanol, air dried, and as an endocast in amber), demonstrating that our method provides a new opportunity to quantitatively study and compare the vision of a wide range insects held in museum collections. Our analysis indicates that different visual specializations have evolved between fungus gnat species living in different forest types and that the eyes of gnats from a similar geographic location have evolved to match the changing environmental conditions. Despite the small size of fungus gnats, evolution has evidentially been able to exploit sensory specializations to meet the differing sensory demands of species from a variety of forest habitats.nnSignificance statementDo insects have visual specializations that evolve with changes in their environment? To answer this question, a novel analysis technique is described that uses 3D imaging and simulations to compare the vision of ancient amber-embedded insects to those of their extant relatives. This study investigated the vision of fungus gnats to understand how tiny insects use vision to negotiate forests, some of the worlds most visually complex environments. Despite being amongst the smallest of any flying insect, the gnats miniature eyes have evolved visual specializations specifically adapted for different forest types, allowing different species to meet their visual demands of their specific habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gren, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the evolution of visual specializations in fungus gnats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological genetic conflict between specialism and plasticity through genomic islands of divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There can be genetic conflict between genome elements differing in transmission patterns, and thus in evolutionary interests. We show here that the concept of genetic conflict provides new insight into local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Local adaptation to heterogeneous habitats sometimes occurs as tightly linked clusters of genes with among-habitat polymorphism, referred to as genomic islands of divergence, and our work sheds light on their evolution. Phenotypic plasticity can also influence the divergence between ecotypes, through developmental responses to habitat-specificcues. We show that clustered genes coding for ecological specialism and unlinked generalist genes coding for phenotypic plasticity differ in their evolutionary interest. This is an ecological genetic conflict, operating between habitat specialism and phenotypically plastic generalism. The phenomenon occurs both for single traits and for syndromes of co-adapted traits. Using individual-based simulations and numerical analysis, we investigate how among-habitat genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity depend on genetic architecture. We show that for plasticity genes that are unlinked to a genomic island of divergence, the slope of a reaction norm will be steeper in comparison with the slope favored by plasticity genes that are tightly linked to genes for local adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall, S. R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijper, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological genetic conflict between specialism and plasticity through genomic islands of divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the social brain hypothesis: contest duration depends on loser’s brain size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBrain size is expected to evolve by a balance between cognitive benefits and energetic costs. Several influential hypotheses have suggested that large brains may be especially beneficial in social contexts. Group living and competition may pose unique cognitive challenges to individuals and favor the evolution of increased cognitive ability. Evidence comes from comparative studies on the link between social complexity and brain morphology, but the strength of empirical support has recently been challenged. In addition, the behavioral mechanisms that would link cognitive ability to sociality are rarely studied. Here we take an alternative approach and investigate experimentally how brain size can relate to the social competence of individuals within species, a problem that so far has remained unresolved. We use the unique guppy brain size selection line model system to evaluate whether large brains are advantageous by allowing individuals to better assess their performance in a social contest situation. Based on theoretical literature, we predict that contest duration should depend on the brain size of the loser, as it is the capitulation of the losing individual that ends the fight.nnResultsFirst, we show that studying the movement of competitors during contests allows for precise estimation of the dominance timeline in guppies, even when overt aggression is typically one-sided and delayed. Second, we staged contests between pairs of male that had been artificially selected for large and small relative brain size, with demonstrated differences in cognitive ability. We show that dominance was established much earlier in contests with large-brained losers, whereas the brain size of the winner had no effect. Following our prediction, large-brained individuals gave up more quickly when they were going to lose.nnConclusionsThese results suggest that large-brained individuals assess their performance in contests better and that social competence indeed can depend on brain size. Conflict resolution may therefore be an important behavioral mechanism behind macro-evolutionary patterns between sociality and brain size. Since conflict is ubiquitous among group-living animals, the possible effects of the social environment on the evolution of cognition may be more broadly applicable than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotrschal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the social brain hypothesis: contest duration depends on loser’s brain size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of protein size, thermodynamic stability, and net charge on cotranslational folding on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last five decades, studies of protein folding in dilute buffer solutions have produced a rich picture of this complex process. In the cell, however, proteins can start to fold while still attached to the ribosome (cotranslational folding) and it is not yet clear how the ribosome affects the folding of protein domains of different sizes, thermodynamic stabilities, and net charges. Here, by using arrest peptides as force sensors and on-ribosome pulse proteolysis, we provide a comprehensive picture of how the distance from the peptidyl transferase center in the ribosome at which proteins fold correlates with protein size. Moreover, an analysis of a large collection of mutants of the E. coli ribosomal protein S6 shows that the force exerted on the nascent chain by protein folding varies linearly with the thermodynamic stability of the folded state, and that the ribosome environment disfavors folding of domains of high net-negative charge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farias-Rico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruud Selin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myronidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of protein size, thermodynamic stability, and net charge on cotranslational folding on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intersection of phosphate transport, oxidative stress and TOR signalling in Candida albicans virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphate is an essential macronutrient required for cell growth and division. Pho84 is the major high-affinity cell-surface phosphate importer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a crucial element in the phosphate homeostatic system of this model yeast. We found that loss of Candida albicans Pho84 attenuated virulence in Drosophila and murine oropharyngeal and disseminated models of invasive infection, and conferred hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing. Susceptibility of cells lacking Pho84 to neutrophil attack depended on reactive oxygen species (ROS): pho84-/- cells were no more susceptible than wild type C. albicans to neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, or to those whose oxidative burst was pharmacologically inhibited or neutralized. pho84-/- mutants hyperactivated oxidative stress signalling. They accumulated intracellular ROS in the absence of extrinsic oxidative stress, in high as well as low ambient phosphate conditions. ROS accumulation correlated with diminished levels of the unique superoxide dismutase Sod3 in pho84-/- cells, while SOD3 overexpression from a conditional promoter substantially restored these cells oxidative stress resistance in vitro. Repression of SOD3 expression sharply increased their oxidative stress hypersensitivity. Neither of these oxidative stress management effects of manipulating SOD3 transcription was observed in PHO84 wild type cells. Sod3 levels were not the only factor driving oxidative stress effects on pho84-/- cells, though, because overexpressing SOD3 did not ameliorate these cells hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing ex vivo, indicating Pho84 has further roles in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. Measurement of cellular metal concentrations demonstrated that diminished Sod3 expression was not due to decreased import of its metal cofactor manganese, as predicted from the function of S. cerevisiae Pho84 as a low-affinity manganese transporter. Instead of a role of Pho84 in metal transport, we found its role in TORC1 activation to impact oxidative stress management: overexpression of the TORC1-activating GTPase Gtr1 relieved the Sod3 deficit and ROS excess in pho84-/- null mutant cells, though it did not suppress their hypersensitivity to neutrophil killing or hyphal growth defect. Pharmacologic inhibition of Pho84 by small molecules including the FDA-approved drug foscarnet also induced ROS accumulation. Inhibiting Pho84 could hence support host defenses by sensitizing C. albicans to oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppuluri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broggi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta Zaldivar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sola-Visner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanoni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ribot, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intersection of phosphate transport, oxidative stress and TOR signalling in Candida albicans virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic insight into zinc and antimicrobial toxicity uncovers a glycerol phosphate modification on streptococcal rhamnose polysaccharides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell wall glycopolymers on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria are fundamental to bacterial physiology and infection biology. These structures have also gained interest as vaccine antigens, in particular for the human pathogens Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcal cell wall glycopolymers are considered to be functional homologues of wall teichoic acids but surprisingly lack the biologically-relevant and characteristic anionic charge. Here we identify gacH, a gene of unknown function in the GAS Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) biosynthetic cluster, in two independent transposon library screens for its ability to confer resistance to zinc and susceptibility to the bactericidal enzyme human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2. To understand the underlying mechanism of these phenotypes, we determined the structure of the extracellular domain of GacH and discover that it represents a new family of glycerol phosphate (GroP) transferases. Importantly, we demonstrate the presence of GroP in both the GAC and the homologous Serotype c Carbohydrate (SCC) from S. mutans, which is conferred by gacH and sccH products, respectively. NMR analysis of GAC released from cell wall by non-destructive methods reveals that approximately 30% of the GAC GlcNAc side-chains are modified by GroP at the C6 hydroxyl group. This previously unrecognized structural modification impacts host-pathogen interaction and has implications for vaccine design.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=143 SRC="FIGDIR/small/337519v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d7598org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@435695org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e9515corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc78b7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edgar, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hensbergen, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Breton, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Sayed, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belew, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIver, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambeau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotkov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmalm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sorge, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic insight into zinc and antimicrobial toxicity uncovers a glycerol phosphate modification on streptococcal rhamnose polysaccharides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Getting more from heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data in a high immigration country: estimation of incidence and undiagnosed population size using multiple biomarkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMost HIV infections originate from individuals who are undiagnosed and unaware of their infection. Estimation of this quantity from surveillance data is hard because there is incomplete knowledge about i) the time between infection and diagnosis (TI) for the general population and ii) the time between immigration and diagnosis for foreign-born persons.nnDevelopmentWe developed a new statistical method for estimating the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV (PLHIV) and the incidence of HIV-1 based on dynamic modeling of heterogenous HIV-1 surveillance data. We formulated a Bayesian non-linear mixed effects model using multiple biomarkers to estimate TI accounting for biomarker correlation and individual heterogeneities. We explicitly model the probability that an HIV-1 infected foreign-born person was infected either before or after immigration to distinguish between endogenous and exogeneous incidence. The incidence estimator allows for direct calculation of the number of undiagnosed persons.nnApplicationThe model was applied to surveillance data in Sweden. The dynamic biomarker model was trained on longitudinal data from 31 treatment-naive patients with well-defined TI, using CD4 counts, BED serology, polymorphisms in HIV-1 pol sequences, and testing history. The multiple-biomarker model was more accurate than single biomarkers (mean absolute error 1.01 vs [&ge;] 1.95). We estimate that 813 (95% CI 780-862) PLHIV were undiagnosed in 2015, representing a proportion of 10.8% (95% CI 10.4-11.3%) of all PLHIV.nnConclusionsThe proposed methodology will enhance the utility of standard surveillance data streams and will be useful to monitor progress towards and compliance with the 90-90-90 UNAIDS target.nnKey messagesO_LICombined heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data and biomarker data can be used to estimate both local incidence and the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV.nC_LIO_LIExplicit modeling of the dynamics, heterogeneity, and correlation of multiple biomarkers over time improved estimation of time between infection and diagnosis.nC_LIO_LIExplicit modeling of the probability that foreign-born persons were infected before or after immigration improves accuracy of estimates of endogenous incidence and undiagnosed persons living with HIV.nC_LIO_LIThe endogenous incidence of HIV-1 in Sweden is declining, despite continued immigration of HIV-1 infected persons.nC_LIO_LIThe proportion of undiagnosed PLHIV decreased over 2010-2015 and was estimated to be 10.8% (95% CI, 10.4-11.3%) in 2015.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giardina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Severson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svedhem, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Getting more from heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data in a high immigration country: estimation of incidence and undiagnosed population size using multiple biomarkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metal-independent ribonucleotide reduction powered by a DOPA radical in Mycoplasma pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the only known de-novo pathway for production of all four deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA synthesis. In aerobic RNRs, a di-nuclear metal site is viewed as an absolute requirement for generating and stabilizing an essential catalytic radical. Here we describe a new group of RNRs found in Mollicutes, including Mycoplasma pathogens, that possesses a metal-independent stable radical residing on a modified tyrosyl residue. Structural, biochemical and spectroscopic characterization reveal a stable DOPA radical species that directly supports ribonucleotide reduction in vitro and in vivo.nnThe cofactor synthesis and radical generation processes are fundamentally different from established RNRs and require the flavoprotein NrdI. Several of the pathogens encoding this RNR variant are involved in diseases of the urinary tract and genitalia. Conceivably, this remarkable RNR variant provides an advantage under metal starvation induced by the immune system. We propose that the new RNR subclass is denoted class Ie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eirich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöberg, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/348268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metal-independent ribonucleotide reduction powered by a DOPA radical in Mycoplasma pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orchestration of Drosophila post-feeding physiology and behavior by the neuropeptide leucokinin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as neuromodulators and/or circulating hormones. A central question is how these neuropeptides function to coordinate complex and competing behaviors. The neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) modulates diverse functions, including circadian rhythms, feeding, water homeostasis, and sleep, but the mechanisms underlying these complex interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we delineate the LK circuitry that governs homeostatic functions that are critical for survival. We found that impaired LK signaling affects diverse but coordinated processes, including regulation of stress, water homeostasis, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate. There are three different sets of LK neurons, which contribute to different aspects of this physiology. We show that the calcium activity of abdominal ganglia LK neurons (ABLKs) increases specifically following water consumption, but not under other conditions, suggesting that these neurons regulate water homeostasis and its associated physiology. To identify targets of LK peptide, we mapped the distribution of the LK receptor (Lkr), mined brain single-cell transcriptome dataset for genes coexpressed with Lkr, and utilized trans-synaptic labeling to identify synaptic partners of LK neurons. Lkr expression in the brain insulin-producing cells (IPCs), gut, renal tubules and sensory cells, and the post-synaptic signal in sensory neurons, correlates well with regulatory roles detected in the Lk and Lkr mutants. Furthermore, these mutants and flies with targeted knockdown of Lkr in IPCs displayed altered expression of insulin-like peptides (DILPs) in IPCs and modulated stress responses. Thus, some effects of LK signaling appear to occur via DILP action. Collectively, our data suggest that the three sets of LK neurons orchestrate the establishment of post-prandial homeostasis by regulating distinct physiological processes and behaviors such as diuresis, metabolism, organismal activity and insulin signaling. These findings provide a platform for investigating neuroendocrine regulation of behavior and brain-to-periphery communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zandawala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurgel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Texada, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rewitz, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orchestration of Drosophila post-feeding physiology and behavior by the neuropeptide leucokinin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrophobic organic contaminants are not linked to microplastic uptake in Baltic Sea herring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is commonly accepted that microplastic (MP) ingestion can lead to lower food intake and bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic organisms. However, causal links between MP and contaminant levels in biota are poorly understood and in situ data are very limited. Here, we investigated whether HOC concentrations in herring muscle tissue (Clupea harengus membras) are related to MP ingestion using fish caught along the West coast of the Baltic Sea. The MP occurrence exhibited a large geographic variability, with MP found in 22.3% of the fish examined. The population average was 1.0 MP ind-1; however, when only individuals containing MP were considered, the average MP burden was 4.4 MP ind-1. We also found that MP burden decreased with reproductive stage of the fish but increased with its body size. To predict MP abundance in fish guts, we constructed a mass-balance model using literature data on MP in the water column and physiological rates on ingestion and gut evacuation for clupeids of a similar size. The model output was in agreement with the observed values, thus supporting the validity of the results. Contaminant concentrations in the muscle tissue were unrelated to the MP levels in fish, suggesting a lack of direct links between the levels of HOCs and MP ingestion. Thus, despite their ubiquity, MP are unlikely to have a measurable impact on food intake or the total body burden of hydrophobic contaminants in Baltic herring.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/363127v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4cb5b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2de3c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c58baborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@154b828_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogonowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrophobic organic contaminants are not linked to microplastic uptake in Baltic Sea herring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion of a functional glutaredoxin to the radical-generating subunit of ribonucleotide reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) consists of a catalytic subunit (NrdA) and a radical-generating subunit (NrdB) that together catalyse reduction of the four ribonucleotides to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. Facklamia ignava NrdB is an unprecedented fusion protein with N-terminal add-ons of a glutaredoxin (Grx) domain followed by an ATP-cone. Grx, which in general is encoded elsewhere in the genome than is the RNR operon, is a known physiological reductant of RNRs. Here we show that the fused Grx domain functions as an efficient reductant of the F. ignava class I RNR via the common dithiol mechanism and interestingly also via a monothiol mechanism, although less efficiently. A Grx that utilizes either or of these two reaction mechanisms has to our knowledge not been observed with a native substrate before. The ATP-cone, which is commonly found as an N-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit of RNRs, is an allosteric on/off switch that promotes dNDP reduction in presence of ATP and inhibits the enzyme activity in presence of dATP. Here we show that dATP bound to the ATP-cone of F. ignava NrdB promotes formation of tetramers that are unable to form enzymatically competent complexes with F. ignava NrdA. The ATP-cone binds two molecules of dATP, but only one molecule of the activating nucleotide ATP. F. ignava NrdB contains the recently identified radical factor Mn2III/IV. We show that NrdA from the firmicute F. ignava can form a catalytically competent RNR with the Mn2III/IV-containing NrdB from the flavobacterium Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozman Grinberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berggren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöberg, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion of a functional glutaredoxin to the radical-generating subunit of ribonucleotide reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial proline catabolism activates Ras1/cAMP/PKA-induced filamentation in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acids are among the earliest identified inducers of yeast-to-hyphal transitions in Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. Here, we show that the morphogenic amino acids arginine, ornithine and proline are internalized and metabolized in mitochondria via a PUT1- and PUT2-dependent pathway that results in enhanced ATP production. Elevated ATP levels correlate with Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway activation and Efg1-induced gene expression. The magnitude of amino acid-induced filamentation is linked to glucose availability; high levels of glucose repress mitochondrial function thereby dampening filamentation. Furthermore, arginine-induced morphogenesis occurs more rapidly and independently of Dur1,2-catalyzed urea degradation, indicating that mitochondrial-generated ATP, not CO2, is the primary morphogenic signal derived from arginine metabolism. The important role of the SPS-sensor of extracellular amino acids in morphogenesis is the consequence of induced amino acid permease gene expression, i.e., SPS-sensor activation enhances the capacity of cells to take up morphogenic amino acids, a requisite for their catabolism. C. albicans cells engulfed by murine macrophages filament, resulting in macrophage lysis. Phagocytosed put1-/- and put2-/- cells do not filament and do not lyse macrophages, consistent with a critical role of mitochondrial proline metabolism in virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silao, F. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindefalk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udekwu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial proline catabolism activates Ras1/cAMP/PKA-induced filamentation in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical multiscale simulation of DNA condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA condensation and phase separation is of utmost importance for DNA packing in vivo with important applications in medicine, biotechnology and polymer physics. The presence of hexagonally ordered DNA is observed in virus capsids, sperm heads and in dinoflagellates. Rigorous modelling of this process in all-atom MD simulations is presently difficult to achieve due to size and time scale limitations. We used a hierarchical approach for systematic multiscale coarse-grained (CG) simulations of DNA phase separation induced by the three-valent cobalt(III)-hexammine (CoHex3+). Solvent-mediated effective potentials for a CG model of DNA were extracted from all-atom MD simulations. Simulations of several hundred 100-bp-long CG DNA oligonucleotides in the presence of explicit CoHex3+ ions demonstrated aggregation to a liquid crystalline hexagonally ordered phase. Following further coarse-graining and extraction of effective potentials, we conducted modelling at mesoscale level. In agreement with electron microscopy observations, simulations of an 10.2-kbp-long DNA molecule showed phase separation to either a toroid or a fibre with distinct hexagonal DNA packing. The mechanism of toroid formation is analysed in detail. The approach used here is based only on the underlying all-atom force field and uses no adjustable parameters and may be generalized to modelling chromatin up to chromosome size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzoev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyubartsev, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordenskioeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical multiscale simulation of DNA condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila insulin-like peptide dilp1 increases lifespan and glucagon-like Akh expression epistatic to dilp2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) regulates essential processes including development, metabolism, and aging. The Drosophila genome encodes eight insulin/IGF-like peptide (dilp) paralogs, including tandem-encoded dilp1 and dilp2. Many reports show that longevity is increased by manipulations that decrease DILP2 in adults. In contrast, dilp1 is expressed primarily in pupal stages, but also during adult reproductive diapause, although we find that dilp1 is also highly expressed in adult dilp2 mutants under non-diapause conditions. The inverse expression of dilp1 and dilp2 suggests these genes interact to regulate aging. Here, we study dilp1 and dilp2 single and double mutants to describe epistatic and synergistic interactions affecting longevity, metabolism and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), a functional homolog of glucagon. Mutants of dilp2 extend lifespan and increase Akh mRNA and protein in a dilp1-dependent manner. Loss of dilp1 alone has no impact on these traits, whereas transgene expression of dilp1 increases lifespan in dilp1-dilp2 double mutants. On the other hand, dilp1 and dilp2 redundantly interact to control circulating sugar, starvation resistance and compensatory dilp5 expression. These later interactions do not correlate with patterns for how dilp1 and dilp2 affect longevity and AKH. Thus, repression or loss of dilp2 slows aging because its depletion induces dilp1, which acts as a pro-longevity factor. Likewise, dilp2 regulates Akh through epistatic interaction with dilp1. Akh and glycogen affect aging in C. elegans and Drosophila, suggesting that dilp2 modulates lifespan via dilp1 and in part by regulating Akh. Whether DILP1 acts as an insulin receptor agonist or inhibitor remains to be resolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Post, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennstra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nässel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila insulin-like peptide dilp1 increases lifespan and glucagon-like Akh expression epistatic to dilp2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A serial dilution method for assessment of microplastic toxicity in suspension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The occurrence of microplastic (MP) in the environment is of global concern. MP risk assessment, however, is currently hampered by lacking ecotoxicological methods due to conceptual and practical problems with particle exposure. Natural particles of similar size as MP, e.g., clay and cellulose, occur abundantly in the environment. For MP risk assessment and regulation it must be established whether the addition of MP to these particles represents an additional hazard. We present a novel approach employing a serial dilution of MP and reference particles, in mixtures, which allows the differentiation of MP effects from other particulates. We demonstrate the applicability of the method using an immobilisation test with Daphnia magna exposed to polyethylene terephthalate (MP) and kaolin clay (reference material). In the concentration range of 0.1 to 10000 mg L-1 of total suspended solids (TSS), with MP contributing 0-100 %, the LC50 values for MP-kaolin mixtures were significantly lower compared to the pure kaolin suspension. MP particles were thus more harmful to daphnids than the reference material. The estimated threshold for %MP contribution above which higher mortality was observed was 1 % MP at 36 mg TSS L-1. This approach has a potential for standardisation of MP ecotoxicological testing as well as other particulate material of anthropogenic origin.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/401331_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (40K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13e1153org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e37652org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d3efborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@420d7a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogonowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A serial dilution method for assessment of microplastic toxicity in suspension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dogs, but not wolves, lose their sensitivity towards novelty with age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selection on behavioural traits holds a prominent role in the domestication of animals, with reductions in fear behaviour considered to be a key component. Specifically, there is a general assumption that domesticated species express reduced fear and reactivity towards novel stimuli compared to their ancestral species. However, very few studies have explicitly tested this proposed link between domestication and reduced fear responses. Of the limited number of studies experimentally addressing the alterations of fear during domestication, the majority have been done on canids. Previous work in foxes, wolves and dogs has led to the suggestion that decreased expression of fear in domesticated animals is linked to a domestication driven delay in the first onset of fearful behaviour during early ontogeny. Thus, wolves are expected to express exaggerated fearfulness earlier during ontogeny compared to dogs. However, while adult dogs are less fearful towards novelty than adult wolves and wolf-dog hybrids, consensus is lacking on when differences in fear expression arise in wolves and dogs. Here we present the first extended examination of fear development in hand-raised dogs and European grey wolves, using repeated novel object tests from six to 26 weeks of age. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence in support of an increase in fearfulness in wolves with age or a delayed onset of fear response in dogs compared to wolves. Instead, we found that dogs strongly reduced their fear response in the period between six and 26 weeks of age, resulting in a significant species difference in fear expression towards novelty at 26 weeks. Critically, as wolves did not differ in their fear response towards novelty over time, the detected species difference was caused solely by a progressive reduced fear response in dogs. Our results thereby suggest that species differences in fear of novelty between wolves and dogs are not caused by a domestication driven shift in the first onset of fear response. Instead, we suggest that a loss of sensitivity towards novelty with age in dogs causes the difference in fear expression towards novelty in wolves and dogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temrin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dogs, but not wolves, lose their sensitivity towards novelty with age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in swimming behavior of Daphnia exposed to polymer and mineral particles: towards understanding effects of microplastics on planktonic filtrators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concerns have been raised that microplastics (MP) can impact aquatic organisms by compromising their nutrition. However, little is understood about the mechanisms of the adverse effects of MP in suspension-feeders that routinely ingest particles of low nutritional value, such as mineral particles. We compared effects of non-edible particles (MP and kaolin) mixed with microalgae on the swimming and filtering behavior of a planktonic filtrator Daphnia magna; incubations with only algae served as controls. The following questions were addressed: (1) Are there differences in swimming movements between the daphnids exposed to MP and those exposed to kaolin? and (2) Whether occurrence of biofilm on the particle surface affects daphnid swimming and how these effects differ between the kaolin- and MP-exposed animals? We found that both kaolin and MP altered swimming, yet in opposite way, with a decrease of filtration-related movements in kaolin and their increase in MP. The difference was amplified in biofilm coated particles, indicating that daphnids spend more energy when swimming in suspension with MP, and even more when the MP have biofilm. The increased swimming activity of filtrators exposed to plastic litter decaying to microparticles may translate into changes in energy balance and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnecke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogonowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson Wiklund, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in swimming behavior of Daphnia exposed to polymer and mineral particles: towards understanding effects of microplastics on planktonic filtrators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viewing pictures triggers rapid morphological enlargement in the human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain morphology change over the course of weeks, days, and hours, and can be detected by non-invasive structural magnetic resonance imaging. Rapid morphological changes at scanning has yet not been investigated. In a randomized within-group study, high-resolution anatomical images were acquired during passive viewing of pictures or a fixation cross. Forty-seven individuals gray matter volume and cortical thickness were investigated, and both measures increased in the visual cortex while viewing pictures relative to a fixation cross. Thus, brain morphology enlargements were detected in less than 263 seconds. Neuroplasticity is a far more dynamic process than previously shown, suggesting that individuals current mental state affects indices of brain morphology. This needs to be taken into account in future morphology studies and in everyday clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mansson, K. N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzouri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viewing pictures triggers rapid morphological enlargement in the human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila insulin-like peptide 1 (DILP1) promotes organismal growth during non-feeding stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insulin/IGF-signaling pathway is central in control of nutrient-dependent growth during development, and in adult physiology and longevity. Eight insulin-like peptides (DILP1-8) have been identified in Drosophila and several of these are known to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress responses and lifespan. However, the functional role of DILP1 is far from understood. Previous work has shown that dilp1/DILP1 is transiently expressed mainly during the non-feeding pupal stage and the first days of adult life. Here we show that mutation of dilp1 diminishes organismal weight during pupal development, whereas overexpression increases it, similar to dilp6 manipulations. No growth effects of dilp1 or dilp6 manipulations were detected during larval development. We next show that dilp1 and dilp6 increase metabolic rate in the late pupa and promote lipids as the primary source of catabolic energy. This lipid mobilization in the pupa is not correlated with transcriptional changes of adipokinetic hormone. The effects of dilp1 manipulations carry over to the adult fly. In newly eclosed flies, survival during starvation is strongly diminished in dilp1 mutants, but not in dilp2 and dilp1-dilp2 double mutants, whereas in older flies only double mutants display reduced starvation resistance. In conclusion, dilp1 and dilp6 promote growth of adult tissues during the non-feeding pupal stage, likely by utilization of stored lipids. This results in larger newly-eclosed flies with reduced stores of pupal-derived nutrients and diminished starvation tolerance and fecundity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila insulin-like peptide 1 (DILP1) promotes organismal growth during non-feeding stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual selection rewires reproductive protein networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyandry drives postcopulatory sexual selection (PCSS), resulting in rapid evolution of male ejaculate traits. Critical to male and female fitness, the ejaculate is known to contain rapidly evolving seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) produced by specialized male secretory accessory glands. The evidence that rapid evolution of some SFPs is driven by PCSS, however, is indirect, based on either plastic responses to changes in the sexual selection environment or correlative macroevolutionary patterns. Moreover, such studies focus on SFPs that represent but a small component of the accessory gland proteome. Neither how SFPs function with other reproductive proteins, nor how PCSS influences the underlying secretory tissue adaptations and content of the accessory gland, has been addressed at the level of the proteome. Here we directly test the hypothesis that PCSS results in rapid evolution of the entire male accessory gland proteome and protein networks by taking a system-level approach, combining divergent experimental evolution of PCSS in Drosophila pseudoobscura (Dpse), high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomic discovery, bioinformatics and population genetic analyses. We demonstrate that PCSS influences the abundance of over 200 accessory gland proteins, including SFPs. A small but significant number of these proteins display molecular signatures of positive selection. Divergent PCSS also results in fundamental and remarkably compartmentalized evolution of accessory gland protein networks in which males subjected to strong PCSS invest in protein networks that serve to increase protein production whereas males subjected to relaxed PCSS alters protein networks involved in protein surveillance and quality. These results directly demonstrate that PCSS is a key evolutionary driver that shapes not only individual reproductive proteins, but rewires entire reproductive protein networks.nnThe abbreviations used are
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southern, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gossmann, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/422410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual selection rewires reproductive protein networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shifts from outcrossing to self-fertilisation have occurred repeatedly in many different lineages of flowering plants, and often involve the breakdown of genetic outcrossing mechanisms. In the Brassicaceae, self-incompatibility (SI) allows plants to ensure outcrossing by recognition and rejection of self-pollen on the stigma. This occurs through the interaction of female and male specificity components, consisting of a pistil based receptor and a pollen-coat protein, both of which are encoded by tightly linked genes at the S-locus. When benefits of selfing are higher than costs of inbreeding, theory predicts that loss-of-function mutations in the male (pollen) SI component should be favoured, especially if they are dominant. However, it remains unclear whether mutations in the male component of SI are predominantly responsible for shifts to self-compatibility, and testing this prediction has been difficult due to the challenges of sequencing the highly polymorphic and repetitive ~100 kbp S-locus. The crucifer genus Capsella offers an excellent opportunity to study multiple transitions from outcrossing to self-fertilization, but so far, little is known about the genetic basis and timing of loss of SI in the self-fertilizing diploid Capsella orientalis. Here, we show that loss of SI in C. orientalis occurred within the past 2.6 Mya and maps as a dominant trait to the S-locus. Using targeted long-read sequencing of multiple complete S-haplotypes, we identify a frameshift deletion in the male specificity gene SCR that is fixed in C. orientalis, and we confirm loss of male SI specificity. We further analyze RNA sequencing data to identify a conserved, S-linked small RNA (sRNA) that is predicted to cause dominance of self-compatibility. Our results suggest that degeneration of pollen SI specificity in dominant S-alleles is important for shifts to self-fertilization in the Brassicaceae.nnAuthor SummaryAlready Darwin was fascinated by the widely varying modes of plant reproduction. The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is considered one of the most frequent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants, yet we still know little about the genetic basis of these shifts. In the Brassicaceae, outcrossing is enforced by a self-incompatibility (SI) system that enables the recognition and rejection of self pollen. This occurs through the action of two tightly linked genes at the S-locus, that encode a receptor protein located on the stigma (female component) and a pollen ligand protein (male component), respectively. Nevertheless, SI has frequently been lost, and theory predicts that mutations in the male component should have an advantage during the loss of SI, especially if they are dominant. To test this hypothesis, we mapped the loss of SI in a selfing species from the genus Capsella, a model system for evolutionary genomics. We found that loss of SI mapped to the S-locus, which harbored a dominant loss-of-function mutation in the male SI protein, and as expected, we found that male specificity was indeed lost in C. orientalis. Our results suggest that transitions to selfing often involve parallel genetic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laenen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desamore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafon-Placette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steige, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marande, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berges, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köhler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castric, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex responses of global insect pests to climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect pests strongly affect the productivity and profitability of agriculture and forestry. Despite the well-known sensitivity of insects to abiotic effects such as temperature, their potential responses to ongoing climate change remain unclear. Here we compile and review documented climate change responses of 31 of the globally most impactful phytophagous insect pests, focussing on species for which long-term, high-quality data are available. Most of the selected species show at least one response affecting their severity as pests, including changes in geographic range, population dynamics, life-history traits, and/or trophic interactions. Of the studied pests, 41% only show responses that are linked to increased pest severity, 4% only show responses of decreased severity, whereas importantly 55%, the majority of studied pests, show mixed responses including both increased and decreased severity under ongoing climate change. Variability in impact is further supported by a thermal sensitivity analysis showing little benefit of climate warming in relation to the optimal developmental temperatures for the majority of these pests under both current climate and future projections. Overall the results show that calculating the net effect of climate change on phytophagous insect pest impact is far from straightforward. The documented variation in responses, e.g. between agricultural and forest pests, indicates that efforts to mitigate undesirable climate change effects must target individual species, taking into account the complex ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying their responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battisti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eigenbrode, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinkat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuvonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terblanche, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex responses of global insect pests to climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microplastic-mediated transport of PCBs? A depuration study with Daphnia magna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of microplastic (MP) as a carrier of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to aquatic organisms has been a topic of debate. However, theoretically, the reverse POP transport can occur at higher relative contaminant concentrations in the organism than in the microplastic. The effect of microplastic on the PCB removal in planktonic animals was evaluated using the cladoceran Daphnia magna with a high body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 18, 40, 128 and 209) exposed to a mixture of microplastic and algae (with 77% MP by mass); daphnids exposed to only algae served as the control. As the endpoints, we used PCB body burden, growth, fecundity and elemental composition (%C and %N) of the daphnids. We found that PCB 209 was removed more efficiently in the daphnids fed with microplastic, while there was no difference for the {Sigma}PCBs between the microplastic-exposed and control animals. Effects of the microplastic exposure on fecundity were of low biological significance, even though both the starting PCB body burden and the microplastic exposure concentrations were high and greatly exceeding environmentally relevant concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogonowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nybom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolfsson-Erici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microplastic-mediated transport of PCBs? A depuration study with Daphnia magna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is there a BMAA transfer in the pelagic and benthic food webs in the Baltic Sea? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evidence regarding BMAA occurrence in the Baltic Sea is contradictory, with benthic sources appearing to be more important than pelagic ones. The latter is counterintuitive considering that pelagic primary producers, such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, are the only plausible source of this compound in the food webs. To elucidate BMAA distribution in trophic pathways, we analyzed BMAA in the pelagic and benthic food webs sampled in summer 2010 in the Northern Baltic Proper. As potential BMAA sources, phytoplankton communities in early and late summer were used. As pelagic consumers, zooplankton, mysids and zooplanktivorous fish (herring) were used, whereas benthic invertebrates (amphipods, priapulids, polychaetes, and clams) and benthivorous fish (perch and flounder) represented the benthic food chain. To establish the trophic structure of the system, the stable isotope ({delta}13C and {delta}15N) composition of its components was determined. Contrary to the reported ubiquitous occurrence of BMAA in the Baltic food webs, only phytoplankton and lower consumers (zooplankton and mysids) of the pelagic food chain tested positive. Given that our analytical approaches were adequate, we conclude that no measurable levels of this compound occurred in the benthic invertebrates and any of the tested fish species in the study area. These findings indicate that widely assumed presence and transfer of BMAA to the top consumers in the food webs of the Baltic Sea and, possibly, other systems remain an open question. More controlled experiments and field observations are needed to understand the transfer and possible transformation of BMAA in the food web under various environmental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zguna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilag, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbaras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is there a BMAA transfer in the pelagic and benthic food webs in the Baltic Sea?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoJ: a high-performance open-source super-resolution microscopy toolbox 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy has become essential for the study of nanoscale biological processes. This type of imaging often requires the use of specialised image analysis tools to process a large volume of recorded data and extract quantitative information. In recent years, our team has built an open-source image analysis framework for super-resolution microscopy designed to combine high performance and ease of use. We named it NanoJ - a reference to the popular ImageJ software it was de-veloped for. In this paper, we highlight the current capabilities of NanoJ for several essential processing steps: spatio-temporal alignment of raw data (NanoJ-Core), super-resolution image re-construction (NanoJ-SRRF), image quality assessment (NanoJ-SQUIRREL), structural modelling (NanoJ-VirusMapper) and control of the sample environment (NanoJ-Fluidics). We expect to expand NanoJ in the future through the development of new tools designed to improve quantitative data analysis and measure the reliability of fluorescent microscopy studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosheva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, R. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risa, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindas, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoJ: a high-performance open-source super-resolution microscopy toolbox]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using micro-CT techniques to explore the role of sex and hair in the functional morphology of bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) ocelli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many insects have triplets of camera type eyes, called ocelli, whose function remains unclear for most species. Here, we investigate the ocelli of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, using reconstructed 3D data from X-ray micro computed-tomography scans combined with computational ray-tracing simulations. This method enables us, not only to predict the visual fields of the ocelli, but to explore for the first time the effect that hair has on them as well as the difference between worker female and male ocelli.nnWe find that bumblebee ocellar fields of view are directed forward and dorsally, incorporating the horizon as well as the sky. There is substantial binocular overlap between the median and lateral ocelli, but no overlap between the two lateral ocelli. Hairs in both workers and males occlude the ocellar field of view, mostly laterally in the worker median ocellus and dorsally in the lateral ocelli. There is little to no sexual dimorphism in the ocellar visual field, suggesting that in B. terrestris they confer no advantage to mating strategies.nnWe compare our results with published observations for the visual fields of compound eyes in the same species as well as with the ocellar vision of other bee and insect species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarts, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using micro-CT techniques to explore the role of sex and hair in the functional morphology of bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) ocelli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth-driven displacement of protein aggregates along the cell length ensures partitioning to both daughter cells in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All living cells must deal with protein aggregation, which can occur as a result of experiencing stress. In the bacteria Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis, aggregates collect at the cell poles and are retained over consecutive cell divisions only in the daughter cell that inherits the old pole, resulting in aggregation-free progeny within a few generations. Here we have studied the in vivo kinetics of aggregate formation and clearance following heat and antibiotic stress in Caulobacter crescentus, which divides by a pre-programmed asymmetric cell cycle. Unexpectedly, we find that aggregates do not preferentially collect at the cell poles, but form as multiple distributed foci throughout the cell volume. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that under moderate stress, the majority of protein aggregates are short-lived and rapidly dissolved by the major chaperone DnaK and the disaggregase ClpB. Severe stress or genetic perturbation of the protein quality machinery results in long-lived protein aggregates, which individual cells can only clear by passing on to their progeny. Importantly, these persistent aggregates are neither collected at the old pole over multiple generations nor inherited exclusively by the old pole-inheriting stalked cell, but instead are partitioned between both daughter cells during successive division events in the same ratio. Our data indicate that this symmetric mode of aggregate inheritance is driven by the elongation and division of the growing mother cell. In conclusion, our study revealed a new pattern of aggregate inheritance in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schramm, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvelid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Testa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth-driven displacement of protein aggregates along the cell length ensures partitioning to both daughter cells in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social learning through associative processes: A computational theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social transmission of information is a key phenomenon in the evolution of behavior and in the establishment of traditions and culture. The diversity of social learning phenomena has engendered a diverse terminology and numerous ideas about underlying learning mechanisms, at the same time that some researchers have called for a unitary analysis of social learning in terms of associative processes. Leveraging previous attempts and a recent computational formulation of associative learning, we analyze the following learning scenarios in some generality: learning responses to social stimuli, including learning to imitate; learning responses to non-social stimuli; learning sequences of actions; learning to avoid danger. We conceptualize social learning as situations in which stimuli that arise from other individuals have an important role in learning. This role is supported by genetic predispositions that either cause responses to social stimuli or enable social stimuli to reinforce specific responses. Our explorations show that, when guided by such predispositions, associative processes can give rise to a wide variety of social learning phenomena, such as stimulus and local enhancement, contextual imitation and simple production imitation, observational conditioning, and social and response facilitation. In addition, we clarify how associative mechanisms can result in transfer of information and behavior from experienced to naive individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghirlanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social learning through associative processes: A computational theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecosystem tipping points in an evolving world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing concern over tipping points arising in ecosystems due to the crossing of environmental thresholds. Tipping points lead to strong and possibly irreversible shifts between alternative ecosystem states incurring high societal costs. Traits are central to the feedbacks that maintain alternative ecosystem states, as they govern the responses of populations to environmental change that could stabilize or destabilize ecosystem states. However, we know little about how evolutionary changes in trait distributions over time affect the occurrence of tipping points, and even less about how big scale ecological shifts reciprocally interact with trait dynamics. We argue that interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes should be taken into account for understanding the balance of feedbacks governing tipping points in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dakos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeuille, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Meester, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecosystem tipping points in an evolving world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whatever You Want: Inconsistent Results Is The Rule, Not The Exception, In The Study Of Primate Brain Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primate brains differ in size and architecture. Hypotheses to explain this variation are numerous and many tests have been carried out. However, after body size has been accounted for there is little left to explain. The proposed explanatory variables for the residual variation are many and covary, both with each other and with body size. Further, the data sets used in analyses have been small, especially in light of the many proposed predictors. Here we report the complete list of models that results from exhaustively combining six commonly used predictors of brain and neocortex size. This provides an overview of how the output from standard statistical analyses changes when the inclusion of different predictors is altered. By using both the most commonly tested brain data set and a new, larger data set, we show that the choice of included variables fundamentally changes the conclusions as to what drives primate brain evolution. Our analyses thus reveal why studies have had troubles replicating earlier results and instead have come to such different conclusions. Although our results are somewhat disheartening, they highlight the importance of scientific rigor when trying to answer difficult questions. It is our position that there is currently no empirical justification to highlight any particular hypotheses, of those adaptive hypotheses we have examined here, as the main determinant of primate brain evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wartel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenfors, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whatever You Want: Inconsistent Results Is The Rule, Not The Exception, In The Study Of Primate Brain Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic modelling of hepatitis C transmission among people who inject drugs: A tool to support WHO elimination targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To reach the WHO goal of hepatitis C elimination, it is essential to identify the number of people unaware of their hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to investigate the effect of interventions on the disease transmission dynamics. In many middle- and high-income countries, one of the primary routes of HCV transmission is via contaminated needles shared by people who inject drugs (PWIDs). However, substantial underreporting combined with high uncertainty regarding the size of this difficult to reach population, makes it challenging to estimate the core indicators recommended by the WHO. To help enable countries to monitor their progress towards the elimination goal, we present a novel multi-layered dynamic transmission model for HCV transmission within a PWID population. The model explicitly accounts for disease stage (acute and chronic), injection drug use status (active and former PWIDs), status of diagnosis (diagnosed and undiagnosed) and country of disease acquisition (domestic or abroad). First, based on this model, and using routine surveillance data, we estimate the number of undiagnosed PWIDs, the true incidence, the average time until diagnosis, the reproduction numbers and associated uncertainties. Second, we examine the impact of two interventions on disease dynamics: 1) direct-acting antiviral drug treatment, and 2) needle exchange programs. To make the model accessible to relevant users and to support communication of our results to public health decision makers, the model and its output are made available through a Shiny app. As a proof of concept, we illustrate our results for a specific data set; however, through the app our model can be easily adapted to other high-income countries with similar transmission patterns among PWIDs where the disease is endemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stocks, T. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühlmann-Berenzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic modelling of hepatitis C transmission among people who inject drugs: A tool to support WHO elimination targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensemble projections of global ocean animal biomass with climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is shifting the abundance and distribution of marine species with consequences for ecosystem functioning, seafood supply, management and conservation. Several approaches for future projection exist but these have never been compared systematically to assess their variability. We conducted standardized ensemble projections including 6 global fisheries and marine ecosystem models, forced with 2 Earth-system models and 4 emission scenarios in a fished and unfished ocean, to derive average trends and associated uncertainties. Without fishing, mean global animal biomass decreased by 5% ({+/-}4%) under low and 17% ({+/-}11%) under high emissions by 2100, primarily driven by increasing temperature and decreasing primary production. These climate-change effects were slightly weaker for larger animals and in a fished ocean. Considerable regional variation ranged from strong biomass increases in high latitudes to strong decreases in mid-low latitudes, with good model agreement on the direction of change but variable magnitude. Uncertainties due to differences among ecosystem or Earth-system models were similar, suggesting equal need for model improvement. Our ensemble projections provide the most comprehensive outlook on potential climate-driven ecological changes in the ocean to date. Realized future trends will largely depend on how fisheries and management adapt to these changes in a changing climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lotze, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittensor, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryndum-Buchholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bopp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carozza, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niiranen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveros-Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schewe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenbeek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkholz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensemble projections of global ocean animal biomass with climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-profile analysis of the cotranslational folding of HemK and filamin domains: Comparison of biochemical and biophysical folding assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have characterized the cotranslational folding of two small protein domains of different folds - the a-helical N-terminal domain of HemK and the {beta}-rich FLN5 filamin domain - by measuring the force that the folding protein exerts on the nascent chain when located in different parts of the ribosome exit tunnel (Force-Profile Analysis - FPA), allowing us to compare FPA to three other techniques currently used to study cotranslational folding: real-time FRET, PET, and NMR. We find that FPA identifies the same cotranslational folding transitions as do the other methods, and that these techniques therefore reflect the same basic process of cotranslational folding in similar ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Rosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-profile analysis of the cotranslational folding of HemK and filamin domains: Comparison of biochemical and biophysical folding assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic drift is expected to remove polymorphism from populations over long periods of time, with the rate of polymorphism loss being accelerated when species experience strong reductions in population size. Adaptive forces that maintain genetic variation in populations, or balancing selection, might counteract this process. To understand the extent to which natural selection can drive the retention of genetic diversity, we document genomic variability after two parallel species-wide bottlenecks in the genus Capsella. We find that ancestral variation preferentially persists at immunity related loci, and that the same collection of alleles has been maintained in different lineages that have been separated for several million years. Our data point to long term balancing selection as an important factor shaping the genetics of immune systems in plants and as the predominant driver of genomic variability after a population bottleneck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nueffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/477612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrotactins 1 and 2 have similar membrane topology and mature via endoproteolytic cleavage catalyzed by signal peptidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrotactins 1 and 2 (Astn1, Astn2) are membrane proteins that function in glial-guided migration, receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity in brain, as well as in planar polarity pathways in skin. Here, we have mapped the topologies of mouse Astn1 and Astn2 in rough microsomal membranes (RMs) using glycosylation mapping and protease-protection assays, and find that Astn2 has a cleaved N-terminal signal peptide (SP), an N-terminal domain located in the lumen of the RMs (topologically equivalent to the extracellular surface in cells), two transmembrane helices (TMHs), and a large C-terminal lumenal domain. We find that Astn1 has the same topology as Astn2 but see no evidence of SP cleavage. Both Astn1 and Astn2 mature through endoproteolytic cleavage in the second TMH; importantly, we identify the endoprotease responsible for the maturation of Astn1 and Astn2 as signal peptidase. Differences in the degree of the maturation of Astn1 and Astn2 possibly contribute to the higher levels of the C-terminal domain of Astn1 detected on the CNS neuronal membranes and to the different functions of Astn1 and Astn2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellgren-Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behesti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liljenström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrotactins 1 and 2 have similar membrane topology and mature via endoproteolytic cleavage catalyzed by signal peptidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes in Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, lipoproteins are important components of the cell envelope and are responsible for many essential cellular functions. They are produced by the post-translational covalent attachment of lipids that occurs via a sequential 3-step process controlled by three essential integral membrane enzymes. The last step of this process, unique to Gram negative bacteria, is the N-acylation of the terminal cysteine by Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) to form the final mature lipoprotein. Here we report 2 crystal forms of this enzyme. In one form the enzyme crystallized with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. In one of those molecules the thioester acyl-intermediate is observed. In the other molecule, the crystal packing suggests one potential mode of apolipoprotein docking to Lnt. In the second crystal form the enzyme crystallized with one molecule in the asymmetric unit in an apparent apo-state remarkably devoid of any bound molecules in the large open substrate entry portal. Taken together, these structures suggest that the movement of the essential W237 is triggered by substrate binding and could help direct and stabilize the interaction between Lnt and the incoming substrate apolipoprotein.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=142 SRC="FIGDIR/small/497412v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (55K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@318596org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@139463corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13213ecorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ba011b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes in Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle that includes specialized stages for transmission between their mosquito and human hosts. These stages are an understudied part of the lifecycle yet targeting them is an essential component of the effort to shrink the malaria map. The human parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of deaths due to malaria. Our goal was to generate transgenic P. falciparum lines that could complete the lifecycle and produce fluorescent transmission stages for more in-depth and high-throughput studies. Using zinc-finger nuclease technology to engineer a marker-free integration site, we generated three transgenic P. falciparum lines in which tdtomato or gfp were stably integrated into the genome. Expression was driven by either stage-specific peg4 and csp promoters or the constitutive ef1a promoter. Phenotypic characterization of these lines demonstrates that they complete the life cycle with high infection rates and give rise to fluorescent mosquito stages. The transmission stages are sufficiently bright for intra-vital imaging, flow cytometry and scalable screening of chemical inhibitors and potentially inhibitory antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLean, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumolin, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafsack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increase in stable isotope ratios driven by metabolic alterations in amphipods exposed to the beta-blocker propranolol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic pressures, such as contaminant exposure, may affect stable isotope ratios in biota. These changes are driven by alterations in the nutrient allocation and metabolic pathways induced by specific stressors. In a controlled microcosm study with the amphipod Gammarus spp., we studied effects of the {beta}-blocker propranolol on stable isotope signatures ({delta}15N and {delta}13C), elemental composition (%C and %N), and growth (protein content and body size) as well as biomarkers of oxidative status (antioxidant capacity, ORAC; lipid peroxidation, TBARS) and neurological activity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE). Based on the known effects of propranolol exposure on cellular functions, i.e., its mode of action (MOA), we expected to observe a lower scope for growth, accompanied by a decrease in protein deposition, oxidative processes and AChE inhibition, with a resulting increase in the isotopic signatures. The observed responses supported most of these predictions. In particular, %N was positively affected by propranolol, whereas both protein allocation and body size declined. Moreover, both ORAC and TBARS levels decreased with increasing propranolol concentration, with the decrease being more pronounced for TBARS, which indicates the prevalence of the antioxidative processes. These changes resulted in a significant increase of the {delta}15N and {delta}13C values in the propranolol-exposed animals compared to the control. These findings suggest that MOA of {beta}-blockers may be used to predict sublethal effects in nontarget species, including inhibited AChE activity, improved oxidative balance, and elevated stable isotope ratios. The latter also indicates that metabolism-driven responses to environmental contaminants can alter stable isotope signatures, which should be taken into account when interpreting trophic interactions in the food webs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbaras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskarsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, A.-K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumblad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increase in stable isotope ratios driven by metabolic alterations in amphipods exposed to the beta-blocker propranolol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corazonin neuroendocrine pathway orchestrates stress-associated physiology in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental factors challenge the physiological homeostasis in animals, thereby evoking stress responses. Various mechanisms have evolved to counter stress at the organism level, including regulation by neuropeptides. In recent years, much progress has been made on the mechanisms and neuropeptides that regulate responses to metabolic/nutritional stress, as well as those involved in countering osmotic and ionic stresses. Here, we identified a peptidergic pathway that links these types of regulatory functions. We uncover the neuropeptide Corazonin (Crz), previously implicated in responses to metabolic stress, as a neuroendocrine factor that inhibits the release of a diuretic hormone, CAPA, and thereby modulates the tolerance to osmotic and ionic stress. Both knockdown of Crz and acute injections of Crz peptide impact desiccation tolerance and recovery from chill-coma. Mapping of the Crz receptor (CrzR) expression identified three pairs of Capa-expressing neurons (Va neurons) in the ventral nerve cord that mediate these effects of Crz. We show that Crz acts to restore water/ion homeostasis by inhibiting release of CAPA neuropeptides via inhibition of cAMP production in Va neurons. Knockdown of CrzR in Va neurons affects CAPA signaling, and consequently increases tolerance for desiccation, ionic stress and starvation, but delays chill-coma recovery. Optogenetic activation of Va neurons stimulates excretion and simultaneous activation of Crz and CAPA-expressing neurons reduces this response, supporting the inhibitory action of Crz. Thus, Crz inhibits Va neurons to maintain osmotic and ionic homeostasis, which in turn affects stress tolerance. Earlier work demonstrated that systemic Crz signaling restores nutrient levels by promoting food search and feeding. Here we additionally propose that Crz signaling also ensures osmotic homeostasis by inhibiting release of CAPA neuropeptides and suppressing diuresis. Thus, Crz ameliorates stress-associated physiology through systemic modulation of both peptidergic neurosecretory cells and the fat body in Drosophila.

Author summaryInsects are among the largest groups of animals and have adapted to inhabit almost all environments on Earth. Their success in surviving extreme conditions stems largely from their ability to withstand environmental stress, such as desiccation and cold. However, the neural mechanisms that are responsible for coordinating responses to counter these stresses are largely unknown. To address this, we delineate a neuroendocrine axis utilizing the neuropeptides Corazonin (Crz) and CAPA, that coordinate responses to metabolic and osmotic stress. We show that Crz inhibits the release of a diuretic peptide, CAPA from a set of neurosecretory cells. CAPA in turn influences osmotic and ionic balance via actions on the Malpighian tubules (the insect analogs of the kidney) and the intestine. Taken together with earlier work, our data suggest that Crz acts to restore metabolic homeostasis at starvation and osmotic homeostasis during desiccation by inhibiting release of the diuretic hormone CAPA. Hence, this work provides a mechanistic understanding of the neuroendocrine mitigation of metabolic and osmotic stress by two peptide systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zandawala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluzzi, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corazonin neuroendocrine pathway orchestrates stress-associated physiology in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic membrane topology in an unassembled membrane protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helical membrane proteins constitute roughly a quarter of all proteomes and perform diverse biological functions. To avoid aggregation, they undergo cotranslational membrane insertion and are typically assumed to attain stable transmembrane topologies immediately upon insertion. To what extent post-translational changes in topology are possible in-vivo and how they may affect biogenesis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that monomeric forms of Small Multidrug Resistance (SMR) proteins display topological dynamics, where the N-terminal transmembrane helix equilibrates between membrane-inserted and non-inserted states. We characterize the kinetics of the process and show how the composition of the helix regulates the topological dynamics. We further show that topological dynamics is a property of the unassembled monomeric protein, as the N-terminal helix becomes fixed in a transmembrane disposition upon dimerization. Membrane protein topology can thus remain dynamic long after cotranslational membrane insertion, and can be regulated by later assembly processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seurig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic membrane topology in an unassembled membrane protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of seasonal polyphenisms (discrete phenotypes in different annual generations) associated with alternative developmental pathways of diapause (overwintering) and direct development is favoured in temperate insects. Seasonal life history polyphenisms are common and include faster growth and development under direct development than diapause. However, the physiological underpinnings of this difference remain poorly known despite its significance for understanding the evolution of polyphenisms. We measured respiration and metabolic rates through the penultimate and final larval instars in the butterfly Pieris napi and show that directly developing larvae grew and developed faster and had a higher metabolic rate than larvae entering pupal diapause. The metabolic divergence appeared only in the final instar, that is, after the induction of developmental pathway that takes place in the penultimate instar in P. napi. The accumulation of fat reserves during the final larval instar was similar under diapause and direct development, which was unexpected as diapause is predicted to select for exaggerated reserve accumulation. This suggests that overwinter survival may be more dependent on metabolic suppression during diapause than the size of energy reserves. The results, nevertheless, demonstrate that physiological changes coincide with the divergence of life histories between the alternative developmental pathways, thus elucidating the proximate basis of seasonal life history polyphenisms.

Summary statementThe switch between diapause and direct development results in developmental pre-diapause plasticity in life history and metabolism but not in reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kivelä, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRDM16 establishes lineage-specific transcriptional program to promote temporal progression of neural progenitors in the mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radial glia (RG) in the neocortex sequentially generate distinct subtypes of projection neurons, accounting for the diversity and complex assembly of cortical neural circuits. Mechanisms that drive the rapid and precise temporal progression of RG are beginning to be elucidated. Here we reveal that the RG-specific transcriptional regulator PRDM16 promotes the transition of early to late phases of neurogenesis in the mouse neocortex. Prdm16 mutant RG delays the timely progression of RG, leading to defective cortical laminar organization. We show that PRDM16 regulates expression of neuronal specification genes and a subset of genes that are dynamically expressed between mid-and late-neurogenesis. Our genomic analysis suggests that PRDM16 suppresses target gene expression through maintaining chromatin accessibility of permissive enhancers. Altogether, our results demonstrate a critical role of PRDM16 in establishing stage-specific gene expression program of RG during cortical neurogenesis. These findings also support a model where progenitor cells are primed with daughter cell gene expression program for rapid cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjork, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRDM16 establishes lineage-specific transcriptional program to promote temporal progression of neural progenitors in the mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supramodal sentence processing in the human brain: fMRI evidence for the influence of syntactic complexity in more than 200 participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study investigated two questions. One is to which degree sentence processing beyond single words is independent of the input modality (speech vs. reading). The second question is which parts of the network recruited by both modalities is sensitive to syntactic complexity. These questions were investigated by having more than 200 participants read or listen to well-formed sentences or series of unconnected words. A largely left-hemisphere fronto-temporoparietal network was found to be supramodal in nature, i.e. independent of input modality. In addition, the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG) were most clearly associated with left-branching complexity. The left anterior middle temporal gyrus (LaMTG) showed the greatest sensitivity to sentences that differed in right-branching complexity. Moreover, activity in LIFG and LpMTG increased from sentence onset to end, in parallel with an increase of the left-branching complexity. While LIFG, bilateral anterior and posterior MTG and left inferior parietal lobe (LIPL) all contribute to the supramodal unification processes, the results suggest that these regions differ in their respective contributions to syntactic complexity related processing. The consequences of these findings for neurobiological models of language processing are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Udden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbusch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bosch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagoort, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supramodal sentence processing in the human brain: fMRI evidence for the influence of syntactic complexity in more than 200 participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decoration of secretory glycoproteins and glycolipids with sialic acid is critical to many physiological and pathological processes. Sialyation is dependent on a continuous supply of sialic acid into Golgi organelles in the form of CMP-sialic acid. Translocation of CMP-sialic acid into Golgi is carried out by the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Mutations in human CST are linked to glycosylation disorders, and CST is important for glycopathway engineering, as it is critical for sialyation efficiency of therapeutic glycoproteins. The mechanism of how CMP-sialic acid is recognized and translocated across Golgi membranes in exchange for CMP is poorly understood. Here we have determined the crystal structure of a eukaryotic CMP-sialic acid transporter in complex with CMP. We conclude that the specificity of CST for CMP-sialic acid is established by the nucleotide CMP to such an extent, they are uniquely able to work both as passive and as (secondary) active antiporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nji, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coincon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disparate effects of antibiotic-induced microbiome change and enhanced fitness in Daphnia magna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is a common view that an organisms microbiota has a profound influence on host fitness; however, supporting evidence is lacking in many organisms. We manipulated the gut microbiome of Daphnia magna by chronic exposure to different concentrations of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (0.01 - 1 mg L-1), and evaluated whether this affected the animals fitness and antioxidant capacity. In line with our expectations, antibiotic exposure altered the microbiome in a concentration-dependent manner. However, contrary to these expectations, the reduced diversity of gut bacteria was not associated with any fitness detriment. Moreover, the growth-related parameters correlated negatively with diversity indices; and, in the daphnids exposed to the lowest ciprofloxacin concentrations, the antioxidant capacity, growth, and fecundity were even higher than in control animals. These findings suggest that ciprofloxacin exerts direct stimulatory effects on growth and reproduction in Daphnia, while microbiome-mediated effects are of lesser importance. Thus, although microbiome profiling of Daphnia may be a sensitive tool to identify early effects of antibiotic exposure, disentangling direct and microbiome-mediated effects on host fitness is not straightforward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Motiei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindefalk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogonowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Shehawy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastuszek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewenborg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udekwu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disparate effects of antibiotic-induced microbiome change and enhanced fitness in Daphnia magna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and mutational analysis of the ribosome-arresting human XBP1u 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
XBP1u, a central component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is a mammalian protein containing a functionally critical translational arrest peptide (AP). Here, we present a 3 [A] cryo-EM structure of the stalled human XBP1u AP. It forms a unique turn in the upper part of the ribosomal exit tunnel and causes a subtle distortion of the peptidyl transferase center, explaining the temporary translational arrest induced by XBP1u. During ribosomal pausing the hydrophobic region 2 (HR2) of XBP1u is recognized by SRP, but fails to efficiently gate the Sec61 translocon. An exhaustive mutagenesis scan of the XBP1u AP revealed that only 10 out of 21 mutagenized positions in the XBP1u AP are optimal with respect to translational arrest activity. Thus, XBP1u has evolved to induce an intermediate level of translational arrest, allowing efficient targeting by SRP without activating the Sec61 channel and thereby serving its central function in the UPR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shanmuganathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoulopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatrix, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heijne, G. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and mutational analysis of the ribosome-arresting human XBP1u]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEN-solo factors partition active chromatin to ensure proper gene activation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila genome encodes three BEN-solo proteins including Insensitive (Insv), Elba1 and Elba2 that possess activities in both transcriptional repression and chromatin insulation. These proteins all have a DNA binding BEN domain. A fourth protein Elba3 bridges Elba1 and Elba2 to form a heterotrimeric complex ELBA. Here we report comprehensive investigation on the in vivo functions of these proteins in Drosophila embryos. We generate ChIP-seq data of all these factors from all cognate and non-cognate mutants to assess common and distinct binding locations of Insv and ELBA, and genetic interdependencies. Notably, while most Elba1 and Elba2 binding requires the full ELBA complex, the adapter protein Elba3 can associate with chromatin and repress gene expression independently of Elba1 and Elba2. We also employ high-resolution ChIP-nexus mapping to show that Insv binds to DNA in a symmetric configuration while the ELBA complex binds asymmetrically in vivo. We observe that motifs of known insulator proteins are enriched in ELBA and Insv ChIP peaks and demonstrate that ELBA collaborates with other insulator factors to regulate developmental patterning in embryos. To differentiate the insulator function of ELBA and Insv from their repressor activity, we determined real-time transcription change in mutant embryos using precision nuclear run-on sequencing. ELBA factor mutants dampen expression differences between pairs of ELBA-bound neighboring genes. Finally, transgenic reporters confirm insulation activity of ELBA- and Insv-bound sites. Altogether, these findings define ELBA and Insv as general insulator proteins in Drosophila and demonstrate the functional importance of insulators in partitioning transcription units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueberschar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/593830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEN-solo factors partition active chromatin to ensure proper gene activation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA epigenetic marks are linked to reproductive aberrations in amphipods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linking exposure to environmental contaminants with diseases is crucial for proposing preventive and regulatory actions. Upon exposure to anthropogenic chemicals, covalent modifications on the genome can drive developmental and reproductive disorders in wild populations, with subsequent effects on the population persistence. Hence, screening of chemical modifications on DNA can be used to provide information on the probability of such disorders in populations of concern. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometry methodology, we identified DNA nucleoside adducts in gravid females of the Baltic amphipods Monoporeia affinis, and linked the adduct profiles to the frequency of embryo malformations in the broods. Twenty-three putative nucleoside adducts were detected in the females and their embryos, and eight modifications were structurally identified using high-resolution accurate mass data. To identify which adducts were significantly associated with embryo malformations, partial least squares regression (PLSR) modelling was applied. The PLSR model yielded three adducts as the key predictors: methylation at two different positions of the DNA (5-methyl-2-deoxycytidine and N6-methyl-2-deoxyadenosine) representing epigenetic marks, and a structurally unidentified nucleoside adduct. These adducts predicted the elevated frequency of the malformations with a high classification accuracy (84%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of DNA adductomics for identification of contaminant-induced malformations in field-collected animals. The method can be adapted for a broad range of species and evolve as a new omics tool in environmental health assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motwani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tretyakova, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundelin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motwani, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA epigenetic marks are linked to reproductive aberrations in amphipods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solving the first novel protein structure by 3D micro-crystal electron diffraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has recently shown potential for structural biology. It enables studying biomolecules from micron-sized 3D crystals that are too small to be studied by conventional X-ray crystallography. However, to the best of our knowledge, MicroED has only been applied to re-determine protein structures that had already been solved previously by X-ray diffraction. Here we present the first unknown protein structure - an R2lox enzyme - solved using MicroED. The structure was phased by molecular replacement using a search model of 35% sequence identity. The resulting electrostatic scattering potential map at 3.0 [A] resolution was of sufficient quality to allow accurate model building and refinement. Our results demonstrate that MicroED has the potential to become a widely applicable tool for revealing novel insights into protein structure and function, opening up new opportunities for structural biologists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solving the first novel protein structure by 3D micro-crystal electron diffraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental variation mediates the evolution of anticipatory parental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory maintains that when future environment is predictable, parents should adjust the phenotype of their offspring to match the anticipated environment. The plausibility of positive anticipatory parental effects is hotly debated and the experimental evidence for the evolution of such effects is currently lacking. We experimentally investigated the evolution of anticipatory maternal effects in a range of environments that differ drastically in how predictable they are. Populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei, adapted to 20{degrees}C, were exposed to a novel temperature (25{degrees}C) for 30 generations with either positive or zero correlation between parent and offspring environment. We found that populations evolving in novel environments that were predictable across generations evolved a positive anticipatory maternal effect, since they required maternal exposure to 25{degrees}C to achieve maximum reproduction in that temperature. In contrast, populations evolving under zero environmental correlation had lost this anticipatory maternal effect. Similar but weaker patterns were found if instead rate-sensitive population growth was used as a fitness measure. These findings demonstrate that anticipatory parental effects evolve in response to environmental change so that ill-fitting parental effects can be rapidly lost. Evolution of positive anticipatory parental effects can aid population viability in rapidly changing but predictable environments.

Impact summaryParents can help their offspring by adjusting offsprings phenotype to match their environment. Such anticipatory parental effects would be beneficial, but only if parents can accurately predict the environment in which their offspring will develop and live. The plausibility of such anticipatory parental effects is hotly debated. The theory is clear that the predictability of the environment should play a defining role. We used an "experimental evolution" approach in a fast reproducing nematode worm Caenorhabditis remanei to tackle this question and follow the evolution of parental effects in different environments in real-time. We found that populations evolving in a novel but predictable environment indeed had anticipatory parental effects that increased fitness of their offspring in that environment. In contrast, when evolving in an unpredictable environment where such parental effects would be disadvantageous, the parental effect was rapidly lost in evolution. Our novel experimental environments were constructed by exposing worms to increased temperature. Anticipatory parental effects play an important role in adaptation to novel environments and will affect the viability of populations under climate heating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwoinska, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maklakov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental variation mediates the evolution of anticipatory parental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombining your way out of trouble: The genetic architecture of hybrid fitness under environmental stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization between species is a fundamental evolutionary force that can both promote and delay adaptation. There is a deficit in our understanding of the genetic basis of hybrid fitness, especially in non-domesticated organisms. We also know little about how hybrid fitness changes as a function of environmental stress. Here, we made genetically variable F2 hybrid populations from two divergent Saccharomyces yeast species, exposed populations to ten toxins, and sequenced the most resilient hybrids on low coverage using ddRADseq. We expected to find strong negative epistasis and heterozygote advantage in the hybrid genomes. We investigated three aspects of hybridness: 1) hybridity, 2) interspecific heterozygosity, and 3) epistasis (positive or negative associations between non-homologous chromosomes). Linear mixed effect models revealed strong genotype-by-environment interactions with many chromosomes and chromosomal interactions showing species-biased content depending on the environment. Against our predictions, we found extensive selection against heterozygosity such that homozygous allelic combinations from the same species were strongly overrepresented in an otherwise hybrid genomic background. We also observed multiple cases of positive epistasis between chromosomes from opposite species, confirmed by epistasis- and selection-free simulations, which is surprising given the large divergence of the parental species (~15% genome-wide). Together, these results suggest that stress-resilient hybrid genomes can be assembled from the best features of both parents, without paying high costs of negative epistasis across large evolutionary distances. Our findings illustrate the importance of measuring genetic trait architecture in an environmental context when determining the evolutionary potential of hybrid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendixsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janzen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombining your way out of trouble: The genetic architecture of hybrid fitness under environmental stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Novel Sequence Signals in Targeting Peptides Using Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bioinformatics, machine learning methods have been used to predict features embedded in the sequences. In contrast to what is generally assumed, machine learning approaches can also provide new insights into the underlying biology. Here, we demonstrate this by presenting TargetP 2.0, a novel state of art method to identify N-terminal sorting signals, which direct proteins to the secretory pathway, mitochondria and chloroplasts or other plastids.nnBy examining the strongest signals from the attention layer in the network, we find that the second residue in the protein, i.e. the one following the initial methionine, has a strong influence on the classification. When subsequently examining all targeting peptides, we observe that two-thirds of chloroplast and thylakoid transit peptides have an alanine in position two, but only 20% of other plant proteins. Further highlighting the importance of the second residue, we also note that in fungi and single-celled eukaryotes, less than 30% of the targeting peptides have an amino acid that allows the removal of the N-terminal methionine compared with 60% for the proteins without targeting peptide.nnTargetP 2.0 is available at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP-2.0/index.php
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almagro Armenteros, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winther, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuelsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elofsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Novel Sequence Signals in Targeting Peptides Using Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rationally designed and highly versatile epitope tag for nanobody-based purification, detection and manipulation of proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized epitope tags are widely used for detecting, manipulating or purifying proteins, but often their versatility is limited. Here, we introduce the ALFA-tag, a novel, rationally designed epitope tag that serves an exceptionally broad spectrum of applications in life sciences while outperforming established tags like the HA, FLAG or myc tags. The ALFA-tag forms a small and stable -helix that is functional irrespective of its position on the target protein in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. We developed a nanobody (NbALFA) binding ALFA-tagged proteins from native or fixed specimen with low picomolar affinity. It is ideally suited for super-resolution microscopy, immunoprecipitations and Western blotting, and also allows in-vivo detection of proteins. By solving the crystal structure of the complex we were able to design a nanobody mutant (NbALFAPE) that permits efficient one-step purifications of native ALFA-tagged proteins, complexes and even entire living cells using peptide elution under physiological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goetzke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sograte-Idrissi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajavel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engels, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opazo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rationally designed and highly versatile epitope tag for nanobody-based purification, detection and manipulation of proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutators drive evolution of multi-resistance to antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic combination therapies are an approach used to counter the evolution of resistance; their purported benefit is they can stop the successive emergence of independent resistance mutations in the same genome. Here, we show that bacterial populations with  mutators, organisms with defects in DNA repair, readily evolve resistance to combination antibiotic treatment when there is a delay in reaching inhibitory concentrations of antibiotic--under conditions where purely wild-type populations cannot. In populations subjected to combination treatment, we detected a remarkable amount of genomic diversity in resistance-determining mutations, multi-drug efflux pumps, and mutation-rate altering genes. However, using eco-evolutionary simulations, we demonstrate that only the initial mutator allele is required to explain multi-resistance evolution. Unexpectedly, mutators not only allowed multi-resistance to evolve under combination treatment where it was favoured, but also under single-drug treatments. Under both conditions, the mutator allele swept to fixation through hitch-hiking with single-drug resistance, enabling subsequent resistance mutations to emerge. Ultimately, our results suggest that mutators may hinder the utility of combination therapy when mutators are present. Additionally, by raising the rates of population mutation, selection for multi-resistance may have the unwanted side-effect of increasing the potential to evolve resistance to future antibiotic treatments.

Significance statementThe global rise in antimicrobial resistance means that we urgently need new approaches to halt its spread. Antibiotic combination therapy, treatment involving more than one antibiotic, is a strategy proposed to do just that. Evolving resistance to combinations is thought to be exceedingly rare, as it would require two independent mutations to occur in the same genetic background before microbial growth is inhibited. We find that wild-type populations cannot achieve this, even when antibiotic concentrations increase gradually. However, populations with  mutators, organisms with elevated mutation rates through DNA repair defects, can readily evolve multi-drug resistance under both single-drug and combination treatments. Further, hitch-hiking of mutator alleles alongside resistance increases the evolutionary potential for acquiring further resistance mutations. As mutators are commonly found in natural populations, including infection, our results suggest that combination therapy may not be as resilient a strategy against resistance evolution as was once thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gifford, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joerres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutators drive evolution of multi-resistance to antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding cooperativity of contiguous domains of α-spectrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins synthesized in the cell can begin to fold during translation before the entire polypeptide has been produced, which may be particularly relevant to the folding of multidomain proteins. Here, we study the cotranslational folding of adjacent domains from the cytoskeletal protein -spectrin using Force Profile Analysis (FPA). Specifically, we investigate how the cotranslational folding behavior of the R15 and R16 domains are affected by their neighboring R14 and R16, and R15 and R17 domains, respectively. Our results show that the domains impact each others folding in distinct ways that may be important for the efficient assembly of -spectrin, and may reduce its dependence on chaperones. Furthermore, we directly relate the experimentally observed yield of full-length protein in the FPA assay to the force exerted by the folding protein in pN. By combining pulse-chase experiments to measure the rate at which the arrested protein is converted into full-length protein with a Bell model of force-induced rupture, we estimate that the R16 domain exerts a maximal force on the nascent chain of [~]15 pN during cotranslational folding.

SignificanceIn living cells, proteins are produced in a sequential way by ribosomes. This vectoral process allows the growing protein chain to start to fold before translation has been completed. Thereby, cotranslational protein folding can be significantly different than the folding of a full-length protein in isolation. Here we show how structurally similar repeat domains, normally produced as parts of a single long polypeptide, affect the cotranslational folding of their neighbors. This provides insight into how the cell may efficiently produce multidomain proteins, paving the way for future studies in vivo or with chaperones. We also provide an estimated magnitude of the mechanical force on the nascent chain generated by cotranslational folding, calculated from biochemical measurements and molecular dynamics simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding cooperativity of contiguous domains of α-spectrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane integration and topology of RIFIN and STEVOR proteins of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malarial parasite Plasmodium, infects red blood cells by remodeling them and transporting its own proteins to their cell surface. These proteins trigger adhesion of infected cells to uninfected cells (rosetting), and to the vascular endothelium, obstructing blood flow and contributing to pathogenesis. RIFINs (P. falciparum-encoded repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides) and STEVORs (subtelomeric variable open reading frame), are two classes of proteins that are involved in rosetting. Here we study the membrane insertion and topology of three RIFIN and two STEVOR proteins, employing a well-established assay that uses N-linked glycosylation of sites within the protein as a measure to assess the topology a protein adopts when inserted into the ER membrane. Our results indicate that all the proteins tested assume an overall topology of Ncyt-Ccyt, with predicted transmembrane helices TM1 and TM3 integrated into the ER membrane. We also show that the segments predicted as TM2 do not reside in the membrane. Our conclusions are consistent with other recent topology studies on RIFIN and STEVOR proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoulopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejarre, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pissi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ru, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellgren-Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane integration and topology of RIFIN and STEVOR proteins of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dogs defy the domestication syndrome: morphology does not covary with predicted behavioural correlations within dog breeds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domesticated animals display suites of altered morphological, behavioural and physiological traits compared to their wild ancestors, a phenomenon known as the domestication syndrome (DS). Because these alterations are observed to co-occur across a wide range of present day domesticates, the traits within the DS are assumed to covary within species and a single developmental mechanism has been hypothesized to cause the observed co-occurrence. However, due to the lack of formal testing it is currently not well-resolved if the traits within DS actually covary. Here we test the hypothesis that the presence of the classic morphological domestication traits white pigmentation, floppy ears and curly tails predict the strength of behavioural correlations in support of the DS in 78 dog breeds. Contrary to the expectations of covariation among DS traits, we found that morphological traits did not covary among themselves, nor did they predict the strength of behavioural correlations among dog breeds. Further, the number of morphological traits in a breed did not predict the strength of behavioural correlations. Our results thus contrast with the hypothesis that the DS arises due to a shared underlying mechanism, but more importantly, questions if the morphological traits embedded in the DS are actual domestication traits or post-domestication improvement traits. For dogs, it seems highly likely that strong selection for breed specific morphological traits only happened recently in relation to breed formation. Present day dogs therefore have limited bearing of the initial selection pressures applied during domestication and we should reevaluate our expectations of the DS accordingly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dogs defy the domestication syndrome: morphology does not covary with predicted behavioural correlations within dog breeds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific recognition of Sulfolobales mediated by UV inducible pili and S-layer glycosylation patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA in order to repair DNA double strand breaks via homologous recombination. Substitution of the S. acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius. Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and consequently also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.nnImportanceType IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. The Ups-pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, ensuring genome stability. With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have species-specific regions in their Ups-pilin subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. Additionally, different Sulfolobus species all have unique S-layer N-glycosylation patterns. We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Wolferen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shajahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenziger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, S.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific recognition of Sulfolobales mediated by UV inducible pili and S-layer glycosylation patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple pressure-assisted method for cryo-EM specimen preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has shown great potential for structure determination of macromolecular crystals too small for X-ray diffraction. However, specimen preparation remains a major bottleneck. Here, we report a simple method for preparing MicroED specimens, named Preassis, in which excess liquid is removed through an EM grid with the assistance of pressure. We show the ice thicknesses can be controlled by tuning the pressure in combination with EM grids with appropriate hole sizes. Importantly, Preassis can handle a wide range of protein crystals grown in various buffer conditions including those with high viscosity, as well as samples with low crystal contents. Preassis is a simple and universal method for MicroED specimen preparation, and will significantly broaden the applications of MicroED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple pressure-assisted method for cryo-EM specimen preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of ancestral host-parasite interactions under a phylogenetic model of host repertoire evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intimate ecological interactions, such as those between parasites and their hosts, may persist over long time spans, coupling the evolutionary histories of the lineages involved. Most methods that reconstruct the coevolutionary history of such associations make the simplifying assumption that parasites have a single host. Many methods also focus on congruence between host and parasite phylogenies, using cospeciation as the null model. However, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the host ranges of parasites are more complex: that host ranges often include more than one host and evolve via gains and losses of hosts rather than through cospeciation alone. Here, we develop a Bayesian approach for inferring coevolutionary history based on a model accommodating these complexities. Specifically, a parasite is assumed to have a host repertoire, which includes both potential hosts and one or more actual hosts. Over time, potential hosts can be added or lost, and potential hosts can develop into actual hosts or vice versa. Thus, host colonization is modeled as a two-step process, which may potentially be influenced by host relatedness or host traits. We first explore the statistical behavior of our model by simulating evolution of host-parasite interactions under a range of parameters. We then use our approach, implemented in the program RevBayes, to infer the coevolutionary history between 34 Nymphalini butterfly species and 25 angiosperm families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braga, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of ancestral host-parasite interactions under a phylogenetic model of host repertoire evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depression, GABA and age correlate with the plasma levels of inflammatory markers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunomodulation is increasingly being recognised as a part of mental diseases. Here, we examined if levels of immunological protein markers altered with depression, age or by the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Analysis of plasma samples from patients with major depressive episode and control blood donors (CBD) revealed expression of 67 inflammatory markers. Thirteen of these markers had augmented levels in patients as compared to CBD. and 21 markers correlated with age of the patients, whereas 10 markers correlated with the age of CBD. Interestingly, CST5 and CDCP1 showed the strongest correlation with age in the patients and in the CBD, respectively. IL-18 was the only marker that correlated with the MADRS-S scores of the patients. Neuronal growth factors (NGFs) were significantly enhanced in plasma from the patients and so was the average plasma GABA concentration. GABA modulated release of seven cytokines in CD3+ stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the patients. The study reveals significant changes in plasma composition of small molecules during depression and identifies potential peripheral biomarkers of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhandage, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shhen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korol, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali-Moghaddam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekselius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depression, GABA and age correlate with the plasma levels of inflammatory markers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolution between life-history and metabolic rate depends on ontogenetic stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic rate is considered to determine the energetic investment placed into life-history traits, regulating the speed of an organisms life-cycle and forming the so called "pace-of-life". However, how metabolic rate and life-history traits co-evolve remains unclear. For instance, the energetic demands of life-history traits, including the number of energy allocation trade-offs, is unlikely to remain constant over ontogeny. Therefore, the predicted coevolution between metabolic rate and life-history could be specific to particular ontogenetic stages, rather than a stable property of an organism. Here, we test the ontogenetic dependency of the coevolution between metabolic rate and the pace of life-history, under strictly standardized conditions using 30 species of killifish, which are either annual species adapted to ephemeral pools or non-annual species inhabiting more permanent waterbodies. Standard metabolic rates were estimated at three ontogenetic stages, together with relevant life-history traits, i.e. growth (juveniles), maturity (young adults), and reproductive rate (reproductive adults). Life-history traits largely followed predicted pace-of-life patterns, with overall faster/higher rates in annual species. The divergences in life-history traits across species tended to increase over ontogeny, being smallest during juvenile growth and largest in reproductive adults. However, associations between life-history strategy and metabolic rate followed a reversed pattern, being strongest in juveniles, but lowest in reproductive adults. Our results are concordant with the number of energetic trade-offs increasing over ontogeny, which results in a stronger covariation between physiology and life-history traits earlier in ontogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sowersby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckerstrom-Liedholm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naslund, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Voyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolution between life-history and metabolic rate depends on ontogenetic stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically ball retrieving wolf puppies reveal standing ancestral variation for human-directed play behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domestication dramatically alters phenotypes. Standing variation among ancestral populations often drives phenotypic change during domestication, but some changes are caused by novel mutations. Dogs (Canis familiaris) engage in interspecific play with humans and it has specifically been suggested that the ability to interpret social-communicative behaviour expressed by humans is a novel dog-specific skill. Thus, wolves (Canis lupus) are not expected to engage in interspecific play with a human based on social-communicative cues. Here we report the observation of three eight week-old wolf puppies spontaneously responding to social-communicative behaviours from a stranger by retrieving a ball. This unexpected and novel observation has significant implications for our understanding and expectations of the genetic foundations of dog behaviour. Importantly, our observations indicate that behavioural responses to human social-communicative cues are not unique to dogs. This suggests that, while probably rare, standing variation in the expression of human-directed behaviour in ancestral populations could have been an important target for early selective pressures exerted during dog domestication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen Wheat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temrin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically ball retrieving wolf puppies reveal standing ancestral variation for human-directed play behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasome-mediated protein degradation resets the cell division cycle and triggers ESCRT-III-mediated cytokinesis in an archaeon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is a relative of eukaryotes known to progress orderly through its cell division cycle despite lacking obvious CDK/cyclin homologues. Here, in exploring the mechanisms underpinning archaeal cell division cycle control, we show that the proteasome of S. acidocaldarius, like its eukaryotic counterpart, regulates the transition from the end of one cell division cycle to the beginning of the next. Further, we identify the archaeal ESCRT-III homologue CdvB as a key target of the proteasome, and show that state-dependent degradation of CdvB triggers archaeal cell division by allowing constriction of a CdvB1:CdvB2 ESCRT-III division ring. These findings suggest an ancient role for proteasome-mediated degradation in resetting the cell division cycle in both archaea and eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarrason Risa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harker-Kirschneck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faull, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatziamou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutavchiev, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneguello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arashiro Pulschen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilkenny, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruin, R. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindas, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasome-mediated protein degradation resets the cell division cycle and triggers ESCRT-III-mediated cytokinesis in an archaeon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A histone methyltransferase inhibitor can reverse epigenetically acquired drug resistance in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites invade and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs), extensively modifying their structure and gaining access to the extracellular environment by placing the plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) into the RBC membrane. Expression of members of the cytoadherence linked antigen gene 3 (clag3) family is required for PSAC activity, a process that is regulated epigenetically. PSAC is a well-established route of uptake for large, hydrophilic antimalarial compounds and parasites can acquire resistance by silencing clag3 gene expression, thereby reducing drug uptake. We found that exposure to sub-IC50 concentrations of the histone methyltransferase inhibitor chaetocin caused substantial changes in both clag3 gene expression and RBC permeability, reversing acquired resistance to the antimalarial compound blasticidin S that is transported through PSAC. Chaetocin treatment also altered progression of parasites through their replicative cycle, presumably by changing their ability to modify chromatin appropriately to enable DNA replication. These results indicate that targeting histone modifiers could represent a novel tool for reversing epigenetically acquired drug resistance in P. falciparum.nnImportanceDrug resistance is a major concern for the treatment of infectious diseases throughout the world. For malaria, a novel mechanism of resistance was recently described in which epigenetic modifications led to a resistance phenotype that is rapidly reversible, thus reducing the fitness cost that is often associated with genetic mutations that lead to resistance. The possibility of this type of resistance arising in a natural setting is particularly troubling since parasites could rapidly switch to and from a resistant phenotype, thus making it especially difficult to combat. Here we show that application of a histone methyltransferase inhibitor can rapidly reverse the epigenetic changes that lead to drug resistance, thereby causing parasites to revert to a drug sensitive phenotype. This is a novel application of drugs that target epigenetic modifiers and lends additional support for ongoing efforts to develop drugs against malaria that target the histone modifiers of the parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A histone methyltransferase inhibitor can reverse epigenetically acquired drug resistance in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the dominant risk factor for most chronic human diseases; yet the mechanisms by which aging confers this risk are largely unknown.1 Recently, the age-related acquisition of somatic mutations in regenerating hematopoietic stem cell populations was associated with both hematologic cancer incidence2-4 and coronary heart disease prevalence.5 Somatic mutations with leukemogenic potential may confer selective cellular advantages leading to clonal expansion, a phenomenon termed  Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP).6 Simultaneous germline and somatic whole genome sequence analysis now provides the opportunity to identify root causes of CHIP. Here, we analyze high-coverage whole genome sequences from 97,691 participants of diverse ancestries in the NHLBI TOPMed program and identify 4,229 individuals with CHIP. We identify associations with blood cell, lipid, and inflammatory traits specific to different CHIP genes. Association of a genome-wide set of germline genetic variants identified three genetic loci associated with CHIP status, including one locus at TET2 that was African ancestry specific. In silico-informed in vitro evaluation of the TET2 germline locus identified a causal variant that disrupts a TET2 distal enhancer. Aggregates of rare germline loss-of-function variants in CHEK2, a DNA damage repair gene, predisposed to CHIP acquisition. Overall, we observe that germline genetic variation altering hematopoietic stem cell function and the fidelity of DNA-damage repair increase the likelihood of somatic mutations leading to CHIP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulco, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekavat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signalling during hypertrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postmitotic tissues are incapable of replacing damaged cells through proliferation, but need to rely on buffering mechanisms to prevent tissue disintegration. By constitutively activating the Ras/MAPK-pathway via RasV12-overexpression in the postmitotic salivary glands of Drosophila larvae, we overrode the glands adaptability to growth signals, induced hypertrophy and stress accumulation. This allowed us to decipher a novel, spatio-temporally regulated interaction between the JNK-stress response and a genuine tissue-autonomous immune response. Central to this interaction is the direct inhibition of JNK-signalling by the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin, which blocks programmed cell death and prevents recognition of the stressed tissue by the systemic immune response. While this mechanism might allow growing salivary glands to cope with temporary stress, continuous expression of Drosomycin favors survival of unrestricted, hypertrophic RasV12-glands. Our findings indicate the necessity for refined therapeutic approaches that fundamentally acknowledge detrimental effects that stimulated immune responses have on tissues coping with damage and stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krautz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-autonomous immune response regulates stress signalling during hypertrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geographic variation in hemocyte diversity and phagocytic propensity shows a diffuse genomic signature in the green veined white butterfly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects rely on their innate immune system to successfully mediate complex interactions with their internal microbiota, as well as the microbes present in the environment. Given the variation in microbes across habitats, the challenges to respond to them is likely to result in local adaptation in the immune system. Here we focus upon phagocytosis, a mechanism by which pathogens and foreign particles are engulfed in order to be contained, killed and processed for antigen presentation. We investigated the phenotypic and genetic variation related to phagocytosis, in two allopatric populations of the butterfly Pieris napi. We found that the populations differ in their hemocyte composition, and overall phagocytic capability, driven by the increased phagocytic propensity of each cell type. However, no evidence for divergence in phagocytosis-related genes was observed, though an enrichment of genes involved in glutamine metabolism was found, which have recently been linked to immune cell differentiation in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keehnen, N. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fors, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarver, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetz, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geographic variation in hemocyte diversity and phagocytic propensity shows a diffuse genomic signature in the green veined white butterfly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The consequences of surviving infection across the metamorphic boundary: tradeoff insights from RNAseq and life history measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The broad diversity of insect life has been shaped, in part, by pathogen pressure, yet the influence of injury and infection during critical periods of development is understudied. During development, insects undergo metamorphosis, wherein the organism experiences a dramatic shift in their overall morphology, and physiology. In temperate zones, metamorphosis is often directly followed by a developmental arrest called diapause, for which the insect needs to acquire enough energy reserves before the onset of winter. We investigated the long-term effects of injury and infection using two bacteria in the butterfly Pieris napi, revealing that the negative consequences of bacterial infection carry across the metamorphic boundary. Initial direct effects of infection were weight loss and slower development, as well as an increased mortality at higher infection levels. The detrimental effects were stronger in the gram-positive Micrococcus luteus compared to gram-negative Escherichia coli. Transcriptome-wide differences between the two bacteria were already observed in the gene expression profile of the first 24 hours after infection. Larvae infected with M. luteus showed a strong suppression of all non-immunity related processes, with several types of immune responses being activated. The impact of these transcriptomic changes, a tradeoff between homeostasis and immune response, were visible in the life history data, wherein individuals infected with M. luteus had the highest mortality rate, along with the lowest pupal weight, developmental rate and adult weight of all the treatments. Overall, we find that the cost of infection and wounding in the final larval instar carries over the metamorphic boundary, and is expected to negatively affect their lifetime fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keehnen, N. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucerova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The consequences of surviving infection across the metamorphic boundary: tradeoff insights from RNAseq and life history measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive resetting of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) network activity during lactation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPGiving birth triggers a wide repertoire of physiological and behavioural changes in the mother to enable her to feed and care for her offspring. These changes require coordination and are often orchestrated from the central nervous system, through as of yet poorly understood mechanisms. A neuronal population with a central role in puerperal changes is the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons that control release of the pituitary hormone, prolactin, which triggers key maternal adaptations, including lactation and maternal care. Here, we used Ca2+ imaging on mice from both sexes and whole-cell recordings on female mouse TIDA neurons in vitro to examine if they adapt their cellular and network activity according to reproductive state. In the high-prolactin state of lactation, TIDA neurons shift to faster membrane potential oscillations, a reconfiguration that reverses upon weaning. During the estrous cycle, however, which includes a brief, but pronounced, prolactin peak, oscillation frequency remains stable. An increase in the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation current, Ih, possibly through unmasking as dopamine release drops during nursing, may explain the reconfiguration of TIDA rhythms. These findings identify a reversible plasticity in hypothalamic network activity that can serve to adapt the dam for motherhood.nnSO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOW SO_SCPLOWTATEMENTC_SCPLOWMotherhood requires profound behavioural and physiological adaptations to enable caring for offspring, but the underlying CNS changes are poorly understood. Here, we show that during lactation, neuroendocrine dopamine neurons, the "TIDA" cells that control prolactin secretion, reorganize their trademark oscillations to discharge in faster frequencies. Unlike previous studies, which typically have focused on structural and transcriptional changes during pregnancy and lactation, we demonstrate a functional switch in activity and one that, distinct from previously described puerperal modifications, reverses fully upon weaning. We further provide evidence that a specific conductance - Ih - may underlie the altered network rhythm. These findings identify a new facet of maternal brain plasticity at the level of membrane properties and consequent ensemble activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorn Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Lunteren, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellysaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive resetting of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) network activity during lactation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compositional and functional differences of the mucosal microbiota along the intestine of healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut mucosal microbes evolved closest to the host, developing specialized local communities. There is, however, insufficient knowledge of these communities as most studies have employed sequencing technologies to investigate faecal microbiota. This work used shotgun metagenomics of mucosal biopsies to explore the microbial communities compositions of terminal ileum and large intestine in 5 healthy individuals. Functional annotations and genome-scale metabolic modelling of selected species were then employed to identify local functional enrichments. While faecal metagenomics provided a good approximation of the average gut microbiome composition, mucosal biopsies allowed detecting the subtle variations of local microbial communities. Given their significant enrichment in the mucosal microbiota, we highlight the roles of Bacteroides species and describe the antimicrobial resistance biogeography along the intestine. We also detail which species, at which locations, are involved with the tryptophan/indole pathway, whose malfunctioning has been linked to pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease. Our study thus provides invaluable resources for investigating mechanisms connecting gut microbiota and host pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talley, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agreus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidkhori, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovatcheva-Datchary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proctor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoaie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compositional and functional differences of the mucosal microbiota along the intestine of healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based metrics of community resilience and dynamics in lake ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some ecosystems undergo abrupt transitions to a new regime after passing a tipping point in an exogenous stressor, for example lakes shifting from a clear to turbid  eutrophic state in response to nutrient-enrichment. Metrics-based resilience indicators have been developed as early warning signals of these shifts but have not always proved reliable indicators. Alternative approaches focus on changes in the composition and structure of an ecosystem, which can require long-term food-web observations that are typically beyond the scope of monitoring. Here we prototype a network-based algorithm for estimating ecosystem resilience, which reconstructs past ecological networks solely from palaeoecological abundance data. Resilience is estimated using local stability analysis, and eco-net energy: a neural network-based proxy for  ecological memory. We test the algorithm on modelled (PCLake+) and empirical (lake Erhai) data. The metrics identify increasing diatom community instability during eutrophication in both cases, with eco-net energy revealing complex eco-memory dynamics. The concept of ecological memory opens a new dimension for understanding ecosystem resilience and regime shifts, with eco-memory potentially increasing ecosystem resilience by allowing past memorised eco-network states to be recovered after disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong McKay, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyke, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dearing, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doncaster, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based metrics of community resilience and dynamics in lake ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized axolemma deformations suggest mechanoporation as axonal injury trigger 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With almost 50% of traumatic brain injuries being related to axonal damage, understanding the nature of cellular level impairment is crucial. Experimental observations have so far led to the formulation of conflicting theories regarding the cellular primary injury mechanism. Disruption of the axolemma, or alternatively cytoskeletal damage has been suggested mainly as injury trigger. However, mechanoporation thresholds of generic membranes seem not to overlap with the axonal injury deformation range and microtubules appear too stiff and too weakly connected to undergo mechanical breaking. Here, we aim to shed a light on the mechanism of primary axonal injury, bridging finite element and molecular dynamics simulations. Despite the necessary level of approximation, our models can accurately describe the mechanical behavior of the unmyelinated axon and its membrane. More importantly, they give access to quantities that would be inaccessible with an experimental approach. We show that in a typical injury scenario, the axonal cortex sustains deformations large enough to entail pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayer. The observed axonal deformation of 10-12% agree well with the thresholds proposed in the literature for axonal injury and, above all, allow us to provide quantitative evidences that do not exclude pore formation in the membrane as a result of trauma. Our findings bring to an increased knowledge of axonal injury mechanism that will have positive implications for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montanino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeedimasine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiven, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized axolemma deformations suggest mechanoporation as axonal injury trigger]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex identification of ancient pinnipeds using the dog genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the male and female representation in zooarchaeological material from hunted animal species is essential, to fully investigate the effects and means of prehistoric hunting practices, and may further provide valuable biological information on past animal life-history, behaviour and demography. However, the fragmented nature of the zooarchaeological record and a lack of clear diagnostic skeletal markers, often prevents such inference. Here, we test the usability of the dog nuclear genome (CanFam3.1) for sex identification of pinnipeds. First, a contemporary sample set (n=72) of ringed seals (Pusa hispida), with known sex was used to test the genetic sex identification method. By quantifying the proportion of X chromosome reads, as the chrX/chr1 ratio, the ratios clustered in two clearly distinguishable sex groups. Of the 72 individuals, 69 were identified to the accurate sex, which proves a high reliability of the genetic method. Second, random down sampling of a subset of the ringed seal samples to different read number, suggests at least 5000 DNA sequence reads mapped to the reference genome as the lower limit for which this method is applicable. Finally, applying this standard, sex identification was successfully carried out on a broad set of ancient pinniped samples, including walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), which all showed clearly distinct male and female chrX/chr1 ratio groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bro-Joergensen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keighley, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlgren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharff-Olsen, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosing-Asvid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotfredsen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glykou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex identification of ancient pinnipeds using the dog genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplitude and timescale of metacommunity trait-lag response to climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is altering the structure and functioning of communities 1. Trait-based approaches are powerful predictive tools that allow consideration of changes in structure and functioning simultaneously 2, 3. The realised biomass-weighted trait distribution of a community rests on the ecophysiology of individuals, but integrates local species interactions and spatial dynamics that feed back to ecosystem functioning. Consider a response trait that determines species performance (e.g. growth rate) as a function of an environmental variable (e.g. temperature). The change in this response traits distribution following directional environmental change integrates all factors contributing to the communitys response and directly reflects the communitys response capacity 3.

Here we introduce the average regional community trait-lag (TLMC) as a novel measure of whole-metacommunity response to warming. We show that functional compensation (shifts in resident species relative abundances) confers initial response capacity to communities by reducing and delaying the initial development of a trait-lag. Metacommunity adaptive capacity in the long-term, however, was dependent on dispersal and species tracking of their climate niche by incremental traversal of the landscape. With increasing inter-patch distances, network properties of the functional connectivity network became increasingly more important, and may guide prioritisation of habitat for conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplitude and timescale of metacommunity trait-lag response to climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SWI/SNF subunits BRG1 affects alternative splicing by changing RNA binding factor interactions with RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRG1 and BRM are ATPase core subunits of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes. The function of the SWI/SNF complexes in transcriptional initiation has been well studied, while a function in alternative splicing has only been studied for a few cases for BRM-containing SWI/SNF complexes. Here, we have expressed BRG1 in C33A cells, a BRG1 and BRM-deficient cell line, and we have analysed the effects on the transcriptome by RNA sequencing. We have shown that BRG1 expression affects the splicing of a subset of genes. For some, BRG1 expression favours exon inclusion and for others, exon skipping. Some of the changes in alternative splicing induced by BRG1 expression do not require the ATPase activity of BRG1. Among the exons regulated through an ATPase-independent mechanism, the included exons had signatures of high GC-content and lacked a positioned nucleosome at the exon. By investigating three genes in which the expression of either wild-type BRG1 or a BRG1-ATPase-deficient variant favoured exon inclusion, we showed that expression of the ATPases promotes the local recruitment of RNA binding factors to chromatin and RNA in a differential manner. The hnRNPL, hnRNPU and SAM68 proteins associated to chromatin in C33A cells expressing BRG1 or BRM, but their association with RNA varied. We propose that SWI/SNF can regulate alternative splicing by interacting with splicing-RNA binding factor and altering their binding to the nascent pre-mRNA, which changes RNP structure.

Author summarySplicing, in particular alternative splicing, is a combinatorial process which involves splicing factor complexes and many RNA binding splicing regulatory proteins in different constellations. Most splicing events occur during transcription, which also makes the DNA sequence, the chromatin state and the transcription rate at the exons important components that influence the splicing outcome. We show here that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF influences the interactions of splicing regulatory factors with RNA during transcription on certain exons that have a high GC-content. The splicing on this type of exon rely on the ATPase BRG1 and favour inclusion of alternative exons in an ATP-independent manner. SWI/SNF complexes are known to alter the chromatin structure at promoters in transcription initiation, and have been previously shown to alter the transcription rate or nucleosome position in splicing. Our results suggests a further mechanism for chromatin remodelling proteins in splicing: to change the interaction patterns of RNA binding splicing regulatory factors at alternative exons to alter the splicing outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganez Zapater, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackowiak, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Pla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedländer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Östlund Farrants, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SWI/SNF subunits BRG1 affects alternative splicing by changing RNA binding factor interactions with RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother: Translating across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roots of psychopathology frequently take shape during infancy in the context of parent-infant interactions and adversity. Yet, neurobiological mechanisms linking these processes during infancy remain elusive. Here, using responses to attachment figures among infants who experienced adversity as a benchmark, we assessed rat pup cortical Local Field Potentials (LFP) and behaviors exposed to adversity in response to maternal rough and nurturing handling by examining its impact on pup separation-reunion with the mother. We show that during adversity, pup cortical LFP dynamic range decreased during nurturing maternal behaviors, but was minimally impacted by rough handling. During reunion, adversity-experiencing pups showed aberrant interactions with mother and blunted cortical LFP. Blocking pup stress hormone during either adversity or reunion restored typical behavior, LFP power, and cross-frequency coupling. This translational approach suggests adversity-rearing produces a stress-induced aberrant neurobehavioral processing of the mother, which can be used as an early biomarker of later-life pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Opendak, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theisen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomkvist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother: Translating across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Real-Time PCR assays for species-specific detection and quantification of Baltic Sea spring bloom dinoflagellates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Baltic Sea, the dinoflagellates Apocalathium malmogiense, Biecheleria baltica, and Gymnodinium corollarium are important contributors to the spring bloom. However, their relative contribution to the bloom community cannot be unambiguously determined by conventional light microscopy due to lack of resolution of distinctive morphological features of the three species. Here, we describe a molecular approach based on a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primer and probe system, targeting the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the rRNA gene for all three species and enabling their quantification. The specificity of the method was demonstrated using monocultures of A. malmogiense, B. baltica, G. corollarium as well as three other dinoflagellate species co-occurring in the Baltic Sea during spring and validated using field-collected phytoplankton samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Real-Time PCR assays for species-specific detection and quantification of Baltic Sea spring bloom dinoflagellates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a developmental period in which social interactions become increasingly important. Successful social interactions rely heavily on pragmatic competence, the appropriate use of language in different social contexts, a skill that is still developing in adolescence. In the present study, we used fMRI to characterize the brain networks underlying pragmatic language processing in typically developing adolescents. We used an indirect speech paradigm whereby participants were presented with question/answer dialogues in which the meaning of the answer had to be inferred from the context, in this case the preceding question. Participants were presented with three types of answers: (1) direct replies, i.e., simple answers to open-ended questions, (2) indirect informative replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to add more information to a yes/no question, and (3) indirect affective replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to express polite refusals, negative opinions or to save face in response to an emotionally charged question. We found that indirect affective replies elicited the strongest response in brain areas associated with language comprehension (superior temporal gyri), theory of mind (medial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and precuneus), and attention/working memory (inferior frontal gyri). The increased activation to indirect affective as opposed to indirect informative and direct replies potentially reflects the high salience of opinions and perspectives of others in adolescence. Our results add to previous findings on socio-cognitive processing in adolescents and extend them to pragmatic language comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaridou, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir-Lira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin-Meadow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized design and in vivo application of optogenetically functionalized Drosophila dopamine receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulatory signaling via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) plays a pivotal role in regulating neural network function and animal behavior. Recent efforts have led to the development of optogenetic tools to induce G protein-mediated signaling, with the promise of acute and cell type-specific manipulation of neuromodulatory signals. However, designing and deploying optogenetically functionalized GPCRs (optoXRs) with accurate specificity and activity to mimic endogenous signaling in vivo remains challenging. Here we optimized the design of optoXRs by considering evolutionary conserved GPCR-G protein interactions and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach using two Drosophila Dopamine receptors (optoDopRs). We validated these optoDopRs showing that they exhibit high signaling specificity and light sensitivity in vitro. In vivo we detected receptor and cell type-specific effects of dopaminergic signaling in various behaviors including the ability of optoDopRs to rescue loss of the endogenous receptors. This work demonstrates that OptoXRs can enable optical control of neuromodulatory receptor specific signaling in functional and behavioral studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichy, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imambocus, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Jimenez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelmy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bräuler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lömker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich-Förster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald Kadow, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janovjak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized design and in vivo application of optogenetically functionalized Drosophila dopamine receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Alk receptor tyrosine kinase regulates Sparkly, a novel activity regulating neurosecretory protein in the Drosophila CNS. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous roles for the Alk receptor tyrosine kinase have been described in Drosophila, including functions in the central nervous system (CNS), however the molecular details are poorly understood. To gain mechanistic insight, we employed Targeted DamID (TaDa) transcriptional profiling to identify targets of Alk signaling in the larval CNS. TaDa was employed in larval CNS tissues, while genetically manipulating Alk signaling output. The resulting TaDa data were analysed together with larval CNS scRNA-seq datasets performed under similar conditions, identifying a role for Alk in the transcriptional regulation of neuroendocrine gene expression. Further integration with bulk/scRNA-seq and protein datasets from larval brains in which Alk signaling was manipulated, identified a previously uncharacterized Drosophila neuropeptide precursor encoded by CG4577 as an Alk signaling transcriptional target. CG4577, which we named Sparkly (Spar), is expressed in a subset of Alk-positive neuroendocrine cells in the developing larval CNS, including circadian clock neurons. In agreement with our TaDa analysis, overexpression of the Drosophila Alk ligand Jeb resulted in increased levels of Spar protein in the larval CNS. We show that Spar protein is expressed in circadian (Clock) neurons, and flies lacking Spar exhibit defects in sleep and circadian activity control. In summary, we report a novel activity regulating neuropeptide precursor gene that is regulated by Alk signaling in the Drosophila CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonydhason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molander, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandakly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umapathy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirinian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Alk receptor tyrosine kinase regulates Sparkly, a novel activity regulating neurosecretory protein in the Drosophila CNS.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility of learning in complex worlds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to adjust to changing environments is an important aspect of behavioral flexibility. Here we investigate the possible advantages of flexible learning rates in volatile environments, using learning simulations. We compare two established learning mechanisms, one with fixed learning rates and one with flexible rates that adjust to volatility. We study three types of ecological and experimental volatility: transitions from a simpler to a more complex foraging environment, reversal learning, and learning set formation. For transitions to a complex world, we use developing cleaner fish as an example, having more types of client fish to choose between as they become adult. There are other similar transitions in nature, such as migrating to a new and different habitat. Performance in reversal learning and in learning set formation are commonly used experimental measures of behavioral flexibility. Concerning transitions to a complex world, we show that both fixed and flexible learning rates perform well, losing only a small proportion of available rewards in the period after a transition, but flexible rates perform better than fixed. For reversal learning, flexible rates improve the performance with each successive reversal, because of increasing learning rates, but this does not happen for fixed rates. For learning set formation, we find no improvement in performance with successive shifts to new stimuli to discriminate for either flexible or fixed learning rates. Flexible learning rates might thus explain increasing performance in reversal learning, but not in learning set formation. We discuss our results in relation to current ideas about behavioral flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility of learning in complex worlds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notes on the diet composition of Anoles lizards, Anolis (Dactyloidae), in the Yasuni National Park (Ecuador) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we observed and briefly described the diet of six species of lizards of the genus Anolis in the Yasuni National Park, located in the western part of the Amazon Rainforest. A total of 241 items found in the stomachs of the lizards were classified. We noted that Aranea and Hymenoptera were the most frequent diet categories used by the lizard community. In terms of volume, Hemiptera and insect larvae were the most representative prey. We aim that the description of the diet of Anolis provided by this study can be further combined with information pertaining to their natural history, thus shedding light on ecological mechanisms that influence adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notes on the diet composition of Anoles lizards, Anolis (Dactyloidae), in the Yasuni National Park (Ecuador)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of differential ligand binding in the human {rho}-type GABA(A) receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurotransmitter {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA) drives critical inhibitory processes in and beyond the nervous system, partly via ionotropic type-A receptors (GABAARs). Pharmacological properties of {rho}-type GABAARs are particularly distinctive, yet the structural basis for their specialization remains unclear. Here we present cryo-EM structures of a lipid-embedded human {rho}1 GABAAR, including a partial intracellular domain, under apo, inhibited, and desensitized conditions. An apparent resting state, determined first in the absence of modulators, was recapitulated with the specific inhibitor (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid and blocker picrotoxin, and provided a rationale for bicuculline insensitivity. Comparative structures, mutant recordings, and molecular simulations with and without GABA further explained the sensitized but slower activation of {rho}1 relative to canonical subtypes. Combining GABA with picrotoxin also captured an apparent uncoupled intermediate state. This work reveals structural mechanisms of gating and modulation with applications to {rho}-specific pharmaceutical design, and to our biophysical understanding of ligand-gated ion channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowgill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haloi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobiasson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of differential ligand binding in the human {rho}-type GABA(A) receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing of tumor-associated macrophages in a Drosophila model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionTumor-associated macrophages may act to either limit or promote tumor growth, yet the molecular basis for either path is poorly characterized.

MethodsWe use a larval Drosophila model that expresses a dominant-active version of the Rasoncogene (RasV12) to study dysplastic growth during early tumor progression. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of macrophage-like hemocytes to characterize these cells in tumor-compared to wild type larvae. Hemocytes included manually extracted tumor-associated-as well as circulating cells.

Results and discussionWe identified 5 distinct hemocyte clusters. In addition to RasV12 larvae we included a tumor model where the activation of effector caspases was inhibited, mimicking an apoptosis-resistant setting. Circulating hemocytes from both tumor models differ qualitatively from control wild-type cells - they display an enrichment for genes involved in cell division, which was confirmed using proliferation assays. Split analysis of the tumor models further reveals that proliferation is strongest in the caspase-deficient setting. Similarly, depending on the tumor model, hemocytes that attach to tumors activate different sets of immune effectors - antimicrobial peptides dominate the response against the tumor alone, while caspase inhibition induces a shift toward members of proteolytic cascades. Finally, we provide evidence for transcript transfer between hemocytes and possibly other tissues. Taken together, our data support the usefulness of Drosophila to study the response against tumors at the organismic level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theopold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell sequencing of tumor-associated macrophages in a Drosophila model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity modulation in anaerobic ribonucleotide reductases: nucleotide binding to the ATP-cone mediates long-range order-disorder transitions in the active site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A small, nucleotide-binding domain, the ATP-cone, is found at the N-terminus of most ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalytic subunits. By binding ATP or dATP it regulates the enzyme activity of all classes of RNR. Functional and structural work on aerobic RNRs has revealed a plethora of ways in which dATP inhibits activity by inducing oligomerization and preventing a productive radical transfer from one subunit to the active site in the other. Anaerobic RNRs, on the other hand, store a stable glycyl radical next to the active site and the basis for their dATP-dependent inhibition is completely unknown. We present biochemical, biophysical and structural information on the effects of ATP and dATP binding to the anaerobic RNR from Prevotella copri. The enzyme exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium biased towards dimers when two ATP molecules are bound to the ATP-cone and tetramers when two dATP molecules are bound. In the presence of ATP, P. copri NrdD is active and has a fully ordered glycyl radical domain (GRD) in one monomer of the dimer. Binding of dATP to the ATP-cone results in loss of activity and increased dynamics of the GRD, such that it can not be detected in the cryo-EM structures. The glycyl radical is formed even in the dATP-bound form, but the substrate does not bind. The structures implicate a complex network of interactions in activity regulation that involve the GRD more than 30 [A] away from the dATP molecules, the allosteric substrate specificity site and a conserved but previously unseen flap over the active site. Taken together, the results suggest that dATP inhibition in anaerobic RNRs acts by increasing the flexibility of the flap and GRD, thereby preventing both substrate binding and radical mobilisation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bimai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöberg, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity modulation in anaerobic ribonucleotide reductases: nucleotide binding to the ATP-cone mediates long-range order-disorder transitions in the active site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pesticide-induced resurgence of the brown planthopper is mediated by diverse actors that promote juvenile hormone biosynthesis and female fecundity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pesticide-induced resurgence, increases in pest insect populations following pesticide application, is a serious threat to the sustainable control of many highly damaging crop pests. Resurgence can result from pesticide-enhanced pest reproduction, however, the molecular mechanisms mediating this process remain unresolved. Here we show that brown planthopper (BPH) resurgence in rice crops following exposure to sublethal doses of the pesticide emamectin benzoate (EB) results from the coordinated action of a suite of genes that regulate juvenile hormone (JH) levels, resulting in increased JH titer in adult females and enhanced fecundity.

We demonstrate that EB treatment at sublethal levels results in profound changes in female BPH fitness including increased egg maturation and oviposition. This enhanced reproductive fitness results from the EB-mediated upregulation of key genes involved in the regulation of JH, including JHAMT and Kr-h1 and the downregulation of allatostatin (AstA) and allatostatin receptor (AstAR) expression.

AstA signaling is known to inhibit the production of JH in the corpora allata and hence EB exposure diminishes this inhibitory action. We find that the changes in gene expression following EB exposure are caused by the allosteric action of this insecticide on its molecular target, the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl).

Collectively, these results provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of negative pesticide-induced responses in insects and reveal some key actors involved in the JH-signaling pathway that underpin pesticide resurgence.

SignificancePesticides remain a key means of controlling many of the worlds insect pests. However, in some cases, pesticide applications can result in resurgence of pest populations due to pesticide-induced increases in fecundity. In the current study, we show that pesticide resurgence in the brown planthopper (BPH) following exposure to the insecticide emamectin benzoate (EB) results from the transcriptional reprogramming of a diverse suite of positive and negative regulators of juvenile hormone (JH), a critical regulator of insect development and reproduction. This in turn leads to profound increases in female BPH reproductive fitness and enhanced fecundity. Our findings unravel some of the molecular mechanisms mediating pesticide-induced pest resurgence and inform the development of novel strategies to control highly damaging crop pests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pesticide-induced resurgence of the brown planthopper is mediated by diverse actors that promote juvenile hormone biosynthesis and female fecundity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.544912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient Sheep Genomes reveal four Millennia of North European Short-Tailed Sheep in the Baltic Sea region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.544912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sheep are among the earliest domesticated livestock species, with a wide variety of breeds present today. However, it remains unclear how far back this breed diversity goes, with formal documentation only dating back a few centuries. North European short-tailed breeds are often assumed to be among the oldest domestic sheep populations, even thought to represent relicts of the earliest sheep expansions during the Neolithic period reaching Scandinavia less than 6000 years ago. This study sequenced the genomes (up to 11.6X) of five sheep remains from the Baltic islands of Gotland and [A]land, dating from Late Neolithic ([~]4100 calBP) to historical times ([~]1600 CE). Our findings indicate that these ancient sheep largely possessed the genetic characteristics of modern North European short-tailed breeds, suggesting a substantial degree of long-term continuity of this breed type in the Baltic Sea region. Despite the wide temporal spread, population genetic analyses show high levels of affinity between the ancient genomes and they also exhibit higher genetic diversity when compared to modern breeds, implying a loss of diversity in recent centuries associated with breed formation. Finally, we see a potential signature of an even earlier, genetically different form of sheep in Scandinavia as these samples do not represent the first sheep in Northern Europe. Our results shed light on the development of breeds in Northern Europe specifically as well as the development of genetic diversity in sheep breeds, and their expansion from the domestication center in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larsson, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell Miranda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak Vural, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues Soares, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivikero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunther, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.544912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient Sheep Genomes reveal four Millennia of North European Short-Tailed Sheep in the Baltic Sea region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional genome architecture persists in a 52,000-year-old woolly mammoth skin sample 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing analysis typically involves alignment to a modern reference genome assembly from a related species. Since aDNA molecules are fragmentary, these alignments yield information about small-scale differences, but provide no information about larger features such as the chromosome structure of ancient species. We report the genome assembly of a female Late Pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) with twenty-eight chromosome-length scaffolds, generated using mammoth skin preserved in permafrost for roughly 52,000 years. We began by creating a modified Hi-C protocol, dubbed PaleoHi-C, optimized for ancient samples, and using it to map chromatin contacts in a woolly mammoth. Next, we developed "reference-assisted 3D genome assembly," which begins with a reference genome assembly from a related species, and uses Hi-C and DNA-Seq data from a target species to split, order, orient, and correct sequences on the basis of their 3D proximity, yielding accurate chromosome-length scaffolds for the target species. By means of this reference-assisted 3D genome assembly, PaleoHi-C data reveals the 3D architecture of a woolly mammoth genome, including chromosome territories, compartments, domains, and loops. The active (A) and inactive (B) genome compartments in mammoth skin more closely resemble those observed in Asian elephant skin than the compartmentalization patterns seen in other Asian elephant tissues. Differences in compartmentalization between these skin samples reveal sequences whose transcription was potentially altered in mammoth. We observe a tetradic structure for the inactive X chromosome in mammoth, distinct from the bipartite architecture seen in human and mouse. Generating chromosome-length genome assemblies for two other elephantids (Asian and African elephant), we find that the overall karyotype, and this tetradic Xi structure, are conserved throughout the clade. These results illustrate that cell-type specific epigenetic information can be preserved in ancient samples, in the form of DNA geometry, and that it may be feasible to perform de novo genome assembly of some extinct species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Velasco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Estrada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehasque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontsere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, S. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contessoto, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira Junior, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalluchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnirke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Trevino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti-Renom, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional genome architecture persists in a 52,000-year-old woolly mammoth skin sample]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conversational production and comprehension: fMRI-evidence reminiscent of the classic Broca-Wernicke model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key question in neurolinguistics is whether language production and comprehension share neural infrastructure, but this question has not been addressed in the context of actual conversation. We utilized a public fMRI dataset where participants (N=24) engaged in unscripted conversations with a confederate outside the scanner via an audio-video link. We provide evidence indicating that production and comprehension, in a conversational setting, diverge with respect to how they modulate the recruitment of regions in the left-lateralized perisylvian language network. Activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus was stronger in production than in comprehension. Compared to production, comprehension showed stronger recruitment of the left anterior middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus, but this was not the case for the posterior aspect of these loci. Although our results are reminiscent of the classic Broca-Wernicke model, the anterior temporal activation is a notable difference from that model. This is one of the findings which may be a consequence of the conversational setting, another being that conversational production activated what we interpret as higher-level socio-pragmatic processes. In conclusion, we present evidence supporting that the above-mentioned frontal vs temporal regions in the language network are functionally segregated during conversation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arvidsson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torubarova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conversational production and comprehension: fMRI-evidence reminiscent of the classic Broca-Wernicke model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geographic population structure and distinct population dynamics of globally abundant freshwater bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geographic separation is a principal factor for structuring populations of macroorganisms, with important consequences for evolution, by means of processes such as allopatric speciation. For free-living prokaryotes, implications of geographic separation on their evolution are more unclear. The limited phylogenetic resolution of commonly used markers such as 16S rRNA gene sequences have since long impeded prokaryotic population genetics. However, the vast amount of metagenome sequencing data generated during the last decades from various habitats around the world, now provides an excellent opportunity for such investigations. Here we exploited publicly available and new freshwater metagenomes in combination with genomes of abundant freshwater bacteria to study the impact of geographic separation on population structure. We focused on species that were detected across broad geographic ranges at high enough sequence coverage for meaningful population genomic analyses, i.e. members of the predominant freshwater taxa acI, LD12, Polynucleobacter and Ca. Methylopumilus. Population differentiation increased significantly with spatial distance in all species, but notable dispersal barriers (e.g. oceanic) were not apparent. Yet, the different species showed contrasting rates of geographic divergence and strikingly different population dynamics in time series within individual lakes. While certain populations hardly diverged over several years, others displayed high divergence after merely a few months, similar in scale to populations separated by thousands of kilometers. We speculate that populations with higher strain diversity evolve more monotonously, while low strain diversity enables more drastic clonal expansion of genotypes which will be reflected in strong but transient differentiation between temporally or spatially adjacent populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoetzinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente-Sanchez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertilsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geographic population structure and distinct population dynamics of globally abundant freshwater bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring RBC deformability and its heterogeneity using a fast microfluidic device 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a high-throughput microfluidic device to determine the Youngs modulus of single red blood cells (RBCs). Our device consists of a single channel opening into a funnel, with a semi-circular obstacle placed at the mouth of the funnel. As a RBC passes the obstacle, it deflects from its original path. Using populations of artificially-stiffened RBCs, we show that the stiffer RBCs deflect more compared to the healthy RBCs. We then generate a calibration curve that maps each RBC trajectory to its Youngs modulus obtained using an atomic force microscope. Finally, we sort a mixed population of RBCs based on their deformability alone. Our device could potentially be further miniaturized to sort and obtain the elastic constants of nanoscale objects, such exosomes, whose shape change is difficult to monitor by optical microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehendale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring RBC deformability and its heterogeneity using a fast microfluidic device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Legacy of Human Management and sex-biased Aurochs hybridization in Iberian Cattle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cattle have been a valuable economic resource and cultural icon since prehistory. From the initial expansion of domestic cattle into Europe during the Neolithic period, taurine cattle (Bos taurus) and their wild ancestor, the aurochs (B. primigenius), had overlapping ranges, leading to ample opportunities for mating (whether intended by farmers or not). We performed a bioarchaeological analysis of 24 Bos remains from Iberia dating from the Mesolithic to the Roman period. The archaeogenomic dataset allows us to investigate the extent of domestic-wild hybridization over time, providing insight into the species behavior and human hunting and management practices by aligning changes with cultural and genomic transitions in the archaeological record. Our results show frequent hybridization during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, likely reflecting a mix of hunting and herding or relatively unmanaged herds, with mostly male aurochs and female domestic cattle involved in hybridization. This is supported by isotopic evidence consistent with ecological niche sharing, with only a few domestic cattle possibly being managed. The proportion of aurochs ancestry remains relatively constant from about 4000 years ago, probably due to herd management and selection against first generation hybrids, coinciding with other cultural transitions. The constant level of wild ancestry ({bsim}20%) continues into modern western European breeds including the Spanish Lidia breed which is bred for its aggressiveness and fighting ability, but does not display elevated levels of aurochs ancestry. This study takes a genomic glance at the impact of human actions and wild introgression in the establishment of cattle as one of the most important domestic species today.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Günther, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisausky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galindo-Pellicena, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iriarte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes Gardyn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eusebi, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alday, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Martinez de Lagran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsuaga, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carretero, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götherström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdiosera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.548914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Legacy of Human Management and sex-biased Aurochs hybridization in Iberian Cattle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sources of prey availability data alter interpretation of outputs from prey choice null networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LINull models provide an invaluable baseline against which to test fundamental ecological hypotheses and highlight patterns in foraging choices that cannot be explained by neutral processes or sampling artefacts. In this way, null models can advance our understanding beyond simplistic dietary descriptions to identify drivers of interactions. This method, however, requires estimates of resource availability, which are generally imperfect representations of highly dynamic systems. Optimising method selection is crucial for study design, but the precise effects of different resource availability data on the efficacy of null models are poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIUsing spider-prey networks as a model, we used prey abundance (suction sample) and activity density (sticky trap) data, and combinations of the two, to simulate null networks. We compared null diet composition, network properties (e.g., connectance and nestedness) and deviations of simulations from metabarcoding-based spider dietary data (to ascertain how different prey availability data alter ecological interpretation.
C_LIO_LIDifferent sampling methods produced different null networks and inferred distinct prey selectivity. Null networks based on prey abundance and combined frequency-of-occurrence data more closely resembled the observed diet composition, and those based on prey abundance, activity density and proportionally combined data generated network properties most like dietary metabarcoding networks.
C_LIO_LIWe show that survey method choice impacts all aspects of null network analyses, the precise effects varying between methods but ultimately altering ecological interpretation by increasing disparity in network properties or trophic niches between null and directly constructed networks. Merging datasets can generate more complete prey availability data but is not a panacea because it introduces different biases. The choice of method should reflect the research hypotheses and study system being investigated. Ultimately, survey methods should emulate the foraging mode of the focal predator as closely as possible, informed by the known ecology, natural history and behaviour of the predator.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuff, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tercel, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windsor, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawthorne, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamback, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symondson, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.549927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sources of prey availability data alter interpretation of outputs from prey choice null networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphate starvation decouples cell differentiation from DNA replication control in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon nutrient depletion, bacteria stop proliferating and undergo physiological and morphological changes to ensure their survival. Yet, how these processes are coordinated in response to distinct starvation conditions is poorly understood. Here we compare the cellular responses of Caulobacter crescentus to carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) starvation conditions. We find that DNA replication initiation and abundance of the replication initiator DnaA are, under all three starvation conditions, regulated by a common mechanism involving the inhibition of DnaA translation. By contrast, cell differentiation from a motile swarmer cell to a sessile stalked cell is regulated differently under the three starvation conditions. During C and N starvation, production of the signaling molecules (p)ppGpp is required to arrest cell development in the motile swarmer stage. By contrast, our data suggest that low (p)ppGpp levels under P starvation allow P-starved swarmer cells to differentiate into sessile stalked cells. Further, we show that limited DnaA abundance, and consequently absence of DNA replication initiation, is the main reason that prevents P-starved stalked cells from completing the cell cycle. Together, our findings demonstrate that C. crescentus decouples cell differentiation from DNA replication initiation under certain starvation conditions, two otherwise intimately coupled processes. We hypothesize that arresting the developmental program either as motile swarmer cells or as sessile stalked cells improves the chances of survival of C. crescentus during the different starvation conditions.

Author SummaryBacteria frequently encounter periods of nutrient limitation. To ensure their survival, they dynamically modulate their own proliferation and cellular behaviors in response to nutrient availability. In many Alphaproteobacteria, progression through the cell cycle is tightly coupled to morphological transitions generating distinct cell types. Here, we show how starvation for either of the major nutrients carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus affects this coupling between key cell cycle events and cell differentiation in the model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. All three starvation conditions prevent cell proliferation by blocking DNA replication initiation. However, while carbon and nitrogen exhaustion cause cells to arrest the cell cycle as non-replicating motile cells, phosphorus starvation leads to accumulation of non-replicating sessile stalked cells. Our data demonstrate that starvation-dependent differences in (p)ppGpp signaling account for these different starvation responses. Together, our work provides insights into the mechanisms that allow bacteria to modulate their developmental program in response to changing environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallgren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphate starvation decouples cell differentiation from DNA replication control in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse mechanisms control amino acid-dependent environmental alkalization by Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans has the remarkable capacity to neutralize acidic growth environments by releasing ammonia derived from the catabolism of amino acids. The molecular components and mechanisms controlling this capacity remain poorly understood. Here, we present an integrative model with the cytosolic NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh2) as the principal component. We show that the alkalization defect of a strain lacking the SPS-sensor regulated transcription factor STP2 is due to the inability to fully derepress GDH2 and the two proline catabolic enzymes, PUT1 and PUT2. Notably, the Stp2-dependent regulation of PUT1 and PUT2 occurs independent of Put3, the proline-dependent activator. Accordingly, a stp2-/- put3-/- strain is unable to derepress the expression of these enzymes resulting in a severe alkalization defect that nearly phenocopies the abrogated alkalization of a gdh2-/- strain. In wildtype cells, alkalization is tightly dependent on mitochondrial activity and occurs as long as conditions permit respiratory growth. As alkalization proceeds, Gdh2 levels decrease and glutamate is transiently extruded from cells. Together these two processes constitute a rudimentary regulatory system enabling cells to prevent the rapid intracellular build-up of ammonia. Similar to C. albicans, Gdh2-dependent alkalization is dispensable for C. glabrata and C. auris virulence as assessed using a whole-blood infection model. Intriguingly, fungal-dependent alkalization does not influence the growth or proliferation of Lactobacillus crispatus, a potent antagonist of C. albicans that normally resides in the acidic vaginal microenvironment. Our data suggest that it is time to reconsider the idea that pH modulation driven by pathogenic fungi plays a crucial role in shaping the architecture and dynamics of (poly)microbial communities. Other factors are likely to be more critical in contributing to dysbiosis and that favor virulent growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silao, F. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeriano, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddström, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falconer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungdahl, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse mechanisms control amino acid-dependent environmental alkalization by Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methanolobus use unspecific methyltransferases to produce methane from dimethylsulfide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is the most abundant biogenic organic sulfur compound and a methane precursor in anoxic sediments. However, understanding of the microbial diversity driving DMS-dependent methanogenesis is limited, and the metabolic pathways underlying this process in the environment remain unexplored. To address this, we used anoxic incubations, amplicon sequencing, genome-centric metagenomics and metatranscriptomics of brackish sediments of the Baltic Sea. We identified Methanolobus as the dominant methylotrophic methanogens in all our sediment samples. We also showed that Methanolobus use trimethylamine- and methanol-methyltransferases, not methyl-sulfide methyltransferases, when producing methane from DMS. This demonstrated that methylotrophic methanogenesis does not require a substrate-specific methyltransferase as was previously accepted and highlights the versatility of the key enzymes in methane production in anoxic sediments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsola, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economou, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyice, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methanolobus use unspecific methyltransferases to produce methane from dimethylsulfide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI in Paleontology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating data have led to the emergence of data-driven paleontological studies, which reveal an unprecedented picture of evolutionary history. However, the fast-growing quantity and complication of data modalities make data processing laborious and inconsistent, while also lacking clear benchmarks to evaluate data collection and generation, and the performances of different methods on similar tasks. Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely practiced across scientific disciplines, but has not become mainstream in paleontology where manual workflows are still typical. In this study, we review more than 70 paleontological AI studies since the 1980s, covering major tasks including micro-and macrofossil classification, image segmentation, and prediction. These studies feature a wide range of techniques such as Knowledge Based Systems (KBS), neural networks, transfer learning, and many other machine learning methods to automate a variety of paleontological research workflows. Here, we discuss their methods, datasets, and performance and compare them with more conventional AI studies. We attribute the recent increase in paleontological AI studies to the lowering bar in training and deployment of AI models rather than real progress. We also present recently developed AI implementations such as diffusion model content generation and Large Language Models (LLMs) to speculate how these approaches may interface with paleontological research. Even though AI has not yet flourished in paleontological research, successful implementation of AI is growing and show promise for transformative effect on the workflow in paleontological research in the years to come.

HighlightsO_LIFirst systematic review of AI applications in paleontology.
C_LIO_LIThere is a 10 to 20-year gap between AI in paleontology and mainstream studies.
C_LIO_LIRecent progress in paleontological AI studies is likely a result of lowering bar in training and deployment.
C_LIO_LIFuture direction discussed for interactions between paleontology and AI.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiangzuo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayfield, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI in Paleontology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urbanization is occurring globally, leading to dramatic environmental changes that are altering the ecology and evolution of species. In particular, the expansion of human infrastructure and the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats in cities is predicted to increase genetic drift and reduce gene flow by reducing the size and connectivity of populations. Alternatively, the "urban facilitation model" suggests that some species will have greater gene flow into and within cities leading to higher diversity and lower differentiation in urban populations. These alternative hypotheses have not been contrasted across multiple cities. Here, we used the genomic data from the Global Urban Evolution project (GLUE), to study the effects of urbanization on non-adaptive evolutionary processes of white clover (Trifolium repens) at a global scale. We found that white clover populations presented high genetic diversity and no evidence of a reduction in Ne linked to urbanization. On the contrary, we found that urban populations were less likely to experience a recent decrease in effective population size than rural ones. In addition, we found little genetic structure among populations both globally and between urban and rural populations, which showed extensive gene flow between habitats. Interestingly, white clover displayed overall higher gene flow within urban areas than within rural habitats. Our study provides one of the largest comprehensive tests of demographic effects of urbanization and our results contrast the common perception that heavily altered and fragmented urban environments will reduce the effective population size and genetic diversity of populations and contribute to their isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caizergues, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeoletto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Diaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comerford, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati-Anbaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellowes, M. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez-Armijos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyers, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro-Lobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi-South, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porth, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Rosario, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stack Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.552623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.551257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles stimulate smooth muscle cell migration by presenting collagen VI. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.551257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports blood vessel architecture and functionality and undergoes active remodelling during vascular repair and atherogenesis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for vessel repair and, via their secretome, can invade from the vessel media into the intima to mediate ECM remodelling. Accumulation of fibronectin (FN) is a hallmark of early vascular repair and atherosclerosis. Here we show that FN stimulates VSMCs to secrete small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) by activating the {beta}1 integrin/FAK/Src pathway as well as Arp2/3-dependent branching of the actin cytoskeleton. We found that sEVs are trapped by the ECM in vitro and colocalise with FN in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. Functionally, ECM-trapped sEVs induced the formation of focal adhesions (FA) with enhanced pulling forces at the cellular periphery preventing cellular spreading and adhesion. Proteomic and GO pathway analysis revealed that VSMC-derived sEVs display a cell adhesion signature and are specifically enriched with collagen VI on the sEV surface. In vitro assays identified collagen VI as playing a key role in cell adhesion and invasion directionality. Taken together our data suggests that the accumulation of FN is a key early event in vessel repair acting to promote secretion of collage VI enriched sEVs by VSMCs. These sEVs stimulate directional invasion, most likely by triggering peripheral focal adhesion formation and actomyosin contraction to exert sufficient traction force to enable VSMC movement within the complex vascular ECM network.

Figure AbstractVascular smooth muscle cells sense fibronectin via {beta}1 integrin and secrete small extracellular vesicles loaded with collagen VI. These extracellular vesicles are entrapped in the extracellular matrix and induce formation of peripheral focal adhesions presenting adhesion complex ECM proteins including collagen VI, LGALS3BP, EDIL3 and TGFBI. Focal adhesions anchor the extracellular matrix to actin fibrils in the cell. Contraction of the actin fibrils generates the mechanical force for directional cell invasion through the matrix. This figure was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/).



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=132 SRC="FIGDIR/small/551257v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapustin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakali, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molenaar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutikhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinitsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegtel, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zainullina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskratsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanahan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.551257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicles stimulate smooth muscle cell migration by presenting collagen VI.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of the sleep EEG headband ZMax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for recording sleep. However, the standard PSG systems are bulky, expensive, and often confined to lab environments. These systems are also time-consuming in electrode placement and sleep scoring. Such limitations render standard PSG systems less suitable for large-scale or longitudinal studies of sleep. Recent advances in electronics and artificial intelligence enabled  wearable PSG systems. Here, we present a study aimed at validating the performance of ZMax, a widely-used wearable PSG that includes frontal electroencephalography (EEG) and actigraphy but no submental electromyography (EMG). We analyzed 135 nights with simultaneous ZMax and standard PSG recordings amounting to over 900 hours from four different datasets, and evaluated the performance of the headbands proprietary automatic sleep scoring (ZLab) alongside our open-source algorithm (DreamentoScorer) in comparison with human sleep scoring. ZLab and DreamentoScorer compared to human scorers with moderate and substantial agreement and Cohens kappa scores of 59.61% and 72.18%, respectively. We further analyzed the competence of these algorithms in determining sleep assessment metrics, as well as shedding more lights on the bandpower computation, and morphological analysis of sleep microstructural features between ZMax and standard PSG. Relative bandpower computed by ZMax implied an error of 5.5% (delta), 4.5% (theta), 1.6% (alpha), 0.5% (sigma), 0.8% (beta), and 0.2% (gamma), compared to standard PSG. In addition, the microstructural features detected in ZMax did not represent exactly the same characteristics as in standard PSG. Besides similarities and discrepancies between ZMax and standard PSG, we measured and discussed the technology acceptance rate, feasibility of data collection with ZMax, and highlighted essential factors for utilizing ZMax as a reliable tool for both monitoring and modulating sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafarzadeh Esfahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Weber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almazova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuvelmans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelhofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Avest, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perslev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Horst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundelin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of the sleep EEG headband ZMax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social complexity affects cognitive abilities but not brain structure in a Poecilid fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cognitive performance is suggested to be the out-turn of complex social life, allowing individuals to achieve higher fitness through sophisticated "Machiavellian" strategies. Although there is ample support for this concept, especially when comparing species, most of the evidence is correlative. Here we provide an experimental investigation of how group size and composition may affect brain and cognitive development in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). For six months, we reared sexually mature female guppies in one of three different social treatments: (i) three female guppies; (ii) three female guppies mixed with three female splash tetras (Copella arnoldi), a species that co-occurs with the guppy in the wild; and (iii) six female guppies. We then tested the guppies performance in inhibitory control, associative learning and reversal learning tasks to evaluate their self-control, operant conditioning and cognitive flexibility capabilities. Afterwards, we estimated their brain size and the size of major brain regions using X-ray imaging technology. We found that individuals in larger groups of six individuals, in both same and mixed species treatments, outperformed individuals from the smaller groups of three guppies in reversal learning, with no apparent differences in the inhibitory control and associative learning tasks. This is rare evidence of how living in larger social groups improves cognitive flexibility, supporting that social pressures play an important role in shaping individual cognitive development. Interestingly, social manipulation had no apparent effect on brain morphology, but relatively larger telencephalons were associated with better individual performance in reversal learning. This suggests alternative mechanisms beyond brain region size enabled greater cognitive flexibility in individuals from larger groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyriou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa de Novais, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servant, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social complexity affects cognitive abilities but not brain structure in a Poecilid fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.552557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reply to: Contribution of carbon inputs to soil carbon accumulation cannot be neglected 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.552557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the accompanying Comment1, He et al. argue that the determinant role of microbial carbon use efficiency in global soil organic carbon (SOC) storage shown in Tao et al. (2023)2 was overestimated because carbon inputs were neglected in our data analysis while they suggest that our model-based analysis could be biased and model-dependent. Their argument is based on a different choice of independent variables in the data analysis and a sensitivity analysis of two process-based models other than that used in our study. We agree that both carbon inputs and outputs (as mediated by microbial processes) matter when predicting SOC storage - the question is their relative contributions. While we encourage further studies to examine how the evaluation of the relative importance of CUE to global SOC storage may vary with different model structures, He et al.s claims about Tao et al. (2023) need to be taken as an alternative, unproven hypothesis until empirical data support their specific parameterization. Here we show that an additional literature assessment of global data does not support He et al.s argument, in contrast to our study, and that further study on this topic is essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlton, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalhais, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugelius, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocking, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viatkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yigini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omuto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Corona, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Paolo, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saynes, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.552557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reply to: Contribution of carbon inputs to soil carbon accumulation cannot be neglected]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.549404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biophysical analysis of a 	Haemophilus influenzae tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.549404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporters are secondary-active transporters that receive their substrates via a soluble binding protein to move bioorganic acids across bacterial or archaeal cell membranes. Recent cryo-EM structures of TRAP transporters provide a broad framework to understand how they work, but the mechanistic details of transport are not yet defined. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of the Haemophilus influenzae N-acetylneuraminate TRAP transporter (HiSiaQM) at 2.99 [A] resolution (extending to 2.2 [A] at the core), revealing new features. The improved resolution (the previous HiSiaQM structure is 4.7 [A] resolution) permits accurate assignment of two Na+ sites and the architecture of the substrate binding site, consistent with mutagenic and functional data. Moreover, rather than a monomer, the HiSiaQM structure is a homodimer. We observe lipids at the dimer interface, as well as a lipid trapped within the fusion that links the SiaQ and SiaM subunits. We show that the affinity (KD) for the complex between the soluble HiSiaP protein and HiSiaQM is in the micromolar range and that a related SiaP can bind HiSiaQM. This work provides key data that enhances our understanding of the  elevator-with-an-operator mechanism of TRAP transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Currie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton-Vesty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeysekera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlgren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakatsuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indiveri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.549404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biophysical analysis of a 	Haemophilus influenzae tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pigment Binding in The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a key enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis and its photocatalytic mechanism has long intrigued researchers. However, the lack of structural data for the active complex has impeded understanding of its reaction mechanism. A recent high-resolution structure of enzyme in the active conformation has established a robust foundation for validating hypotheses concerning pigment binding, residue involvement, and consequently, the reaction mechanism. Surprisingly, this new structure challenges previously proposed mechanisms, especially concerning the orientation of the bound protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) pigment. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) simulations along with site-directed mutagenesis to compare two Pchlide binding modes: one aligned with previous proposals (mode A), and the other consistent with the recent experimental data (mode B). Binding energy calculations reveal thermodynamic instability of binding mode A due to nonspecific interactions, while mode B exhibits distinct stabilizing interactions yielding favorable binding. QM/MM-based local energy decomposition analysis unravels a complex interaction network that reinforces pigment stabilization in this conformation. Notably, interactions involving Tyr177, His319, and the carboxyl group at C131 influence the pigments excited state energy and potentially contributing to the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Our results uniformly favor binding mode B as represented in the new cryo-EM structure, over the previously assumed mode A. These findings challenge established interpretations and underscore the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of the reaction mechanism of LPOR that correctly considers pigment interactions and substrate orientation in the binding pocket.

Significance StatementA crucial step in the biosynthesis of the all-important photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll is the reduction of a double C=C bond in its precursor protochlorophyllide (PChlide). This is catalyzed by the Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (LPOR) via an extremely rare example of a biological photocatalytic reaction. Understanding of the LPOR mechanism has been hindered by limited insight into the structure of its active complex. A recent high-resolution LPOR cryo-EM structure substantiates pigment binding, residue interactions, and the reaction mechanism, but contrasts markedly with all previous assumptions regarding the binding mode of the substrate PChlide. Using molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics calculations, and mutagenesis, we compare and evaluate the two possible Pchlide binding modes, the one assumed previously (mode A) and the one supported by recent data (mode B). Our findings conclusively favor mode B, challenging prior assumptions and pointing toward novel mechanistic possibilities for this unique photocatalytic reaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pesara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirohiwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabruk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pigment Binding in The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkin is not required to sustain OXPHOS function in adult mammalian tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function variants in the PRKN gene encoding the ubiquitin E3 ligase PARKIN cause autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinsons disease (PD). Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PARKIN is involved in multiple pathways of mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial degradation and biogenesis. However, these findings are surrounded by substantial controversy due to conflicting experimental data. In addition, the existing PARKIN-deficient mouse models have failed to faithfully recapitulate PD phenotypes. Therefore, we have investigated the mitochondrial role of PARKIN during ageing and in response to stress by employing a series of conditional Parkin knockout mice. We report that PARKIN loss does not affect oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle of aged mice. We also demonstrate that PARKIN deficiency does not exacerbate the brain defects and the pro-inflammatory phenotype observed in mice carrying high levels of mtDNA mutations. To rule out compensatory mechanisms activated during embryonic development of Parkin-deficient mice, we generated a mouse model where loss of PARKIN was induced in adult dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Surprisingly, also these mice did not show motor impairment or neurodegeneration, and no major transcriptional changes were found in isolated midbrain DA neurons. Finally, we report a patient with compound heterozygous PRKN pathogenic variants that lacks PARKIN and has developed PD. The PARKIN deficiency did not impair OXPHOS activities or induce mitochondrial pathology in skeletal muscle from the patient. Altogether, our results argue that PARKIN is dispensable for OXPHOS function in adult mammalian tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Filograna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscarson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiklova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koolmeister, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wibom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nennesmo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wredenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motori, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenningsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, N.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkin is not required to sustain OXPHOS function in adult mammalian tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI-(3,5)P2-mediated oligomerization of the endosomal sodium/proton exchanger NHE9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Na+/H+ exchangers are found in all cells to regulate intracellular pH, sodium levels and cell volume. Na+/H+ exchangers are physiological homodimers that operate by an elevator alternating-access mechanism. While the structure of the core ion translocation domain is fairly conserved, the scaffold domain and oligomerization show larger structural variation. The Na+/H+ exchanger NhaA from E. coli has a weak oligomerization interface mediated by a {beta}-hairpin domain and homodimerization was shown to be dependent of the lipid cardiolipin. Organellar Na+/H+ exchangers NHE6, NHE7 and NHE9 are likewise predicted to contain {beta}-hairpin domains and a recent analysis of horse NHE9 indicated that the lipid PIP2 binds at the dimerization interface. Despite predicted lipid-mediated oligomerization, their structural validation has been lacking. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of E. coli NhaA and horse NHE9 with the coordination of cardiolipin and PI(3,5)P2 binding at the dimer interface, respectively. Cell based assays confirms that NHE9 is inactive at the plasma membrane and thermal-shift assays, solid-supported membrane (SSM) electrophysiology and MD simulations, corroborates that NHE9 specifically binds the endosomal PI(3,5)P2 lipid, which stabilizes the homodimer and enhances activity. Taken together, we propose specific lipids regulate Na+/H+ exchange activity by stabilizing oligomerization and stimulating Na+ binding under lipid-specific cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kokane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipatpolkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delemotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI-(3,5)P2-mediated oligomerization of the endosomal sodium/proton exchanger NHE9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of admixture in population genetics: the blessing of dimensionality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a geometry-based interpretation of the f-statistics framework, commonly used to determine phylogenetic relationships from genetic data. The focus is on the determination of the mixing coefficients in population admixture events subject to post-admixture drift. The interpretation takes advantage of the high dimension of the dataset and analyzes the problem as a dimensional reduction issue. We show that it is possible to think of the f-statistics technique as an implicit transformation of the genetic data from a phase space into a subspace where the mapped data structure is more similar to the ancestral admixture configuration. The positive effect of the map can be explicitly assessed. The overarching geometric framework provides slightly more general formulas than the f-formalism by using a different rationale as a starting point. Explicitly addressed are two- and three-way admixtures. The mixture proportions are provided by suitable linear fits in two or three dimensions that can be easily visualized. The developments and findings are illustrated with numerical simulations from real world datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oteo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oteo-Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of admixture in population genetics: the blessing of dimensionality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A global genome database of all of Earths species diversity could be a treasure trove of scientific discoveries. However, regardless of the major advances in genome sequencing technologies, only a tiny fraction of species have genomic information available. To contribute to a more complete planetary genomic database, scientists and institutions across the world have united under the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), which plans to sequence and assemble high-quality reference genomes for all [~]1.5 million recognized eukaryotic species through a stepwise phased approach. As the initiative transitions into Phase II, where 150,000 species are to be sequenced in just four years, worldwide participation in the project will be fundamental to success. As the European node of the EBP, the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) seeks to implement a new decentralised, accessible, equitable and inclusive model for producing high-quality reference genomes, which will inform EBP as it scales. To embark on this mission, ERGA launched a Pilot Project to establish a network across Europe to develop and test the first infrastructure of its kind for the coordinated and distributed reference genome production on 98 European eukaryotic species from sample providers across 33 European countries. Here we outline the process and challenges faced during the development of a pilot infrastructure for the production of reference genome resources, and explore the effectiveness of this approach in terms of high-quality reference genome production, considering also equity and inclusion. The outcomes and lessons learned during this pilot provide a solid foundation for ERGA while offering key learnings to other transnational and national genomic resource projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mc Cartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciofi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Panis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlude Marins, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitao, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedericks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirangwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morselli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salces, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svardal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Pooter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strazisar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seehausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minotto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alioto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aury, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backstrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldrian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballarin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltrunaite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BedHom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning reveals the role of copy number variation in the genetic architecture of a highly polymorphic sexual trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extraordinary variation in male guppy coloration has proven a powerful model for studying the interplay of natural and sexual selection. However, this variation has hampered the high-resolution characterization and determination of the genetic architecture underlying male guppy color, as well as clouded our understanding of how this exceptional level of diversity is maintained. Here we identify the heritability and genetic basis of male color variation using convolutional neural networks for high-resolution phenotyping coupled with selection experiments, controlled pedigrees and whole-genome resequencing for a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) of color. Our phenotypic and genomic results converge to show that color patterning in guppies is a combination of many heritable features, each with a largely independent genetic architecture spanning the entire genome. Autosomally-inherited ornaments are polygenic, with significant contributions from loci involved in neural crest cell migration. Unusually, our GWAS results suggest that gene duplicates from the autosomes to the Y chromosome are responsible for much of the sex-linked variation in color in guppies, providing a potential mechanism for the maintenance of variation of this classic model trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Bijl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goberdhan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortazar-Chinarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corral-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mank, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning reveals the role of copy number variation in the genetic architecture of a highly polymorphic sexual trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sentinels for future coral reef conditions: assessment of environmental variability and water quality in semi-enclosed inland bays in the southern Caribbean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mangrove-seagrass-coral reef continuum is of immense ecological and socio-economic importance, supporting biodiversity, carbon storage, coastal protection, fisheries, and tourism. The presence of extreme environmental conditions along this continuum could support adaptive refugia for climate-sensitive taxa such as reef-building corals but physicochemical conditions are rarely assessed at sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, coastal development and low water quality increasingly threaten these interconnected coastal ecosystems. Yet, time-integrated pollution monitoring is absent at most locations. Here, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to assess benthic cover, coral diversity, and >20 abiotic parameters characterizing two mangrove- and seagrass-dominated inland bays and two nearby coral reefs in Curacao (southern Caribbean) during the cool, dry season and warm, wet season. This was combined with time-integrated pollution monitoring using bioindicators to assess nutrients and trace metal pollution (inland bays only), and passive samplers and bioassays to assess organic chemical pollution (all four sites) during the wet season. This approach revealed a previously undocumented extent of strong diel and seasonal environmental variability in the two inland bays, with temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen frequently reaching values predicted under moderate-to-severe future climate scenarios. In addition, the inland bays had greater nutrient concentrations (especially ammonium) and ecotoxicological risks than the nearby reefs during the wet season due to run-off, industrial- and wastewater effluents, ports and boating. Overall, our findings show that Curacaos inland bays have significant potential to serve as natural laboratories to study the effects of future ocean conditions on resident taxa in situ. This however applies within the context of strong diel fluctuations and with the caveat of co-occurring stressors. Our work confirms the important role of mangrove and seagrass habitats as resilience hotspots for climate-sensitive taxa but also highlights the urgent need to improve monitoring, water quality and protection of these valuable habitats along the mangrove-seagrass-coral reef continuum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Jong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Os, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda-Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Baat, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoepf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sentinels for future coral reef conditions: assessment of environmental variability and water quality in semi-enclosed inland bays in the southern Caribbean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social bond dynamics and the evolution of helping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empiricists often struggle to apply game theory models to real-life cases of animal cooperation. One reason is that many examples of cooperation occur in stable groups, where costs and benefits of helping depend on several factors. Among these are variable investments, fitness interdependencies, learning, memory, reciprocity, and partner choice, including the formation of social bonds with specific group members. Here, we present a game theory model exploring the conditions under which social bonds between group members can promote cooperation, with reciprocal acts of helping. In the model, bonds build up from exchanges of help in a similar way as the strength of association increases in learning, as in the Rescorla-Wagner rule. The bonds in turn affect partner choice and influence helping amounts. The model has a mechanism of reciprocity for bonded pairs, which can evolve towards either loose or strict reciprocation. Several aspects of the model are inspired by observations of food sharing in vampire bats. We find that small social neighbourhoods are required for the evolutionary stability of helping, either as small group sizes, or if members of larger groups can form temporary (daily) smaller groupings. The evolutionary outcome is a fairly low cost helping, while the benefit of receiving help can be substantial. Individuals in need request help based on bond strength, but there is also an evolved preference for initiating bonds with new group members. In contrast, if different groups come into temporary contact with each other, the evolved tendency is to avoid forming bonds between groups.

Popular science summaryThe search for evolutionary explanations of cooperation between members of social groups has long been a high profile endeavour. A case of particular interest is when individuals develop a network of friends and exchange help through these social bonds. The question of helping between friends was given emphasis already from the start of the evolutionary study of cooperation, more than 50 years ago, but it has remained without any decisive progress since that time. Here we present a game-theory analysis of helping through the build-up of social bonds. We find that there is reciprocity in socially bonded pairs, which is neither immediate nor very strict, and that relatively small social neighbourhoods are required for the evolutionary stability of helping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leimar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social bond dynamics and the evolution of helping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relative Homoplasy Index: A New Cross-comparable Metric for Quantifying Homoplasy in Discrete Character Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homoplasy is among the main hinderances to phylogenetic inference. However, investigating patterns of homoplasy can also improve our understanding of macroevolution, for instance by revealing evolutionary constraints on morphology, or highlighting convergent form-function relationships. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the extent of homoplasy in discrete character matrices, but the consistency index (CI) and retention index (RI) have remained the most widely used for decades, with little recent scrutiny of their function. Here, we test the performance of CI and RI using simulated and empirical datasets and investigate patterns of homoplasy with different matrix scenarios. In addition, we describe and test a new scaled metric, the relative homoplasy index (RHI), implemented in the R statistical environment. The results suggest that, unlike the RI, the CI does not constitute a direct measure of homoplasy. However, the RI consistently underestimates the extent of homoplasy in phylogenetic character-taxon matrices, particularly in datasets characterised by high levels of homoplasy. By contrast, RHI--the newly proposed metric--outperforms both methods in sensitivity to homoplasy levels, and is scaled between zero and one for comparison of values between different datasets. Using both simulated and empirical phylogenetic datasets, we show that relative levels of homoplasy remain constant with the addition of novel characters, and, in contrast to earlier work, decrease with the addition of taxa. Our results help illuminate the inherent properties of homoplasy in cladistic matrices, opening new potential avenues of research for investigating patterns of homoplasy in macroevolutionary studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relative Homoplasy Index: A New Cross-comparable Metric for Quantifying Homoplasy in Discrete Character Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Neolithic forest farming at Seven Springs, Martlesham, Suffolk from sedaDNA and pollen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of small wetlands and springs to Mesolithic cultures is well established. However, few studies have focused on their significance and use by Early Neolithic agro-pastoralists. Here we present a multiproxy palaeoenvironmental analysis, including  authenticated sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA), at Seven Springs, Martlesham, UK, indicating that the springs provided an attractive location for pastoral and ritual activity around a palaeochannel surrounded by dense woodland. We demonstrate that sedaDNA can be preserved well within stratigraphically complex wetland sediment sequences, allowing archaeologically valuable insights into crucial periods of change in the prehistoric, where other forms of environmental evidence can be scarce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsos, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pears, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaife, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoof-Leichsenring, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Neolithic forest farming at Seven Springs, Martlesham, Suffolk from sedaDNA and pollen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable distance-based phylogeny inference using divide-and-conquer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distance-based methods for inferring evolutionary trees are important subroutines in computational biology, sometimes as a first step in a statistically more robust phylogenetic method. The most popular method is Neighbor Joining, mainly to to its relatively good accuracy, but Neighbor Joining has a cubic time complexity, which limits its applicability on larger datasets. Similar but faster algorithms have been suggested, but the overall time complexity remains essentially cubic as long as the input is a distance matrix. This paper investigates a randomized divide-and-conquer heuristic, dnctree, which selectively estimates pairwise sequence distances and infers a tree by connecting increasingly large subtrees. The divide-and-conquer approach avoids computing all pairwise distances and thereby saves both time and memory. The time complexity is at worst quadratic, and seems to scale like O(n lg n) on average. A simple Python implementation, dnctree, available on GitHub and PyPI.org, has been tested and we show that it is a scalable solution. In fact, it is applicable to very large datasets even as plain Python program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arvestad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable distance-based phylogeny inference using divide-and-conquer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific dynamics may cause deviations from general biogeographical predictions - evidence from a population genomics study of a New Guinean endemic passerine bird family (Melampittidae). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New Guinea, the largest tropical island, is topographically complex and is dominated by a large central mountain range surrounded by multiple smaller isolated mountain regions along its perimeter. The island is biologically hyper-diverse and harbours an avifauna with many species found only there. The family Melampittidae is endemic to New Guinea and consists of two monotypic genera: Melampitta lugubris (Lesser Melampitta) and Megalampitta gigantea (Greater Melampitta). Both Melampitta species have scattered and disconnected distributions across New Guinea in the central mountain range and in some of the outlying ranges. While M. lugubris is common and found in most montane regions of the island, M. gigantaea is elusive and known from only six localities in isolated pockets on New Guinea with very specific habitats of limestone and sinkholes. In this project, we apply museomics to determine the population structure and demographic history of these two species. We re-sequenced the genomes of all seven known M. gigantaea samples housed in museum collections as well as 24 M. lugubris samples from across its distribution. By comparing population structure between the two species, we investigate to what extent habitat dependence, such as in M. gigantaea, may affect population connectivity. Phylogenetic and population genomic analyses, as well as acoustic differentiation, revealed that M. gigantaea consists of a single population in contrast to M. lugubris that shows much stronger population structure across the island. This work sheds new light on the mechanisms that have shaped the intriguing distribution of the two species within this family and is a prime example of the importance of museum collections for genomic studies of poorly known and rare species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Müller, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thörn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, M. P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irestedt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific dynamics may cause deviations from general biogeographical predictions - evidence from a population genomics study of a New Guinean endemic passerine bird family (Melampittidae).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations of tissue properties during morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living tissues display fluctuations - random spatial and temporal variations of tissue properties around their reference values - at multiple scales. It is believed that such fluctuations may enable tissues to sense their state or their size. Recent theoretical studies developed specific models of fluctuations in growing tissues and predicted that fluctuations of growth show long-range correlations. Here we elaborated upon these predictions and we tested them using experimental data. We first introduced a minimal model for the fluctuations of any quantity that has some level of temporal persistence or memory, such as concentration of a molecule, local growth rate, or mechanical property. We found that long-range correlations are generic, applying to any such quantity, and that growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations, through a mechanism that we call  fluctuation stretching -- growth enlarges the lengthscale of variation of this quantity. We then analysed growth data from sepals of the model plant Arabidopsis and we quantified spatial and temporal fluctuations of cell growth using the previously developed Cellular Fourier Transform. Growth appears to have long-range correlations. We compared different genotypes and growth conditions: mutants with lower or higher response to mechanical stress have lower temporal correlations and longer-range spatial correlations than wild-type plants. Finally, we used theoretical predictions to merge experimental data from all conditions and developmental stages into an unifying curve, validating the notion that temporal and spatial fluctuations are coupled by growth. Altogether, our work reveals kinematic constraints on spatiotemporal fluctuations that have an impact on the robustness of morphogenesis.

Significance StatementHow do organs and organisms grow and achieve robust shapes in the face of subcellular and cellular variability? In order to address this outstanding mystery, we investigated the variability of growth at multiple scales and we analysed experimental data from growing plant tissues. Our results support the prediction that tissue expansion couples temporal memory of growth with spatial variability of growth. Our work reveals a constraint on the spatial and temporal variability of growth that may impact the robustness of morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fruleux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudaoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations of tissue properties during morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality genome assemblies of four members of the Podospora anserina species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is a model organism used extensively in the study of molecular biology, senescence, prion biology, meiotic drive, mating-type chromosome evolution, and plant biomass degradation. It has recently been established that P. anserina is a member of a complex of seven, closely related species. In addition to P. anserina, high-quality genomic resources are available for two of these taxa. Here we provide chromosome-level annotated assemblies of the four remaining species of the complex, as well as a comprehensive dataset of annotated assemblies from a total of 28 Podospora genomes. We find that all seven species have genomes of around 35 Mbp arranged in seven chromosomes that are mostly collinear and less than 2% divergent from each other at genic regions. We further attempt to resolve their phylogenetic relationships, finding significant levels of phylogenetic conflict as expected from a rapid and recent diversification.

SignificanceHere we provide a dataset of 28 annotated genomes from the P. anserina species complex, including chromosome-level assemblies of four species that lacked a reference genome. With this dataset in hand, biologists can take advantage of the molecular tools available for P. anserina to study evolutionary dynamics at the interphase between micro- and macroevolution, with particular emphasis on trait evolution, genome architecture, and speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ament-Velasquez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality genome assemblies of four members of the Podospora anserina species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling Driver Modules in Lung Cancer: A Clustering-Based Gene-Gene Interaction Network Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is characterized by genetic changes and hetero-geneity, presents a significant treatment challenge. Existing approaches utilizing Machine Learning (ML) techniques for identifying driver modules lack specificity, particularly for lung cancer. This study addresses this limitation by proposing a novel method that combines gene-gene interaction network construction with ML-based clustering to identify lung cancer-specific driver modules. The methodology involves mapping biological processes to genes and constructing a weighted gene-gene interaction network to identify correlations within gene clusters. A clustering algorithm is then applied to identify potential cancer-driver modules, focusing on biologically relevant modules that contribute to lung cancer development. The results highlight the effectiveness and robustness of the clustering approach, identifying 110 unique clusters ranging in size from 4 to 10. These clusters surpass evaluation requirements and demonstrate significant relevance to critical cancer-related pathways. The identified driver modules hold promise for influencing future approaches to lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This research expands our understanding of lung cancer and sets the stage for further investigations and potential clinical advancements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taheri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling Driver Modules in Lung Cancer: A Clustering-Based Gene-Gene Interaction Network Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, which indicates robust development. Counterintuitively, variability in cell growth rate over time and between cells facilitates robust development because cumulative cell growth averages to a uniform rate. Here we investigate how sepal morphogenesis is robust to changes in cell division but not robust to changes in cell growth variability. We live image and quantitatively compare the development of sepals with increased or decreased cell division rate (lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability (ftsh4), and double mutants combining these. We find that robustness is preserved when cell division rate changes because there is no change in the spatial pattern of growth. Meanwhile when robustness is lost in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates unevenly, and cells have disorganized growth directions. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that both cell growth rate and direction average in robust development, preserving robustness despite changes in cell division.

Summary statementRobust sepal development is preserved despite changes in cell division rate and is characterized by spatiotemporal averaging of heterogeneity in cell growth rate and direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analyses elucidate the causes and consequences of breakdown of distyly in Linum trigynum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distyly is an iconic floral polymorphism governed by a supergene, which promotes efficient pollen transfer and outcrossing through reciprocal differences in the position of sexual organs in flowers, often coupled with heteromorphic self-incompatibility (SI). Distyly has evolved convergently in multiple flowering plant lineages, but has also broken down repeatedly, often resulting in homostylous, self-compatible populations with elevated rates of self-fertilization. Here, we aimed to study the genetic causes and genomic consequences of the shift to homostyly in Linum trigynum, which is closely related to distylous Linum tenue. Building on a high-quality genome assembly, we show that L. trigynum harbors a genomic region homologous to the dominant haplotype of the distyly supergene conferring long stamens and short styles in L. tenue, suggesting that loss of distyly first occurred in a short-styled individual. In contrast to homostylous Primula and Fagopyrum, L. trigynum harbors no fixed loss-of-function mutations in coding sequences of S-linked distyly candidate genes. Instead, floral gene expression analyses and controlled crosses suggest that mutations downregulating the S-linked LtWDR-44 candidate gene for male SI and/or anther height could underlie homostyly and self-compatibility (SC) in L. trigynum. Population genomic analyses of 224 whole-genome sequences further demonstrate that L. trigynum is highly self-fertilizing, exhibits significantly lower genetic diversity genome-wide, and is experiencing relaxed purifying selection and less frequent positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations relative to L. tenue. Our analyses shed light on the loss of distyly in L. trigynum, and advance our understanding of a common evolutionary transition in flowering plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Valencia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervakis, P.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrabi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunikis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desamore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laenen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinnere Pettersson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analyses elucidate the causes and consequences of breakdown of distyly in Linum trigynum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Functions for Beta and Alpha Bursts in Gating of Human Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neural mechanisms underlying gating to and from working memory (WM) have been proposed, with divergent results obtained in human and animal studies. Previous results from non-human primate studies suggest information encoding and retrieval is regulated by high-power bursts in the beta frequency range, whereas human studies suggest that alpha power in sensory regions filters out unwanted stimuli from entering WM. Discrepancies between studies, whether due to differences in analysis, species, or cortical regions, remain unexplained. We addressed this by performing similar single-trial burst analysis we earlier deployed on non-human primates on human whole-brain electrophysiological activity. Participants performed a sequential working memory task that allowed us to track the distinct electrophysiological activity patterns associated with neural processing of targets and distractors. Intriguingly, our results reconcile earlier findings by demonstrating that both alpha and beta bursts are involved in the filtering and control of WM items, but with region and task-specific differences between the two rhythms. Occipital beta burst patterns regulate the transition from sensory processing to WM retention whereas prefrontal and parietal beta bursts track sequence order and proactively suppress retained information prior to upcoming target encoding. Occipital alpha bursts instead suppress unwanted sensory stimuli during their presentation. These results suggest that human working memory is regulated by multiple neural mechanisms that operate in different cortical regions and serve distinct computational roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liljefors, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.566386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Functions for Beta and Alpha Bursts in Gating of Human Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facilitated introgression from domestic goat into Alpine ibex at immune loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introgression is expected to be adaptive at loci under balancing selection, for instance at loci relevant for the immune response, but these loci generally also contain ancient polymorphisms. Ancient genomics is a promising tool to detect recent introgression and disentangle it from ancient polymorphisms. Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), a wild goat species native to the European Alps, faced near-extinction two centuries ago, but has recovered thanks to successful restoration programs. Previously, signals of introgression from the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) into the Alpine ibex genome were found at the major histocompatibility complex. This introgression was suggested to potentially be adaptive since it introduced new diversity at a gene locus important for immunity. But no genome-wide analyses of introgression have been performed to confirm the potential relevance of immune loci.

Here we take advantage of two ancient whole genomes of Alpine ibex combined with 29 modern Alpine ibex genomes and 31 genomes representing six related Capra species to investigate genome-wide patterns of introgression. Our complementary analysis of putatively introgressed haplotypes and demographic modelling suggests 2.3% recent domestic goat ancestry among wild Alpine ibex. The introgression was estimated to have happened during the last 300 years coinciding with the time when the species had very small population size. Further analysis suggested an enrichment of immune-related genes, where the adaptive value of alternative alleles may give individuals with otherwise depleted genetic diversity a selective advantage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muenger, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facilitated introgression from domestic goat into Alpine ibex at immune loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic and structural characterization of human NUDIX hydrolase NUDT15 and NUDT18 as catalysts of isoprene pyrophosphate hydrolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoprene pyrophosphates play a crucial role in the synthesis of a diverse array of essential nonsterol and sterol biomolecules, and serve as substrates for post-translational isoprenylation of proteins, enabling specific anchoring to cellular membranes. Hydrolysis of isoprene pyrophosphates would be a means to modulate their levels, downstream products, and protein isoprenylation. While NUDIX hydrolases from plants have been reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of isoprene pyrophosphates, homologous enzymes with this function in animals have not yet been identified. In this study, we screened an extensive panel of human NUDIX hydrolases for activity in hydrolyzing isoprene pyrophosphates. We found that human NUDT15 and NUDT18 efficiently catalyze the hydrolysis of several physiologically relevant isoprene pyrophosphates. Notably, we demonstrate that geranyl pyrophosphate is an excellent substrate for NUDT18, which displays a catalytic efficiency of 2.1{middle dot}105 M-1s-1, thus making it the best substrate identified for NUDT18 to date. Similarly, geranyl pyrophosphate proved to be the best isoprene pyrophosphate substrate for NUDT15, with a catalytic efficiency of 4.0{middle dot}104 M-1s-1. LC-MS analysis of NUDT15 and NUDT18 catalyzed isoprene pyrophosphate hydrolysis revealed the generation of the corresponding monophosphates and inorganic phosphate. Furthermore, we solved the crystal structure of NUDT15 in complex with the hydrolysis product geranyl phosphate at a resolution of 1.70 [A]. This structure revealed that the active site nicely accommodates the hydrophobic isoprenoid moiety and aided in identifying key binding residues. By overexpressing NUDT15 and NUDT18 in cells, we demonstrated a decrease in cellular cholesterol levels. Collectively, our findings strongly imply that isoprene pyrophosphates are endogenous substrates of NUDT15 and NUDT18, and support their involvement in animal isoprene pyrophosphate metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scaletti, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterlass, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almlof, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koolmeister, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallin, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapsitidou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helleday, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jemth, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic and structural characterization of human NUDIX hydrolase NUDT15 and NUDT18 as catalysts of isoprene pyrophosphate hydrolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of hybrid inviability associated with chromosome fusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions, have received considerable attention in the speciation literature due to their hampering effects on recombination. However, less is known about how other rearrangements, such as chromosome fissions and fusions, can affect the evolution of reproductive isolation. Here, we used crosses between populations of the wood white butterfly (Leptidea sinapis) with different karyotypes to identify genomic regions associated with hybrid inviability. By contrasting allele frequencies between F2 hybrids that survived until the adult stage with individuals of the same cohort that succumbed to hybrid incompatibilities, we show that candidate loci for hybrid inviability mainly are situated in fast-evolving regions with reduced recombination rates, especially in regions where chromosome fusions have occurred. Our results show that the extensive variation in chromosome numbers observed across the tree of life can be involved in speciation by being hotspots for the early evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näsvall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backström, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of hybrid inviability associated with chromosome fusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations of progressive activation in a proton-gated ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although traditional molecular dynamics simulations successfully capture a variety of different molecular interactions, the protonation states of titratable residues are kept static. A recent constant-pH molecular dynamics implementation in the GROMACS package allows pH effects to be captured dynamically, and promises to provide both the accuracy and computational performance required for studying pH-mediated conformational dynamics in large, complex systems containing hundreds of titratable residues. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of this constant-pH implementation by simulating the proton-gated ion channel GLIC at resting and activating pH, starting from closed and open structures. Our simulations identify residues E26 and E35 as especially pH-sensitive and reveal state-dependent pKa shifts at multiple residues, as well as side chain and domain rearrangements in line with the early stages of gating. Our results are consistent with several previous experimental findings, demonstrating the applicability of constant-pH simulations to elucidate pH-mediated activation mechanisms in multidomain membrane proteins, likely extensible to other complex systems.

Significance statementElectrostatic interactions play important roles in protein structure and function. Since changes in pH will (de)protonate residues and thereby modify such interactions, pH itself is a critical environmental parameter. However, protonation states of titratable residues are static during classical molecular dynamics simulations. Recently, a constant-pH algorithm was implemented in the GROMACS package, allowing pH effects to be captured dynamically. Here, we used this implementation to perform constant-pH simulations of the proton-gated ion channel GLIC, providing insight into its activation mechanism by revealing state-dependent shifts in protonation as well as pH-dependent side chain and domain-level rearrangements. The results show that constant-pH simulations are accurate, efficient, and capable of modeling dozens of titratable sites, with important implications for e.g. drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations of progressive activation in a proton-gated ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong cascading impacts of micropollutants on planktonic food web in urban river 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urban rivers rely on intricate multitrophic interactions in food webs, which are vital for ecological functions. Human-induced pollutant discharge, notably micropollutants, poses a threat to these interactions. To study the impact of micropollutants on the microbial food web, we sampled downstream areas of the Jiulong Rivers north tributary (lower urbanization, [~]25% built land) and west tributary (higher urbanization, [~]65% built land) for eleven consecutive days in both dry and wet seasons in Fujian, China. We constructed a conceptualized planktonic food web model by employing DNA metabarcoding targeting bacteria, micro-eukaryotes (algae and protozoa), and microzooplankton. Our results revealed that the more urbanized west tributary exhibited significantly higher micropollutant concentrations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) incorporating micropollutants and all food web elements indicated a significantly stronger impact of micropollutants on the planktonic food web in the west tributary than in the north tributary. Micropollutants exhibited both direct and indirect (cascade) effects on high trophic levels (protozoa and microzooplankton), with algal communities mediating the cascade effects instead of bacterial communities, likely due to the increased eutrophication in the urbanized tributary. Overall, our study underscores the potential ecological disruptions caused by micropollutants in shaping planktonic food web interactions in urban rivers.

SynopsisUrban rivers face ecological threats from micropollutants. This study shows elevated micropollutants significantly affected the planktonic food webs. Algal, rather than bacterial, food web pathway mediated micropollutants cascading effects on high trophic levels, emphasizing micropollutant-induced disruptions in urban rivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adyari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. d. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong cascading impacts of micropollutants on planktonic food web in urban river]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symmetry-adapted Markov state models of closing, opening, and desensitizing in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are homopentameric ligand-gated ion channels gated by acetylcholine. These receptors play crucial roles in controlling electrical signaling within the nervous system by facilitating the passage of cations across the membrane. Recent studies have resolved and functionally annotated closed, open, and desensitized states of 7 nAChRs, providing insight into ion permeation and lipid modulation. However, the process by which 7 nAChRs transition between states remains unclear. To understand gating and lipid modulation, we generated two ensembles of molecular dynamics simulations of the apo form of 7 nAChRs, with or without cholesterol. Using symmetry-adapted Markov state modeling, we developed a five-state gating model. Free energies recapitulated functional behavior, with the closed state dominating in the absence of agonists. Notably, the transition rate from open to a non-conductive intermediate (flipped) state corresponded to experimentally measured open durations around 0.1 ms. The introduction of cholesterol relatively stabilized the desensitized state and reduced barriers between desensitized and open states. These results establish plausible asymmetric transition pathways between functionally important states, they define lipid modulation effects in the 7 nAChR conformational cycle, and provide an ensemble of structural models that could be utilized for guiding rational design strategies to develop lipidic pharmaceuticals targeting these receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symmetry-adapted Markov state models of closing, opening, and desensitizing in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postnatal FGF-signalling establishes gradients of cell-identities along the proximal-distal axis of the lung airways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secretory cells are major structural and functional constituents of the lung airways. Their spatial organization and specification mechanisms are partially understood. Here, we labelled major secretory airway cell types and analysed them at single-cell resolution. We found opposing, partially overlapping gene-expression gradients along the proximal-distal airway axis superimposed on a general gene program encoding detoxification. One graded program is elevated proximally and relates to innate immunity, whereas the other is enriched distally, encoding lipid metabolism and antigen presentation. Intermediately positioned cells express low levels of both graded programs and show increased clonogenic potency in vitro, relating cell-plasticity to location in each branch. Single-cell RNA-sequencing following lineage-tracing revealed the sequential and postnatal establishment of the gradients in common epithelial progenitors. Fgfr2b is distally enriched and its postnatal inactivation reduces distal gene expression and expands proximal genes into distally located cells. This suggests a central role of FGFR-signaling in tissue-scale airway patterning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sountoulidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firsova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liontos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theelke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar-Buchner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manneras-Holm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorklund, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fysikopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaengel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backhed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betsholtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellusci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postnatal FGF-signalling establishes gradients of cell-identities along the proximal-distal axis of the lung airways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid adaptation is hampered by Haldane's sieve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrids between species exhibit plastic genomic architectures that foster phenotypic diversity. Their genomic instability also incurs costs, potentially limiting adaptation. When challenged to evolve in an environment containing a UV mimetic drug, yeast hybrids have reduced adaptation rates compared to parents. We hypothesized that this reduction could result from a faster accumulation of genomic changes, but we found no such association. Alternatively, we proposed that hybrids might lack access to adaptive mutations occurring in the parents, yet, we identified mutations in the same genes (PDR1 and YRR1), suggesting similar molecular adaptation mechanisms. However, mutations in these genes tended to be homozygous in the parents but heterozygous in the hybrids. We hypothesized that a lower rate of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in hybrids could limit fitness gain. Using genome editing, we demonstrated that mutations display incomplete dominance, requiring homozygosity to show full impact and to circumvent Haldanes sieve, which favors the fixation of dominant mutations. We used frozen  fossils to track genotype frequency dynamics and confirmed that LOH occurs at a slower pace in hybrids than in parents. Together, these findings show that Haldanes sieve slows down adaptation in hybrids, revealing an intrinsic constraint of hybrid genomic architecture that can limit the role of hybridization in adaptive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bautista, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon-Arsenault, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utrobina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fijarczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendixsen, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid adaptation is hampered by Haldane's sieve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent mechanisms of steroid inhibition in the human {rho}1 GABA(A) receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{rho}-type {gamma}-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors are widely distributed in the retina and brain, and are potential drug targets for the treatment of visual, sleep and cognitive disorders. Endogenous neuroactive steroids including {beta}-estradiol and pregnenolone sulfate negatively modulate the function of {rho}1 GABAA receptors, but their inhibitory mechanisms are not clear. By combining four new cryo-EM structures with electrophysiology and molecular dynamics simulations, we characterize binding sites and negative modulation mechanisms of {beta}-estradiol and pregnenolone sulfate at the human {rho}1 GABAA receptor. {beta}-estradiol binds in a pocket at the interface between extracellular and transmembrane domains, apparently specific to the {rho} subfamily, and disturbs allosteric conformational transitions linking GABA binding to pore opening. In contrast, pregnenolone sulfate binds inside the pore to block ion permeation, with a preference for activated structures. These results illuminate contrasting mechanisms of {rho}1 inhibition by two different neuroactive steroids, with potential implications for subtype-specific gating and pharmacological design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowgill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent mechanisms of steroid inhibition in the human {rho}1 GABA(A) receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic drive against chromosome fusions in butterfly hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species frequently differ in karyotype, but heterokaryotypic individuals may suffer from reduced fitness. Chromosomal rearrangements like fissions and fusions can thus serve as a mechanism for speciation between incipient lineages but their evolution poses a paradox. How does underdominant rearrangements evolve? One solution is the fixation of underdominant chromosomal rearrangements through genetic drift. However, this requires small and isolated populations. Fixation is more likely if a novel rearrangement is favored by a transmission bias, such as meiotic drive. Here, we investigate transmission ratio distortion in hybrids between two wood white (Leptidea sinapis) butterfly populations with extensive karyotype differences. Using data from two different crossing experiments, we uncover a transmission bias favoring the fused state at chromosome with unknown polarization in one experiment and a transmission bias favoring the unfused state of derived fusions in both experiments. The latter result support a scenario where chromosome fusions can fix in populations despite counteracting effects of meiotic drive. This means that meiotic drive not only can promote runaway chromosome number evolution and speciation, but also that this transmission bias can be a conservative force acting against karyotypic change and the evolution of reproductive isolation. Based on our results, we suggest a mechanistic model for why derived fusions may be opposed by meiotic drive and discuss factors contributing to karyotype evolution in Lepidoptera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backström, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic drive against chromosome fusions in butterfly hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypermigration of macrophages through the concerted action of GRA effectors on NF-κB/p38 signaling and host chromatin accessibility potentiates Toxoplasma dissemination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mononuclear phagocytes facilitate the dissemination of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we report how a set of secreted parasite effector proteins from dense granule organelles (GRA) orchestrates dendritic cell-like chemotactic and pro-inflammatory activation of parasitized macrophages. These effects enabled efficient dissemination of the type II T. gondii lineage, a highly prevalent genotype in humans. We identify novel functions for effectors GRA15 and GRA24 in promoting CCR7-mediated macrophage chemotaxis by acting on NF-{kappa}B and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, respectively, with contributions of GRA16/18 and counter-regulation by effector TEEGR. Further, GRA28 boosted chromatin accessibility and GRA15/24/NF-{kappa}B-dependent transcription at the Ccr7 gene locus in primary macrophages. In vivo, adoptively transferred macrophages infected with wild-type T. gondii outcompeted macrophages infected with a GRA15/24 double mutant in migrating to secondary organs in mice. The data show that T. gondii, rather than being passively shuttled, actively promotes its dissemination by inducing a finely regulated pro-migratory state in parasitized human and murine phagocytes via co-operating polymorphic GRA effectors.

ImportanceIntracellular pathogens can hijack cellular functions of infected host cells to their advantage, for example, for intracellular survival and for dissemination. However, how microbes orchestrate the hijacking of complex cellular processes, such as host cell migration, remains poorly understood. As such, the common parasite Toxoplasma gondii actively invades immune cells of humans and other vertebrates and modifies their migratory properties. Here, we show that the concerted action of a number of secreted effector proteins from the parasite, principally GRA15 and GRA24, act on host cell signaling pathways to activate chemotaxis. Further, the protein effector GRA28 selectively acted on chromatin accessibility in the host cell nucleus to selectively boost host gene expression. The joint activities of effectors culminated in pro-migratory signaling within the infected phagocyte. We provide a molecular framework delineating how T. gondii can orchestrate a complex biological phenotype, such as the migratory activation of phagocytes to boost dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Säflund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magimel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakimi, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeij, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypermigration of macrophages through the concerted action of GRA effectors on NF-κB/p38 signaling and host chromatin accessibility potentiates Toxoplasma dissemination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-diuretic hormone ITP signals via a guanylate cyclase receptor to modulate systemic homeostasis in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects have evolved a variety of neurohormones that enable them to maintain their nutrient and osmotic homeostasis. While the identities and functions of various insect metabolic and diuretic hormones have been well-established, the characterization of an anti-diuretic signaling system that is conserved across most insects is still lacking. To address this, here we characterized the ion transport peptide (ITP) signaling system in Drosophila. The Drosophila ITP gene encodes five transcript variants which generate three different peptide isoforms: ITP amidated (ITPa) and two ITP-like (ITPL1 and ITPL2) isoforms. Using a combination of anatomical mapping and single-cell transcriptome analyses, we comprehensively characterized the expression of all three ITP isoforms in the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Our analyses reveal wide-spread expression of ITP isoforms. Moreover, we show that ITPa-producing neurons are activated and release ITPa during dehydration. Further, recombinant Drosophila ITPa inhibits diuretic peptide-induced renal tubule secretion ex vivo, thus confirming its role as an anti-diuretic hormone. Using a phylogenetic-driven approach, an ex vivo secretion assay and a heterologous mammalian cell-based assay, we identified and functionally characterized Gyc76C, a membrane guanylate cyclase, as a bona fide Drosophila ITPa receptor. Thus, recombinant ITPa application leads to increased cGMP production in HEK293T cells expressing Drosophila Gyc76C. Moreover, knockdown of Gyc76C in renal tubules abolishes the inhibitory effect of ITPa on diuretic hormone stimulated secretion. Extensive anatomical mapping of Gyc76C reveals that it is highly expressed in larval and adult tissues associated with osmoregulation (renal tubules and rectum) and metabolic homeostasis (fat body). Consistent with this expression, knockdown of Gyc76C in renal tubules impacts tolerance to osmotic and ionic stresses, whereas knockdown specifically in the fat body impacts feeding, nutrient homeostasis and associated behaviors. We also complement receptor knockdown experiments with ITP knockdown and ITPa overexpression in ITPa-producing neurons. Interestingly, the ITPa-Gyc76C pathway examined here is reminiscent of the atrial natriuretic peptide signaling in mammals. Lastly, we utilized connectomics and single-cell transcriptomics to identify synaptic and paracrine pathways upstream and downstream of ITPa-expressing neurons. Our analysis identifies pathways via which ITP neurons integrate hygrosensory inputs and interact with other homeostatic hormonal pathways. Taken together, our systematic characterization of ITP signaling establishes a tractable system to decipher how a small set of neurons integrates diverse inputs to orchestrate systemic homeostasis in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajadi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluzzi, J.-P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandawala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.579245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-diuretic hormone ITP signals via a guanylate cyclase receptor to modulate systemic homeostasis in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.580952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-tracing of Acta2+ cells in aged mice during lung fibrosis formation and resolution supports the lipofibroblasts to myofibroblast reversible switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.580952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) develops mostly in old man and is characterized by the irreversible accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix components by activated myofibroblasts (aMYFs) leading to lung failure. Following bleomycin administration in young mice, fibrosis formation associated with efficient resolution takes place, the later limiting the clinical relevance of this model for IPF. In young mice, we previously reported that aMYFs captured during fibrosis formation differentiate towards a lipofibroblast (LIF)-like phenotype during resolution.

In this study, we used aged mice in combination with bleomycin administration to trigger enhanced fibrosis formation and delayed resolution, as a more relevant model for IPF and examined the heterogeneity and fate of aMYFs at different time points. Alveolosphere assay were carried out to compare the alveolar resident mesenchymal niche activity for AT2 stem cells in young versus old mice. Lineage tracing of the Acta2+ aMYFs in old mice exposed to bleomycin followed by scRNAseq of the lineage-traced cells isolated during fibrosis formation and resolution was performed to delineate the heterogeneity of aMYFs during fibrosis formation and their fate during resolution. Data mining of human mesenchymal cells from IPF and control datasets were also performed to decipher the heterogeneity of aMYFs and investigate differentiation trajectories during fibrosis formation.

Our results show that alveolar resident mesenchymal cells from old mice display decreased supporting activity for AT2 stem cells. We report that aMYFs consist of four subclusters displaying unique pro-alveologenic versus pro-fibrotic profiles. Alveolar fibroblasts displaying a high LIF-like signature largely constitute both the origin and fate of aMYFs during fibrosis formation and resolution, respectively. The heterogeneity of aMYFs is conserved in humans and a significant proportion of human aMYFs displays a high LIF signature.

In conclusion, our data indicate that the cellular and molecular bases of aMYFs formation and differentiation towards the LIF phenotype are conserved between young and old mice. Importantly, our work identifies a subcluster of aMYFs that is potentially relevant for future management of IPF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lingampally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauduit, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delcroix, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadzic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Armendariz, A.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarenkova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Agha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellusci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.580952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-tracing of Acta2+ cells in aged mice during lung fibrosis formation and resolution supports the lipofibroblasts to myofibroblast reversible switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival of tardigrades (Hypsibius exemplaris) to subzero temperatures depends on exposure intensity, duration, and ice-nucleation--as shown by large-scale mortality dye-based assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tardigrades are an emerging model system for understanding a diversity of environmental stress responses, yet few studies describe the physiology of cold tolerance in hydrated, active tardigrades. Here, we develop methods to screen tardigrades for survival in a high-throughput manner, to investigate the impacts of several key environmental conditions on survival. The visualization of dye uptake (SYTOX Green) in hydrated, cold-exposed Hypsibius exemplaris allows us to quickly and accurately quantify the survival of thousands of animals, under a range of ecologically-relevant low temperatures, exposure times, conditions, and thermal acclimations. As a proof-of-concept, we show that SYTOX Green uptake more accurately predicts 2-week survival outcomes of tardigrades post-cold exposure, compared to previous methods of scoring survival (locomotion). We show that hydrated, active tardigrades survive mild cold exposures of - 10{degrees}C at high rates of [~]98%. Survival of tardigrades to exposures of -15{degrees}C depends on environmental freezing in pure mineral water, and survival decreased exponentially with exposure time at -20{degrees}C (to 45% after 24 hours; with freezing occurring at nearly all -20{degrees}C timepoints). To investigate the role of environmental ice-formation on tardigrade survival vs. temperature, we incubated unacclimated tardigrades with ice-nucleating bacteria--which initiate environmental freezing at higher temperatures (-1.8 to 3.8{degrees}C). Surprisingly, we found a significant increase in survival of tardigrades frozen at -20{degrees}C (p-value = 0.0152) with the addition of Pseudomonas syringae compared to non-inoculated controls, as well as observing high-survival of tardigrades in ice-nucleated samples exposed to -10{degrees}C and -15{degrees}C. This indicates the species tolerance to environmental ice formation and exposure to our lowest temperature (-20{degrees}C), under certain conditions of controlled environmental ice formation. A 3-week acclimation of tardigrades to mild cold (1{degrees}C and 4{degrees}C) in constant darkness did not significantly improve survival after acute exposure to low temperature, but acclimating animals to 15{degrees}C did. Overall, we find that H. exemplaris--an emerging tardigrade model species--has a range of cold tolerance capabilities, dependent on time, temperature, environmental ice-formation, and culturing conditions. This work offers a framework with new tools for performing large-scale physiological assays in numerous species, establishing tardigrades as a tractable and uniquely informative model system in comparative physiology and the study of environmental stress.

Key Findings- Active, hydrated tardigrades--with no prior acclimation to cold--have high survival of temperatures above -15{degrees}C, even in response to prolonged exposures.
- Below -15{degrees}C, tardigrade survival declines exponentially with increasing exposure time.
- Incubating tardigrades with ice-nucleating bacteria significantly improves survival after cold exposure, illustrating the importance of ice-formation dynamics and environmental microbes.
- A 3-week acclimation of tardigrades to mild cold (1{degrees}C & 4{degrees}C) does not significantly improve survival to low temperature, while acclimation to 15{degrees}C (vs the standard culture condition of 20{degrees}C) does.
- Uptake of the dye SYTOX Green is a more accurate metric of tardigrade mortality in response to cold exposure, compared to the traditional method of scoring lack of locomotion during recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyons, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival of tardigrades (Hypsibius exemplaris) to subzero temperatures depends on exposure intensity, duration, and ice-nucleation--as shown by large-scale mortality dye-based assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A platform for the recombinant production of Group A Streptococcus glycoconjugate vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strep A is a human-exclusive bacterial pathogen killing annually more than 500,000 patients, and no current licensed vaccine exists. Strep A bacteria are highly diverse, but all produce an essential, abundant, and conserved surface carbohydrate, the Group A Carbohydrate, which contains a rhamnose polysaccharide (RhaPS) backbone. RhaPS is a validated universal vaccine candidate in a glycoconjugate prepared by chemical conjugation of the native carbohydrate to a carrier protein. We engineered the Group A Carbohydratte biosynthesis pathway to enable recombinant production using the industry standard route to couple RhaPS to selected carrier proteins within E. coli cells. The structural integrity of the produced recombinant glycoconjugate vaccines was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Purified RhaPS glycoconjugates elicited carbohydrate-specific antibodies in mice and rabbits and bound to the surface of multiple Strep A strains of diverse M-types, confirming the recombinantly produced RhaPS glycoconjugates as valuable vaccine candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajay Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passmore, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndeh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abouelhadid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reglinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz- Linek, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmalm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wren, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfmueller, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A platform for the recombinant production of Group A Streptococcus glycoconjugate vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Allosteric Cholesterol Site in Glycine Receptors Characterized Through Molecular Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycine receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that conduct chloride ions across postsynaptic membranes to facilitate fast inhibitory neurotransmission. In addition to gating by the glycine agonist, interactions with lipids and other compounds in the surrounding membrane environment modulate their function, but molecular details of these interactions remain unclear - in particular for cholesterol. To identify such interactions, here we report on coarse-grained simulations in a model neuronal membrane for three zebrafish glycine-receptor structures, representing apparent resting, open, and desensitized states. We then converted the systems to all-atom models to examine detailed lipid interactions, and observe cholesterol bound to the receptor at an outer-leaflet intersubunit site in a state-dependent manner, indicating that it can bias receptor function. Finally, using a modified perturbation-response scanning approach, we applied short atomistic simulations to identify amino-acid translations correlated with gating conformational changes. Frequent cholesterol contacts in atomistic simulations clustered with residues identified by perturbation analysis and overlapped with mutations influencing channel function and pathology. Cholesterol binding at this site was also observed in a recently reported pig heteromeric glycine receptor. These results indicate state-dependent lipid interactions relevant to allosteric transitions of heteromeric glycine receptors, including specific amino-acid contacts applicable to biophysical modeling and pharmaceutical design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalalypour, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Allosteric Cholesterol Site in Glycine Receptors Characterized Through Molecular Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circular RNA circASH1L(4,5) protects microRNA-129-5p from target-directed microRNA degradation in human skin wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both circular RNAs (circRNA) and microRNAs (miRNA) have emerged to play important roles in health and disease. To understand their function in tissue repair, we profiled circRNA, linear RNA, and miRNA expression dynamics in human wound-edge keratinocytes across the wound healing process. Our investigation spotlighted circASH1L(4,5) and its engagement with miR-129-5p, both of which levels were increased with wound repair. Unlike conventional miRNA sponging, circASH1L enhanced miR-129 stability and silencing activity by protecting this miRNA from target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) triggered by NR6A1 mRNA. TGF-{beta} signaling, pivotal in wound healing, fostered circASH1L expression while suppressing NR6A1, thus enhancing the miR-129 abundance at the post-transcriptional level. Functionally, circASH1L and miR-129 enhanced keratinocyte migration and proliferation, crucial for re-epithelialization of human wounds. Collectively, our study uncovers circRNAs novel role as shields for miRNAs and sheds light on the physiological importance of regulated miRNA degradation in human skin wound healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piipponen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu Landen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circular RNA circASH1L(4,5) protects microRNA-129-5p from target-directed microRNA degradation in human skin wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unsupervised deep learning framework encodes super-resolved image features to decode bacterial cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy can resolve cellular features at the nanoscale. However, increased spatial resolution comes with increased phototoxicity, and reduced temporal resolution. As a result, studies that require the highest spatial resolutions often rely on static or fixed images, lacking dynamic information. This is particularly true of bacteria, whose lateral dimensions approach the scale of the diffraction limit. In this work, we present Enso, a method based on unsupervised machine learning to recover bacterial cell cycle and cell type information from static single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) images, whilst retaining nanoscale spatial resolution. Enso uses single-cell images as input, and orders cells according to their spatial pattern progression, ultimately linked to the cell cycle. Our method requires no a priori knowledge or categories, and is validated on both simulated and user-annotated experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denereaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.-A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieben, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veening, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unsupervised deep learning framework encodes super-resolved image features to decode bacterial cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution genomic ancestry reveals mobility in early medieval Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA has unlocked new genetic histories and shed light on archaeological and historical questions, but many known and unknown historical events have remained below detection thresholds because subtle ancestry changes are challenging to reconstruct. Methods based on sharing of haplotypes1,2 and rare variants3,4 can improve power, but are not explicitly temporal and have not been adopted in unbiased ancestry models. Here, we develop Twigstats, a new approach of time-stratified ancestry analysis that can improve statistical power by an order of magnitude by focusing on coalescences in recent times, while remaining unbiased by population-specific drift. We apply this framework to 1,151 available ancient genomes, focussing on northern and central Europe in the historical period, and show that it allows modelling of individual-level ancestry using preceding genomes and provides previously unavailable resolution to detect broader ancestry transformations. In the first half of the first millennium [~]1-500 CE (Common Era), we observe an expansion of Scandinavian-related ancestry across western, central, and southern Europe. However, in the second half of the millennium [~]500-1000 CE, ancestry patterns suggest the regional disappearance or substantial admixture of these ancestries in multiple regions. Within Scandinavia itself, we document a major ancestry influx by [~]800 CE, when a large proportion of Viking Age individuals carried ancestry from groups related to continental Europe. This primarily affected southern Scandinavia, and was differentially represented in the western and eastern directions of the wider Viking world. We infer detailed ancestry portraits integrated with historical, archaeological, and stable isotope evidence, documenting mobility at an individual level. Overall, our results are consistent with substantial mobility in Europe in the early historical period, and suggest that time-stratified ancestry analysis can provide a new lens for genetic history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Speidel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotherstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoglund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution genomic ancestry reveals mobility in early medieval Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Malaria-derived hemozoin alters chromatin remodelling and skews dendritic cell responses to subsequent bacterial infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemozoin (HZ), the malaria pigment, is released together with the with the parasite merozoites during the blood stage of the disease, which is connected with the pro-inflammatory response to induce T-cells and B-cells. Co-infections with bacteria lead to a more severe disease progression and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of HZ on the early response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) to a common bacterial component, LPS. A short-term HZ exposure for two hours did not induce an inflammatory response, but it did alter the transcriptional response to LPS. In moDC co-exposed to HZ and LPS, the induction of HLA-DR and PD-L1 gene expression was reduced and associated with decreased binding of RELA compared to LPS-stimulated cells. These gene promoters recruited the silencing chromatin remodelling complex NuRD upon co-exposure, instead of the PBAF complex at the promoter in LPS-stimulated cells. Further, HZ maintained transcription of C-type lectin receptors associated to an immature DC phenotype, DC-SIGN (CD209) and macrophage mannose receptor (MMR/CD206). Here, activated RELA and IRF3 were recruited in a PBAF and ncBAF dependent manner. Upon LPS co-exposure, NuRD was replacing these complexes to allow for a reduced transcriptional level of these immature markers. The association of chromatin remodelling complexes did not alter the chromatin state at the promoters, which was changed during differentiation to DCs or even at an earlier point. In conclusion, HZ exposure primes specific gene promoters at an early time point, which results in a different transcriptional response and may also lead to a changed immune reaction to bacterial co-infections.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/585548v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasaviciute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujila, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skorokhod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troye-Blomberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverremark-Ekstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostlund Farrants, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Malaria-derived hemozoin alters chromatin remodelling and skews dendritic cell responses to subsequent bacterial infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling trace organic chemical biotransformation genes, enzymes and associated bacteria in microbial model communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial biotransformation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) is an essential process in wastewater treatment for eliminating environmental pollution. Understanding of TOrC biotransformation mechanisms, especially at their original concentrations, is important to optimize treatment performance, whereas our current knowledge is limited. Here we investigated the biotransformation of seven TOrCs by 24 model communities. The genome-centric analyses unraveled the biotransformation drivers concerning functional genes and enzymes and responsible bacteria. We obtained efficient model communities for complete removal on ibuprofen, caffeine and atenolol, and the transformation efficiencies for sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, trimethoprim and gabapentin were 0-45%. Biotransformation performance was not fully reflected by the presence of known biotransformation genes and enzymes. However, functional similar homologs to existing biotransformation genes and enzymes (e.g., long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase encoded by fadD and fadD13 gene, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase encoded by fadE12 gene) could play critical roles in TOrC metabolism. Finally, we identified previously undescribed degrading strains, e.g., Rhodococcus qingshengii for caffeine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen biotransformation, and potential transformation enzymes, e.g., SDR family oxidoreductase targeting sulfamethoxazole and putative hypothetical proteins for caffeine, atenolol and gabapentin biotransformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurzbacher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling trace organic chemical biotransformation genes, enzymes and associated bacteria in microbial model communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered empathy processing in frontotemporal dementiaA task-based fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A lack of empathy, and particularly its affective components, is a core symptom of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Visual exposure to images of a needle pricking a hand (pain condition) and Q-tips touching a hand (control condition) is an established functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm used to investigate empathy for pain (EFP; pain condition minus control condition). EFP has been associated with increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in regions known to become atrophic in the early stages in bvFTD, including the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate. We therefore hypothesized that patients with bvFTD would display altered empathy processing in the EFP paradigm. Here we examined empathy processing using the EFP paradigm in 28 patients with bvFTD and 28 sex and age matched controls. Participants underwent structural MRI, task-based and resting-state fMRI. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was used as a measure of different facets of empathic function outside the scanner. The EFP paradigm was analysed at a whole brain level and using two regions-of-interest approaches, one based on a metanalysis of affective perceptual empathy versus cognitive evaluative empathy and one based on the controls activation pattern. In controls, EFP was linked to an expected increase of BOLD signal that displayed an overlap with the pattern of atrophy in the bvFTD patients (insula and anterior cingulate). Additional regions with increased signal were the supramarginal gyrus and the occipital cortex. These latter regions were the only ones that displayed increased BOLD signal in bvFTD patients. BOLD signal increase under the affective perceptual empathy but not the cognitive evaluative empathy region of interest was significantly greater in controls than in bvFTD patients. The controls rating on their empathic concern subscale of the IRI was significantly correlated with the BOLD signal in the EFP paradigm, as were an informants ratings of the patients empathic concern subscale. This correlation was not observed on other subscales of the IRI or when using the patients self- ratings. Finally, controls and patients showed different connectivity patterns in empathy related networks during resting-state fMRI, mainly in nodes overlapping the ventral attention network. Our results indicate that reduced neural activity in regions typically affected by pathology in bvFTD is associated with reduced empathy processing, and a predictor of patients capacity to experience affective empathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiernstedt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsevis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannfolk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlund, L.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered empathy processing in frontotemporal dementiaA task-based fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The PR factor Hamlet controls heterotypic epithelial tissue assembly in Drosophila reproduction system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tissue fusion requires coordinated molecular events at the ends of two epithelial structures. Regulatory mechanisms controlling these events remain largely elusive. In the Drosophila reproductive system (RS), this fusion unites the gonad and the genital disc-derived tissues, into a continuous tube. This study unveils the pivotal role of Hamlet (Ham), a Drosophila PR-domain containing transcription factor, in orchestrating epithelial tissue fusion in the RS. Loss of ham leads to sterility and disconnection between the testes (TE) and seminal vesicles (SV). Systematic analysis of Ham-downstream genes reveals cytoskeletal, metabolic regulators and signaling pathway components. Ham activates genes for epithelial differentiation and remodeling, while repressing genes required for tissue growth and patterning. Using multiplexed in situ hybridization, we demonstrate spatial-temporal gene expression dynamics in contacting epithelia. Key Ham downstream effectors include E-Cadherin (E-Cad), Toll (Tl) and Wnt2 signaling pathways, regulating tissue interaction and fusion. Our findings present a comprehensive gene network crucial for heterotypic epithelial tissue fusion. Mammalian Ham orthologs PRDM3 and PRDM16 are highly expressed in epithelial tissues, suggesting a conserved role across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertonnier-Brouty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The PR factor Hamlet controls heterotypic epithelial tissue assembly in Drosophila reproduction system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Worldwide soundscape ecology patterns across realms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract and keywordsO_ST_ABSAimC_ST_ABSThe urgency for remote, reliable, and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To remediate this, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 409 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater, and subterranean).

LocationWorldwide, 12 200 sites, all ecosystems.

Time period1991 to present.

Major taxa studiedAll soniferous taxa.

MethodsWe synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal, and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa, and recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic, and geophysical sounds based on 168 recordings from twelve ecosystems across all realms.

ResultsTerrestrial sampling is spatially denser (45 sites/Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well-covered in all realms, only marine datasets (56%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across twelve ecosystems, biological sounds show contrasting diel patterns, decline with distance from the equator and negatively correlate with anthropogenic sounds.

Main conclusionsPAM can inform macroecology studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this global PAM network holds promise to support global biodiversity research and monitoring efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darras, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rountree, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wilgenburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cord, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparecido Do Nascimento, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astaras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellisario, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger-Tal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfer-Lawrence, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briers, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerezo-Araujo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerwen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjonqueres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diniz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enari, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froidevaux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogoleva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhalgh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepfer Rojas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcacci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Worldwide soundscape ecology patterns across realms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nuclei histone modification profiling of the adult human central nervous system unveils epigenetic memory of developmental programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adult human central nervous system (CNS) is remarkably complex, with neural cells displaying extensive transcriptional heterogeneity. However, how different layers of epigenetic regulation underpin this heterogeneity is poorly understood. Here, we profile the adult human CNS from distinct regions, for chromatin accessibility at the single-nuclei level. In addition, we simultaneously co-profiled the histone modifications H3K27me3 and H3K27ac at the single nuclei-level, providing their first map in all major human CNS cell types. We unveil primed chromatin signatures at HOX loci in spinal cord-derived human oligodendroglia (OLG) but not microglia. These signatures were reminiscent of developmental OLG but were decoupled from robust gene expression. Moreover, using high-resolution Micro-C, we show that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) derived human OLGs exhibit a HOX chromatin architecture compatible with the primed chromatin in adult OLGs, and bears a strong resemblance not only to OLG developmental architecture, but also high-grade pontine gliomas. Thus, adult OLG retain epigenetic memory from developmental states, which might enable them to promptly transcribe Hox genes, in contexts of regeneration, but also make them susceptible to gliomagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agirre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlstrom, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldivia Pohl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bruggen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bestard-Cuche, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelo-Branco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nuclei histone modification profiling of the adult human central nervous system unveils epigenetic memory of developmental programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial Fitch Graphs: Characterization, Satisfiability and Complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer is an important contributor to evolution. Following Walter M. Fitch, two genes are xenologs if at least one HGT separates them. More formally, the directed Fitch graph has a set of genes as its vertices, and directed edges (x, y) for all pairs of genes x and y for which y has been horizontally transferred at least once since it diverged from the last common ancestor of x and y. Subgraphs of Fitch graphs can be inferred by comparative sequence analysis. In many cases, however, only partial knowledge about the "full" Fitch graph can be obtained. Here, we characterize Fitch-satisfiable graphs that can be extended to a biologically feasible "full" Fitch graph and derive a simple polynomial-time recognition algorithm. We then proceed to show that several versions of finding the Fitch graph with total maximum (confidence) edge-weights are NP-hard. In addition, we provide a greedy-heuristic for "optimally" recovering Fitch graphs from partial ones. Somewhat surprisingly, even if [~] 80% of information of the underlying input Fitch-graph G is lost (i.e., the partial Fitch graph contains only [~] 20% of the edges of G), it is possible to recover [~] 90% of the original edges of G on average.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korchmaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Rafael, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thekkumpadan Puthiyaveedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial Fitch Graphs: Characterization, Satisfiability and Complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival, Movement, and Lifespan: Decoding the Roles of Patched-Related (Ptr) in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patched-related (Ptr) is a transmembrane protein implicated in developmental processes in Drosophila melanogaster, yet its precise role remains incompletely understood. Here, we use Ptr23c null mutants to investigate the functional significance of Ptr through the entire life cycle monitoring survival during embryonic, larval, pupal and adult development, and studying larval locomotion and muscle structure. We report that Ptr23c larvae displayed impaired hatching, indicative of defective embryonic development. Moreover, mutant larvae exhibited reduced mobility and lethargy, suggesting a potential involvement of Ptr in neuromuscular function. Morphological analysis of somatic muscles in mutant larvae revealed enlarged cell nuclei. Despite high pre-adult mortality, a subset of Ptr23c mutant adults display an unexpected extension in lifespan compared to controls, implicating Ptr in the regulation of longevity. Our findings provide critical insights into the multifaceted role of Ptr in Drosophila development, highlighting its contributions to post-embryonic survival, neuromuscular function, and lifespan regulation. This study underscores the significance of exploring broader genetic networks to unravel the complexities of developmental processes.

Highlights- Loss of Ptr elicits impaired embryonic hatching, reduced mobility, and lethargy.
- Ptr23c mutants display nuclear enlargement in somatic muscles.
- Ptr23c individuals that survive to adulthood demonstrate extended longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival, Movement, and Lifespan: Decoding the Roles of Patched-Related (Ptr) in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational membrane insertion of the voltage-sensitive K+ channel KvAP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-sensor domains (VSDs), found in many voltage-sensitive ion channels and enzymes, are composed of four transmembrane helices (TMHs), including the atypical, highly positively charged S4 helix. VSDs are cotranslationally inserted into the membrane, raising the question of how the highly charged S4 helix is integrated into the lipid bilayer as it exits the ribosome. Here, we have used Force Profile Analysis to follow the cotranslational insertion of the six-TMH KvAP voltage-sensitive ion channel into the E. coli inner membrane. We find that the insertion process proceeds through three semi-independent steps: (i) insertion of the S1-S2 helix hairpin, (ii) insertion of the S3-S5 helices, and (iii) insertion of the Pore and S6 helices. Our analysis highlights the importance of the concerted insertion of helical hairpins, the dramatic influence of the positively charged residues in S4, and the unexpectedly strong forces and effects on downstream TMHs elicited by amphipathic and re-entrant helices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozojedova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational membrane insertion of the voltage-sensitive K+ channel KvAP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear phylogenomics of grasses (Poaceae) supports current classification and reveals repeated reticulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIGrasses (Poaceae) comprise around 11,800 species and are central for human livelihoods and terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing their relationships and evolutionary history is key to comparative research and crop breeding. Advances in genome-scale sequencing allow for increased breadth and depth of phylogenomic analyses, making it possible to infer a new reference species tree of the family.
C_LIO_LIWe inferred a comprehensive species tree of grasses by combining new and published sequences for 331 nuclear genes from genome, transcriptome, target enrichment and shotgun data. Our 1,153-tip tree covers 79% of grass genera (including 21 genera sequenced for the first time) and all but two small tribes. We compared it to a 910-tip plastome tree.
C_LIO_LIThe nuclear phylogeny matches that of the plastome at most deep branches, with only a few instances of incongruence. Gene tree-species tree reconciliation suggests that reticulation events occurred repeatedly in the history of grasses.
C_LIO_LIWe provide a robust framework for the grass tree of life to support research on grass evolution, including modes of reticulation, and genetic diversity for sustainable agriculture.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grass Phylogeny Working Group 3,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennetzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianconi, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenhusz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christin, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Columbus, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crayn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dransfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficinski, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fjellheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haevermans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodkinson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayombo, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimeu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larridon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letsara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear phylogenomics of grasses (Poaceae) supports current classification and reveals repeated reticulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular principles of redox-coupled sodium pumping of the ancient Rnf machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Rnf complex is the primary respiratory enzyme of several anaerobic prokaryotes that transfers electrons from ferredoxin to NAD+ and pumps sodium ions (Na+) across a membrane, powering ATP synthesis. Rnf is widespread in primordial organisms and the evolutionary predecessor of the Na+-pumping NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqr)1. By running in reverse, Rnf reduces ferredoxin with NADH as reductant at the expense of the transmembrane electrochemical ion gradient and provides low potential electrons for nitrogenases as well as CO2 reductases. Yet, the molecular principles that couple the long-range electron transfer to the Na+ translocation across the membrane remain elusive. Here we resolve key functional states along the electron transfer pathway using redox-controlled cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) that, in combination with biochemical functional assays and atomistic molecular simulations, provide key insight into the redox-driven Na+ pumping mechanism. We show that the reduction of the unique membrane-embedded [2Fe2S] cluster in the vestibule between the RnfA/E subunits electrostatically attracts the sodium ions, and in turn, triggers an inward/outward transition with alternating membrane access driving the Na+ pump and the reduction of NAD+. Our study unveils an ancient mechanism for redox-driven ion pumping, and provides key understanding of the fundamental principles governing energy conversion in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reif-Trauttmansdorff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular principles of redox-coupled sodium pumping of the ancient Rnf machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drought tolerance as an evolutionary precursor to frost and winter tolerance in grasses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence is suggesting more frequent tropical-to-temperate transitions than previously thought. This raises the possibility that biome transitions could be facilitated by precursor traits. A wealth of ecological, genetic and physiological evidence suggests overlap between drought and frost stress responses, but the origin of this overlap, i.e. the evolution of these responses relative to each other, is poorly known. Here, we test whether adaptation to frost and/or severe winters in grasses (Poaceae) was facilitated by ancestral adaptation to drought. We used occurrence patterns across Koppen-Geiger climate zones to classify species as drought, frost and/or winter tolerant, followed by comparative analyses. Ancestral state reconstructions revealed different evolutionary trajectories in different clades, suggesting both drought-first and frost-first scenarios. A model of correlated evolution was not supported when transition rate heterogeneity was taken into account or compared to traits simulated under independent evolution. Our findings provide some support for ancestral drought tolerance facilitating transitions to cold, temperate biomes, at least in some clades. Different scenarios in different clades is consistent with present-day grasses being either cold or drought specialists, possibly as a consequence of trade-offs between different stress tolerance responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fjellheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.601311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drought tolerance as an evolutionary precursor to frost and winter tolerance in grasses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The deep history of human evolution in Africa remains intensely debated with increasingly complex models being proposed. To investigate human evolutionary history in Africa, we sequenced and investigated 73 novel high-quality whole genomes from 14 Central and Southern African populations with diverse cultural practices. With extensive simulations and machine-learning Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences, we reconstruct jointly their complex history of divergences and migrations. We find vast genome-wide diversity within and among populations, often uncorrelated with geography and cultural practices. This shows the necessity to explicitly consider local genomic patterns, without merging samples from differentiated populations indiscriminately into larger a priori categories to reconstruct human evolutionary histories. We find that tree-like population-histories with long periods of drift between short pulses of unidirectional gene-flow best explain the data, in contrast to continuous gene-flow. Without the need to invoke archaic admixture, the detailed patterns of genomic variation can be accurately fitted to a model where the lineage ancestral to Khoe-San populations diverged around 300,000 years ago from a lineage ancestral to rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighboring agriculturalists. Finally, throughout history, the short periods of gene-flow each coincide with epochs of major ecological and cultural changes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervakis, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froment, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjostrand, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewlett, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soodyall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebusch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases control brain size in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia-induced proliferation of neural stem cells has a crucial role in brain development. In the brain of Drosophila melanogaster, the optic lobe exhibits progressive hypoxia during larval development. Here, we investigate an alternative oxygen-sensing mechanism within this brain compartment, distinct from the canonical hypoxia signaling pathway mediated by HIF. Using genetic tools, immunostaining, and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that the loss of the atypical soluble guanylyl cyclase (asGC) subunit Gyc88E, or the ectopic expression of Gyc89Db in neural stem cells leads to increased optic lobe volume. We propose the existence of a link between cGMP signaling and neurogenesis in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prieto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases control brain size in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bursts of rapid diversification, dispersals out of southern Africa, and two origins of dioecy punctuate the evolution of Asparagus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Asparagus arose approximately 9-15 million years ago (Ma) and transitions from hermaphroditism to dioecy (separate sexes) occurred [~]3-4 Ma. Roughly 27% of extant Asparagus species are dioecious, while the remaining are bisexual with monoclinous flowers. As such, Asparagus is an ideal model taxon for studying early stages of dioecy and sex chromosome evolution in plants. Until now, however, understanding of diversification and shifts from hermaphroditism to dioecy in Asparagus has been hampered by the lack of robust species tree estimates for the genus. In this study, a genus-wide phylogenomic analysis including 1726 nuclear loci and comprehensive species sampling supports two independent origins of dioecy in Asparagus--first in a widely distributed Eurasian clade, then again in a clade restricted to the Mediterranean Basin. Modeling of ancestral biogeography indicates that both dioecy origins were associated with range expansion out of southern Africa. Our findings also revealed several bursts of diversification across the phylogeny, including an initial radiation in southern Africa that gave rise to 12 major clades in the genus, and more recent radiations that have resulted in paraphyly and polyphyly among closely related species, as expected given active speciation processes. Lastly, we report that the geographic origin of domesticated garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) was likely in western Asia near the Mediterranean Sea. The presented phylogenomic framework for Asparagus is foundational for ongoing genomic investigations of diversification and functional trait evolution in the genus and contributes to its utility for understanding the origin and early evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes.

Significance StatementAsparagus is an important model system for studying dioecy (separate sexes) evolution in plants. Asparagus taxonomy has been challenging, likely due to rapid species diversifications leading to highly variable species with complicated relationships that are impossible to resolve with limited DNA-sequence data. Using phylogenomics and the largest species sampling to date, we show that all Asparagus lineages originated from an initial radiation in southern Africa and that separate range expansions out of southern Africa set the stage for two distinct origins of dioecy in Asparagus. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of species diversification and the role of long-distance dispersals in the evolution of dioecy. This study also illustrates the utility of phylogenomics for elucidating past and present speciation processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bentz, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popecki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leebens-Mack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bursts of rapid diversification, dispersals out of southern Africa, and two origins of dioecy punctuate the evolution of Asparagus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common pathway controls cell size in the sepal and leaf epidermis leading to a non-random pattern of giant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells have a wide range of sizes and ploidies, but the mechanisms patterning their size and spatial distribution remain unclear. Here, we show that the same genetic pathway creating giant cells in sepals also regulates cell size in the leaf epidermis, leading to the formation of giant cells. In both sepals and leaves, giant cells are scattered among smaller cells; therefore, we asked whether their spatial arrangement is random. By comparing sepal and leaf epidermises with computationally generated randomized tissues we show that the giant cell pattern becomes less random across the epidermis as the cells surrounding giant cells divide, leading to clustered patterns in mature tissues. Our cell-autonomous and stochastic computational model reproduces the giant cell organization, suggesting that random giant cell initiation together with the divisions of surrounding cells lead to the observed clustered pattern. These findings reveal that cell-size patterning is developmentally regulated by common mechanisms in leaves and sepals, and the spatial pattern of giant cells emerges from the interplay between stochastic cell- autonomous gene expression and tissue growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harline, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formosa-Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common pathway controls cell size in the sepal and leaf epidermis leading to a non-random pattern of giant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of {rho}1 GABA(A) receptors with antagonist and agonist drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The family of {rho}-type GABAA receptors includes potential therapeutic targets in several neurological conditions, and features distinctive pharmacology compared to other subtypes. Here we combine structures, recordings and simulations to characterize the binding and conformational impact of the drugs THIP (a non-opioid analgesic), CGP36742 (phosphinic acid inhibitor) and GABOB (an anticonvulsant) on a human {rho}1 GABAA receptor. We identify a distinctive binding pose of THIP in {rho}1 versus neuronal 4{beta}3{delta} GABAA receptors, offering a rationale for its inverse effects on these subtypes. CGP36742 binding is similar to the canonical {rho}-type inhibitor TPMPA, supporting a shared mechanism of action among phosphinic acid inhibitors. Binding of GABOB is similar to that of GABA, but produces a mixture of primed and desensitized states, likely underlying its weaker agonist activity. Together, these results elucidate interactions of a {rho}-type GABAA receptor with therapeutic drugs, offering mechanistic insights and a prospective basis for further pharmaceutical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowgill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of {rho}1 GABA(A) receptors with antagonist and agonist drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multipartite complexity of the lichen symbiosis revealed by metagenome and transcriptome analysis of Xanthoria parietina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lichens are composite symbiotic associations of fungi, algae, and bacteria that result in large, anatomically complex organisms adapted to many of the worlds most challenging environments. How such intricate, self-replicating lichen architectures develop from simple microbial components remains unknown because of their recalcitrance to experimental manipulation. Here we report a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the lichen Xanthoria parietina at different developmental stages. We identified 168 genomes of symbionts and lichen-associated microbes within a lichen thallus, including representatives of green algae, three different classes of fungi, and 14 bacterial phyla. By analyzing occurrence of individual species across lichen thalli from diverse environments, we defined both substrate-specific and core microbial components of the lichen. Meta-transcriptomic analysis of the principal fungal symbiont from three different developmental stages of a lichen, compared to axenically grown fungus, revealed differential gene expression profiles indicative of lichen-specific transporter functions, specific cell signalling, transcriptional regulation and secondary metabolic capacity. Putative immunity-related proteins and lichen-specific structurally conserved secreted proteins resembling fungal pathogen effectors were also identified, consistent with a role for immunity modulation in lichen morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagirdzhanova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnagl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucknell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentham, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegousse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament-Velasquez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brännström, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.608140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multipartite complexity of the lichen symbiosis revealed by metagenome and transcriptome analysis of Xanthoria parietina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-residue effects on the behavior of a nascent polypeptide chain inside the ribosome exit tunnel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nascent polypeptide chains (NCs) are extruded from the ribosome through an exit tunnel (ET) traversing the large ribosomal subunit. The ETs irregular and chemically complex wall allows for various NC-ET interactions. Translational arrest peptides (APs) bind in the ET to induce translational arrest, a property that can be exploited to study NC-ET interactions by Force Profile Analysis (FPA). We employed FPA and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate how individual residues within a glycine-serine repeat segment of an AP-stalled NC interact with the ET to exert a pulling force on the AP and release stalling. Our results indicate that large and hydrophobic residues generate a pulling force on the AP when placed {gtrsim}10 residues away from the peptidyl transfer center (PTC). An asparagine placed 12 residues from the PTC appears to form a specific stabilizing interaction with the tip of ribosomal protein uL22 that reduces the pulling force on the AP, whereas a lysine or leucine residue in the same position increases the pulling force. Finally, the MD simulations suggest how the Mannheimia succiniciproducens SecM AP interacts with the ET to promote translational stalling.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/608737v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d61d3forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a3fa3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47e7ecorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cb4fb7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo Avila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-residue effects on the behavior of a nascent polypeptide chain inside the ribosome exit tunnel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the impact of the interstitial fluid flow and hypoxia interface on cancer biology using a spheroid-on-chip perfusion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solid tumours are complex and heterogeneous systems, which exist in a dynamic biophysical microenvironment. Conventional cancer research methods have long relied on two-dimensional (2D) static cultures which neglect the dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) nature of the biophysical tumour microenvironment (TME), especially the role and impact of interstitial fluid flow (IFF). To address this, we undertook a transcriptome-wide analysis of the impact of IFF-like perfusion flow using a spheroid-on-chip microfluidic platform, which allows 3D cancer spheroids to be integrated into extracellular matrices (ECM)-like hydrogels and exposed to continuous perfusion, to mimic IFF in the TME. Importantly, we have performed these studies both in experimental (normoxia) and pathophysiological (hypoxia) oxygen conditions. Our data indicated that gene expression was altered by flow when compared to static conditions, and for the first time showed that these gene expression patterns differed in different oxygen tensions, reflecting a differential role of spheroid perfusion in IFF-like flow in tumour-relevant hypoxic conditions in the biophysical TME. We were also able to identify factors primarily linked with IFF-like conditions which are linked with prognostic value in cancer patients and therefore could correspond to a potential novel biomarker of IFF in cancer. This study therefore highlights the need to consider relevant oxygen conditions when studying the impact of flow in cancer biology, as well as demonstrating the potential of microfluidic models of flow to identify IFF-relevant tumour biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pyne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Mateos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamme, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the impact of the interstitial fluid flow and hypoxia interface on cancer biology using a spheroid-on-chip perfusion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caveolin assemblies displace one bilayer leaflet to organize and bend membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolin is a monotopic integral membrane protein, widely expressed in metazoa and responsible for constructing enigmatic membrane invaginations known as caveolae. Recently, the high-resolution structure of a purified human caveolin assembly, the CAV1-8S complex, revealed a unique organization of 11 protomers arranged in a tightly packed, radially symmetric spiral disc. One face and the outer rim of this disc are hydrophobic, suggesting that the complex incorporates into membranes by displacing hundreds of lipids from one leaflet. The feasibility of this unique molecular architecture and its biophysical and functional consequences are currently unknown. Using Langmuir film balance measurements, we find that CAV1-8S is highly surface active, intercalating into lipid monolayers of various compositions. CAV1-8S can also incorporate into preformed bilayers, but only upon removal of phospholipids from the outer-facing leaflet. Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of biomimetic bilayers support this  leaflet replacement model and also reveal that CAV1-8S accumulates 40-70 cholesterol molecules into a disordered monolayer between the complex and its distal lipid leaflet. We find that CAV1-8S preferentially associates with positively curved membrane surfaces due to its influence on the conformations of distal leaflet lipids, and that these effects laterally sort lipids. Large-scale simulations of multiple caveolin assemblies confirmed their association with large, positively curved membrane morphologies consistent with the shape of caveolae. Further, association with curved membranes regulates the exposure of caveolin residues implicated in protein-protein interactions. Altogether, the unique structure of CAV1-8S imparts unusual modes of membrane interaction with implications for membrane organization, morphology, and physiology.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCECaveolae are membrane invaginations heavily implicated in cellular physiology and disease; however, how their unique shape and function are produced remains enigmatic. Here, following on recent characterization of the unusual structure of the CAV1-8S oligomer, we examine the molecular details of its interactions with its surrounding lipid membrane using simulations and reconstitution experiments. We describe a novel mode of membrane interaction-which we term  leaflet replacement-for the CAV1-8S complex that has not previously been observed for any other protein. The biophysical consequences of this unique molecular organization provide mechanistic insights into the functions and organization of caveolae in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doktorova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neudorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levental, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levental, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caveolin assemblies displace one bilayer leaflet to organize and bend membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posterior specification of multi-lineage axial assembloids from human pluripotent stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elongation of the posterior body axis is driven by multi-potent neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), which both self-renew and simultaneously generate neural tube, neural crest, and presomitc mesoderm lineages at successive anterior posterior (A-P) levels. The ensuing diversification of these three NMP lineages is remarkably extensive, and also essential for an immense range of clinically important adult posterior body tissues. Here, we describe a human pluripotent stem cell protocol that successfully specifies authentic NMPs using a cocktail of seven factors (7F). 7F-NMPs express requisite markers, exhibit co-linear HOX activation, and can be purposely specified into each of the three NMP daughter lineages, demonstrating genuine multi-potency. 3D assembly of neural tube, neural crest, and presomitic mesoderm spheroids followed by long-term floating culture derives mature, multi-compartment Posterior Axial Assembloids, or PAXAs. PAXAs constitute a complex heterogeneous tissue containing spinal motor neurons and interneurons, central and peripheral glia, connective tissues, muscle satellite cells and contractile muscle fibres. Together, 7F-NMP and PAXA protocols establish a versatile in vitro platform to model mechanisms of human posterior body axis development, and for the study of a wide range of human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leboeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petipre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlefki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagey, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallemend, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Andaloussi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posterior specification of multi-lineage axial assembloids from human pluripotent stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Distinct Alternative mRNA Splicing Profile Identifies the Oncogenic CD44 Transcript Variant 3 in KMT2A-Rearranged Pediatric T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), which constitutes of 10-15% of all pediatric ALL cases, is known for its complex pathology due to pervasive genetic and chromosomal abnormalities. Although most children are successfully cured, chromosomal rearrangements involving the KMT2A (KMT2A) gene is considered a poor prognostic factor. In a cohort of 171 pediatric T-ALL samples we have studied differences in gene and splice variant patterns in KMT2A rearranged (KMT2A-r) T-ALL compared to KMT2A negative (KMT2A-wt) T-ALL samples. Our results have identified a distinct gene expression and splice variant expression pattern in pediatric KMT2A-r patient samples including significant expression of splicing regulatory markers ESRP1 and MBNL3. Additionally, the pro-survival long transcript variant of BCL2 were upregulated in KMT2A-r compared to KMT2A-wt T-ALL samples. Lastly, increased levels of activating methylation in the promoter region of CD44 were identified followed by an upregulation of the oncogenic transcript variant CD44v3 in KMT2A-r T-ALL. Together this suggests that CD44v3 could play a potential role as gene expression-based risk stratification of KMT2A-r rearranged T-ALL and could possibly serve as a therapeutic target using splicing modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramilo Amor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enlund, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermanson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi Fard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Distinct Alternative mRNA Splicing Profile Identifies the Oncogenic CD44 Transcript Variant 3 in KMT2A-Rearranged Pediatric T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial transcriptional repressor NrdR - a flexiblemultifactorial nucleotide sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NrdR is a bacterial transcriptional repressor consisting of a Zn-ribbon domain followed by an ATP-cone domain. Understanding its mechanism of action could aid the design of novel antibacterials. NrdR binds specifically to two "NrdR boxes" upstream of ribonucleotide reductase operons, of which Escherichia coli has three: nrdHIEF, nrdDG and nrdAB, where we identified a new box. We show that E. coli NrdR (EcoNrdR) has similar binding strength to all three sites when loaded with ATP plus dATP or equivalent diphosphate combinations. No other combination of nucleotides promotes binding to DNA. We present crystal structures of EcoNrdR-ATP-dATP and EcoNrdR-ADP-dATP, which are the first high-resolution crystal structures of an NrdR. We have also determined cryo-EM structures of DNA-bound EcoNrdR-ATP-dATP and novel filaments of EcoNrdR-ATP. Tetrameric forms of EcoNrdR involve alternating interactions between pairs of Zn-ribbon domains and ATP-cones. The structures reveal considerable flexibility in relative orientation of ATP-cones vs Zn-ribbon domains. The structure of DNA-bound EcoNrdR-ATP-dATP shows that significant conformational rearrangements between ATP-cones and Zn-ribbons accompany DNA binding while the ATP-cones retain the same relative orientation. In contrast, ATP-loaded EcoNrdR filaments show rearrangements of the ATP-cone pairs and sequester the DNA-binding residues of NrdR such that they are unable to bind to DNA. Our results, in combination with a previous structural and biochemical study, point to highly flexible EcoNrdR structures that when loaded with the correct nucleotides adapt to an optimal promoter binding conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozman Grinberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjoberg, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.609659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial transcriptional repressor NrdR - a flexiblemultifactorial nucleotide sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.611887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inkjet-printed graphene multielectrode arrays: an accessible platform for in vitro cardiac electrophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.611887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro models have now become a realistic alternative to animal models for cardiotoxicity assessment. However, the cost and expertise required to implement in vitro electrophysiology systems to study cardiac cells poses a strong obstacle to their widespread use. This study presents a novel, cost-effective approach for in vitro cardiac electrophysiology using fully-printed graphene-based microelectrode arrays (pGMEAs) coupled with an open-source signal acquisition system. We characterized the pGMEAs electrical properties and biocompatibility, observing low impedance values and cell viability. We demonstrated the platforms capability to record spontaneous electrophysiological activity from HL-1 cell cultures, and we monitored and quantified their responses to chemical stimulation with noradrenaline. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing fully-printed, graphene-based devices for in vitro electrophysiology. The accessible and versatile platform we present here represents a step further in the development of alternative methods for cardiac safety screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lumpuy-Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solodka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeglio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garma, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.611887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inkjet-printed graphene multielectrode arrays: an accessible platform for in vitro cardiac electrophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed spatial mapping of chromatin features, transcriptome, and proteins in tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phenotypic and functional states of a cell are modulated by a complex interactive molecular hierarchy of multiple omics layers, involving the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Spatial omics approaches have enabled the capture of information from different molecular layers directly in the tissue context. However, current technologies are limited to map one to two modalities at the same time, providing an incomplete representation of cellular identity. Such data is inadequate to fully understand complex biological systems and their underlying regulatory mechanisms. Here we present spatial-Mux-seq, a multi-modal spatial technology that allows simultaneous profiling of five different modalities, including genome-wide profiles of two histone modifications and open chromatin, whole transcriptome, and a panel of proteins at tissue scale and cellular level in a spatially resolved manner. We applied this technology to generate multi-modal tissue maps in mouse embryos and mouse brains, which discriminated more cell types and states than unimodal data. We investigated the spatiotemporal relationship between histone modifications, chromatin accessibility, gene and protein expression in neuron differentiation revealing the relationship between tissue organization, function, and gene regulatory networks. We were able to identify a radial glia spatial niche and revealed spatially changing gradient of epigenetic signals in this region. Moreover, we revealed previously unappreciated involvement of repressive histone marks in the mouse hippocampus. Collectively, the spatial multi-omics approach heralds a new era for characterizing tissue and cellular heterogeneity that single modality studies alone could not reveal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed spatial mapping of chromatin features, transcriptome, and proteins in tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long-term evolutionary potential of four yeast species and their hybrids in extreme temperature conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accelerating climate change and extreme temperatures urge us to better understand the potential of populations to tolerate and adapt to thermal challenges. Interspecific hybridization can facilitate adaptation to novel or extreme environments. However, predicting the long-term fitness effects of hybridization remains a major challenge in evolutionary and conservation biology. Experimental evolution with microbes provides a powerful tool for tracking adaption, across generations and in real time. We investigated the thermal adaptation dynamics of four species of budding yeast (Saccharomyces) and their interspecific F2 hybrids, for 140 generations under cold (5{degrees}C) and warm (31{degrees}C) conditions.We found significant variation in the evolutionary potential of species and hybrids, strongly determined by their natural temperature tolerance. The largest fitness improvements occurred in hybrids, with some populations nearly quadrupling in fitness in the cold environment, exceeding both parents in thermal adaptive potential. Reciprocal transplanting of evolved populations from the endpoint of evolution into opposite temperatures revealed that hybrids had greater resilience when challenged with sudden temperature shifts. Our results highlight that hybridization alters the fitness outcomes of long-term adaptation to extreme environments and may render populations more resilient to sudden environmental change, presenting both opportunities and challenges for conservation and sustainable agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long-term evolutionary potential of four yeast species and their hybrids in extreme temperature conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.614436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic stability in the Galapagos Scalesia adaptive radiation: Consistent transposable element accumulation despite hybridization and ecological niche shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.614436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) have been hypothesized to play a pivotal role in driving diversification by facilitating the emergence of novel phenotypes and the accumulation of divergence between species. Hybridization and adaptation to novel niches are hypothesized to influence TE accumulation in genomes by disrupting genomic regulation, including the suppression of TE replication. The rapid speciation and ecological diversification characteristic of adaptive radiations offer a unique opportunity to examine the link between TE accumulation and speciation, diversification, hybridization and adaptation. Here, focusing on all 15 species of the genus Scalesia (Asteraceae), a radiation endemic to the Galapagos Islands, we test whether hybridization or shifts in ecological niche are associated with changes in TE accumulation in genomes. Our analyses reveal little to no variation in TE accumulation among Scalesia species nor its hybrid populations. Shifts in ecological niches, linked to climatic variation, did not result in discernible changes in TE accumulation, a surprising finding given the anticipated selective pressure imposed by aridity, a factor often linked to genome size reduction. We found no distinct patterns in the temporal accumulation of TEs, and no effects at the class or superfamily level. Our findings challenge the assertion that TEs have directly driven diversification, speciation and local adaptation. Instead, we suggest that TEs may simply be  along for the ride, rather than actively contributing to plant diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Diaz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goubert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieke, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Mazuecos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara-Andino, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leebens-Mack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Torres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.614436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic stability in the Galapagos Scalesia adaptive radiation: Consistent transposable element accumulation despite hybridization and ecological niche shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic-dependent and independent functions of the histone acetyltransferase CBP promote pioneer factor-mediated zygotic genome activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immediately after fertilization the genome is transcriptionally quiescent. Maternally encoded pioneer transcription factors reprogram the chromatin state and facilitate the transcription of the zygotic genome. In Drosophila, transcription is initiated by the pioneer factor Zelda. While Zelda-occupied sites are enriched with histone acetylation, a post-translational mark associated with active cis-regulatory regions, the functional relationship between Zelda and histone acetylation in zygotic genome activation remained unclear. We show that Zelda-mediated recruitment of the histone acetyltransferase CBP is essential for zygotic transcription. CBP catalytic activity is necessary for release of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) into transcription elongation and for embryonic development. However, CBP also activates zygotic transcription independent of acetylation through Pol II recruitment. Neither acetylation nor CBP are required for the pioneering function of Zelda. Our data suggest that pioneer factor-mediated recruitment of CBP is a conserved mechanism required to activate zygotic transcription but that this role is separable from the function of pioneer factors in restructuring chromatin accessibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirogov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffridge, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannervik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic-dependent and independent functions of the histone acetyltransferase CBP promote pioneer factor-mediated zygotic genome activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ambiguity of "hybrid swarm": inconsistent definitions and applications in existing research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Hybridization is common in wild taxa and often increases in frequency following anthropogenic disturbance to an environment. Next-generation sequencing techniques make genomic analysis of a large number of individuals feasible, vastly improving the analysis for and promoting a greater frequency of studies on hybridization. However, terminology surrounding hybridization can be inconsistent; in particular, the term "hybrid swarm" has been used extensively in the literature but lacks a consistent definition. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature that uses the term "hybrid swarm" in reference to hybridization between taxa and challenged putative definitions of the term. We found that the term "hybrid swarm" is used in a variety of contexts, including some contradictory to other literature, and that there is little consensus on what constitutes a hybrid swarm in terms of hybrid outcomes, frequency relative to disturbances, or duration of existence. We dissuade researchers from use of the term "hybrid swarm" and instead suggest more specific and clear terminology to describe aspects of hybridization. Consequently, we hope that this paper promotes consensus surrounding hybridization terminology and improves the quality of future research on hybridization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandeville, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuser, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ambiguity of "hybrid swarm": inconsistent definitions and applications in existing research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medieval genomes from eastern Iberia illuminate the role of Morisco mass deportations in dismantling a long-standing genetic bridge with North Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Islamic influence on the Iberian Peninsula left an enduring legacy culturally and linguistically, however the demographic impact is less well understood. This study aims to explore the dynamics of gene flow and population structure in eastern Iberia from the early to late Medieval period through ancient DNA.

ResultsOur comprehensive genomic analysis uncovered gene flow from various Mediterranean regions into Iberia before the Islamic period, supporting a pre-existing pan-Mediterranean homogenization phenomenon during the Roman Empire. North African ancestry is present but sporadic in late antiquity genomes but becomes consolidated during the Islamic period. We uncovered one of the earliest dated Islamic burials in Spain, which showed high levels of inbreeding. For the first time we also prove the persistence of North African ancestry in a Christian cemetery until the 17th century, in addition to evidence of slave traffick from the Maghreb.

ConclusionsThis study reveals the complex interaction between political events and cultural shifts that influenced the population of eastern Iberia. It highlights the existence of a slave trade and underscores the lasting impact of historical events, such as the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 CE, on the regions genetic and cultural landscape through mass population displacement and replacement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oteo-Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foody, M. G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alapont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribera i Lacomba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beneyto, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattiangeli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medieval genomes from eastern Iberia illuminate the role of Morisco mass deportations in dismantling a long-standing genetic bridge with North Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient DNA analyses of two Early Chalcolithic Individuals from the West Mound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this chapter, we investigate the genetics of two Early Chalcolithic Catalhoyuk individuals, U.18333 and U.16835, the only two burials yet recovered from the West Mound. These were two neonates buried within the same building. Using shotgun-sequenced partial genomes (0.06x and 0.02x coverage) we identify both as females. Despite being recovered from the same building, we find no close genetic kinship between them, in line with previously published kinship results from Catalhoyuk. We also find that the two West Mound neonates shared the same gene pool with Neolithic Catalhoyuk and other Central and West Anatolian Neolithic populations, and they did not carry the Caucasus-related "eastern" gene flow signature observed in later-coming Chalcolithic Anatolian genomes. This indicates no large-scale admixture between East and West Mound Catalhoyuk, and possibly that the post-Neolithic "eastern" gene flow event into Anatolia may have initiated only by the mid-6th millennium BCE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuncu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vural, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chylenski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotherstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient DNA analyses of two Early Chalcolithic Individuals from the West Mound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-dependent scale for translocon-mediated insertion of interfacial helices in membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological membranes consist of a lipid bilayer studded with integral and peripheral membrane proteins. Most -helical membrane proteins require protein-conducting insertases known as translocons to assist in their membrane insertion and folding. While the sequence-dependent propensities for a helix to either translocate through the translocon or insert into the membrane have been codified into numerical hydrophobicity scales, the corresponding propensity to partition into the membrane interface remains unraveled. By engineering diagnostic glycosylation sites around test peptide sequences inserted into a host protein, we devised a system that can differentiate between water-soluble, surface-bound, and transmembrane (TM) states of the sequence based on its glycosylation pattern. Using this system, we determined the sequence-dependent propensities for transfer from the translocon to a TM, interfacial or extramembrane space. UMAP analysis of a large collection of TM and water-soluble helices provide useful embeddings for analysis of these propensities and aid in understanding the physical properties and functions of antimicrobial, lytic, and fusogenic peptides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kormos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bano-Polo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Murria, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajredini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez del Pino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingarro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-dependent scale for translocon-mediated insertion of interfacial helices in membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel male accessory gland peptide reduces female post-mating receptivity in the brown planthopper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mating in insects commonly induces a profound change in the physiology and behavior of the female that serves to secure numerous and viable offspring and to ensure paternity for the male by reducing receptivity of the female to further mating attempts. Here, we set out to characterize the post-mating response (PMR) in a pest insect, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens and to identify a functional analog of sex peptide (SP) and/or other seminal fluid factors that contribute to the PMR in Drosophila. We find that BPHs display a distinct PMR that lasts for about 4 days and includes a change in female behavior with decreased receptivity to males and increased oviposition. Extract from male accessory glands (MAG) injected into virgin females triggers a similar PMR, lasting about 24h. Since SP does not exist in BPHs, we screened for candidate mediators by performing a transcriptional and proteomics analysis of MAG extract. We identified a novel 51 amino acid peptide present only in the MAG and not in female BPHs. This peptide, that we designate maccessin (macc), affects the female PMR. Females mated by males with macc knockdown display receptivity to wild type males in a second mating, which does not occur in controls. However, oviposition is not affected. Injection of recombinant macc reduces female receptivity, with no effect on oviposition. Thus, macc is so far the only candidate seminal fluid peptide that promotes a PMR in BPHs. Our analysis suggests that the gene encoding the macc precursor is restricted to species closely related to BPHs.

Author summaryIn insects, mating often induces a long-lasting change in the female behavior and physiology, called a post-mating response (PMR). This ensures numerous and viable offspring, but also serves to secure paternity for the male by inhibiting the female receptivity to further mating attempts. Here, we demonstrate that a pest insect, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, also displays a PMR with decreased receptivity to further mating and increased egg laying. We furthermore find that seminal fluid extracted from the male accessory gland of BPHs injected into females generates a PMR. Next, we identified a novel peptide unique to the male accessory gland (designated maccessin) and demonstrate that this peptide is responsible for the reduced receptivity in the PMR, but does not affect egg laying. The gene encoding maccessin appears unique to close relatives of N. lugens. This is similar to a Drosophila male accessory gland factor, sex peptide, which is known to induce a PMR, and occurs only in a limited number of Drosophila species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, R.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel male accessory gland peptide reduces female post-mating receptivity in the brown planthopper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data of the Insect Biome Atlas: a metabarcoding survey of the terrestrial arthropods of Sweden and Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the data from the Insect Biome Atlas project (IBA), characterizing the terrestrial arthropod faunas of Sweden and Madagascar. Over 12 months, weekly Malaise trap samples were collected at 203 locations within 100 sites in Sweden and at 50 locations within 33 sites in Madagascar; this was complemented by soil and litter samples from each site. The field samples comprise 4,749 Malaise trap, 192 soil and 192 litter samples from Sweden and 2,566 Malaise trap and 190 litter samples from Madagascar. Samples were processed using mild lysis or homogenization, followed by DNA metabarcoding of COI (418 bp). The data comprise 698,378 non-chimeric sequence variants from Sweden and 687,866 from Madagascar, representing 33,989 (33,046 Arthropoda) and 77,599 (77,380 Arthropoda) operational taxonomic units, respectively. These are the most comprehensive data presented on these faunas so far, allowing unique analyses of the size, composition, spatial turnover and seasonal dynamics of the sampled communities. They also provide an invaluable baseline against which to gauge future changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miraldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buczek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodsell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinjanahary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajoelison, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianandrasana, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafanomezantsoa, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granqvist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, L. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspebo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aström, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellviken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, P.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Björklund, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Björkman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desborough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliasson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmquist, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuelsson, H. Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erixon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahlen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frogner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fürst, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudd, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasconi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Häggqvist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hörnströ</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.619818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data of the Insect Biome Atlas: a metabarcoding survey of the terrestrial arthropods of Sweden and Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo clustering of extensive long-read transcriptome datasets with isONclust3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing techniques can sequence transcripts from end to end, greatly improving our ability to study the transcription process. Although there are several well-established tools for long-read transcriptome analysis, most are reference-based. This limits the analysis of organisms without high-quality reference genomes and samples or genes with high variability (e.g., cancer samples or some gene families). In such settings, analysis using a reference-free method is favorable. The computational problem of clustering long reads by region of common origin is well-established for reference-free transcriptome analysis pipelines. Such clustering enables large datasets to be split up roughly by gene family and, therefore, an independent analysis of each cluster. There exist tools for this. However, none of those tools can efficiently process the large amount of reads that are now generated by long-read sequencing technologies.

We present isONclust3, an improved algorithm over isONclust and isONclust2, to cluster massive long-read transcriptome datasets into gene families. Like isONclust, IsONclust3 represents each cluster with a set of minimizers. However, unlike other approaches, isONclust3 dynamically updates the cluster representation during clustering by adding high-confidence minimizers from new reads assigned to the cluster and employs an iterative cluster-merging step. We show that isONclust3 yields results with higher or comparable quality to state-of-the-art algorithms but is 10-100 times faster on large datasets. Also, using a 256Gb computing node, isONclust3 was the only tool that could cluster 37 million PacBio reads, which is a typical throughput of the recent PacBio Revio sequencing machine.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/aljpetri/isONclust3

Contactkristoffer.sahlin@math.su.se
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petri, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo clustering of extensive long-read transcriptome datasets with isONclust3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.621522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clock genes period and timeless control synaptogenesis in Drosophila motor terminals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.621522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some neurons undergo rhythmic morphological changes that persist in constant darkness and require the expression of clock genes. Flight motoneuron MN5, one of the best studied neurons of Drosophila melanogaster exhibits several examples of this type of circadian structural plasticity. During the morning, when the fly is active, synaptic boutons are larger than during the night when the fly is resting though more synaptic boutons and synapses are observed. Here, by comparing bouton numbers at different timepoints in normal flies and in flies carrying loss-of-function mutations in clock genes timeless (tim) or period (per), we investigate whether the rhythmic changes in numbers of boutons and synapses require the expression of these genes. Absence of tim expression abolished the rhythm in bouton number whereas absence of per expression appeared to increase the rhythms amplitude. This indicates that in normal flies TIM protein is necessary to drive the normal rhythm of bouton number and PER probably has a damping effect on it. In addition, it appears that tim and per expression normally act as inhibitor of synaptogenesis because their loss-of-function mutations caused over-proliferation of synapses. Unexpectedly, TIM and PER were expressed in different cells. TIM was found in the glial sheath wrapping the motoneurons axon and PER was predominantly found along the axon, suggesting that the control of the rhythmic change in bouton and synapse numbers requires interactions between different cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreiro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.621522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clock genes period and timeless control synaptogenesis in Drosophila motor terminals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic exploration of domain assortments in NOD-like receptors uncovers two types of NACHT domains in Sordariales fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFungi have NOD-Like receptors (NLRs), analogous to the innate immune receptors found in animals, plants and bacteria. Fungal NLRs are characterized by a great variability of domain organizations, but the identity of the nucleotide-binding domains, the genomic localization, and the factors associated with variation in the composition of repertoires of fungal NLRs are not yet fully understood. To better understand the variability of fungal NLR repertoires and the underlying determinants, we conducted a thorough analysis of genome data from the ascomycete order Sordariales.

ResultsUsing similarity searches based on hidden Markov models profiles for canonical N-terminal, nucleotide-binding, or C-terminal domains, we characterized 4613 NLRs in 82 Sordariales taxa. By examining the Helical Third section of the nucleotide-binding domains, we substantially improved their annotation. We demonstrated that fungi have NACHT domains of both NAIP-like and TLP1-like types, similar to animals. We found that the number of NLR genes was highly variable among Sordariales families, and independent of the stringency of defense mechanisms against genomic repeat elements. NLRs were organized in clusters in the majority of taxa, and the strong correlation between the number of NLRs and the number of NLR clusters suggested that organizing in clusters may contribute to repertoire diversification.

ConclusionsOur work highlights the similarity of fungal and animal NLRs in terms of nucleotide-binding domain types, and between fungal and plant NLRs in terms of genomic organization in clusters. Our findings will aid in the comparative analysis of the patterns and processes of diversification of NLR repertoires in various lineages of fungi and between the different kingdoms and domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>bonometti, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>charriat, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hensen, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minana Posada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>johannesson, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladieux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic exploration of domain assortments in NOD-like receptors uncovers two types of NACHT domains in Sordariales fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel menthol-DCMU bleaching method for foraminifera: Generating aposymbiotic hosts for symbiosis research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the response and resilience of coral reefs to climate change can be achieved through better understanding the cellular symbiosis between coral reef holobionts and their associated endosymbiotic algae. Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) are key calcium carbonate producers, of which two species were investigated for their suitability for menthol bleaching. The LBF Amphistegina lobifera, hosting diatoms, and Sorites orbiculus, hosting dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae. This study aimed to rapidly generate symbiont-free (aposymbiotic) hosts via treatment with menthol and DCMU. The first experiment, Menthol Concentration Comparison (MCC), aimed to find a non-lethal and effective dose for both species. The second experiment, Menthol-bleaching Ecophysiology Assessment (MEA), used a larger sample size of both species to test the response to one concentration 0.19 mmol L-1 and measured growth, motility (an indicator for overall fitness) and mortality over a 4-week time frame. Menthol led to an aposymbiotic state in 100% of A. lobifera and only minimally impacted its motility and mortality. The method was effective for S. orbiculus, where an aposymbiotic state, defined as no visible remains of symbiont cells inside the host at the end of the experimental period, occurred in 66% of specimens of the MCC experiment. Growth was strongly impacted by the bleaching protocol in both species, allowing no new calcite to be formed during the acute exposure. This method can be applied for testing aspects of symbiosis establishment in LBF as well as their potential to take up different symbionts in a short-to medium time frame.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerto Rueda, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochon, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuhr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raposo, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davy, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel menthol-DCMU bleaching method for foraminifera: Generating aposymbiotic hosts for symbiosis research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ColBuilder: Flexible structure generation of crosslinked collagen fibrils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen fibrils are fundamental building blocks of connective tissues, yet generating accurate molecular models of their structure remains challenging due to their hierarchical organization and complex crosslinking patterns. ColBuilder has been developed to automate the generation of atomistic models of crosslinked collagen fibrils and facilitate the setup of molecular simulations. The tool integrates homology modeling, higher-order structure generation and optimization to build complete fibril structures with precise control over sequence composition, crosslinking patterns, and dimensions. Users can explore different collagen sequences, manipulate crosslink chemistry through mixed ratios and densities, and generate fibrils of varying diameter and length. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of 335 nm-long fibrils validate the generated structures, showing excellent agreement with experimental measurements of D-band periodicity and force-extension behavior. ColBuilder is available both as an open-source command-line application and through a web interface at colbuilder.mpip-mainz.mpg.de.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monego, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viliuga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuehn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gräter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ColBuilder: Flexible structure generation of crosslinked collagen fibrils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HAPP: High-Accuracy Pipeline for Processing deep metabarcoding data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce HAPP, a high-accuracy pipeline for processing deep metabarcoding data, leveraging data richness to enhance the signal-to-noise-ratio. Starting with denoised amplicon sequence variants, the pipeline consists of four steps: (1) additional chimera removal, using UCHIME and a strict sample-based approach; (2) taxonomic annotation, combining k-mer matching (SINTAX) to a reference library with phylogenetic placement (EPA-NG) on a reference tree; (3) OTU clustering using SWARM, an open-source algorithm with precision and recall comparable to RESL used in circumscribing BOLD BINs; and (4) noise filtering (NUMTs and sequencing errors), using a new algorithm introduced here, NEEAT, which combines "echo" signals across samples with detection of unusual evolutionary signatures among clusters with similar DNA sequences. HAPP computations are parallelized across taxa, making analyses tractable on very large datasets. The performance of HAPP was validated through extensive benchmarks, involving CO1 data from BOLD and Malaise trap data, demonstrating significant improvements over the state of the art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granqvist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, L. J.- A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodsell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godeiro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukasik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roslin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HAPP: High-Accuracy Pipeline for Processing deep metabarcoding data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QUANTIFYING ACYL CHAIN INTERDIGITATION IN SIMULATED BILAYERS VIA DIRECT TRANSBILAYER INTERACTIONS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a lipid bilayer, the interactions between lipid hydrocarbon chains from opposing leaflets can influence membrane properties. These interactions include the phenomenon of interdigitation, in which an acyl chain of one leaflet extends past the bilayer midplane and into the opposing leaflet. While static interdigitation is well understood in gel phase bilayers from X-ray diffraction measurements, much less is known about dynamic interdigitation in fluid phases. In this regard, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations can provide mechanistic information on interleaflet interactions that can be used to generate experimentally testable hypotheses. To address limitations of existing computational methodologies which provide results that are either indirect or averaged over time and space, here we introduce three novel ways of quantifying the extent of chain interdigitation. Our protocols include the analysis of instantaneous interactions at the level of individual carbon atoms, thus providing temporal and spatial resolution for a more nuanced picture of dynamic interdigitation. We compare the methods on bilayers composed of lipids with equal total number of carbon atoms but different mismatches between the sn-1 and sn-2 chain lengths. We find that these metrics, which are based on freely available software packages and are easy to implement, provide complementary details that help characterize various features of lipid-lipid contacts at the bilayer midplane. The new frameworks thus allow for a deeper look at fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying bilayer structure and dynamics, and present a valuable expansion of the membrane biophysics toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberle, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doktorova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QUANTIFYING ACYL CHAIN INTERDIGITATION IN SIMULATED BILAYERS VIA DIRECT TRANSBILAYER INTERACTIONS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome duplication increases genetic diversity and load in outcrossing Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation underpins evolutionary change, but accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations also increases mutation load. There are multiple factors affecting the extent of load such as population size and breeding system, yet other potential determinants remain unexplored. A common macromutation, whole-genome duplication (WGD) occurs broadly across Eukaryotes, yet we lack a clear understanding of how WGD impacts neutral and selective processes within a population. Using forward simulations and empirical analysis of 632 short- and 16 long-read sequenced individuals of Arabidopsis arenosa (23 diploid and 42 natural autotetraploid populations), we test for the effects of WGD on genome-wide diversity and mutation load. Our simulations show how genetic variation gradually rises in autotetraploids due to increase of mutational target size. Moreover, mutation load increases due to relaxed purifying selection when deleterious mutations are masked by additional chromosome copies. Empirical data confirm these patterns, showing significant increase in nucleotide diversity, ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous SNPs, and number of indels and large structural variants in A. arenosa autotetraploids. However, a rather modest increase in load proxies together with a broad distribution and niche of autotetraploids suggests load accumulation has not (yet) limited their successful expansion. Overall, we demonstrate a complex interplay between neutral processes and purifying selection in shaping genetic variation following WGD and highlight ploidy as an important determinant of genetic diversity and mutation load in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vlcek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sramkova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmickl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yant, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome duplication increases genetic diversity and load in outcrossing Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic studies in Linum shed light on the evolution of the distyly supergene and the molecular basis of convergent floral evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIDistyly, an example of convergent evolution, is governed by a supergene called the S- locus. Recent studies highlight similar genetic architectures of independently evolved S-loci, but whether similar regulatory pathways underlie convergent evolution of distyly remains unclear.
C_LIO_LIWe examined the evolution of supergenes and mechanisms underlying distyly in Linum species that diverged [~]33 Mya. Using haplotype-resolved genomes and population genomics, we identified and characterized the S-loci of Linum perenne (distylous) and Linum grandiflorum (style length dimorphic), and compared them to that of Linum tenue (distylous). We then tested for a conserved hormonal mechanism regulating style length polymorphism in Linum.
C_LIO_LIHemizygosity in short-styled individuals is a shared feature of the Linum S-locus supergene, though its size, gene content, repeat elements, and extent of recombination suppression vary greatly among species. Two distyly candidate genes, TSS1 (style length) and WDR-44 (anther height/pollen self-incompatibility) are conserved at the
C_LIO_LIS-locus. Consistent with a brassinosteroid-dependent role of TSS1, epibrassinolide treatment revealed a conserved, morph-specific effect on style length.
C_LIO_LIS-locus genetic architecture, key S-locus genes and mechanisms regulating style length remain conserved >30 Mya in Linum. In combination with findings from other systems, our results suggest that the brassinosteroid pathway frequently contributes to style length polymorphism.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zervakis, P.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux-Wera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunikis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic studies in Linum shed light on the evolution of the distyly supergene and the molecular basis of convergent floral evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of Shifts in Fish Community Structure on PCDD/F temporal variability in common guillemot (Baltic Sea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent Organic Pollutants, specifically polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (PCDD/Fs) threaten marine ecosystems through biomagnification and bioaccumulation in top predators. Following environmental legislation introduction in the 1970s, PCDD/F concentrations declined in the Baltic Sea biota. However, previous studies signaled that this decline plateaued from the 1990s onward in common guillemot (Uria aalge) eggs. This period coincides with shifts in Baltic environmental conditions and food-web structure, including guillemot prey species. Here, we hypothesize that temporal variability of PCDD/Fs in guillemot eggs was driven by changing environmental conditions and food-web structure affecting prey availability. We identified phases in the temporal dynamic of fish community structure, linked them to PCDD/Fs rate of change, and identified potential environmental and anthropogenic drivers of these phases. Three distinct phases emerged: cod and herring dominance (1976-1986), sprat dominance (1987-2001), and stickleback increase (2002-2021). PCDD/F concentrations declined sharply during the first phase (-6.4% y1), plateaued during the second (0.27% y1), and resumed a decline during the third (-3.8% y1). The transition to a sprat-dominated phase increased guillemots dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs, contributing to the second phase plateau. Conversely, stickleback rise as a potential key prey species during the third phase may have facilitated the post-2002 decline. Shifts in fish community structure were driven by changes in temperature, salinity, zooplankton size, and fishing pressure. We conclude that both bottom-up (environmental conditions) and top-down (fisheries food-web dynamics) effects have cascaded through the ecosystem, reshaping fish community structure and influencing PCDD/F concentrations in guillemot eggs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ammar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>olsson, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faxneld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentati-Sundberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soerensen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of Shifts in Fish Community Structure on PCDD/F temporal variability in common guillemot (Baltic Sea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Model for Proton Transport Mediated by Uncoupling Protein 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) is a mitochondrial protein which drives thermogen-esis in brown adipose tissue. UCP1 facilitates the dissipation of the proton gradient as heat and plays a critical role in energy expenditure and metabolic regulation. We employ advanced molecular simulations and mutagenesis to reveal the mechanism of UCP1-mediated proton and fatty acid (FA) transport. We demonstrate that FAs bind spontaneously to UCP1s central substrate-binding site. In the binding site, a proton transfer to the FA is facilitated by a key aspartate residue (D28) and a coordinating water molecule. The protonated FA exits UCP1 through a well defined pathway, and releases its proton into the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1 then facilitates the return of deprotonated FAs to the intermembrane space. Nucleotide binding disrupts this mechanism by inducing conformational changes in the transmembrane helices and ob-structing the FA return pathway. Our mechanism explains every step of the transport cycle, is supported by simulation and biochemical data, and explains a diverse set of biochemical data about the transport mechanisms in UCP1 and its analogues: ANT, UCP2 and UCP3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakami Zanjani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinholdt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.650983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Model for Proton Transport Mediated by Uncoupling Protein 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns and drivers of genome-wide codon usage bias in the fungal order Sordariales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we present a study on amino acid composition, codon usage bias (CUB), and levels of selection driving codon usage in Sordariales fungi. We found that GC ending codons are used more often than AT ending codons in all Sordariales genomes, but the strength of CUB differs amongst families. The families Podosporaceae and Sordariaceae contain relatively low genome-wide levels of CUB, while the highest levels of CUB are found in Chaetomiaceae and the "BLLNS"-group, a monophyletic group of five other Sordariales families. Based on genomic clustering, and ancestral state reconstruction of GC nucleotides at the third codon position, we hypothesize that Podosporaceae and Sordariaceae represent the ancestral state of amino acid composition and CUB. The Chaetomiaceae and BLLNS have most likely diverged from this state, with increased natural selection driving use of specific codons, resulting in higher genome-wide CUB. We expect that the higher levels of CUB in Chaetomiaceae genomes might have been caused by ecological niche specialization, including high optimal growth temperature of some Chaetomiaceae species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hensen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltunen Thoren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns and drivers of genome-wide codon usage bias in the fungal order Sordariales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor NFYA directs male meiotic entry by facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic promoters in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic prophase I characterized by homologous recombination and synapsis is an intricate step for spermatogenesis. This process entails extensive changes to chromatin and transcription. Prior to prophase I, accessible chromatin bound by paused Pol II at meiotic gene promoters is essential for their timely activation later during meiosis. However, the factor responsible for promoting accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters before entry into prophase I is unknown. Here, we discovered that NFYA expressed in pre-meiotic germ cells promotes accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters including those regulated by STRA8/MEISON axis. Concordantly, conditional germline deletion of Nfya in male mice blocks meiotic entry. Functionally, our spatial and single-cell ATAC-seq data revealed that loss of NFYA in pre-meiotic cells disrupts accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters. Our study identifies a pioneer role for NFYA in facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters before meiosis, thereby regulating the timely activation of meiotic genetic program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saflund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Östlund Farrants, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor NFYA directs male meiotic entry by facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic promoters in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI4CellFate: Interpretable Early Cell Fate Prediction with Generative AI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live-cell imaging provides a unique insight into complex cellular processes including single cell fate, but remains limited by both low-throughput and the lack of generalisable analytics for the multidimensional datasets it produces. This work introduces AI4CellFate, an interpretable and data-driven machine learning framework for predicting cell fate from microscopy timelapses, applied here to cancer therapy. By integrating generative AI and contrastive learning, AI4CellFate enables early fate prediction as well as visualisation of biologically relevant features, with limited annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panconi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Marois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI4CellFate: Interpretable Early Cell Fate Prediction with Generative AI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread potential for phototrophy and convergent reduction of lifecycle complexity in the dimorphic order Caulobacterales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Model bacteria are fundamental for research, but knowledge about their ecology and evolution is often limited. Here we establish evolutionary and ecological context for the model organism Caulobacter crescentus--an alphaproteobacterium intensively studied for its dimorphic lifecycle. By analyzing the species relationships and genetic potential of hundreds of Caulobacterales species, we reveal striking diversity regarding their environmental distribution, morphology, cell development, and metabolism. Our work provides insights into the evolutionary history of morphological features such as the cell curvature determinant crescentin and uncovers a striking case of convergent loss of traits for cellular dimorphism among close relatives of C. crescentus. Moreover, we find that genes for phototrophy are widespread across Caulobacterales and that the new genus Acaudatibacter, described here, includes the first reported Caulobacterales lineage with photoautotrophic potential. Our study advances our understanding of an environmentally widespread bacterial order and sheds light onto the evolution of fundamental prokaryotic features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallgren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharamshi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gijon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.656076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread potential for phototrophy and convergent reduction of lifecycle complexity in the dimorphic order Caulobacterales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beneficial and detrimental consequences of AHR activation in intestinal infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ligand dependent transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environmental sensor whose activation can have physiologically beneficial or detrimental consequences for host immune responses depending on the ligand. Here we investigated the hypothesis that prolonged AHR activation either due to inefficient ligand metabolism or due to genetic manipulation may underlie the distinction between beneficial and detrimental effects. Our data indicate that prolonged AHR activation caused toxic endpoints for liver and thymus but was not per se interfering with the host response to infection with the intestinal pathogen C.rodentium. Genetically driven constitutive AHR activation improved resistance to infection, whereas prolonged AHR activation by the pollutant TCDD resulted in delayed clearance of C.rodentium associated with a suppression in antibody production. Combined single cell RNAseq and ATAC-seq analysis provided evidence that TCDD, but not genetic AHR activation, negatively affected dendritic cell functions such as activation, maturation and antigen presentation. Thus, the detrimental impact of environmental pollutants such as TCDD on immune responses cannot solely be attributed to aberrantly prolonged activation of AHR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graelmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beneficial and detrimental consequences of AHR activation in intestinal infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved glycan motif overcomes antigenic variation inducing broadly reactive antibodies against the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus suis is a largely neglected but emerging bacterial zoonotic pathogen of global concern for animal welfare, antibiotic resistance development and human health. No effective vaccines are currently available. Here, we identified and characterized the function and structure of two cell wall polysaccharide variants in pathogenic S. suis strains using genetic deletion and (heterologous) complementation, lectin staining, glycan composition analysis and specialized NMR spectroscopy. Both glycan variants were anionic polymers that differed in the presence of glucose in the side-chain as a result of allelic variation in a glycosyltransferase gene. Deletion of this variable glycosyltransferase revealed an identical glycan  core and affected S. suis morphology and lysozyme resistance. Immunization of pigs with this core domain induced antibodies recognizing a wide range of antigenically-diverse pathogenic S. suis strains. This study provides new insights for developing next-generation glycoconjugate vaccines, whereby a single-glycan target could protect against the emerging zoonotic pathogen S. suis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmalm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorieul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roodsant, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, A. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaninks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grommen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Medina, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmel, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codee, J. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultsz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedictus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sorge, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.656523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved glycan motif overcomes antigenic variation inducing broadly reactive antibodies against the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial hydrocarbon degradation potential of the Baltic Sea ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Baltic Sea receives petroleum hydrocarbons from various point sources. The degradation of these contaminants in the environment is typically facilitated by a variety of microorganisms that possess a range of genes and metabolic functions related to the degradation of various hydrocarbon substrates. However, our understanding of natural attenuation and the microbial capacity to degrade these contaminants within the Baltic Sea ecosystem remains limited. In this study, we compiled metagenomes from the benthic and pelagic ecosystems across the Baltic Sea to identify microorganisms and characterize their genes and metabolic functions involved in the degradation of hydrocarbon compounds.

ResultsKnown hydrocarbon-degrading phyla, i.e., Pseudomonadota, Myxococcota A, Actinomycetota, and Desulfobacterota, were identified within the Baltic Sea metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Notably, 80% of the MAGs exhibited multiple hydrocarbon degradation gene annotations (>10 reads per kilobase million). Aerobic degradation was the predominant pathway for hydrocarbon degradation across environmental samples. Hydrocarbon degradation gene abundances varied among samples and Baltic Sea subbasins, with long-chain alkanes and dibenzothiophene compounds being the preferred substrates. Species richness and diversity of both benthic and pelagic microorganisms positively correlated with hydrocarbon degradation gene diversity, with the pelagic ecosystem exhibiting significantly higher richness and diversity compared to the benthic ecosystem. Additionally, the composition of the hydrocarbon degradation genes across the Baltic Sea subbasins was influenced by oil spill history, with areas that experienced higher spill volumes showing lower microbial diversity, suggesting potential enrichment of specific hydrocarbon degraders. Among the environmental factors assessed, depth played a significant role in shaping the composition of genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation within the Baltic Sea.

ConclusionsUsing metagenomics, we profiled the native microorganisms associated with hydrocarbon degradation in the Baltic Sea. This knowledge will aid in understanding the natural capacities of microbial communities, potentially linked to the natural attenuation of hydrocarbon pollutants in the area. Insights into microbial degradation potential can enhance predictions of petroleum pollutant persistence and accumulation, support mitigation strategies for marine pollution, and reveal the ecological resilience of native microbial communities in marine ecosystems.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/657333v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessirier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posselt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial hydrocarbon degradation potential of the Baltic Sea ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pasta, an age-shift transcriptomic clock, maps the chemical and genetic determinants of aging and rejuvenation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the growing burden of age-related diseases, understanding and modulating the aging process has become a priority. Transcriptomic aging clocks (TACs) can track biological age but remain limited by platform dependence, tissue specificity, or restricted accessibility. To address this, we developed Pasta, a robust and broadly applicable human TAC built using a novel  age-shift learning framework. Pasta accurately predicted relative age across diverse tissues, data types, including bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq as well as microarray data, and species. Its predictions aligned with senescent and stem-like cellular states, with model coefficients enriched for p53 and DNA damage response pathways. Pastas age scores correlated with tumor grade and patient survival in several cancer types, indicating potential clinical relevance. Applied to the Connectivity Map L1000 dataset, Pasta identified both established and previously unrecognized age-modulatory compounds and genetic perturbations, highlighting mitochondrial translation and mRNA splicing as key determinants of cellular propensity for aging and rejuvenation, respectively. Experimental validation confirmed pralatrexate as a potent senescence inducer and piperlongumine as a rejuvenating agent. Together, these findings establish Pasta as a versatile and accessible tool for aging research and therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salignon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsiokou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrocola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pasta, an age-shift transcriptomic clock, maps the chemical and genetic determinants of aging and rejuvenation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural adolescent pragmatic development mirrors pragmatic differences in adulthood: an fMRI-study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pragmatic development is still ongoing during adolescence. However, the developmental trajectory during the adolescent years is understudied and the underlying neural correlates of pragmatic development are unknown. In this study, we used an established fMRI paradigm contrasting indirect and direct speech act processing in a newly acquired adolescent sample (n = 51) and a previously collected adult sample (n = 57). The adolescent sample was split into two groups: Young (ages 13-15) and Mid (ages 16-18); and the adult sample (Old, ages 18-36) into two groups based on pragmatic skill level, established in separate behavioral tests. We observed increased activity with age in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex, and a combination of age-related differences and individual differences in adults in the left posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the posterior cingulate cortex. These clusters were all located outside of the classical perisylvian language areas ("the language network"). The posterior cingulate cortex cluster overlapped with core nodes of the default mode network. We interpret the IPS finding in terms of its overlap with two relevant networks (one of them is the "multiple demand" network related to cognitive control). The results indicate that young adolescents and adults with low pragmatic skill may be over-interpreting direct speech acts as potentially indirect. The similarity between these two groups across results in turn indicate that a delayed adolescent development may lead to persistent difficulties in adulthood. We have shown that aspects of pragmatic development depend on cognitive abilities other than language and Theory of Mind. By studying adolescence, a presumably uniquely human extended developmental period, we provide a rare empirical angle on the question of which aspects of brain and cultural evolution contributed to the human communicative faculty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forbes Schieche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural adolescent pragmatic development mirrors pragmatic differences in adulthood: an fMRI-study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of hemocyte differentiation and distribution in Drosophila Ptr23c mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, hemocytes are essential for development and immunity, with their differentiation and spatial distribution under strict regulation. Here, we examine the effect of the Ptr23c null mutation in embryonic hemocyte development. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, Ptr does not regulate hemocyte number, as the mutation did not affect the total number of hemocytes, apoptosis, mitosis, or the balance between major subpopulations. However, Ptr23c mutants displayed disrupted distribution and premature hemocyte differentiation, marked by accelerated maturation at stage 12. Despite this early differentiation, Ptr23c embryos exhibited a 50% reduction in mature hemocytes by stage 16, as quantified by serpent-driven mCherry expression. Our findings establish Ptr as a regulator of hemocyte distribution and differentiation timing during normal embryogenesis, possibly through modulation of the serpent pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvera, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Campos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolatto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.662979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of hemocyte differentiation and distribution in Drosophila Ptr23c mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraints in host shifts: limited adaptation of Plutella xylostella to cardenolide-defended Erysimum cheiranthoides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlants and herbivorous insects are engaged in long-term coevolutionary arms races, where gains in novel plant defences and corresponding adaptations in herbivores may drive evolutionary change. One such recent innovation is the gain of cardenolide toxins in the Brassicaceae genus Erysimum, which resulted in the effective deterrence of most herbivores by these plants. Nonetheless, some herbivores continue to attack Erysimum, likely by tolerating cardenolide defences through general detoxification mechanisms that may serve as evolutionary stepping-stones for more specialized resistance.
C_LIO_LIWe investigated the interaction between diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) and its occasional host plant E. cheiranthoides, by first screening the standing variation in DBM performance, and second by experimentally evolving DBM populations for increased performance on Erysimum. Despite considerable variation among wild DBM populations, larvae consistently avoided Erysimum leaves for feeding, and when constrained to Erysimum, they exhibited reduced growth rate, survival, and lower adult size compared to individuals feeding on control broccoli plants.
C_LIO_LISurprisingly, cardenolides could only partly explain the reduced performance of DBM on Erysimum, and experimental evolution failed to improve overall performance. Instead, phenotypes of evolved lines converged on what appears to be a pre-existing, highly plastic phenotype found among wild DBM ancestors and which is characterized by rapid development and high weight gain on control plants, but slow development and low weight gain on Erysimum.
C_LIO_LIAlthough DBM failed to evolve improved performance on Erysimum, our results demonstrate that its existing genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are evidently sufficient to support long-term development on Erysimum, thereby fulfilling a key condition for the future evolution of specialized adaptations.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaello, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daellenbach, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuest, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary constraints in host shifts: limited adaptation of Plutella xylostella to cardenolide-defended Erysimum cheiranthoides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive multi-species hybridization between Leuciscidae minnow species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt ecosystems and alter species population dynamics. Interspecific hybridization is common between genetically related organisms, especially once reproductive barriers such as spatial isolation have been removed. We used genotyping- by-sequencing data to assess outcomes of hybridization between several Leuciscidae minnow species and to identify to what extent land use type and environmental variables influence the frequency of hybridization. We found that both two-species and multi-species hybridization was widespread; hybrids were sampled at all 25 sampling sites and made up almost 30% of all individuals sampled. While most species hybridized with at least one other sampled species, the amount of hybridization was variable. We used logistic regression to estimate the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on hybridization, and found significant but weak relationships between hybridization and environmental factors. This research improves our understanding of hybridization dynamics in species-rich clades like the Leuciscidae with low reproductive isolation, and points to the need for additional work to better understand predictors of hybridization in multi-species hybrid zones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meuser, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitura, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandeville, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive multi-species hybridization between Leuciscidae minnow species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AEMB: a computationally efficient abundance estimation method for metagenomic binning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic binning is a crucial step in metagenomic analysis, namely grouping together contigs that are predicted to originate from the same genome to enable the recovery of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). It has been shown that using information from multiple samples yields better results than binning each sample independently. However, for N metagenomic samples, using full multi-against-multi binning requires N2 alignments, making it computationally challenging to apply in large-scale metagenomic studies.

Here, we propose AEMB (Abundance Estimation for Metagenomic Binning), a novel mapping mode implemented in strobealign. AEMB is a computationally efficient abundance estimation method that uses a prefix-lookup vector as an indexing structure to reduce memory usage and randstrobes to estimate the abundance of contigs without performing base-level alignment. Compared to the hash table used in the previous version of strobealign, the indexing structure reduces peak memory usage by 25.2% with almost the same runtime. Furthermore, we implemented a fast abundance estimation method that skips base-level alignment. Altogether, AEMB reduces the runtime for abundance estimation by 88% to 96% compared to commonly used alignment methods such as Bowtie2 and BWA, while achieving similar binning results.

AEMB is available as a mapping mode in strobealign https://github.com/ksahlin/strobealign and SemiBin2 (v2.1 and later) accepts its inputs for binning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstoganov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AEMB: a computationally efficient abundance estimation method for metagenomic binning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ventral striatal learning signal reflecting individual differences in the success of fear extinction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual differences in fear extinction learning are centrally involved in anxiety vulnerability. We here investigate individual extinction differences using a model-free, data-driven approach, by applying Latent Class Growth Modeling (LCGM) to four in-house data sets from altogether N=234 healthy male participants. This revealed two distinct trajectory classes: fast extinguishers and slow extinguishers. This pattern was replicated in two independent public data sets (total N=275, female and male). In a subset of the in-house samples with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data (n=122 males), we investigated the neural correlates of class membership, focusing on the ventral striatum (VS), a key area previously implicated in encoding extinction prediction errors (EPE). We found that fast extinguishers exhibited VS activity at the time of unconditioned stimulus omission early in extinction, consistent with an EPE signal, whereas this signal only appeared late in extinction in slow extinguishers. These findings suggest that extinction success is shaped by how the VS learns safety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuan-Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlicher, A. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuescher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ventral striatal learning signal reflecting individual differences in the success of fear extinction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cotranslational folding and maturation of HIV-1 protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 particle assembly depends critically on multiple proteolytic cleavages of viral polyproteins by the viral protease, PR. PR is translated as part of the Gag-Pro-Pol polyprotein, which undergoes autoproteolysis to liberate active, dimeric PR during virus particle maturation. Gag-Pro-Pol is produced via an infrequent -1 frameshifting event in ribosomes translating full length genomic RNA as Gag mRNA. Here, we study the cotranslational folding and autoproteolytic processing of frameshifted transframe-protease-reverse transcriptase (TF-PR-RT) constructs by in vitro translation. We demonstrate partial cotranslational folding of ribosome-bound PR at its conserved -helix near the C terminus. Unexpectedly, we find that the initial dimerization of TF-PR-RT involves ribosome-bound nascent chains that are then not further cleaved. Moreover, only ribosome-bound nascent chains are substrates for PR-catalyzed processing. These observations are consistent with a model for virion assembly in which dimerization of a subset of Pro-Pol precursors leads to cleavage of PR monomers that then carry out the bulk of the proteolytic processing needed for virion maturation and infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanstrom, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cotranslational folding and maturation of HIV-1 protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.671803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol for Sex Identification of Zebra Finch and Chicken Using Blood Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.671803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of early development in birds typically rely on PCR analysis of genomic DNA to identify embryonic or neonatal sex. In zebra finches and other birds, males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) while females are heterogametic (ZW), and females are distinguished by the presence of specific sequences on the female-specific W chromosome. However, when only a single W locus is analyzed, lack of a PCR product in a sample could potentially arise from genetic variation or technical failure of the amplification, leading to false identification of female samples as males. To mitigate this concern, we developed an approach that targets two different W loci, using SYBR-based quantitative PCR to analyze amplification curves. We applied this method to determine sex of 30 zebra finch embryos (embryonic day 13) and subsequently confirmed genetic sex by brain transcriptome sequencing. We also identified and tested primer sets that are effective for sex determination in chickens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniran-Obey, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, F.-L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liedl, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolcott, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.671803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol for Sex Identification of Zebra Finch and Chicken Using Blood Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous corazonin signaling modulates the post-mating switch in behavior and physiology in females of the brown planthopper and Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mating in insects typically triggers a post-mating response (PMR) in females, characterized by reduced receptivity to re-mating and increased oviposition, which ensures numerous and viable offspring and male paternity. This PMR is induced by male seminal factors, such as sex peptide in Drosophila melanogaster, as well as intrinsic female signaling components. The latter signaling remains poorly understood in most insects, including the devastating rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. Here, we show that the neuropeptide corazonin (CRZ) and its receptor (CrzR) are critical for the PMR in female BPHs. Peptide injection, RNAi knockdown, and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis confirm that intact CRZ signaling reduces re-mating frequency and increases ovulation in mated BPH females. The CrzR is highly expressed in the female reproductive tract, and CrzR knockdown phenocopies CRZ diminishment. Importantly, female CRZ/CrzR signaling is required for male seminal factors, such as the peptide maccessin, to induce the PMR; with disrupted CrzR signaling, injection of seminal fluid or maccessin fails to reduce female receptivity. Notably, CRZ is not produced in male accessory glands (MAGs) of BPHs and thus not transferred during copulation. We furthermore demonstrate that also in D. melanogaster disrupted CRZ signaling increases female re-mating and reduces oviposition, while CRZ injection suppresses virgin receptivity and increases oviposition. Finally, we detected no CRZ in the MAG of D. melanogaster, supporting its role as an endogenous signal in the female PMR also in this species. In summary, our findings reveal a conserved role of endogenous CRZ signaling in regulating the female PMR and demonstrate that female CRZ signaling and male-derived signals cooperate to induce post-mating transitions in BPHs and D. melanogaster. CRZ is a paralog of the peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone, known to regulate reproduction in vertebrates, including humans, suggesting evolutionary conservation of an ancient function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, R.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous corazonin signaling modulates the post-mating switch in behavior and physiology in females of the brown planthopper and Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between purging and admixture shapes genetic load in an invasive guppy population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demographic history can shape the genetic load of populations by influencing the efficacy of selection, levels of heterozygosity, and the incorporation of new variants via gene flow. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for identifying threats to population viability and predicting evolutionary trajectories of invasive populations translocated by humans into non-native environments. We investigate these processes in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) by estimating genetic loads across multiple populations, with a particular focus on a single expanding population in which translocated individuals have rapidly spread and replaced native individuals. Overall, we observe the expected negative relationship between neutral genetic diversity and relative genetic load. In the translocated population, patterns differ between strongly and weakly deleterious mutations. Strongly deleterious alleles are purged at the isolated translocation site but tend to accumulate along the expansion front. In contrast, the genetic load estimated based on weakly deleterious variants declines along the expansion gradient. These differing patterns can be explained by admixture with native populations (which carried fewer weakly deleterious mutations) reducing the overall genetic load of the population at the expansion front. However, admixture has also increased genetic diversity and introduced new strongly deleterious alleles, thereby reversing the purging effect. Together, our findings illustrate the complex interactions determining genetic load in subdivided populations, offering important insights into the evolutionary aspects of biological invasions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janecka, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konczal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between purging and admixture shapes genetic load in an invasive guppy population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.13.676006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggregation in experimental studies with microparticles: Bacterial communities in the exposure system affect animal responses to the test particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.13.676006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of microorganisms is frequently overlooked in effect studies with particulate materials, such as microplastics. In addition to the microbes naturally found in the environment, test animals can transfer their microbiome to the surrounding media and establish bacterial communities in the exposure vessels. The interactions between the animals and the bacterial communities during the exposure can influence the animal responses to experimental factors, such as particle abundance, aggregation, and other characteristics. However, the current designs in particle ecotoxicology often overlook these interactions.

In our 72-hour experiment, Daphnia magna were exposed to mixed kaolin clay and microplastics (<20-{micro}m polystyrene fragments). We aimed to assess microbial communities derived from Daphnia microbiota, focusing on particle-associated biofilms and non-adherent cells and the effects of the total suspended solids (1-10 mg/l), microplastics contribution (0-10%), dissolved organic matter (agarose; 0 and 20 mg/l), and aggregate size/topology on these communities. Furthermore, we explored the impact of bacterial diversity and community composition on Daphnia mortality and body condition using individual protein content as a proxy.

We found a high similarity between bacterial communities and the Daphnia microbiome, indicating the microbiome as the source. Experimental factors had differential effects on the biofilms and non-adherent cells, with total suspended solids and agarose mainly influencing non-adherent cells at the family level (mostly upregulation) and microplastics affecting biofilms (both up- and downregulation). Aggregate size and topology were the key predictors of bacterial alpha diversity and the abundance of the affected families. Finally, the adverse effects on Daphnia were primarily driven by small aggregate size, agarose addition, and high biofilm diversity. These findings underscore the need to consider microbial components and their interactions with particles and species to comprehensively understand microplastic effects and develop ecologically relevant hazard assessment assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reichelt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Shehawy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorokhova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.13.676006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggregation in experimental studies with microparticles: Bacterial communities in the exposure system affect animal responses to the test particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous Serial Electron Diffraction for High Quality Protein Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining macromolecular structures is crucial for understanding biological mechanisms and advancing drug discovery. Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), also known as microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) using continuous sample rotation has emerged as a powful method for solving structures from sub-micrometre-sized crystals. However, the resolution of MicroED data from protein crystals is often limited by radiation damage. Serial electron diffraction (SerialED) overcomes this limitation by merging single-shot diffraction patterns from thousands of crystals, but its widespread use has been hindered by the complexity and scarcity of equipment required for single shot data acquisition. Here, we introduce continuous SerialED (c-SerialED) - a simple, robust and widely accessible protocol. This approach collects diffraction data quickly and efficiently from all crystals within a given area, without prior crystal identification. We show that only using a standard cryo-EM instrument equipped with a simple widely available CMOS detector, c-SerialED greatly reduces radiation damage while improving the data quality. We demonstrate that c-SerialED enables determination of lysozyme structures at atomic resolution (0.83 [A]) and improves the data resolution of Dype Type Peroxidase Aa (DTPAa) crystals from 2.5 [A] (MicroED) to 1.3 [A]. Remarkably, the resulting structures are virtually free of radiation damage. The improved data quality and resolution allow visualization of radiation sensitive chemical features and protein-ligand interactions to state-of-the-art accuracy. By providing a convenient, fast, and damage-minimizing workflow on existing cryo-EM setups, c-SerialED significantly enhances the applicability of electron diffraction in structural biology. We anticipate our protocol will enable a wide range of studies requiring high-quality diffraction data from radiation-sensitive macromolecular crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacoste, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonjallaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaletti Hutchinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Palma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenmark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worral, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.676192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous Serial Electron Diffraction for High Quality Protein Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eastern Baltic cod larvae in a salinity gradient: choice of salinity and the role of neutral buoyancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fish rely on multiple sensory systems to navigate in the aquatic environment, yet these mechanisms are often scarcely known during their early life history stages. Salinity is an important environmental parameter affecting the performance of fish larvae, and recent studies have shown that some larval fish use it as an environmental cue to position, orientate and navigate. Further, fish larvae are often visual feeders, and light has been suggested to be a crucial environmental cue for visual orientation and feeding. In this study, we investigate whether first-feeding larvae of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) are driven by light and salinity. We examine this in the context of their natural vertical distribution and movement; from deeper, darker and more saline (13-17 psu) water layers towards the more light-exposed and less saline (7 psu) surface water. Further, we investigate the relationship between this movement and the neutral buoyancy measured both in active and passive larvae. We found that the larvae remain in a saline environment close to the salinity which supports their neutral buoyancy. They show negative phototaxis, suggesting an active avoidance of the lighter and less saline upper water layers. These results improve our understanding of the ecophysiology and behaviour of eastern Baltic cod larvae during the first-feeding stage and serve as an important input for restocking efforts of eastern Baltic cod and potential future production of hatchery rearing of eastern Baltic cod.

HighlightsO_LIFirst-feeding larvae had no preference for a low-salinity environment.
C_LIO_LIVertical distribution of eastern Baltic cod larvae was mainly driven by negative phototaxis.
C_LIO_LILarval neutral buoyancy played a larger role in their behaviour than light.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garate-Olaizola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frojd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortazar-Chinarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eastern Baltic cod larvae in a salinity gradient: choice of salinity and the role of neutral buoyancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM	 of ATP-driven dynamics and itraconazole binding in a fungal ABC pump 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azole resistance in Candida species is often caused by the overexpression of Cdr1. Despite its clinical relevance, the structural basis for its ATP-driven efflux pump function remains elusive. We present four high-resolution cryo-EM structures for Candida glabrata Cdr1 under active turnover conditions in the absence and presence of ATP-Mg{superscript 2}, itraconazole, and vanadate. Additional transient cryo-EM structures were unveiled by 3D variability analysis offering a detailed view of the step-by-step transitions triggered by ATP-hydrolysis. The motion cascade starts with a 4 [A] piston-like retraction of the C-helix from the {gamma}-phosphate/vanadate of the hydrolyzed ATP. This causes the nearby transmembrane helix-1 (TMH-1) to open the drug-binding site via lateral displacement and unwinding of the inner-leaflet region of TMH-2. A reverse  squeeze-and-push motion of TMH-2 possibly drives substrate extrusion. High resolution structures also reveal how itraconazole adapts its shape to fit into the drug-binding site. Our findings provide a dynamic structural framework for Cdr1-mediated azole resistance and the conserved chemo-mechanical cycle of ABC proteins, including non-membranous members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarkadas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccouch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samrouth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desbois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moissonier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguerro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terreux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoehn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumendjel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamping, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaptal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM	 of ATP-driven dynamics and itraconazole binding in a fungal ABC pump]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal mechanosensory feedback modulates central pattern generation to coordinate ovulation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovulation is a prerequisite for successful reproduction and requires precise coordination of muscle contractions, especially to propel eggs from the paired lateral oviducts into the common oviduct. Although internal mechanosensation is expected to provide critical feedback for this process, the sensorimotor circuitry and mechanisms by which sensory feedback shapes motoneuron activity and coordinates oviduct contractions are still poorly known. Here, in Drosophila, we identify a novel pair of multidendritic mechanosensory neurons (mdn-LO) in the lateral oviducts that express the mechanosensitive channels TMC (transmembrane channel-like protein), PPK (pickpocket), and Piezo. We show that TMC is essential for coordinated ovulation; tmc mutation or neuron-specific knockdown increases egg-jamming at the junction between the lateral and the common oviduct. In contrast, ppk or Piezo mutants display reduced egg-laying but no jamming. Calcium imaging reveals that the mdn-LO neurons are rhythmically activated by oviduct contractions, and chemogenetic stimulation of these neurons triggers muscle contractions. Genetic manipulations of the mdn-LO neurons disrupt egg passage and induce egg-jamming. The axons of the mdn-LO neurons form functional contacts with female-specific oviduct motoneurons in the abdominal neuromeres that express insulin-like peptide 7 (ILP7) and glutamate. Activation of mdn-LO neurons triggers Ca{superscript 2} activity in ILP7 motoneurons and elicits rhythmic oviduct contractions. Importantly, the ILP7 motoneurons exhibit spontaneous rhythmic Ca{superscript 2} activity that is modulated by oviduct contractions and egg movement. Furthermore, triggering activity in the ILP7 neurons induces egg-jamming. Finally, knockdown of ILP7 peptide affects the rate of ovulation, but plays no role in egg jamming, which instead is likely induced by colocalized glutamate. In summary, our study identifies a novel circuit, including the TMC-expressing mdn-LO neurons and a small set of ILP7 motoneurons, that organizes an innate behavior by coupling strategic sensory information and rhythmical motor output to ensure bilateral coordination of oviduct contractions to prevent egg jamming during oviposition.

SignificanceOvulation requires precisely coordinated contractions of the lateral oviducts to propel eggs into the common oviduct without jamming. Yet the sensory cells and mechanotransduction channels that coordinate movement through the paired lateral oviducts remain unclear. Here, we identify a novel pair of lateral-oviduct multidendritic neurons (mdn-LO) that express the conserved mechanosensory channels TMC (transmembrane channel-like protein), PPK (pickpocket), and Piezo, and show that TMC is uniquely required to prevent egg jamming at the junction between the lateral and common oviducts. The mdn-LO neurons are activated by oviduct contractions and relay signals to female-specific glutamatergic motoneurons in the abdominal neuromere. These paired oviduct motoneurons are rhythmically active and regulate contractions of the lateral oviducts. Together, our findings demonstrate that TMC-mediated mechanosensory feedback fine-tunes motor output to ensure coordinated ovulation and successful reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal mechanosensory feedback modulates central pattern generation to coordinate ovulation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
6S RNA facilitates bacterial virulence and adaptation at the epithelial barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enteropathogenic bacteria must adapt dynamically to the complex gastrointestinal environment to successfully colonize host tissue and evade immune defenses. Using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a model, we performed in vivo spatial transcriptomics to investigate bacterial gene expression as it translocates from cecal lumen to associated lymphoid tissue in the mouse intestine. By optimizing bacterial RNA enrichment, we achieved near-complete transcriptome coverage and identified compartment-specific transcriptional profiles. Bacteria in lymphoid tissue exhibited elevated expression of virulence-associated type III secretion system (T3SS) genes and markers of increased replication, alongside a higher plasmid copy number. Oxygen availability emerged as an environmental cue for T3SS induction. Importantly, we discovered a role for the non-coding 6S RNA in accelerating virulence gene expression. Tissue-localized bacteria had significantly upregulated 6S RNA levels, and deletion of the ssrS gene encoding 6S RNA impaired T3SS gene expression and effector secretion. Further, spatial analyses of bacterial gene expression in foci of infected lymphoid tissue revealed heterogeneous expression patterns with significantly elevated expression of T3SS and 6S RNA in bacteria located close to surrounding phagocytes. Together these findings demonstrate that Y. pseudotuberculosis undergoes rapid transcriptional reprogramming upon epithelial barrier crossing coordinated by environmental sensing, where 6S RNA accelerates tissue colonization by promoting efficient expression of T3SS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarigoz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeriano, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avican, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanzade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahlgren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>griffie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avican, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[6S RNA facilitates bacterial virulence and adaptation at the epithelial barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal Hyb-Seq kits capture considerable intraspecific variation: Less is more in herbarium-inclusive molecular ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Target capture sequencing has enhanced the study of plant evolution and molecular ecology, particularly through the access to degraded DNA from herbarium specimens. Universal "off-the-shelf" kits, such as Angiosperms-353, are cheap and readily available but are considered to expose insufficient variation below the species level, because they are designed to target highly conserved regions. However, this remains to be tested in a direct comparison with customised approaches below the species level. In this study, near-identical genotypes from both herbarium and fresh material of the common dandelion (apomictic lineages in Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.) are characterised with customised and universal approaches of target capture sequencing. An RNA-bait panel was designed to capture (i) highly variable loci normally obtained with a Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) approach customised for dandelions; (ii) custom selected genes with potential for environmental adaptation, likely to harbour intraspecific genetic variation; (iii) conserved exons from universal kits (Angiosperms-353; Compositae-COS). Although exons from universal kits yield considerably less intraspecific genetic variation than both customised approaches, they still provided sufficient genetic variation to discriminate between near-identical genotypes of the same apomictic lineage. Given that universal kits save time, money, and the need for genomic reference data, this approach is recommended to increase the number of samples under budgetary constraints while still capturing considerable levels of intraspecific genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woudstra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quatela, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagemaker, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meirmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravendeel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoeven, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal Hyb-Seq kits capture considerable intraspecific variation: Less is more in herbarium-inclusive molecular ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2000-year fish bone record reveals transition to commercial fisheries during climatic change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal bones from archaeological contexts can reveal the interplay between past environments and human societies. Resource acquisition shaped many aspects of past societies and influenced the development of trade networks and migration. Fish have been a cornerstone of human subsistence for millennia, yet the rise of commercial fishing and trade was complex. Here, we synthesised a database of [~]1.9 million zooarchaeological fish records spanning 2000 years across Europe. Using machine-learning of catch compositions alongside fish thermal tolerances, we show that fisheries became less local over time, with homogenisation coinciding with Little Ice Age-associated cooling, a period of documented resource scarcity, concurring with growing trade. Moreover, increased proportions of marine taxa and more specialist marine fisheries were observed in the preceding Medieval Climate Anomaly, to sustain concurrent urban and population growth. Enhanced use of marine protein buffered food insecurity, whilst signalling the transition from localised to trans-regional trade networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buss, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati-Anbaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zliobaite, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royle, T. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boethuis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutting, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enehaug, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enghoff, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ervynck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Dyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufthammer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Jagt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchelmann, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungqvist, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lougas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowiecki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Neer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wouters, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2000-year fish bone record reveals transition to commercial fisheries during climatic change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male social dominance affects access to mates but not female mate choice in a livebearing fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male-male competition and female mate choice are often assumed to act in concert, with male social dominance serving as a reliable cue in female choice reflecting overall male quality. However, few studies have explicitly disentangled the effects of male competition and female mate choice, leaving gaps in our understanding of how these processes interact to shape male fitness. Here, we experimentally separated the effects of male-male competition and female mate choice in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, a small freshwater fish, to test whether i) male social dominance drives access to females in the presence and absence of direct male-male competition, and ii) females prefer socially dominant males. Our results show that dominant males monopolized access to females, spending more time courting females and engaging in more courtship behaviors. Additionally, female halfbeaks did not show a preference for dominant males, providing no evidence that females use male dominance when assessing males. Overall, these findings highlight that when male-male competition facilitates mate monopolization there may be less scope for pre-copulatory female mate choice.

Lay summarySocial dominance helps male pygmy halfbeaks gain access to mates, as dominant males court more and spend more time with females. However, females do not prefer dominant males, suggesting that competition between males, rather than female choice, may determine mating success in this species. This highlights how social dominance can shape mating opportunities even when female preferences are weak.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daupagne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheatcroft, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male social dominance affects access to mates but not female mate choice in a livebearing fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually antagonistic co-evolution at the molecular level predicts phenotypic outcomes of mating interactions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexually antagonistic co-evolution (SAC) is a potent driver of phenotypic change, with males and females engaged in cycles of co-evolution in which sex-specific trait expression enhances their own fitness at the expense of the other. The cyclical process results in transient mismatches between male and female traits wherin the relative exaggeration of sex-specific phenotypes predicts which sex has the upper-hand during mating interactions. Parallel genetic signatures of exaggeration of SAC traits should be observed, but due to a poor knowledge of genes underlying SAC traits this remains untested, impeding understanding of how SAC shapes genetic variation and the phenotypic consequences. Here we show the first evidence that SAC theory readily extends to the molecular level and classic patterns of phenotypic SAC are recapitulated. We exploit the iconic sex-peptide (SP) network in Drosophila melanogaster, which comprises male seminal fluid proteins and female reproductive tract proteins that interact to influence sexually antagonistic female post-mating behaviours. Using genomic data from [~]150 populations, we show that genetic differentiation at loci of the male- and female-components of the SP-network loci co-vary as expected under SAC. We use relative levels of genetic differentiation between male- and female-components of the SP-network to infer which sex has the advantage in mating interactions. Mating and survival assays using populations established from wild-derived isofemale lines show populations with inferred male-advantage have reduced female remating and earlier peaks of egg production compared to populations with inferred female-advantage. Thus, relative levels of genetic differentiation in the classic SP-network with known SAC phenotypes accurately predicts outcomes of mating interactions within populations. Our findings shed light how SAC operates at the molecular level, and sets a standard for future investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiberg, R. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually antagonistic co-evolution at the molecular level predicts phenotypic outcomes of mating interactions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.685291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mRNA architecture of the termination site primes programmed stop codon readthrough events in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.685291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed stop codon readthrough (SCR) is a form of genetic re-coding, in which a near-cognate tRNA base-pairs with a stop codon, leading to the translation of a C-terminally extended protein. Recent studies revealed that SCR represents an evolutionarily conserved, spatio-temporally controlled mechanism of posttranscriptional gene regulation that requires cis-regulatory elements as well as trans-acting factors. In this study, we characterized cis-regulatory elements controlling programmed SCR of the Drosophila POU3-family member drifter/ventral veins lacking (dfr/vvl). Using S2 cell-based luciferase assays, we show that stop codon identity and the +4 to +9 nucleotide sequence are required but not sufficient for dfr SCR regulation. Phylogenetic prediction identified an mRNA stem-loop in the 3 UTR, proximal to the readthrough UAG codon. Mutational analysis revealed that the distance from the stop codon as well as stem-loop stability, but not the underlying sequence identity, critically impact dfr SCR. Similarly, the mRNA stem-loop promoted SCR in an in vivo Drosophila model. We applied this information to refine computational prediction of SCR-associated mRNA stem-loops and show that these elements effectively promote SCR of heterologous mRNAs. These findings increase our understanding of SCR and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Key PointsO_LIStop codon readthrough is regulated both by mRNA sequence identity and mRNA structure elements.
C_LIO_LIA 3 mRNA stem-loop and its thermodynamic stability determine stop codon readthrough efficiency.
C_LIO_LImRNA stem-loops are frequently found in Drosophila genes that exhibit stop codon readthrough.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=174 SRC="FIGDIR/small/685291v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dbccf6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d53f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a27deborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f8e5ae_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kansara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfstetter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wintermayr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedländer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.685291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mRNA architecture of the termination site primes programmed stop codon readthrough events in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient balanced polymorphism underlies long-standing adaptation for seasonal camouflage in the least weasel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling how adaptive traits originate and evolve is key to understanding the mechanisms shaping species diversity and their adaptive potential. Seasonal color molts, from summer-brown to winter-white, evolved in at least 21 mammals and birds to maintain camouflage in environments with seasonal snow, but the occurrence of winter-brown morphs reflects seemingly convergent local adaptation to distinct snow conditions. In the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), alternative winter morphs map to the pigmentation gene MC1R, but the evolutionary history and functional basis of this variation remain unknown. Using in vitro cellular assays, we show that winter-brown coats are caused by a derived protein-coding amino acid substitution that reduces MC1R affinity to its ligands, ASIP and -MSH. Using targeted enrichment and sequencing, we find that this mutation arose de novo within the species, around one million years ago, and was maintained across the geographically structured populations generated during its evolution in Europe. Using simulations, we show that genetic drift cannot explain the long-term maintenance of this variant, which is likely driven by spatially varying selection acting on the phenotypic polymorphism, anchoring local adaptive responses. Our results underscore how long-standing adaptive variation can fuel recurrent adaptation to heterogeneous environments through time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miranda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruivo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farelo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarenga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmeros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalthoff, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merilä, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchentrunk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Reis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, L. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Ferreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient balanced polymorphism underlies long-standing adaptation for seasonal camouflage in the least weasel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tangerine: a Starship-like element in the genomes of Xanthoria lichen-forming fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lichens are symbiotic associations between filamentous fungi and photosynthetic micro-organisms, such as algae or cyanobacteria, that result in a single anatomically-complex structure that can thrive in environments inhospitable to most organisms, including arctic tundra, high mountains, and deserts. Recent evidence suggests that lichens may be even more complex than previously appreciated, containing multiple microbial constituents that operate as mini-ecosystems, but how genomes of the principal fungal symbiont (which provides the majority of biomass in lichen tissue) have been shaped during evolution is largely unexplored. Recently, giant transposable elements called Starships have been found in many genomes of filamentous fungi, but to which extent they occur in lichen-forming fungi is not known. In this report, we describe a Starship-like element from the lichen fungus Xanthoria parietina. This element, named Tangerine, contains several genes that have signatures of horizontal gene transfer from non-lichen-forming fungi, most likely from black yeasts of the Chaetothyriales, that are often lichen-associated. Furthermore, the "captain" gene responsible for transposition of the Starship defines a small lichen-specific clade of tyrosine recombinases within clade 1 of the tyrosine recombinase typology, suggesting a longstanding association of these elements with lichen-forming fungi. Internal repeats within Tangerine, and other sites in Xanthoria genomes, are affected by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a mechanism of genome defense against transposable elements, consistent with fungal sexual reproduction which always precedes new lichen formation by Xanthoria. We conclude that Starships may have played a significant, yet hitherto unrecognized role, in lichen genome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagirdzhanova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucknell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaxter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tangerine: a Starship-like element in the genomes of Xanthoria lichen-forming fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reevaluating the Role of Beta2-Microglobulin: New Insights on Selective Vulnerability in ALS Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons (MNs). Why these neurons show particular vulnerability in ALS is still debated, and also why certain MNs remain resilient. We investigated the importance of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and particularly beta2-microglobulin ({beta}2m) in MN susceptibility to ALS as these molecules have been implicated both in prolonging and shortening disease. RNA-sequencing demonstrated that disease-resistant oculomotor neurons (OMNs) and Onufs MNs had similar {beta}2m and HLA mRNA levels to vulnerable spinal MNs in control tissues. Thus, baseline differences in these transcripts do not explain the differential vulnerabilities of these neurons to disease. Nonetheless, the HLA protein level showed an inverse correlation with spinal MN size, where large MNs, which are lost early in ALS, had low HLA levels. HLA protein levels were also reduced in end-stage ALS patient spinal MNs, while remaining unchanged in OMNs with disease. Spinal MNs uniquely exhibited a significant upregulation of {beta}2m and HLA-C transcripts with disease, likely as a protective compensatory response. Thus, {beta}2m and HLA may relate to vulnerability to ALS. Cross-breeding of {beta}2m knockout mice with SOD1G93A ALS mice resulted in modest transient worsening of functional motor performance, but did not affect life span. There was partial preservation of innervation of particular muscles in SOD1G93A mice lacking {beta}2m, which was insufficient to improve motor behavior. These findings indicate that {beta}2m and HLAs are dynamically regulated in ALS, and may influence MN vulnerability, but they are not major disease modifiers in ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leboeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijssen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comley, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichterwitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweingruber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reevaluating the Role of Beta2-Microglobulin: New Insights on Selective Vulnerability in ALS Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A linear regression model predicts human brain ageing and reveals differential neuronal biological ageing relevant for Parkinson's disease susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological brain ageing is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by selective degeneration of particular neuron types. We analyzed the impact of ageing on the transcriptome of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and locus coeruleus (LC), that show differential vulnerabilities to Parkinsons disease. Neurons were isolated from human post mortem brain tissues originating from 48 individuals ranging from 17 to 102 years of age and subjected to Smart-seq2 RNA sequencing. We identified 2,764 genes that were correlated with chronological ageing. This gene expression data was used to develop a feature selection-based Time Traversal algorithm, utilizing functionally grouped gene sets, GO terms, with high predictive accuracy of biological brain ageing. We identified 59 GO terms that can predict biological age using a linear regression model, where leave-one-out cross validation demonstrated a strong correlation between chronological age and predicted biological age (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.946; adjusted R{superscript 2} = 0.771). The algorithm was validated on five independent datasets with high predictive performance, demonstrating shared ageing features across the human brain. Nonetheless, our analysis also highlights brain region and neuron type specificity in particular ageing features. Resilient neurons showed a weaker association with age-related transcriptional changes, indicating that they age slower than their vulnerable counterparts, thus revealing targets that may be used to slow down ageing and prevent disease development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguila Benitez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leboeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Alcalde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Pernaute, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A linear regression model predicts human brain ageing and reveals differential neuronal biological ageing relevant for Parkinson's disease susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.690432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A recent shift in centromere size and DNA content in Podospora pseudocomata co-occurs with the loss of a fungal genome defense system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.690432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centromere of the eukaryotic chromosome is necessary for the accurate segregation during cell division. Yet, centromeric DNA is highly variable and rapidly evolving. In fungi, centromeres range from point- to regional centromeres, some of which are hundreds of thousands of base pairs long and filled with transposable elements. As fungi have evolved several specialized defense mechanisms against transposable elements, these regional centromeres are intriguing sites for investigating the connection between genome defense and centromere evolution. Here, we investigated the structure of the centromeres of seven species of the Podospora anserina species complex, which is made up of closely related filamentous ascomycetes that diverged less than 1 MYA. We discovered that one species in the complex, P. pseudocomata, lacks the genomic signature of the specialized genome defense mechanism called Repeat Induced Point mutations (RIP). We identified the centromeric regions in P. anserina and P. pseudocomata using chromatin immunoprecipitation targeting the centromere-specific histone variant cenH3, and using comparative genomics we inferred the size of centromeric regions in the other species. We found that while the centromere structure in the complex is generally well conserved, the centromeric regions of P. pseudocomata has gone through a rapid change. Specifically, the size of the centromeres in P. pseudocomata are 35-46 kb, which is significantly smaller than those of the other species (44-90 kb), and the DNA-transposon discoglosse is the most abundant TE family instead of the typical LTR-retrotransposon crapaud. Taken together, our data strongly indicates a link between genome defense and centromere evolution in fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament-Velasquez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grognet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagnac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.690432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A recent shift in centromere size and DNA content in Podospora pseudocomata co-occurs with the loss of a fungal genome defense system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain size reduction in dogs was already established at least by the Late Neolithic of western Europe, 5,000 years ago 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing and causes of brain size reduction in domestic dogs remain uncertain. Using endocasts volume as a proxy for brain size, this study provides a first insight into long-term brain size evolution in the wolf-dog lineage. We compared endocranial volumes of 185 modern and 22 prehistoric wolves and dogs ranging from Western Europe to Australia, and spanning the Pleniglacial (35 Ky BP) to the Late Neolithic (5 Ky BP). Our results reveal that Pleistocene so called "protodogs" show no brain size reduction compared to coeval Pleistocene wolves. Instead, we observed a slightly larger relative endocranial volume in the 35,000-year-old  protodog from Goyet, which could suggest increased behavioural flexibility in the presence of humans. This hypothesis needs to be tested further. In contrast, Late Neolithic dogs show a drastic 46% brain size reduction with an endocranial volumes comparable to modern small terrier and toy breeds. The anxious and wary temperaments of these Late Neolithic dogs, induced by the brain tissue reorganization associated with such a size reduction, could have served an alerting purpose, among the many other potential roles dogs could have played within this Late Neolithic socio-ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cucchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veneziano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbogast, R.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrequin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germonpre, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cregut-Bonnoure, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elleboudt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czeibert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garamszegi, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubinyi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csorgo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guintard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusellier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchamp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koungoulos, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachey, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarsbrook, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madurell-Malapeira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladeveze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain size reduction in dogs was already established at least by the Late Neolithic of western Europe, 5,000 years ago]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gill-associated microbiome as indicators of population stress and condition in Eastern Baltic Cod 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin microbiome contributes to host health by facilitating pathogen exclusion, priming the immune system modulation and maintaining skin homeostasis. We examined how the composition of the skin microbiota is associated with body size and condition in two populations of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias), at Bornholm basin (ICES subdivision 25) and in the [A]land Sea (subdivision 29). These locations are characterized by differences in body size and experience distinct hydrographic conditions, including salinity, oxygen and temperature. We used 16s rRNA gene metabarcoding to compare skin microbiota diversity and composition in these populations. We found significant differences between the populations in both alpha and beta diversity, with higher microbial diversity observed in the [A]land cod characterized by larger body size. Moreover, we identified a greater number of significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) metabolic pathways in [A]land cod as compared to those from the Bornholm Basin, with many pathways absent in Bornholm. However, other GOs, such as those associated with the nervous system, were uniquely detected in the Bornholm cod. Differences in microbial communities can be influenced by external environmental factors, determined by the habitats where individual cod reside. These results indicate a potential relationship between the skin microbiome and host health; however, direct evidence for a causal impact remains limited, highlighting the importance of incorporating host skin microbiota interactions in studies of aquatic populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chinarro, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OLAIZOLA, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FROJD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HEIMBRAND, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BEHRENS, J. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAURILA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gill-associated microbiome as indicators of population stress and condition in Eastern Baltic Cod]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Non-Transcriptional Mitotic Function of POU/Oct Factors Ensures Spindle Stability and Chromosome Segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
POU/Oct transcription factors are critical regulators of cellular processes, including proliferation, cell fate determination, and cancer. Despite their importance, the specific molecular mechanisms by which they influence cell division remain largely unclear. Here, we show that Nub/Pdm1, a Drosophila homolog of human POU2F1/Oct1, is essential for accurate mitotic progression in a non-transcriptional manner. Live imaging and immunostaining in Drosophila embryos reveal that its depletion leads to disorganized spindles, aberrant chromosome segregation and delayed mitotic progression. Similarly, reduction of POU2F1/Oct1 in live human cells caused disorganized mitotic spindles and spindle collapse. Nub/Pdm1 is enriched within the mitotic spindles and this recruitment is independent of its sequence-specific DNA binding. Instead, it depends on the integrity of spindle microtubules and is regulated by mitosis-related motor proteins, and kinases. Our findings identify both fly Nub/Pdm1 and human Oct1 as important regulators of mitotic progression, acting to maintain spindle stability and proper elongation. The non-transcriptional mitotic role of Nub/Pdm1 reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism of POU/Oct proteins and provides new insight into their potential oncogenic properties.

Highlights- Nub/Pdm1 is vital for accurate mitotic progression in a non-transcriptional manner
- Nub/Pdm1 preserves spindle integrity during rapid syncytial nuclear divisions
- Nub/Pdm1 spindle enrichment depends on mitotic factors and intact microtubules
- Nub and human Oct1 ensure proper chromosome segregation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gohel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarouhas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kansara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Non-Transcriptional Mitotic Function of POU/Oct Factors Ensures Spindle Stability and Chromosome Segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic resolution structure of spinach rubisco reveals protons and dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms sustain life on Earth by storing solar energy in biomass. Central to this process is rubisco, the enzyme that catalyses the fixation of CO2 to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, providing the primary gateway for inorganic carbon into the biosphere. Rubiscos catalytic efficiency is a major determinant of crop productivity and global carbon flux, making it a longstanding target for protein engineering.1-4 Yet, attempts to enhance its performance through rational design have met limited success due to an incomplete understanding of rubiscos catalytic mechanism. Here, we report an atomic resolution (1.25 [A]) cryo-EM structure of spinach rubisco in complex with the transition-state analogue 2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate. Supported by large-scale quantum/classical (QM/MM) calculations, our structural analysis reveals protonation equilibria within the active site and unexpected structural flexibility across large protein regions despite the exceptionally tight ligand binding. Our findings provide new insight into the complex interplay of protonation equilibria and conformational sampling, suggesting a novel basis for rubiscos rational redesign utilizing strategies that rely on a combination of dynamic and electrostatic control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaullier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masiulis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raschdorf, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic resolution structure of spinach rubisco reveals protons and dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wastewater-impacted Skagerrak Sea microbiomes anaerobically demethylate micropollutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylated micropollutants such as naproxen and caffeine persist in wastewater effluents and accumulate in coastal sediments, including Hakefjorden, Skagerrak Sea, yet their anaerobic fate and role in methane emissions remain unresolved. Here we traced the fate and microbiome responses to {superscript 1}3C-labeled naproxen and caffeine in sediment microcosms. We show that naproxen underwent rapid O-demethylation to desmethylnaproxen, with 90% {+/-} 15.5% removed within 25 days, producing primarily {superscript 1}3CO2 and some {superscript 1}3CH. Naproxen enriched methylotrophic and hydrogenotrophic Methanomicrobia, alongside Lokiarchaeia, Bathyarchaeia, and bacterial taxa like Eubacterium and Syntrophomonadaceae. Metagenomics revealed O-demethylation genes in enriched bacterial MAGs affiliated with uncultured Thermoanaerobaculia, indicating a bacterial demethylation potential. In contrast, caffeine was largely recalcitrant to degradation ([~]85% {+/-} 5% remaining), yet its 13C-labeled N-methyl groups fueled {superscript 1}3CH production, coinciding with enrichment of Bathyarchaeia and Methanosarcina. These results show that methylated micropollutants can activate both bacterial and archaeal demethylation pathways in coastal sediment microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilevska, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotaru, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anestis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuemmel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inostroza, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wastewater-impacted Skagerrak Sea microbiomes anaerobically demethylate micropollutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Alkaline Gating in a Pentameric Ion Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are key mediators of electrochemical signal transduction in various organisms. Like many proteins involved in cellular signaling, they are modulated by a variety of environmental factors including pH and small molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pLGIC activation and modulation remain unclear. A promising model system in this family is the bacterial ion channel sTeLIC, which can be activated by alkaline pH, and for which we recently determined structures in multiple functional states. However, protonation changes and other pH-driven dynamics cannot be directly observed in these structures. Here, we used constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations and oocyte-electrophysiology recordings from engineered mutants to develop a comprehensive mechanistic model for pH sensing. Interestingly, critical residues include two Glu residues (E106, E160) located in the extracellular-vestibule and domain-interface regions of each subunit, where they mediate differential electrostatic interactions in closed versus open states. This work demonstrates the applicability of constant-pH methods to model dynamic processes in a multimeric membrane-embedded protein, and offers a detailed mechanism for pH sensing, likely extensible to human drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ygland, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Alkaline Gating in a Pentameric Ion Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.695537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome profiling of native 5-hydroxymethylation in human neurons with long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.695537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) modification of DNA is particularly prevalent in neurons and thereby a hallmark of the brains epigenetic landscape. While 5mC DNA methylation is a well-known player in genome stability and transcriptional regulation, the role of 5hmC remains largely unknown. Here, we used long-read Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) to profile whole-genome, native 5mC and 5hmC levels in sorted neuronal nuclei samples from human post-mortem brain tissue. We applied different models for DNA modification calling and compared with array-based 5mC and 5hmC levels derived from the same samples, demonstrating high sample-wise correlations. Annotation across genomic and regulatory features, as well as chromatin states, generated by the International Human Epigenome Consortium, revealed high levels of 5hmC in introns, actively transcribed genes and (distal) enhancers. Pathway analysis of genes with high levels of 5hmC (> 60%) were enriched in neuron-related terms, with functional variety when stratifying across chromatin states. Analysis of transcription factor motifs in highly methylated regions, demonstrated 5hmC- and 5mC-specific enrichment affecting downstream regulatory networks.

Altogether, our study demonstrates the potential of ONT to characterize whole-genome, native 5hmC and 5mC DNA modifications in human neurons, specifically highlighting the enrichment of 5hmC in actively transcribed regions and enhancers in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepehri, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kular, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needhamsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.695537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome profiling of native 5-hydroxymethylation in human neurons with long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollutant biodegradation profile mediated by multi-trophic microbial dynamics in rivers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities and environmental conditions are closely linked to ecosystem functions and directly govern the biodegradation of pollutants in aquatic environments. However, the role of multi-trophic interactions and their spatiotemporal dynamics in these processes remains poorly understood. Here, we examined how seasonal and spatial variations, mediated by trophic interactions within benthic microbial communities, influence their composition, functional capacity, and collective potential to degrade a diverse array of organic pollutants in rivers. By characterizing both prokaryotic (i.e., archaea and bacteria) and eukaryotic taxa (i.e., algae, fungi, protists, and metazoans), and inferring metabolic pathways, we explored the connections between community composition and pollutant degradation in wastewater-receiving rivers across four seasons. Mediation analysis revealed that multi-trophic communities mediate the total effect of environmental factors on the biodegradation of 96 organic pollutants. Prokaryotic communities explained 60% of the total environmental influence on pollutant biodegradation. Additionally, eukaryotic groups had significant indirect mediation effects, with fungal, protistan, algal, and metazoan communities responsible for 56%, 53%, 26%, and 38%, respectively. Notably, fungal and protist communities mediated approximately 83% and 73% of the environmental impacts on prokaryotic community composition, respectively. Across the two rivers studied, spatial variation (at the river and reach scales) explained more variance in community composition than seasonality over the sampled year. Our findings improve understanding of ecosystem resilience and support the development of predictive models and sustainable water management strategies in dynamic aquatic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessirier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posselt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollutant biodegradation profile mediated by multi-trophic microbial dynamics in rivers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing local adaptation and divergence at early life stages within Eastern Baltic cod 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many commercially exploited fish stocks have declined over the last few decades. It is therefore essential to identify natural populations and understand local adaptation for sustainable management. Salinity is a key environmental factor shaping local adaptation, and adaptive trait divergence often occurs at the egg and larval stages. The strong salinity gradient in the brackish Baltic Sea has driven rapid adaptation in multiple taxa. The Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) has adapted to low salinity with buoyant and tolerant eggs and larvae, but the stock has declined both in abundance and geographical range during the last decades. The main reproduction area of this stock is in the Bornholm Basin (ICES subdivision (SD) 25) in the southern Baltic Proper. Cod in this area, however, exhibit stunted growth and small body sizes. In contrast, large and healthy cod in reproductive condition have been observed in the [A]land Sea in the northern Baltic Proper (SD 29), raising the question of whether these fish represent a locally adapted population capable of successful reproduction in the lower salinities (5-10 psu in the northern Baltic Proper (SD 27, 29 and 32). Here, we experimentally assessed egg and yolk-sac larvae survival across salinities, egg size, egg and larval neutral buoyancy and egg survival on sediment, to test whether northern ([A]land) cod show adaptation to low salinity at early life stages as compared to southern cod. Mortality of larvae increased with decreasing salinity in cod from both areas, with the lowest survival at 7 psu. At 9 psu, more than 50% of northern cod larvae survived, suggesting that development could occur in SD29. Egg size and buoyancy were similar between northern and southern cod, and eggs and larvae were negatively buoyant, sinking under local salinity conditions. Nevertheless, the eggs survived and hatched well on sediment, indicating potential for demersal spawning. Our findings show no strong evidence of adaptive divergence to lower salinity in northern cod; however, their ability to tolerate sediment contact at early life stages suggests that Eastern Baltic cod may reproduce outside their historical spawning grounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garate-Olaizola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fröjd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson Aberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodzic-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimbrand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortazar-Chinarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergström, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing local adaptation and divergence at early life stages within Eastern Baltic cod]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The marine microbiome can accurately predict its chemical and biological environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome responds to physicochemical changes in the environment, making it a sensitive indicator of ecosystem status. Monitoring microbial communities in aquatic systems is therefore essential for understanding ecosystem health and responses to change. Traditionally reliant on microscopy, monitoring programmes are increasingly incorporating DNA-based approaches leveraging on advances in high-throughput sequencing. In this study, we evaluate the potential of using DNA metabarcoding to predict abiotic and biotic parameters across the spatiotemporal gradients of the Baltic Sea. The dataset comprises 397 seawater samples integrating prokaryotic (16S rRNA gene) and eukaryotic (18S rRNA gene) metabarcoding data with environmental measurements and plankton microscopy counts. Random Forest models based on metabarcoding data accurately predicted a range of physicochemical parameters and showed performance comparably to more complex machine learning algorithms. Models based on 16S rRNA gene data tended to perform better than those based on 18S rRNA gene data, with amplicon sequence variant-level data yielding the best results. Metabarcoding outperformed plankton microscopy in predicting abiotic factors and effectively predicted the presence of phytoplankton and zooplankton genera using [&le;]1 L of water. Models trained on independent datasets accurately predicted several of the physicochemical parameters, but performed weaker on others, highlighting the potential and challenges for their transferability. Furthermore, our predictions closely matched the observed HELCOM indicator values for assessing good environmental status, suggesting the utility of microbiome-based approaches in regional marine monitoring frameworks. These findings underscore the potential of environmental DNA as a tool for ecosystem monitoring and management in dynamic coastal systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garefelt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurdzinski, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The marine microbiome can accurately predict its chemical and biological environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Carboxylate Switch Point Controls Long-Range Energy Transduction in Respiratory Complex I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex I is a highly intricate membrane-bound protein that powers the cellular energy metabolism by a long-range (>300 [A]) proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction. Here, we investigate the unknown coupling mechanism of Complex I by probing the charge transfer reaction along its functionally central carboxylate pathway (E-channel). By combining biophysical and site-directed mutagenesis experiments with high-resolution (2.6-2.7 [A]) cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and multiscale simulations, we identify a conserved carboxylate switch point (D79NuoA) that mediates proton transfer by establishing a kinetic gate that couples the redox chemistry to proton pumping. We find that mutation of the identified site, as found in patients suffering from severe neurodegenerative disorders, perturbs the charge transfer mechanism, and results in a drastic (>80%) reduction of the long-range PCET activity. Our combined findings illustrate mechanistic principles of molecular gates underlying long-range charge transfer reactions, and show how disease mutations perturb the function of conserved switch points in energy transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beghiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Carboxylate Switch Point Controls Long-Range Energy Transduction in Respiratory Complex I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing of reproduction modulates fitness effects of local seasonal adaptation in a range expanding butterfly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is pushing species northward, where they will encounter novel abiotic conditions, such as novel daily light cycles and seasonal lengths, to which they will have to adapt. Despite the diversification of these adaptations being well described, the direct fitness consequences of the natural variation is rarely estimated in the field. To test the fitness effects of local adaptations to daylength and season length, we studied diapause induction and growth rate in the range expanding butterfly Lasiommata megera (wall brown). Using a common garden field-experiment (conducted near the northern range margin) where we manipulated the start of the last generation in the year that typically enter diapause, we compared populations from the southern-Swedish core range with populations from the northern-Swedish margin. Our results show differences between populations in diapause response and growth rate. In line with adaptive predictions caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause earlier in the season compared to the southern populations. However, this difference was only present in larvae produced by the earliest individuals in the last adult generation. Consequently, the early laid eggs of the southern populations were more likely to produce an additional generation that turned out to be highly maladaptive. Additionally, caterpillars of northern origin grew faster compared to caterpillars from the southern populations, even though we found no clear evidence of prewinter larval mass affecting winter survival. The wall brown butterfly showed local evolution of seasonal timing traits, but just at a specific time of the season. This highlights the importance of local adaptations in northern-Swedish populations, during the early stages of the last annual generation. Despite that the additional generation is presently maladaptive, our fitness estimates suggests that a warmer climate is likely to favour the production of an additional generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bovolenta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing of reproduction modulates fitness effects of local seasonal adaptation in a range expanding butterfly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA degradation by DIS3 is a necessary step in the resolution of backtracked transcription complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA exosome is known to participate in transcription, but the contribution of its ribonuclease activities to this process remains unclear. Here we investigated the role of DIS3, one of the exosome ribonucleases, in transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Rapid depletion of DIS3 reduced RNA synthesis and induced RNAPII elongation defects that were exacerbated by UV irradiation, a treatment that generates transcription-blocking DNA lesions and promotes RNAPII backtracking. Notably, DIS3 itself was redistributed following UV irradiation in a manner that closely paralleled RNAPII dynamics, which suggested that DIS3 acts in concert with the transcription machinery. We also investigated whether RNA degradation by DIS3 was required for transcription elongation and found that the 3-5 exoribonucleolytic activity of DIS3, but not its endonucleolytic activity, is essential for efficient transcription elongation. More specifically, DIS3 degrades the 3 ends of backtracked RNA, as shown by sequencing of RNA fragments released by TFIIS-induced transcript cleavage in vitro. This DIS3-dependent degradation of backtracked RNA is critical for resolving stalled RNAPII complexes and enabling productive transcription elongation.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=169 SRC="FIGDIR/small/703186v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c080dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e4b375org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c1f575org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d9d640_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIDIS3 depletion leads to severely reduced rates of RNA synthesis in human cells.
C_LIO_LITranscription-blocking lesions reveal a critical role for DIS3 in RNA polymerase II elongation.
C_LIO_LIThe 3 to 5 exoribonuclease activity of DIS3 is necessary for transcription elongation.
C_LIO_LIDIS3-mediated degradation of backtracked RNA is required for the resolution of stalled transcription complexes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enervald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarbier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA degradation by DIS3 is a necessary step in the resolution of backtracked transcription complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated heat waves trigger divergent transcriptional responses in cold- and warm-adapted yeast species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extreme climatic events such as heat waves pose major challenges to species survival and have profound impacts on evolutionary processes. Plasticity is thought to buffer organismal stress, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying plastic responses remain poorly understood. In particular, the role of transcriptional plasticity and stress memory in responding to repeated stress events remains unresolved. Here, we experimentally exposed clonal populations of eight divergent Saccharomyces yeast species with different thermal tolerances to repeated heat waves. We compared their phenotypic and transcriptomic profiles after a few generations of mitotic growth, reflecting transcriptional changes. Warm-adapted species maintained higher growth than cold-adapted species across heat wave exposures. Thermo-generalist species showed intermediate outcomes with one species improving growth across repeated heat waves. To interpret transcriptomic results, we used a conceptual framework separating no-memory (gene expression independent from prior exposure) from memory-associated responses (expression modulated by prior exposure). No-memory responses showed conserved transcriptomic signatures of proteostasis induction, and reduced expression of ribosome biogenesis and translation upon repeated heat waves. Memory-associated responses were more rare and highly species-specific, showing opposite patterns of (de)sensitization in ribosomal and translational pathways in species at the two extremes of thermal tolerance. Together, our results show that thermal resilience can arise through alternative transcriptional changes and suggests that warm- and cold-temperature specialists adopt divergent gene regulatory strategies upon repeated heat waves. With climate change projections indicating more frequent and intense heat waves, understanding plastic responses across species with ecologically and genetically different backgrounds is crucial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haberkorn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated heat waves trigger divergent transcriptional responses in cold- and warm-adapted yeast species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of canonical TIR-NLR activation in plant innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In plants, intracellular NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) detect pathogen effector proteins, form oligomeric resistosomes, and activate ETI (effector-triggered immunity). NLRs contain N-terminal signaling, central NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding) and C-terminal LRR (leucine-rich repeat) domains. NLRs with N-terminal TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domains (TNLs) hydrolyze NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to generate signaling molecules. We determined cryo-EM structures of flax M, a canonical non C-JID (C-terminal jellyroll/Ig-like domain) TNL, in both monomeric autoinhibited conformation, and tetrameric resistosome after activation by its rust fungal effector AvrM-A. AvrM-A homodimers dissociate into monomers to bind directly to the LRR and NB-ARC domains in the M resistosome. The resistosome structure includes a non-hydrolyzable NAD+ analogue, revealing the substrate NAD+ recognition mechanism by the TIR domains. M cleaves NAD+ and generates the same signaling compounds as the related flax TNL, L6. Our findings explain the mechanism of TNL signaling, and provide a basis for rational engineering of disease-resistant crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maruta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorbello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobichen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernoux, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ve, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodds, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of canonical TIR-NLR activation in plant innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From constraint to opportunity: Relaxing sexual antagonism reveals adaptive potential maintained by balancing selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite ongoing selection, genetic variation in fitness-related traits often persists. Balancing selection can maintain polymorphisms through genetic trade-offs, including those between the sexes. Sexually antagonistic (SA) selection is challenging to detect at the genomic level and its broader evolutionary importance, especially for complex traits, remains unclear. To investigate this, we conducted an evolve-and-resequence experiment in Callosobruchus maculatus, manipulating the strength of SA trade-offs over body size and tracking genome-wide responses. When selection simultaneously favored larger females and smaller males, allele frequency changes were constrained and genome-wide divergence remained limited. In contrast, relaxing SA trade-offs by selecting on only one sex led to large, repeatable allele frequency shifts. These loci also showed signatures of long-term balancing selection in the ancestral population. Together, our results demonstrate that SA trade-offs can act both as a constraint, limiting sex-specific responses under antagonistic selection pressures, but also as a source of adaptive potential once antagonism is relaxed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zwoinska, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiberg, R. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Immonen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From constraint to opportunity: Relaxing sexual antagonism reveals adaptive potential maintained by balancing selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-continuous cotranslational compaction and folding of a multidomain protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most proteins start to fold cotranslationally as they come off the ribosome. So far, studies of cotranslational folding have focused mainly on small, single-domain proteins. Here, we have used Force Profile Analysis to study the cotranslational folding of Firefly luciferase, a complex 550-residue protein composed of an N-terminal domain (NTD) encompassing two split Rossmann folds (RF-1, RF-2) and a {beta}-roll, and a flexibly attached C-terminal domain (CTD). The folding process is characterized by a quasi-continuous series of compaction/folding steps that generate intermediate-size pulling forces on the nascent chain, punctuated by a prominent high-force event that represents the folding of the RF-2 domain, and a few low-force instances that likely indicate the formation of distinct folding intermediates. Trigger Factor interacts extensively with the nascent chain when the central part of RF-2 and the early parts of the CTD are synthesized. Our analysis uncovers a cotranslational compaction/folding process that is rich in detail and not just a simple succession of a few distinct, cooperative folding transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitsikosta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Avila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heijne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-continuous cotranslational compaction and folding of a multidomain protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of caveolin-driven membrane bending 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolins are monotopic membrane proteins essential for caveolae formation and have key roles in signaling and lipid regulation. Caveolins assemble into amphipathic discs with a central {beta}-barrel, an architecture distinct from other membrane-remodeling proteins. These discs embed in the membrane inducing membrane curvature. However, the mechanism of disc-driven bending remains unresolved. Using cryo-electron tomography, structure-guided mutagenesis, and mammalian cell studies, we show that evolutionarily distinct caveolins differ dramatically in their ability to curve membranes despite their conserved architecture. Through computational and theoretical analyses, we demonstrate that patterning of hydrophobic residues along the rim of the disc of human Caveolin-1 induces the deformation of the surrounding leaflet, dictating membrane bending. Finally, we determine a 4.1[A] resolution structure of Caveolin-1 within heterologous caveolae in situ, showing the disc adopts a funnel-like conformation, further shaping membrane architecture. Together, these findings reveal fundamental structural principles that empower caveolins to sculpt and remodel cellular membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connelly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brant, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tidwell, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doktorova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosalaganti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.703862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of caveolin-driven membrane bending]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.703513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial COX4I2 drives pericyte-dependent inflammation and emphysema 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.703513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, emphysema, and mild pulmonary hypertension (PH). Oxidative/nitrosative stress are key drivers, but specific mitochondrial mechanisms remain unclear. We show increased expression of the regulatory mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2 (COX4I2) in an early murine model and human COPD. After 8 months of cigarette smoke exposure, Cox4i2-/- mice were completely protected from emphysema but not from PH, associated with reduced nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Using a novel Cox4i2 reporter mouse and in situ hybridization of human lungs, COX4I2 was detected in precapillary ACTA2+ cells and capillary pericytes. COX4I2 promotes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production in these cells, thereby enhancing neutrophil migration and alveolar type II cell apoptosis, and modulates angiogenesis. In contrast to Cox4i2-/-, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ reversed emphysema and PH, suggesting pericyte-specific regulation of COPD pathologies and mtROS inhibition as a therapeutic approach in COPD.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=124 SRC="FIGDIR/small/703513v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@83bca4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5ebaborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@632d1borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1267a13_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia Castro, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian Lakshmi, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadzic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardiello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojonazarov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gredic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loku, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cilic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Better, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytvynchuk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pervizaj-Oruqaj, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnkovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwapiszewska, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimminger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartkuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.703513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial COX4I2 drives pericyte-dependent inflammation and emphysema]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking the quantitative performance of metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing using mock communities of marine nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the increasing use of different sequencing techniques in ecological applications, the mechanistic factors driving their quantitative performance remain poorly understood. Here, we assembled two types of mock communities: one using DNA extracted from pooled marine nematodes and one using the individual nematodes as input. The composition and relative abundances within those communities were then characterized using 18S and 28S rRNA metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing. A qualitatively similar {beta}-diversity was revealed by both methods. Shotgun read proportions generally tracked input DNA across well-represented genera, whereas metabarcoding performance depended on primer choice. Under the analytical frameworks applied, shotgun sequencing provided more consistent estimates of individual counts for nematode genera. However, although shotgun sequencing provided a more consistent estimation of taxon abundance than metabarcoding, particularly for nematodes represented by a high DNA input, neither method was able to accurately quantify nematodes with low input DNA or a small body size. The correlation analyses revealed that relative read abundances from both sequencing approaches were more strongly associated with DNA quantity than with individual counts. This suggests that variation in starting material can influence quantitative outcomes, and that differences in nematode body size across genera may significantly affect community composition assessment. Our findings show that metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing are equally effective in detecting structural changes at the community level as well as abundance shifts within individual taxa, but shotgun sequencing is more reliable for across-taxon comparisons. We provide a comprehensive assessment of how input material, primer choice, and sequencing approach influence the accuracy of nematode abundance quantification. Our study advances quantitative practices in the application of these methods for nematode-based bioindication and, more broadly environmental DNA biomonitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Izabel-Shen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holovachov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking the quantitative performance of metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing using mock communities of marine nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing for trait lability at macroevolutionary scales: is life history evolution labile in grasses? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trait lability has been defined in a myriad of ways in the macroevolutionary literature, yet there is no clear consensus what exactly is meant by a labile trait or how best to test for it. Here, we compare four frequently used approaches, using life history evolution in grasses as an example: i) phylogenetic signal, ii) ancestral state reconstruction with the hidden rates model, iii) ancestral state reconstruction with the threshold model and iv) simulations. We asked whether inferences of trait lability are consistent among approaches, and whether life history continues a labile trait in grasses. We found that inferences varied across the four approaches, with no two methods consistently yielding the same result. We advocate the use of simulations for comparing observed transition rates to expectations under stable and labile conditions. We infer numerous origins and losses of annuality in grasses, with annuals being unevenly distributed among clades (0-30%), concentrated in (sub)tropical clades comprising C3 and C4 species. Surprisingly, life history is not labile throughout grasses, but stable in the C3, temperate Pooideae. Our findings highlight the importance of objective tests of trait lability, based on predefined criteria, with implications for the field of macroevolution and beyond (e.g. crop breeding).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing for trait lability at macroevolutionary scales: is life history evolution labile in grasses?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accuracy of occurrence and abundance estimates from insect metabarcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. DNA metabarcoding--high-throughput sequencing of barcode regions from bulk samples--has become a key tool for insect biodiversity assessment. Yet, how methodological choices affect the accuracy of metabarcoding data remains insufficiently explored. In this paper, we ask: (1) How does the lysis method (non-destructive lysis vs. destructive homogenization) affect community recovery? (2) How comprehensively does metabarcoding capture species richness? (3) To what extent can spike-ins improve abundance estimates? (4) How accurately can species abundances be estimated?
2. We evaluated the accuracy of insect metabarcoding using 4,749 bulk samples from a large-scale biodiversity survey subjected to mild lysis. Of these samples, 856 were also homogenized, allowing a systematic comparison of the effect of alternative treatments. To potentially improve abundance estimates, we added six biological spike-ins (i.e., foreign insects) to all samples, and two synthetic spike-ins (artificial DNA fragments) to the homogenization treatment. In addition, we established the contents of 15 samples by individually barcoding all specimens, enabling direct assessment of occurrence and abundance estimates.
3. Our results revealed consistent differences between destructive and non-destructive treatments. While both methods reliably detected the majority of species, small and soft-bodied taxa were more often recovered after mild lysis than after homogenization, while the reverse was true for heavily sclerotized, hairy, and large taxa. Using biological spike-ins for calibration reduced the variance in read numbers per specimen considerably, especially in homogenized samples, while synthetic spike-ins were less effective. In a Bayesian analysis, where species data were matched to the best-fitting spike-in calibration curve, accurate abundance estimates (+/-1 individual) were obtained for 72.9% of species occurrences.
4. Our results show that it is possible to obtain reasonably accurate abundance estimates from metabarcoding data, and that mild lysis and homogenization result in different taxon-specific biases in terms of occurrence data, with neither method outperforming the other. Accuracy is improved by homogenization rather than mild lysis of samples, and by the use of biological rather than synthetic spike-ins. Together, these findings provide a major step towards robust, quantitative biodiversity monitoring using DNA-metabarcoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granqvist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buczek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivathsan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roslin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukasik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accuracy of occurrence and abundance estimates from insect metabarcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary consequences of repeated loss of distyly in Linum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The breakdown of distyly, a polymorphism that promotes disassortative pollination between two floral morphs, has significant evolutionary implications. Here we examine the consequences of repeated loss of distyly in Linum by testing for relaxed selective pressure in homostylous relative to distylous lineages, and by characterising the evolutionary genomic patterns of the homostylous Linum leonii in comparison to its distylous close relative Linum perenne. We generated whole-genome sequences and target-capture data from sixteen Linum species, and additionally built a high-quality genome assembly and acquired population-level whole-genome sequencing data for L. leonii (n=20). We reconstructed plastome and nuclear phylogenies, estimated selective pressure for chloroplast and nuclear genes, inferred ancestral floral morph states, and tested for signatures of selfing in L. leonii. Compared to theoretical expectations, results were mixed, with partial identification of relaxed selective pressure in homostyles. One clade exhibited signs of potentially accelerated plastome evolution. Population genomic analyses of L. leonii revealed a moderate selfing rate of 0.32, suggesting that loss of distyly was associated with mixed mating rather than selfing, contrary to previous results on loss of distyly. Reduced nucleotide diversity and evidence for relaxed selection efficacy in L. leonii was likely due to a historical bottleneck. These results highlight the complex evolutionary dynamics associated with the breakdown of distyly. The genomic consequences are more heterogeneous than previously thought, and likely depend on clade- and species-specific evolutionary and demographic history dynamics. This study emphasizes the need for comparative population genomic studies to clarify how such transitions can shape evolutionary processes.

Significance statementPlant mating system variation is central to evolution as it shapes genetic diversity, adaptability and fitness. Loss of distyly, an iconic example of a complex mating system favouring cross-pollination, can drives shift from outcrossing to selfing, with potentially severe evolutionary consequences for the long-term persistence of the species in which it occurs. Using high-quality genome assembly and omic data for multiple Linum species, we tested for relaxed selective pressure following loss of distyly in homostylous species and tested for a signature of selfing in homostylous Linum leonii compared to the closely related distylous Linum perenne. Contrary to theoretical expectations, evidence for relaxation of selection was mixed in Linum homostyles and L. leonii did not exhibit a genomic signature of selfing. Our study reveals multiple evolutionary pathways following the loss of distyly, and highlights how mating system transitions, together with complex demographic processes, can differentially shape plant genetic diversity and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Postel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervakis, P.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanntorp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary consequences of repeated loss of distyly in Linum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-barrier hydrogen-bond powers long-range radical transfer in the metal-free ribonucleotide reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the conversion of ribonucleotide (RNA) to deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) building blocks initiated by a long-range (>30 [A]) proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) by mechanistic principles that remain much debated. By combing multiscale quantum and classical simulations with directed mutagenesis, x-ray crystallography, and vibrational and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we elucidate here the molecular principles underlying how metal-free RNRs initiate the long-range PCET process by creating a highly stable DOPA initiator radical. We show that DOPA* is redox-tuned by a low-barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB), with a delocalized proton that provides the catalytic power for the ribonucleotide reduction. We find that the LBHB couples to an extended hydrogen-bonded network, with distant mutations resulting in the loss of radical formation, and providing key molecular insight into the long-range radical transport mechanism in RNRs. On a general level, our findings support the direct involvement of LBHB in protein chemistry and the importance of quantum effects in enzyme catalysis.

Significance StatementRibonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are ancient enzymes responsible for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. RNRs catalyze this reaction via a long-range proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process, involving the formation of a stable protein radical. Yet, despite decades of detailed structural, biochemical, spectroscopic and computational studies, the mechanistic principles of this process remain unclear and much debated. Here, we show that metal-free RNRs power the reduction of RNA building blocks by a highly stable organic DOPA initiator radical, arising from a unique low-barrier hydrogen bonding (LBHB) network that enables the radical transport by strong redox-tuning effects. Our findings reveal mechanistic principles underlying the elusive PCET reactions of metal-free RNRs, and provide evidence for the involvement of quantum effects in enzyme catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirohiwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poverlein, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamiz-Hernandez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasanmascheff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogbom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila, V. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-barrier hydrogen-bond powers long-range radical transfer in the metal-free ribonucleotide reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-associated endo-lysosomal dysfunction drives inflammaging and neurodegeneration through the STING-IFN-I axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All animals age. However, aging is a heterogeneous process and individual organisms age differently. Moreover, within the same organism, cells or organs do not age at the same time or speed. For instance, although neurodegeneration is a key trait of aging, neurological symptoms normally manifest long after multiple indicators of aging in peripheral tissues. The genetic determinants of aging remain poorly understood. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are major genetic risk factors for Parkinsons disease (PD). By analyzing PD patients and mice with LRRK2 gain of function mutation (LRRK2GoF), we demonstrate that PD is an accelerated aging disease characterized by systemic low-grade STING-dependent inflammation (inflammaging) that first manifests in the periphery then disrupts the blood brain barrier and progresses to the brain resulting in neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that a primary consequence of aging or Lrrk2GoF is endolysosomal decline. This results in the cytosolic build-up of extraneous self-DNA and subsequent shedding of DNA-containing extracellular vesicles thereby triggering the cGAS- STING pathway cell-intrinsically and intercellularly in distant host cells. This study unveils the cGAS-STING pathway and LRRK2GoF as key determinants and potential targets for preventive or therapeutic strategies against accelerated aging, inflammaging and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maric, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stromberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarzadeh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrikova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas Gavalez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skibicka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzawa-Akanbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gekara, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-associated endo-lysosomal dysfunction drives inflammaging and neurodegeneration through the STING-IFN-I axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infauna selectively enhance DNA virus diversity and activity in marine sediments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses regulate microbial mortality and biogeochemical cycling in marine sediments; however, the ecological drivers of sediment viral communities remain unclear. Infauna, including sediment-dwelling meiofauna and macrofauna, are major ecosystem engineers that reshape sediment structures and microbial processes, but their influence on viruses is unknown. We combined infaunal gradient incubations with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses to assess viral DNA and RNA responses. DNA viruses showed increased abundance (3-fold), diversity, richness, and transcriptional activity under higher infauna abundance conditions, whereas RNA viruses remained unaffected, revealing striking selectivity. This selectivity reflects an infauna-dependent component mediated by bacterial activity that cannot be explained by host abundance alone. Infection profiling revealed increased transcription of viral replication and structural genes, and lytic viruses under high infauna conditions. These findings establish infauna as a previously overlooked regulator of DNA virus dynamics, integrating viral ecology into faunal-microbial frameworks in benthic ecosystems and suggesting potential influences on geochemical cycles.

TeaserInfauna selectively shape viral communities in marine sediments, revealing an overlooked effect on DNA viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middelboe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmfeldt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humborg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norkko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, F. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.711404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infauna selectively enhance DNA virus diversity and activity in marine sediments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional definition of the Drosophila airway progenitor field through overlapping compensatory regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubular organs present a common solution to fluid transport in multicellular organisms. They often arise by an initial bulging of flat epithelial progenitor cells, which then undergo branching morphogenesis. Here, we present 3 cooperative programs fully defining the Drosophila airway progenitor field and their roles in early morphogenesis linking the radial pattern of the 2-dimensional (2D) field to the proximo-distally patterning of the 3D tubes. We previously showed that extrinsic Hedgehog (Hh) and intrinsic POU-Homeobox TF Ventral-veinless (Vvl)/Drifter/U-turn dominantly drive the transcriptional program toward the distal airway cell identity at the expense of a proximal program specified by the GATA TF grain (grn). Both programs require the basic-HLH-POU TF trachealess (trh) (Matsuda et. al, 2015). Whereas trh is not essential for primordia invagination, we show that in hh vvl double mutants, the oval-shaped primordia frequently remain at the 2D plane, retaining trh expression in a grn dependent manner. Therefore, hh and vvl are the principal regulators of progenitor invagination independent of trh. Each of the 3 regulators, Trh, Vvl and Grn fulfills only complementary or compensatory functions in transcription and morphogenesis but their combinations functionally define the airway progenitor field. We further provide a comprehensive description for allocating the airway progenitors on the body coordinates, involving dorsal Decapentaplegic/BMP signaling along the dorso-ventral axis and subsequent radial EGFR signaling along the proximo-distal axis. The presence of 3 complementary, regulatory programs in early gene expression and morphogenesis of the simple Drosophila airways may reflect the vital needs for respiration, and their influence on the evolution of various strategies in tubular organ development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosono, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saigo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samkovlis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional definition of the Drosophila airway progenitor field through overlapping compensatory regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.708575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent targeting of conserved regulatory networks during thermal evolution across Saccharomyces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.708575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether evolution follows predictable genetic paths across species remains a central question in evolutionary biology, particularly as rising temperatures reshape species distributions worldwide. Despite its importance, the genetic basis of thermal adaptation remains poorly understood across divergent species. Here, we use the yeast genus Saccharomyces as a comparative model to investigate how species with contrasting thermal niches adapt to rising temperatures. We combined experimental evolution under progressively increasing temperatures for up to [~]600 generations with whole-genome sequencing of 256 evolved genotypes, followed by transcriptomic, functional, and physiological analyses across eight species. Despite large differences in ancestral thermal tolerance and evolutionary outcomes, selection repeatedly targeted the same conserved regulatory pathways across species. Independent lineages accumulated de novo mutations in central growth and stress response networks, particularly in TORC1, PKA, and MAPK signaling pathways, revealing striking molecular convergence across species occupying distinct thermal environments. However, these shared genetic targets produced divergent transcriptional and physiological responses depending on species background, indicating that thermal adaptation primarily proceeds through rewiring of conserved regulatory hubs rather than changes in temperature-specific enzymes. Cold-tolerant species frequently lost mitochondrial DNA during thermal evolution, yet loss alone was insufficient to reproduce the adaptive thermal phenotypes of evolved populations. Together, our results show that adaptation to increasing temperature is driven by predictable changes in conserved regulatory networks, while species-specific constraints shape divergent phenotypic outcomes. These findings reveal both the predictability and contingency of evolutionary responses to rising temperature across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molinet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gierer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelkens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.708575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent targeting of conserved regulatory networks during thermal evolution across Saccharomyces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell, clonal and spatial atlases of cranial placodes illuminate their specification and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate head is defined by complex sensory structures derived from cranial placodes. Placodes arise alongside the neural crest at the neural plate border, yet the mechanisms governing their identity, diversification, and evolutionary origins are unclear. We present an integrated single-cell, spatial, and clonal atlas of placode development to resolve the dynamics of their lineage segregation. Combining single-cell RNA-sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and high-resolution clonal tracing, we show that placodal and neighboring progenitors form a continuous transcriptional landscape with gradual transitions between domains. Domain boundary cells co-express markers of adjacent territories, suggesting transient bipotent states. Consistent with this, clonal analysis reveals sharing of progenitors between neighboring placodes, supporting a model of competitive segregation. Comparisons with amphioxus suggests that vertebrate olfactory placodes emerged from an ancestral neuroectoderm that later partitioned into distinct neural and olfactory domains. Our findings provide a unified framework for understanding the developmental and evolutionary origins of vertebrate sensory organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtazina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatieieva, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waern, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thawani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagor, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameneva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araslanova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelb, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutscher, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozmikova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozmik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adameyko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell, clonal and spatial atlases of cranial placodes illuminate their specification and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Several multiple sequence alignment perturbation methods enhance AlphaFold3 sampling of alternative protein states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein function often involves multiple conformational states. Several multiple sequence alignment-perturbing strategies, including stochastic subsampling, clustering, and column masking, have been shown to enhance AlphaFold2 (AF2) sampling of alternative protein states. Here, we evaluate these strategies on AlphaFold3 (AF3) and compare their performance with the BioEmu Boltzmann sampling model on 107 proteins with multiple experimentally solved conformational states. We find that unperturbed AF3 samples alternative states with significantly higher TM-scores compared to AF2 and comparable to BioEmu. In particular, all MSA perturbation methods improve AF3 sampling at a statistically significant level, improving the top 1% TM-score by at least 0.05 in approximately 20% of cases each, while rarely worsening the performance. Furthermore, we find that different choices of amino acid masks can improve column-masked AF3 sampling for specific targets. Our results highlight how MSA perturbations remain relevant in AF3, providing a useful tool for understanding dynamic biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eriksson Lidbrink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrlind, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Several multiple sequence alignment perturbation methods enhance AlphaFold3 sampling of alternative protein states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
